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1

Bien, Peter, and Bernard F. Dick. "William Golding." World Literature Today 61, no. 3 (1987): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40143413.

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Rabkin, Eric S., James B. Mitchell, and Carl P. Simon. "Who Really Shaped American Science Fiction?" Prospects 30 (October 2005): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001976.

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Treating science fiction, critics have taught us to understand that the field shrugged itself out of the swamp of its pulp origins in two great evolutionary metamorphoses, each associated with a uniquely visionary magazine editor: Hugo Gernsback and John W. Campbell Jr. Paul Carter, to cite one critic among many, makes a case that Hugo Gernsback's magazines were the first to suggest thatscience fiction was not only legitimate extrapolation… [but] might even become a positive incentive to discovery, inspiring some engineer or inventor to develop in the laboratory an idea he had first read about in one of the stories. (5)Another, critic and author Isaac Asimov, argues that science fiction's fabledGolden Age began in 1938, when John Campbell became editor of Astounding Stories and remolded it, and the whole field, into something closer to his heart's desire. During the Golden Age, he and the magazine he edited so dominated science fiction that to read Astounding was to know the field entire. (Before the Golden Age, xii)Critics arrive at such understandings not only by surveying the field but also — perhaps more importantly — by studying, accepting, modifying, or even occasionally rejecting the work of other critics. This indirect and many-voiced conversation is usually seen as a self-correcting process, an informal yet public peer review. Such interested scrutiny has driven science fiction (SF) criticism to evolve from the letters to the editor and editorials and mimeographed essays of the past to the nuanced literary history of today, just as, this literary history states, those firm-minded editors helped SF literature evolve from the primordial fictions of Edgar Rice Burroughs into the sophisticated constructs of William S. Burroughs.
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Tiger, Virginia, John Carey, Don Crompton, and Julia Briggs. "Canonical Evasions and William Golding." Contemporary Literature 29, no. 2 (1988): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1208444.

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4

Stevenson, Randall, S. J. Boyd, and Brian Thomas. "The Novels of William Golding." Modern Language Review 85, no. 3 (July 1990): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3732233.

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5

Prickett, Stephen. "INHERITING PAPER: WORDS AND WILLIAM GOLDING." Literature and Theology 6, no. 2 (1992): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litthe/6.2.145.

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6

Shanina, Yu A. "WILLIAM GOLDING AS A MAN AND CREATOR IN ENGLISH WRITERS’ ESSAYS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-5-918-923.

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This research is devoted to the interpretation of William Golding’s works by his younger contemporaries. The solution of this purpose allows to determine the significance of Golding’s novels in modern British literature and culture. The subject of our research is several essays such as David Lodge’s “William Golding” (1964), Ian McEwan’s “Schoolboys” (1986), John Fowles’s “Golding and 'Golding” (1986), Craig Raine’s “Belly without Blemish: Golding’s sources” (1986), Nigel Williams’s “William Golding: A frighteningly honest writer” (2012). Some of them present the memoirs, the others contain the literary critique. The analysis shows that Golding’s novels are seeing as extraordinary, original creations, as the beginning of a new tradition in the consideration of childhood and moral questions in the English literature. They mark the next stage in the history of the British novel, which is characterized by new plots, characters and motives.
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7

SURETTE, LEON. "William Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism, and Philosophy." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 54, no. 4 (September 1, 1996): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540_6245.jaac54.4.0391.

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8

Hasan, Mariwan, and Diman Sharif. "William Golding’s Lord of the Flies: A Reconsideration." NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching 11, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/nobel.2020.11.2.125-136.

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This paper reconsiders William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. Allegorical writings can illustrate ethical, social or psychological and moral issues using the manipulation of images that have stipulated meanings other than their meanings as imitations of the actual world. Allegory has been used widely throughout history in all forms of art, and comprehensible for the reader, conveys hidden meanings through symbolic figures. Lord of the Flies had been written in relation to historical circumstances of the twentieth-century and to the personal experience of William Golding. Also, it has provided a critical analysis of the novel that treated the prominent perspective and elements in it. The novel is a parallel of life in the late twentieth century, while it looks like society a stage of enhancement in technology whereas, human morality is not completely mature yet. “Lord of the Flies is an allegorical microcosm of the world. The destruction of World War II because of the dictators who initiated this war has a profound impact on William Golding himself”. In the beginning, the paper gives an introduction to Golding’s point of view on humanity with the title of how to draw attention to me through allegory and fable, two forms of imaginative literature that encouraged the reader and listener to look for hidden meanings. Then it deals with William Golding’s Lord of the Flies from the cultural approaches of that time, who is one of the most prominent literary men of postmodernism that was famous for utilizing symbolism within the novel; “he used different kinds of symbols, characters, objects, animals, colors and setting to convey his message about his main theme”, in the last section we analyzed the postmodern features in Lord of the Flies and how they are used to depict Golding’s view. The way Golding uses allegory strengthens the symbolism of his novel. Finally, it tackles the educational value through his experiences in teaching along with critical analysis of Golding’s technique.
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9

