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Journal articles on the topic 'Literal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Saragi, Christina Natalina. "TINDAK TUTUR MENYURUH PADA KEGIATAN ULAON UNJUK (UPACARA PUNCAK PERNIKAHAN) ADAT BATAK TOBA: PERSPEKTIF GENDER Order Speech Act in Ulaon Unjuk (The Ceremony of Peak Wedding) in Batak's Toba Culture: Gender Perspective." Jurnal Lingko : Jurnal Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jl.v2i1.47.

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Tujuan tindak tutur menyuruh adalah mempengaruhi mitra tutur melakukan atau tidak melakukan apa yang terdapat dalam tuturan penutur. Tujuan penelitian untuk menemukan realisasi serta strategi bertutur dari sub tindak tutur menyuruh oleh tamu pria dan tamu wanita dalam kegiatan ulaon unjuk (upacara puncak pernikahan) adat Batak Toba di Tebing Tinggi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi, melakukan perekaman terhadap kegiatan ulaon unjuk dengan alat rekam atau dengan video dan setelah itu melakukan ditranskip otografis dengan

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2

Popov, Nikolai. "The Literal and the Literary." Iowa Review 32, no. 3 (2002): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5580.

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3

Stern, Barbara B. "“Crafty Advertisers”: Literary versus Literal Deceptiveness." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 11, no. 1 (1992): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569201100108.

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The purpose of this paper is to use literary theory to extend prior categorizations of message claims that are likely to result in deception by implication from the level of the individual claim to that of the advertisement's overall meaning. The paper will first summarize three literary forms that advertising has adapted—metonymy, irony, and absurdity—and discuss each in terms of how form and content interact to yield the whole verbal meaning of a text. These forms can be used to structure an ad so that the totality misleads the consumer by perverting meaning in three different ways. Metonymy

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4

Lemberski, Igor. "Literal Decomposition for LUT-Oriented Asynchronous Dual-Rail Logic Synthesis." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, no. 07 (2015): 1550110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615501108.

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In the case of the reconfigurable module, the popular logic function implementation is based on the look-up-table (LUT) structure. Once a Boolean network of single-rail n-variable node functions is transformed into a dual-rail one, each variable is represented as two literals: x and its inversion x′ and implemented using two separate signals. As a result, (2n + 1)-input LUTs are required for mapping node functions. To reduce the capacity of required LUTs, the literal decomposition method is proposed. It is applied to implement a dual-rail node function using k-input LUTs, n < k < (2n + 1

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5

CHEN, PO-CHI, and SUH-YIN LEE. "AN IMPROVEMENT TO TOP-DOWN CLAUSE SPECIALIZATION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 07, no. 01 (1998): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213098000068.

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One remarkable progress of recent research in machine learning is inductive logic programming (ILP). In most ILP system, clause specialization is one of the most important tasks. Usually, the clause specialization is performed by adding a literal at a time using hill-climbing heuristics. However, the single-literal addition can be caught by local pits when more than one literal needs to be added at a time increase the accuracy. Several techniques have been proposed for this problem but are restricted to relational domains. In this paper, we propose a technique called structure subtraction to c

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6

Pollack, Courtney. "Same-different judgments with alphabetic characters: The case of literal symbol processing." Journal of Numerical Cognition 5, no. 2 (2019): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v5i2.163.

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Learning mathematics requires fluency with symbols that convey numerical magnitude. Algebra and higher-level mathematics involve literal symbols, such as "x", that often represent numerical magnitude. Compared to other symbols, such as Arabic numerals, literal symbols may require more complex processing because they have strong pre-existing associations in literacy. The present study tested this notion using same-different tasks that produce less efficient judgments for different magnitudes that are closer together compared to farther apart (i.e., same-different distance effects). Twenty-four

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7

Lewin, Renato A., and Irene F. Mikenberg. "Literal-paraconsistent and literal-paracomplete matrices." MLQ 52, no. 5 (2006): 478–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.200510044.

