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1

Pizer, Donald. "The Study of American Literary Naturalism: A Personal Retrospective." Literature of the Americas, no. 11 (2021): 424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2021-11-424-436.

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Donald Pizer’s personal retrospective also embraces history of American literary naturalism studies from the early1950s up to nowadays. From his earliest seminar in American literature D. Pizer was deeply drawn to the writers of the 1890s. As a student he was assured by the standard historical and critical studies of the period that naturalists had failed in this effort to apply a scientific accuracy and detachment to fictional representation, their novels were therefore both untrue and inept and naturalism was in effect a regrettable false step in the "development" of American literature. Since the 1960s being engaged in close study of the early naturalists — Norris, Crane, Garland, Dreiser — Pizer had to confront these conventional attitudes. When looked at closely as a fictional representation of beliefs about human nature and experience, the naturalistic novel appeared to be far more complex than it was believed to be. Pizer sought in a series of books and essays to describe and thus to redefine American naturalism as a whole. Rather than a mindless adoption and crude dramatization of deterministic formulas, he found in naturalistic fiction the conflict between old values and new experience, which usually resulted in a vital thematic ambivalence. It was this very ambivalence, rather than the certainties of the convinced determinist, which was the source of the fictional strength of the naturalistic novel of the period. There has been much recent interest in the American naturalist movement and its texts. It seems, as long as American writers respond deeply to the disparity between the ideal and the actual in our national experience, naturalism will remain one of the major means for the registering of this shock of discovery.
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2

Howard, June, and Lee Clark Mitchell. "Determined Fictions: American Literary Naturalism." American Literature 62, no. 4 (December 1990): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2927090.

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Egnal, Marc. "Re-Visioning American Literary Naturalism." Canadian Review of American Studies 48, no. 2 (June 2018): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras.2017.026.

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4

Campbell, Donna. "American Literary Naturalism: Critical Perspectives." Literature Compass 8, no. 8 (August 2011): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2011.00819.x.

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5

Galgani, Jaime. "Recepción de la narrativa social europea en Chile (1880-1920)." Literatura y Lingüística, no. 22 (May 27, 2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/0717621x.22.120.

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ResumenDurante la década 1880-1890, se dieron fenómenos importantes que impulsaron el cambio de paradigma en el mercado del consumo literario y en la producción narrativa. Uno de ellos fue la llegada, lectura y recepción –en revistas y cenáculos– de la obra de escritores europeos vinculados al realismo y al naturalismo principalmente. Dichas escuelas, creadoras de una estética narrativa propia, son apropiadas en Chile de tal manera que generaron un fenómeno único de producción literaria que tiene su motivación fundamental en la cuestión social como motor del relato.Palabras clave: novela social, cuestión social, naturalismo, realismo, recepción, apropiación AbstractThroughout the 1880-1890 decade, a series of important events occurred that promoted a paradigm shift in the market of literary consumption and narrative production. One of those was the arrival, reading and reception -in magazines and inner circles- of the work of European authors linked mainly to realism and naturalism. These schools, creators of a unique aesthetics narrative, are appropriated here in Chile in such a way that they caused a distinctive phenomenon of literary production that finds a fundamental motivation in social aspects as the driven-force of story.Key words: social novel, social aspects, naturalism, realism, reception, appropriation
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6

Golod, Roman. "Ukrainian Literary Naturalism in the Ideological and Aesthetic Reception of Lesia Ukrainka." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 8, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.8.2.56-64.

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The article deals with the study of the problem of Lesia Ukrainka's reception of the literary phenomenon of naturalism and the philosophy of positivism as its ideological basis. It also studies the way the poetess evaluated and looked at the achievements of European and Ukrainian writers representing this literary movement in the context of world and Ukrainian literary and cultural processes. The research also singles out the significance, national and individual-author features of the naturalism professed by I. Franko, A. Krymsky, E. Zola, Goncourt brothers, and F.Norris. The article focuses on the ideological and aesthetic importance of the postulates of naturalistic art for the development of the Ukrainian literary process. It also analyses different stages of the ideological and aesthetic reception of the naturalism doctrine in the perception of different generations of Ukrainian literary critics; it deals with Lesya Ukrainka's attitude to the naturalistic concept of a man and her reasoning about the compatibility of naturalism with certain genres and movements of literature. The article drives to the conclusion that Lesia Ukrainka recognizes the very fact of the existence of Ukrainian naturalism. It provides Lesia's vision on the usage of naturalistic elements in generally unnaturalist works and their combination with other elememts, sometimes representative of opposite to naturalism in their ideological and aesthetic postulates, such as romanticism, decadence, neo-romanticism, realism, etc. The article also provides an insight of Lesia Ukrainka's attitude to the problems of zoomorphic imagery, social involvement, physiological scientism in the literature of naturalism. It draws attention to the problem of the evolution of aesthetic consciousness of E. Zola, I. Franko, A. Krymsky, and Lesia Ukrainka herself. There is also place for the comparative analysis of the perception of naturalism in the literary-critical reception of different generations of Ukrainian and foreign writers.
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7