Sofield, David, and Herbert F. Tucker. "Under Criticism: Essays for William H. Pritchard." College Composition and Communication 51, no. 2 (December 1999): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/359053.

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10

Pederson, J. "THE CRITICISM OF LITERARY THIEVING: The Art of Literary Thieving. By WILLIAM GLASSER." Essays in Criticism 61, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/escrit/cgr007.

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11

Mulvihill, James. "“True portrait and true history”: William Hazlitt's art criticism." Prose Studies 21, no. 3 (December 1998): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440359808586652.

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12

Madigan, Patrick. "Nathan Scott's Literary Criticism and Fundamental Theology. By William D. Buhrman." Heythrop Journal 48, no. 5 (September 2007): 833–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2007.00344_30.x.

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13

Pankhurst, Anne. "Interpreting unknown worlds: functions of metonymic conceptualization in William Golding's The Sea Trilogy." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 6, no. 2 (May 1997): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709700600203.

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William Golding's Sea Trilogy (1991) presents the reader with a number of problems, notably how to link the remote spatio-temporal location of the narrative with the author's explicit intention of commenting on present-day society. This article argues that the reader's task is facilitated by the use and frequent recontextualization of conventional metonymies. Metonymy is defined as a conceptual mechanism, extending beyond rhetorical one-word substitutions. In the particular case of this narrative, Golding continues a stylistic feature already noted in Lord of the Flies (1954), where changes in self-perception are marked by means of changes in outward appearance. A series of conceptual metonymies in The Sea Trilogy, functioning to highlight conventional beliefs, structures the development of an important episode and facilitates the reader's interpretation of thematic material.
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14

Serdechnaia, Vera V. "WILLIAM BLAKE IN THE SOVIET RECEPTION: FORMING THE IMAGE OF ‘REVOLUTIONARY ROMANTIC’." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, no. 4 (2020): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-4-136-146.

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The article is devoted to a scantily explored aspect of the Russian reception of William Blake: the justification of the poet in Soviet criticism as a ‘revolutionary Romanticist’. The purpose of the article is to characterize strategies for understanding the heritage of William Blake by Soviet critics. Soviet Blake was officially ‘born’ in 1957 – after the World Peace Council’s decision on celebrations of the poet’s bicentennial. Blake, with a reputation tainted by the Symbolists, needed serious justification in Soviet literary criticism. The arguments for his justification were the revolutionary pathos of his poems, his democratic background and his humanism. It was important to emphasize Blake’s proximity to the working class. To introduce Blake into the literary field of Soviet criticism, it was necessary to justify his religiosity; the key to this justification was his humanism and the democracy of his faith. Blake’s prophetic poems were interpreted as the product of creative decline generated by the poet’s tragic social loneliness. Soviet criticism condemned Balmont’s translations and praised Marshak’s ones. Making Blake primarily a revolutionist, Soviet critics came to unexpected comments close to vulgar sociologism. In Soviet criticism, Blake was a missing link in the development of the ‘revolutionary’ chain of anti-tyrannical poetry. The author of the paper collects and classifies references to Blake in Soviet literary and artistic criticism, introduces some little-known facts of reception, classifies and generalizes the Soviet view of Blake as a ‘revolutionary Romanticist’, characterizes the genesis and content of this approach. The author applies the cultural-historical and comparative-historical methods as well as the principles of receptive aesthetics.
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15

Hudson, Anne. "Textual Criticism and Middle English Texts. Tim William Machan." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 89, no. 4 (December 1995): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/pbsa.89.4.24304329.

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16

Nicholls, Angus. "Scientific Literary Criticism in the Work of Matthew Arnold and William Dilthey." Comparative Critical Studies 8, no. 1 (February 2011): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2011.0005.

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17

Guy, Jeff. "Class, imperialism and literary criticism: William Ngidi, John Colenso and Matthew Arnold." Journal of Southern African Studies 23, no. 2 (June 1997): 219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079708708534.