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8

Oh, Young-Seok. "An Analysis of First-Year Middle School Students' Process of Connecting Literal Symbols and Algeblocks through Peirce's Semeiotic Perspective." Educational Research Institute 45, no. 1 (2025): 197–215. https://doi.org/10.34245/jed.45.1.197.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the process by which first-year middle school students connect algeblocks with literal symbols from Peirce's semeiotic perspective, and the difficulties they experience in this process. For this purpose, a teaching experiment was conducted with four first-year students from J Middle School in Seoul over a period of two months, comprising a total of eight class sessions. The results showed that students connected algeblocks with literal symbols through the formation of complex relationships among signs, objects, and interpretants. Students first identifi

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9

Klingbeil, Martin G. "Mapping the Literary to the Literal Image." Die Welt des Orients 39, no. 2 (2009): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/wdor.2009.39.2.205.

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10

Darwiche, Adnan, and Pierre Marquis. "On Quantifying Literals in Boolean Logic and its Applications to Explainable AI." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 72 (October 11, 2021): 285–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12756.

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   Quantified Boolean logic results from adding operators to Boolean logic for existentially and universally quantifying variables. This extends the reach of Boolean logic by enabling a variety of applications that have been explored over the decades. The existential quantification of literals (variable states) and its applications have also been studied in the literature. In this paper, we complement this by introducing and studying universal literal quantification and its applications, particularly to explainable AI. We also provide a novel semantics for quantification, dis

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11

Reeves, Joseph E., João Filipe, Min-Chien Hsu, Ruben Martins, and Marijn J. H. Heule. "The Impact of Literal Sorting on Cardinality Constraint Encodings." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 11 (2025): 11327–35. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i11.33232.

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The effectiveness of satisfiability solvers strongly depends on the quality of the encoding of a given problem into conjunctive normal form. Cardinality constraints are prevalent in numerous problems, prompting the development and study of various types of encoding. We present a novel approach to optimizing cardinality constraint encodings by exploring the impact of literal orderings within the constraints. By strategically placing related literals nearby each other, the encoding generates auxiliary variables in a hierarchical structure, enabling the solver to reason more abstractly about grou

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12

Bezeczky, Gabor. "Literal Language." New Literary History 22, no. 3 (1991): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/469206.

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13

Donovan, Thom. "Literal Blood." Colorado Review 39, no. 2 (2012): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2012.0073.

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14

Wade, Nicholas J. "Literal visions." International Journal of Arts and Technology 3, no. 2/3 (2010): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijart.2010.032567.

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15

Marsden, George M. "Literal interpretations." Nature 360, no. 6405 (1992): 637–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360637a0.

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16

BACH, KENT. "Literal Meaning." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 75, no. 2 (2007): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2007.00088.x.

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17

Wade, Nicholas. "Literal pictures." Word & Image 1, no. 3 (1985): 242–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666286.1985.10435862.

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18

Hansen, Maj-Britt Mosegaard. "Literal Meaning." Journal of Pragmatics 38, no. 7 (2006): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.06.008.

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19

Recanati, Francois. "Literal/Nonliteral." Midwest Studies in Philosophy 25, no. 1 (2001): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4975.00048.

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20

Berard, Béatrice. "Literal shuffle." Theoretical Computer Science 51, no. 3 (1987): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(87)90037-5.

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21

Hoffmann, Stefan. "The n-ary initial literal and literal shuffle." Discrete Applied Mathematics 376 (December 2025): 112–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2025.04.023.

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22

Zhao, Xishun, and Decheng Ding. "Complexity Results for 2CNF Default Theories." Fundamenta Informaticae 45, no. 4 (2001): 393–404. https://doi.org/10.3233/fun-2001-45406.

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This paper is concerned with the complexity of default reasoning with 2CNF default theories (D,W) in which W is a set of literals and D is a set of 2CNF defaults. It is proved that the problem whether a literal occurs in at least one extension can be solved in polynomial time. But the problem whether a literal appears in all extensions is proved to be co-NP-complete. The complexity of some subclasses of 2CNF default theories is also analyzed.

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23

Yus Ramos, Francisco. "Literal/non literal and the processing of verbal irony." Pragmalinguistica, no. 8 (2000): 349–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/pragmalinguistica.2000.i8.19.

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24

Di Segni, Diana. "Literal and Non-Literal Translation in Maimonides’ Dux neutrorum." Yod, no. 22 (September 25, 2019): 13–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/yod.3505.

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25

Yusuf, Faidah, and Mathlail Fajri. "Using Literal Translation Method in the Novel The Rise of the Underground." Anglophile Journal 1, no. 2 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51278/anglophile.v1i2.220.

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Translation as applied linguistics is one of the important aspects that should be owned by every student. The aims of this article are to identify the literal translation method used in the product of translation of the novel “The Rise of the underground”. Furthermore, technique of analysis data of this research is descriptive qualitative method. The researchers found that level shift is commonly used by translator to translate the novel it can be proved with literal translation method. the researchers concluded that the Literal translation by using Newmark theory is the source language gramma

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26

Scholtz, Desiree. "Visual and non-literal representations as academic literacy modalities." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 37, no. 2 (2019): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2019.1617173.

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27

Nabilla, Ihsa, and Marlina Marlina. "Improving Literal Comprehension Reading Ability through Think-Tac-Toe Learning Strategy in Students with Dyslexia." Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan 6, no. 2 (2022): 2210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v6i2.4082.

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Dyslexia students generally experience problems related to reading comprehension skills, one of which is the ability to read literal comprehension. Based on the results of the assessment, one of the dyslexic students in an inclusive school has a low literacy reading ability. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the think-tac-toe strategy in improving literacy reading comprehension of students with dyslexia. Subject selection is done with the ability of children with special needs and as a man who understands literal understanding. Using a single subject research design

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28

Cohen, David, Christopher Jefferson, and Karen Petrie. "A Theoretical Framework for Constraint Propagator Triggering." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combinatorial Search 7, no. 1 (2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/socs.v7i1.18388.

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CSP instances are commonly solved by backtracking search combined with constraint propagation. During search, constraint solvers aim to remove any literals (variable-value pair) that can be shown not to be part of any solution. This literal removal, called propagation, is the beating heart of modern constraint solvers. A significant proportion of the runtime of propagating constraint solvers is spent running propagation algorithms. Therefore any mechanism for reducing how frequently propagators are called leads directly to significant performance improvements. One family of popular techniques

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29

Abendan, Cara Frances K., Ana Lissa B. Canubas, Camela B. Canoy, Joane B. Cuizon, Wenje B. Rebecoy, and Osias Kit T. Kilag. "Enhancing Literal Reading Skills in Elementary Pupils: A Rave-O Strategy Approach." International Journal of Basic Education Research for Innovation, Sustainability, and Excellence (IJBERISE) 1, no. 1 (2024): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11085976.

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Abstract:  This systematic literature review investigates the efficacy of the Rave-O (Reading through  Understanding, Visualization, and Organization) strategy in enhancing literal reading skills among  elementary school students. Through a comprehensive analysis of literature published between  2020 and 2023, the study highlights several key themes. The findings underscore the positive  impact of the Rave-O strategy on students' literal comprehension abilities, emphasizing its role in  improving students' capacity to extract surface-level meanings from textual co

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30

Putri Dwi Gustiana and Ira Maisarah. "Analysis of Literal Meaning and Non-Literal Meaning in William Shakespeare's Poetry." Journal of English for Specific Purposes in Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2023): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/espindonesia.v2i2.28004.

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One of the best poetry is William Shakespeare's poetry. Poetry has a literal meaning and a non-literal meaning. This research aims to found what is the dominant non-literal meaning in Shakespeare's poetry and what is the literal meaning of each non-literal meaning in that poetry. The researcher used the descriptive method to describe the literal meaning and non-literal meanings in these William Shakespeare's poetry. This study found that the dominant type of non-literal meaning in this Shakespeare’s poetry is metaphor.

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31

SCHULZ, CLAUDIA, and FRANCESCA TONI. "Justifying answer sets using argumentation." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 16, no. 1 (2015): 59–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068414000702.

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AbstractAn answer set is a plain set of literals which has no further structure that would explain why certain literals are part of it and why others are not. We show how argumentation theory can help to explain why a literal is or is not contained in a given answer set by defining two justification methods, both of which make use of the correspondence between answer sets of a logic program and stable extensions of the assumption-based argumentation (ABA) framework constructed from the same logic program.Attack Treesjustify a literal in argumentation-theoretic terms, i.e. using arguments and a

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32

Holsinger, Edward, and Elsi Kaiser. "Effects of Context on Processing (non)-Compositional Expressions." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.492.