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18

Kane, George. "Textual Criticism and Middle English Texts.Tim William Machan." Speculum 71, no. 4 (October 1996): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2865755.

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19

Goldsmith, Steven. "William Blake and the Future of Enthusiasm." Nineteenth-Century Literature 63, no. 4 (March 1, 2009): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2009.63.4.439.

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In Blake we observe the transition from a theological concept of enthusiasm to a practice of literary-critical engagement as enthusiasm. Although this transition is often eclipsed by the current historicist tendency to locate Blake in the 1790s, with roots even earlier, Blake's enthusiasm performs a work that progressive critics will ask of emotion for the next two hundred years: to supply immediate, experiential evidence of a transformative agency whose effects cannot otherwise be measured. Historicist interest in attaching Blake to premodern affects is bound up with a modern desire to mobilize enthusiasm anew and catalyze a future beyond modernity. Sartre's The Emotions provides a useful framework for understanding the aspirations and anxieties that have led criticism to stake its claims to agency on the evidence of emotion. Describing a machine-world that points back to the constraints of Blake's Urizenic starry mill and forward to the ideological systems we associate with criticism after Foucault, Sartre helps identify a critical legacy that posits a "magical" agency of emotion within and against instrumental reason. He also raises key questions about the origin and efficacy of such affective transformation. When do critical emotions serve as a proxy for the agency we feel we lack? When, if ever, do they open onto a world indifferent to our desires for transformation? Is it possible to think of reading as something other than empowerment?
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20

Cao, Dong Bo. "Eco-Criticism and Urban Ecological Civilization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 1529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.1529.

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Eco-criticism is a "green" wave of criticism which is set off in the field of literary criticism at the moment in the deteriorating global environment and deepening the context of ecological crisis. This paper will interprete the ecological spirit in William Wordsworth's poetry from the eco-critical perspective and awaken people's ecological consciousness, especially taking Daffodils for example, in order to advocate for the interests of building a natural, ecological, green, and sustainable values and lifestyles for the whole purpose, thus speed up the pace of urban ecological civilization.
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21

Kendall, T. "'JOY, FIRE, JOY': BLAISE PASCAL'S 'MEMORIAL' AND THE VOSIONARY EXPLORATONS OF T. S. ELIOT, ALDOUS HUXLEY AND WILLIAM GOLDING." Literature and Theology 11, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litthe/11.3.299.

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22

Joshi, Rakesh Chandra. "Psychology and Literary Criticism: Examining Critical Theories of William Wordsworth and T. S. Eliot." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 158 (December 2014): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.088.

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23

Clarke, Brock. ""A Hostile Decade": The 60s and Self-Criticism in William Kennedy's Early Prose." Twentieth Century Literature 45, no. 1 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/441661.

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24

Caro, Robert V. "William Alabaster:Rhetor, Meditator, Devotional Poet—I." Recusant History 19, no. 1 (May 1988): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200020148.

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IT has been commonplace in the literary criticism of the past thirty years to acknowledge the influence of the Counter-Reformation devotional tradition on English metaphysical poetry of the seventeenth century. The sonnets of William Alabaster, a little known recusant poet writing just before the dawn of the century, provide an early example of this influence. Even when Alabaster does not rise above his craftmanship, his poems offer insights into the cultural equipment and habits of mind of the age in which he lived, revealing how meditation could vivify rhetorical invention, injecting it with feeling and passion and transforming the persona of a lyric poem into a dramatic speaker.
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25

A, Vasuki. "THE POEMS OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH: AN ECOCRITICAL OVERVIEW." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj178.

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Eco-criticism emerged in the 1990’s and the critics changed their angles of vision and examined the works of art by focusing on the relationship between man and Nature. William Words worth, in particular, became the key icons of eco-critical studies. Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who has beenconsidered as a forerunner of English Romanticism. His views towards Nature and man’s treatment of Nature have supported his position as an important icon of eco-critical studies. His fame lies in the general belief that he has been viewed as a Nature poet who viewed Nature superior to humans. In other words, his views about Nature and his poems seek to heal the long-forgotten wounds of Nature in the hope of reaching unification between man and Nature. With the emergence of Eco-criticism as a new critical approach in the 1990’s, Romantic poetry, in general, and William Wordsworth, in particular, became the icons of eco-critical studies. He was the foremost Romantic poet who cared for the creation of symbiosis between man and Nature. William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who is considered as a forerunner of English Romanticism. His contributions to the repository of English literature are undoubtedly a token of hisgreatness among his contemporaries. His views towards Nature and man’s treatment of Nature have supported his position as an important icon of eco-critical studies. His fame lies in the general belief that he has been viewed as England’s greatest Nature poet who viewed Nature superior to human being whosesurvival is dependent upon Nature. Wordsworth intends to show the value of survival of human being in Nature. Though literary critics talked about the eco-critical concepts in the past, the present paper highlights a recent literary approach to Eco-criticism studies, “the relationship between literature and physicalenvironment” in the poems of William Wordsworth.
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McCabe, Kevin. "‘Was Juvenal a Structuralist?‘ a Look at Anachronisms in Literary Criticism." Greece and Rome 33, no. 1 (April 1986): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500029983.

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Oliver Goldsmith once wrote that the cultural history of a civilization can be divided into three periods: ‘its commencement, or the age of poets; its maturity, or the age of philosophers; and its decline, or the age of critics.’ Goldsmith went on to argue that the increase of critics is a natural result of the spread of learning, but, at the same time, invariably contributes to its decline. This is because critics represent a lower common denominator in literary taste than the poet or the philosopher, and because they approach culture in a more mechanical or hidebound manner. Goldsmith defines critics as ‘all such as judge by rule, and not by feelings’. He looks back to the days of King William and Queen Anne, and suggests that the decline in letters evident in his own day is partly attributable to the prevalence of criticism:
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27

Knight, Christopher J. "William Gaddis's Parthian Shot: Social Criticism in the PosthumousAgapēe AgapeandThe Rush for Second Place." Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 49, no. 2 (January 2008): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/crit.49.2.205-220.

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28

David, Alun. "Sir William Jones, Biblical Orientalism and Indian Scholarship." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 1 (February 1996): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00014128.

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For many students of late-eighteenth and nineteenth-century British intellectual and literary history, Sir William Jones (1746–94) has lately come to seem a figure of great significance for our understanding of the period. A notable if implicit claim for his importance is to be found in Jerome McGann's revisionist New Oxford Book of Romantic Period Verse (1993); A Hymn to Na'ra'yena (1785), Jones's translation from the Sanskrit, is symbolically placed as the anthology's first item. This essay will argue that Jones's Indian scholarship will be better understood in the light of its links with contemporary developments in biblical criticism.
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29

Dore, Florence. "The New Criticism and the Nashville Sound: William Faulkner’s The Town and Rock and Roll." Contemporary Literature 55, no. 1 (2014): 32–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cli.2014.0007.

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30

Sarah B. Daugherty. "The Master and the Dean: The Literary Criticism of Henry James and William Dean Howells (review)." Henry James Review 29, no. 2 (2008): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hjr.0.0002.

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31

Ercüment Yaşar. "William Wordsworth’s Theoretical Contribution to Canon of Literary Criticism in Light of Preface to Lyrical Ballads." Technium Social Sciences Journal 8 (May 14, 2020): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.590.

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Wordsworth’s Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with Pastoral and Other Poems (1802) is both a revolutionary manifesto and a kind of foundational text in the context of the canon of Romantic poetry because of its normative analysis on the nature of poetry and its basic constituent parts although when compared to the systematic approaches in the twentieth century literary theory, Wordsworth does not present an autonomous critical method capable of providing universally valid principles in evaluation of the text. This paper mainly aims to discuss Wordsworth’s contribution to canon of literary criticism on the theoretical level by giving concrete examples from Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with Pastoral and Other Poems (1802) as well as scrutinizing Wordsworth’s definition of poetry and the poet, his ideas on the origin of poetry, the subject matter of poetry, and the language of poetry respectively in order to show that it is revolutionary in terms of prescribing some principles in evaluation of a literary work.
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32

Hogue, Bev. "The Master and the Dean: The Literary Criticism of Henry James and William Dean Howells (review)." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 52, no. 3 (2006): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2006.0064.

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33

Drąg, Wojciech. "“I’m a I’m a Scholar at the Moment”: The Voice of the Literary Critic in the Works of American Scholar-Metafictionists." American, British and Canadian Studies Journal 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abcsj-2016-0003.