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We report a self-paced reading experiment investigating phrasal verbs that are ambiguous between literal/non-literal interpretations (wait on {a bench, a customer}). We tested how/whether contextual biases (towards literal/non-literal interpretations) influence processing ease. Our results suggest an asymmetry in how contextual bias affects processing: When context biases the non-literal interpretation, comprehension proceeds smoothly regardless of whether the verb sequence turns out to be literal or non-literal; when context biases the literal interpretation, processing difficulties arise whe

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Lehmann, Harry. "Oral – Literal – Digital." Kursbuch 57, no. 205 (2021): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0023-5652-2021-205-38.

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34

Borg, Emma. "Review: Literal Meaning." Mind 115, no. 458 (2006): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzl461.

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35

JOSEF, STERN. "Metaphor, Literal, Literalism." Mind Language 21, no. 3 (2006): 243–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00278.x.

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36

Dascal, Marcelo. "Defending Literal Meaning." Cognitive Science 11, no. 3 (1987): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1103_1.

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37

Jordan, Maiya. "Literal self-deception." Analysis 80, no. 2 (2019): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anz053.

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Abstract It is widely assumed that a literal understanding of someone’s self-deception that p yields the following contradiction. Qua self-deceiver, she does not believe that p, yet – qua self-deceived – she does believe that p. I argue that this assumption is ill-founded. Literalism about self-deception – the view that self-deceivers literally self-deceive – is not committed to this contradiction. On the contrary, properly understood, literalism (non-trivially) excludes it.

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38

Viebahn, Emanuel. "Non-literal Lies." Erkenntnis 82, no. 6 (2017): 1367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-017-9880-8.

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39

Lewin, Renato A., and Irene F. Mikenberg. "First order theory for literal-paraconsistent and literal-paracomplete matrices." Mathematical Logic Quarterly 56, no. 4 (2010): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.200810062.

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40

Khatin-Zadeh, Omid, Danyal Farsani, and Hassan Banaruee. "A Study of the Use of Iconic and Metaphoric Gestures with Motion-Based, Static Space-Based, Static Object-Based, and Static Event-Based Statements." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 7 (2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12070239.

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In this article, we extend our previously suggested categorization of metaphors to literal statements, and categorize metaphorical and literal statements into four pairs of corresponding metaphorical and literal statements: (1) motion-based metaphorical/literal statements; (2) static space-based metaphorical/literal statements; (3) static object-based metaphorical/literal statements; (4) static event-based metaphorical/literal statements. Then, we report a study that investigated the use of metaphoric and iconic gestures with these corresponding categories during the retelling of a set of stor

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41

Ramírez-Ludeña, Lorena. "La interpretació literal dels textos constitucionals." Revista Catalana de Dret Públic, no. 66 (June 14, 2023): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.58992/rcdp.i66.2023.3922.

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Tot i l’assumpció generalitzada del caràcter no problemàtic de la interpretació literal, determinar en què consisteix resulta de gran complexitat. Aspectes com la incidència del context i de les intencions han portat a rebutjar-ne la rellevància en general, i en el context jurídic en particular. En el cas de la interpretació constitucional, en què s’interpreta un text elaborat en un passat distant, inclús la possibilitat de parlar d’una lectura literal del text constitucional sembla qüestionable. Aquí oferiré una reconstrucció de la interpretació literal que, tot i conferir un pes a les intenc

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42

Slioussar, Natalia, Tatiana Petrova, Ekaterina Mikhailovskaya, et al. "Experimental studies of grammar: Expressions with literal and non-literal meaning." Вопросы языкознания, no. 3 (June 2017): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0373658x0000997-5.

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43

Hirsh, Eduardo, and Renato A. Lewin. "Algebraization of logics defined by literal-paraconsistent or literal-paracomplete matrices." MLQ 54, no. 2 (2008): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.200710021.