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Abstract In her seminal book on metafiction, Patricia Waugh describes this practice as an obliteration of the distinction between “creation” and “criticism.” This article examines the interplay of the “creative” and the “critical” in five American metafictions from the late 1960s, whose authors were both fictional writers and scholars: Donald Barthelme’s Snow White, John Barth’s Lost in the Funhouse, William H. Gass’s Willie Masters’ Lonesome Wife, Robert Coover’s Pricksongs and Descants and Ronald Sukenick’s The Death of the Novel and Other Stories. The article considers the ways in which the voice of the literary critic is incorporated into each work in the form of a self-reflexive commentary. Although the ostensible principle of metafiction is to merge fiction and criticism, most of the self-conscious texts under discussion are shown to adopt a predominantly negative attitude towards the critical voices they embody – by making them sound pompous, pretentious or banal. The article concludes with a claim that the five works do not advocate a rejection of academic criticism but rather insist on its reform. Their dissatisfaction with the prescriptivism of most contemporary literary criticism is compared to Susan Sontag’s arguments in her essay “Against Interpretation.”
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Barker, William. "Managing Readers: Printed Marginalia in English Renaissance Books. (Editorial Theory and Literary Criticism.). William W. E. Slights." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 97, no. 2 (June 2003): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/pbsa.97.2.24296033.

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35

Atashi, Laleh. "The Status of William Carlos Williams in American Modernism." Messages, Sages and Ages 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msas-2016-0015.

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Abstract William Carlos Williams was an American poet who renounced poetic diction in favor of the unpoetic, establishing himself in American Modernism as a powerful voice distinct from such canonical contemporaries as T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. His attitude towards literary production was different from many of his contemporaries in that he believed ‘the idea is in the thing’ and therefore the presence of objects rather than abstractions is strongly felt in his poems. A critical survey of Williams’ poems indicates that the poet/physician observes, describes and levels criticism at his society where modernism has transformed the American identity in significant ways. In this article, American icons and popular culture are retraced in the poetry of William Carlos Williams in an effort to explain the seeming opacity of his poems.
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36

Johnson, Kurt A. "‘Lisping Tongues’ and ‘Sanscrit Songs’: William Jones' Hymns to Hindu Deities." Translation and Literature 20, no. 1 (March 2011): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2011.0005.

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In 1784-9 Sir William Jones, then a Supreme Court Judge in Bengal, wrote nine ‘Hymns’ to Hindu deities. In examining one of the ‘Hymns’ – ‘A Hymn to Súrya’ – in more detail, this article maintains that Jones uses the hymnal form as a means of cultural translation, transposing the religious and cultural significance of Vedanta Hinduism poetically into an accessible and uncompromised form. With an emphasis on Jones’ early poetic criticism and his personal fondness for the Hindu religion, this article demonstrates how Jones employs the hymnal form in order to reach a poetic, religious, and cultural ‘original’ through translation.
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37

Rodiah, Ita. "New Historicism: Kajian Sejarah dalam Karya Imajinatif Ukhruj Minha Ya Mal’un Saddam Hussein." Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner 4, no. 2 (November 28, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jkii.v4i2.1102.

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Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa kajian kesusastraan dengan menggunakan new historicism mampu mengungkap pelbagai kekuatan budaya, sosial, ekonomi, dan politik yang menyetubuh dan menyelinap dalam setiap sela teks sastra yang merupakan ranah estetik (aesthetic richness). Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa karya sastra tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan pelbagai konteks zaman dan praksis budaya, sosial, ekonomi, serta politik yang melingkupinya. Penelitian ini tidak sependapat dengan konsep new criticism John Crowe Ransom (The New Criticism, 1941 dan Criticism as Pure Speculation, 1971) dan William K. Wimsatt dan Monroe Beardsley (The Intentional Fallacy, 1946 dan The verbal Icon, 1954) yang mengatakan bahwa karya sastra merupakan autotelic artefact. Sehingga menjadi tidak tepat ketika pemahaman terhadap sastra dikaitkan dengan pengarang, pembaca, maupun konteks di luar karya sastra. Penelitian ini mendukung konsep new historicism Stephen Greenblatt (Practicing New Historicism, 2000) yang menyatakan bahwa dunia imajinatif-estetis tidak pernah terlepas dari relasi kekuasaan dunia realitas yang termanifestasi dalam karya sastra sebagai apresiasi estetis individu dan praksis budaya, sosial, ekonomi, dan politik. Berdasarkan interpretasi kritis new historicism Greenblatt terhadap novel Ukhruj Minha Ya Mal’un diperoleh hasil penelitian berupa pemahaman karya imajinatif yang penuh dengan simbol yang lebih lengkap dan dalam (deeper understanding of value) dengan melibatkan konteks ekstrinsikalitas karya sastra di dalamnya dan novel Ukhruj Minha Ya Mal’un hadir sebagai tanggapan reflektif-imajinatif Saddam Hussein sebagai pengarangnya.[This research proves that literary studies using new historicism can reveal the various cultural, social, economic, and political forces that intercourse and sneak in every literary text: aesthetic richness. This research reveals that literary works cannot be separated from the various contexts of the era and the cultural, social, economic, and political praxis that surround them. This study disagrees with the concept of new criticism John Crowe Ransom (The New Criticism, 1941 and Criticism as Pure Speculation, 1971) and William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley (The Intentional Fallacy, 1946 and The verbal Icon, 1954) literature is an autotelic artifact. So it is not appropriate when the understanding of literature is associated with authors, readers, and contexts outside of literary works. This research supports Stephen Greenblatt's new historicism concept (Practicing New Historicism, 2000), which states that the imaginative-aesthetic world is never separated from the power relations of the world of reality which are manifested in literature as an individual aesthetic appreciation and cultural, social, economic, and political praxis. Based on the critical interpretation of Greenblatt's new historicism of the Ukhruj Minha Ya Mal'un novel, the research results are in the form of a deeper understanding of imaginative works of symbols (deeper understanding of value) involving the context of the extrinsicality of literary works in it and the novel Ukhruj Minha Ya Mal. 'un appears as the reflective-imaginative response of Saddam Hussein as the author.]
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38

Harrison, Rachel V. "Literature, Theory, and the Politics of Criticism in Contemporary Thailand." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 126, no. 3 (May 2011): 658–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2011.126.3.658.

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In the aftermath of Britain's Nuptial Extravaganza celebrating the Union of Prince William and Kate Middleton, comparisons between that event and the profile of the monarchy in Thailand have emerged. Occupying a central and highly visible position in the public domain, Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX, r. 1946–present) is widely held in great esteem. Yet the silencing of republican sentiment in the run-up to the royal wedding in London echoes the measures deployed with increasing regularity and rigor in Thailand under article 112 of the country's penal code, a law against lèse-majesté that effectively suppresses all open criticism of the Thai monarchy. In 2009 an all-time high of 164 lèse-majesté cases were tried in Thailand's Court of First Instance (“Article 112”). The Thai historian and public intellectual Somsak Jeamteerasakul, among others, has argued that these measures create a climate of fear around the discussion of the place and role of the monarchy in contemporary Thailand. This climate also has a bearing on the production and study of literature, on literary analysis, and on approaches to literary and cultural theory in Thailand.
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Diller, Christopher. ""Fiction in Color": Domesticity, Aestheticism, and the Visual Arts in the Criticism and Fiction of William Dean Howells." Nineteenth-Century Literature 55, no. 3 (December 1, 2000): 369–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2903128.

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Given that William Dean Howells was the leading spokesperson for literary realism in the late nineteenth century, critics have traditionally cited him for his failure to define a formal aesthetic theory, or, more recently, they have located such a theory in its very absence. Neither view acknowledges how Howells appropriated a central tenet of genteel society-domesticity-as ground for a pragmatic appraisal of fine art under the impress of capitalism. Especially in his fictional descriptions of painting and illustration, Howells delineates how disinterested rationales of fine art like aestheticism depend upon the aesthetic equivalent of the sexual double-standard: women are valorized as moral authorities but denigrated as artists so that men can make art without the stigma of commercialism. Through doubly gendered artists and feminized artistic practices, Howells critiques the capitalist logic that reduces aesthetics to an epiphenomenon of the market or to self-referential theories of the artwork. He demonstrates instead that art objects are ultimately defined by the ethical affiliations they bear to other social and aesthetic practices. In his criticism and fiction of the late 1880s and early 1890s, then, femininity emerges as a crucial rhetorical strategy that enabled Howells to represent and rationalize the paradoxical nature of fine art in capitalist society.
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Diller, Christopher. ""Fiction in Color": Domesticity, Aestheticism, and the Visual Arts in the Criticism and Fiction of William Dean Howells." Nineteenth-Century Literature 55, no. 3 (December 2000): 369–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2000.55.3.01p01486.

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41

Clayton, Owen. "London Eyes: William Dean Howells and the Shift to Instant Photography." Nineteenth-Century Literature 65, no. 3 (December 1, 2010): 374–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2010.65.3.374.