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44

Marrinan, Michael. "Literal/Literary/‘Lexie’: history, text, and authority in Napoleonic painting." Word & Image 7, no. 3 (1991): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666286.1991.10435874.

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45

Rădoi, Alina. "Literal or Literary Machine Translation? Case Study: Winnie-The-Pooh." Romanian Journal of English Studies 21, no. 1 (2024): 142–52. https://doi.org/10.2478/rjes-2024-0014.

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Abstract Despite its widespread commercial use, machine translation has been sparsely employed on literary works, especially on children’s literature. This study focuses on reader comprehension of a chapter from Winnie-the-Pooh translated from English into Romanian using DeepL. Machine translation evaluation should focus not only on fluency and adequacy, but also on how readers perceive the target text. Twenty-five participants have annotated the passages that were difficult to understand and those that were logical but contained grammatical or stylistic errors. The survey ended with three com

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46

CUMMINGS, BRIAN. "Literally Speaking, or, the Literal Sense from Augustine to Lacan." Paragraph 21, no. 2 (1998): 200–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.1998.21.2.200.

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47

Nurjannah and Sahur Saerudin. "TINDAK TUTUR LITERAL DAN TIDAK LITERAL DALAM UNGKAPAN PENOLAKAN ANTARA PENJUAL DAN PEMBELI." Cakrawala Listra: Jurnal Kajian Sastra, Bahasa, dan Budaya Indonesia 6, no. 2 (2023): 215–25. https://doi.org/10.33772/cakrawalalistra.v6i2.2460.

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This study investigates literal and non-literal speech acts in rejection speech as well as the factors that influence these speech acts used by the public in cases of buying and selling that occur in the Kendari Jual Beli (KJB) Facebook group in Kendari City. The uniqueness of language in online buying and selling transactions in Kendari City is the basis for this research. When buyers and sellers carry out buying and selling transactions, there are various forms of rejection. Buyers use certain strategies to politely or subtly reject sellers' offers. In this way, misunderstandings can be avoi

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48

Mariné, Nicolás. "Tren literario, tren literal : Frederick Law Olmsted en torno al ferrocarril = Literary train, literal train : Frederick Law Olmsted on railroads." Cuaderno de Notas, no. 22 (July 29, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/cn.2021.4755.

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ResumenEl tren fue un símbolo muy empleado en la literatura estadounidense del XIX, sobre todo de la primera mitad. La metáfora de lo ferroviario en ocasiones expresaba una invasión: de la máquina en el jardín; de lo industrial en lo rural. En la literatura, el tren apareció como el paradigma de un mundo cambiante, ruidoso y veloz que penetraba y alteraba un mundo tranquilo y bucólico. Esto contrastaba con otra imagen coetánea, derivada de la expansión de la nación hacia el oeste, que veía el tren en su sentido literal de máquina que posibilitaba contactar con lugares de gran valor estético. A

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49

Shi, Ting. "Literal Reference in Eco-Translatology: Analyzing Wang Wei’s Landscape Poetry Through the “Three-Life Phases” Framework." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and Translation 11, no. 1 (2025): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijalt.20251101.14.

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Metaphorical reference studies and literal reference studies are “two sides in one” of eco-translatology, while in fact the former one takes overwhelming dominance. As eco-translatology enters its third decade, it’s the turn for literal reference studies to serve as a necessary supplement to the long-lasting dominant metaphorical reference studies in eco-translatology. In the dialogue between Chinese and American poetry in the 20th century, American poets translated a splendid array of landscape poetry by Chinese recluse poets, among which Wang Wei was the most popular. In terms of its ecology

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Jiménez-Crespo, Miguel A., and Joseph V. Casillas. "Literal is not always easier." Translation, Cognition & Behavior 4, no. 1 (2021): 98–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00048.jim.

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Abstract “Literal translation” is a popular construct in Translation Studies. Research from computational approaches has consistently shown that non-literal translations, i.e., renderings semantically and syntactically different or not close to the source text, are more difficult or effortful to produce than literal ones. This paper researches whether literal translations are systematically less effortful to process than non-literal ones using comparable corpus data. The effort incurred in processing literal translations from a parallel corpus is compared to that of processing the most frequen

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