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Owen Clayton, "London Eyes: William Dean Howells and the Shift to Instant Photography"(pp. 374––394) Toward the end of the nineteenth century, one of William Dean Howells's many avid readers, finally meeting him in the flesh, expressed surprise that the famed writer was not dead. Although he had not actually departed from the world, it was true that by this time the venerable "Dean"was at a low ebb. While younger authors were taking the novel in directions about which he was, at the least, ambivalent, Howells was aware that his own best work was behind him. Yet, throughout his career, he maintained a desire to test different literary approaches. In England in 1904, Howells tested a conceit that would allow him to keep pace with the literary movements of the day. This consisted of an extended photographic metaphor: an association of himself with the Kodak camera. He used this figuration to move beyond the philosophical foundations of his previous work. Criticism has largely overlooked this endeavor, which Howells buried away in the somewhat obscure travelogue London Films (1905). This essay shows how London Films used its photographic metaphor to question positivistic observational assumptions, the way in which this was a response to William James's Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912), and, finally, why Howells ultimately went back on his attempt to create a Kodak school in fiction.
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42

Eldridge, Richard. "“This Most Human Predicament”." Conversations: The Journal of Cavellian Studies, no. 5 (February 27, 2018): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/cjcs.v0i5.2414.

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In the second paragraph of “The Avoidance of Love,” the earliest of his essays on Shakespeare, Cavell asks, “What has discouraged attention from investigations of character?” in Shakespeare criticism of the mid-twentieth century. “What […] has [instead] specifically motivated an absorbing attention to words?”, as in the criticism of William Empson and G. Wilson Knight. The answer that Cavell offers is that it is “the merest assumption,” foisted off on us “by some philosophy or other, that [literary] characters are not people, [and] that what can be known about people cannot be known about characters” (DK, 40). Cavell then goes on to challenge this assumption by noting that it is at the very least quite natural “to account for the behavior of characters” by applying “to them [psychological predicates, like ‘is in pain,’ ‘is ironic,’ ‘is jealous,’ and ‘is thinking of …’” (DK, 40).
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SEGUEDEME, Hergie Alexis, and Kossi Joiny TOWA-SELLO. "Machiavellism in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth: A Critical Study." IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies (ISSN 2455-2526) 6, no. 2 (March 7, 2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v6.n2.p4.

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<em>The aim of this article is to showcase and discuss Machiavellism in William Shakespeare’s play portraying by the tragedy attitudes on Macbeth and the challenge around Scotland kingdom power in British society during the Elizabethan period. This study has carried out a great desire of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth characters and their double dealing to get the Scotland kingdom great power or get-up-and-go throughout strong or a longing through unnatural power act of ambitious characters. In the process, this article has highlighted some cogent impacts of a great glory and the side effect of a foolish ambition throughout unethical practice. Indeed in order to meet up its objective, this article has carried out its criticism against the backdrop of literary theories of Psychoanalysis, New Historicism and Womanism. The findings of this study reveal that Macbeth is a royal entertainment, for all those of us who enjoy the suspense and excitement of a murder story. It could be interpreted Shakespeare’s play as a moral lesson. Throughout this scientific work, Macbeth teaches us, in a new way, the old lesson that crime does not pay. All in all Macbeth is a sinister, violent drama, full of fear, evil and death. The language of the play creates this dark drama.</em>
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Kamionowski, Jerzy. "The 'Color-Line' Criticism: Literary Fiction, Historical Facts, and the Critical Controversies about William Styron’s "The Confessions of Nat Turner"." Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies, no. 7(4) (2014): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/cr.2014.07.4.02.

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45

Zubair, Hassan Bin. "ANALYZING THE ROLE OF MARXIST, ALTHUSSERIAN AND FREUDIAN IDEOLOGIES IN THE MAKING OF MODERN WORLD THROUGH THE POST-WORLD WARS DYSTOPIAN FICTION." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3060.

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This research explores the transition towards the modern era from the brutal scenario of World Wars I &II. Different kind of fiction was produced in this context and every writer has tried his/her level best to present that dilemma in his/her own way. It pre-sents a clear picture that which sort of elements were there to bring that specific change and transition towards the modern era in 20th century. It has brought the ur-ban settlements and rapid growth in the industrial deeds. During that specific time, fascism, consumer culture, surveillance, anti- intellectualism, media influence com-munism and totalitarianism were on the peak. All these factors lead the writers to create dystopian fiction and it formed a striking literary movement. This research is limited to the three dystopian novels of 20th century including Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, Lord of the Flies by William Golding and 1984 by George Orwell. This research is qualitative in nature, Marxist, Althusserian and Freudian theories support this research as a primary theoretical framework. This research is helpful to know about the Pre and Post World Wars scenario and to know about the socio-political scenario of the present day world.
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46

Farkas, Aliz. "Organized Chaos: Cohesive Devices in Benjy’s Sections of William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2016-0025.

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Abstract As the history of criticism on The Sound and the Fury proves it, Benjy’s section is probably the most controversial part of the novel. Some literary critics and writers celebrated it as an excellent piece of literary art, the peak of writerly performance, while others felt confused and irritated over the trials it posed to the reader. Although critical voices that reproach the writer for the incoherence of Benjy’s narrative may be justified at first sight, a closer inspection reveals that it is much less incoherent than it appears. In my paper, I will argue that there are several ways in which the author helps the reader to construct a more or less coherent story line out of the fragmented events that happened in the course of about thirty years. Secondly, I want to demonstrate that functional-semantic approaches to text analysis, such as Systemic Functional Grammar or Text Linguistics, can be effectively employed in analysing and interpreting literary texts. Finally, I try to find a psychological explanation of how Benjy’s incoherence is made readable by the interworking between the coherence-seeking dispositions of the reader and the ingenious cohesive devices used by the writer.
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47

Allington, Daniel. "Private experience, textual analysis, and institutional authority: The discursive practice of critical interpretation and its enactment in literary training." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 21, no. 2 (May 2012): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947011435864.

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Academic literary criticism emphasises both the private experience of reading and the analysis of formal textual features. Since the early 20th century, this double emphasis has been sustained through the production of ‘readings’ or ‘interpretations’ in which claimed responses to literature are accounted for through textual analysis, a practice here theorised in terms drawn from discursive psychology. Conceptualising interpretation as practice renders it investigable through qualitative social research methods. This article thus studies the enactment of critical interpretation within a specific form of literary training, carrying out a turn-by-turn analysis of an undergraduate tutorial on Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). Within this classroom context, students use claimed private experiences to challenge a lecturer’s reading of the work, treat those claimed responses (some of which appear homophobic) as unnecessary to account for, and account for responses they reject in non-textual terms. For contrast, a short extract is provided from an established department member’s tutorial on William Wordsworth’s ‘Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey’ (1798). It is argued that the two instructors’ very different levels of institutional authority are reflected in their teaching styles and in the resistance or compliance that their students exhibit towards the discursive practices of literary criticism.
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48

Romanelli, Christina. "Sour Beer at the Boar’s Head: Salvaging Shakespeare’s Alewife, Mistress Quickly." Humanities 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010006.

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Using William Shakespeare’s character Mistress Nell Quickly as an example, this article contends that familiarity with both the literary tradition of alewives and the historical conditions in which said literary tradition brewed aids in revising our interpretation of working-class women on the early modern stage. Mistress Quickly, the multi-faceted comic character in three history plays and a city-comedy, resembles closely those women with whom Shakespeare and his contemporaries would have lived and worked in their day-to-day lives. Rather than dismissing her role as minor or merely comic, as previous criticism largely has, scholarship can embrace this character type and her narrative as an example to complicate teleological progressions for women.
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Guo, Hua. "“Leda and the Swan”’s Revisions: A Cognitive Stylistic Analysis." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 6 (September 2, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p193.

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Previous literary studies on the revision of “Leda and the Swan” by William B. Yeats are mainly concerned with its psychological, social and historical implications conveyed by the relationship between Leda and the swan, and seldom explain the realization of this relationship in linguistic terms and its reception by the readership. Stylistic studies can furnish linguistic evidence for literary interpretation. Building on previous literary criticism and stylistic analysis, this study takes the first stanza as an example and conducts a cognitive stylistic analysis of the poem’s three versions by means of Langacker’s reference point model and dynamic discourse analysis framework. The poet’s aspiration to achieve subtle balance in the relationship through syntactic and semantic alteration is thus better understood and the possibility of applying Langacker’s cognitive grammar to stylistic analysis of poetry is tentatively explored.
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50

Santamarina, Xiomara. "Fugitive Slave, Fugitive Novelist: The Narrative of James Williams (1838)." American Literary History 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajy051.

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AbstractThis essay argues for reading a discredited slave narrative—the Narrative of James Williams (1838)—as an early black novel. Reading this narrative as a founding black novel à la Robinson Crusoe complicates the genealogy and theoretical parameters of literary criticism about early US black fiction. Such a reading revises accounts about the emergence of the third-person fictive voice inaugurated by Frederick Douglass and William Wells Brown in the 1850s. It also offers a new understanding of the antislavery movement’s quest for authenticity. More importantly, reading NJW as novelistic fiction illustrates how a fugitive slave might narrativize muddied textual politics and effectively challenge the reparative vision with which we theorize the genres and politics of early African American literary texts.
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