Long, L. A. "Genre Matters: Embodying American Literary Naturalism." American Literary History 19, no. 1 (December 5, 2006): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajl030.

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8

Kim, Yeonman. "Is American Literary Naturalism Nature-Friendly?" Modern Studies in English Language & Literature 61, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.17754/mesk.61.1.291.

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9

Phipps, Gregory. "American Literary Naturalism and Its Descendants." Studies in American Naturalism 15, no. 1 (2020): vii—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/san.2020.0013.

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10

Pedrosa, José Manuel. "Rosso Malpelo (1878), infrahéroe y fantasma: mitologías de la mina y el infierno." Estudios Humanísticos. Filología, no. 36 (December 18, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/ehf.v0i36.1351.

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<p>Resumen</p> <p>Análisis del cuento <em>Rosso Malpelo</em> (“<em>Malpelo el Pel</em>irrojo”), publicado por el escritor naturalista y verista italiano Giovanni Verga en 1878. El cuento describe la dura explotación infantil en las minas italianas del siglo XIX. El análisis conecta el perfil literario del protagonista del cuento con el de muchos héroes mitológicos que realizan el viaje al infierno, el <em>descensus ad inferos</em>.</p><p>Palabras clave: Rosso Malpelo, Giovanni Verga, mina, minería, naturalismo, verismo, héroe, épica, tragedia, <em>descensus ad inferos</em>.</p><p>Abstract</p><p>Analysis of the tale <em>Rosso Malpelo</em> (“<em>Malpelo the Redhead</em>”), published in 1878 by Italian writer Giovanni Verga, exponent of the naturalist and verista movements. The story describes the harsh child labor in Italian mines during the nineteenth century. The analysis connects the literary profile of the protagonist of the story with many mythological heroes that go to hell (<em>descensus ad inferos).</em></p> <p>Key words: Rosso Malpelo, Giovanni Verga, mine, mining, naturalism, verismo, hero, epics, tragedy, <em>descensus ad inferos.</em></p>
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11

Greve, Julius. "Hip Hop Naturalism: A Poetics of Afro-pessimism." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 13, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2022.13.1.4441.

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This article examines the cross-discursive constellation of hip hop studies, ecocriticism, Black Studies, and literary studies. It proposes the notion of “hip hop naturalism” to come to terms with the way in which current U.S.-American rappers express their social ecologies. Taking its cue from scholars such as Imani Perry, Gregory Phipps, and Kecia Driver Thompson, the article argues for the relevance of literary naturalism in contemporary forms of cultural expression: not merely in the audiovisual archives of TV or film, but in hip hop lyricism. Greve scrutinizes how rap has dealt with themes of social heredity, cultural ecology, and structural racial violence by using similar or even identical diction to that of turn-of-the-twentieth-century American literary naturalists. Furthermore, juxtaposing the essentializing aspects of post-Darwinian discourse with those of Afro-pessimism, the article ultimately argues that what Darwinism was to authors like Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and Frank Norris, Afro-pessimist discourse is to major representatives of contemporary rap, including Mobb Deep, Danny Brown, Earl Sweatshirt, and Kendrick Lamar. The writings of Frank Wilderson III and other scholars within current Black Studies thus figure as a social-philosophical grounding on which the given lyricist might map his or her own take on the lived experience of the black individual in contemporaneity. While racial inequality has always been a central notion within hip hop literature and culture, it is this naturalist bent that renders possible a more thoroughly ecocritical reading of how rap songs both underscore and subvert, with critical defiance, the systemic naturalization of black life as inferior.
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12

Butterfield, R. W. (Herbie), and Christophe Den Tandt. "The Urban Sublime in American Literary Naturalism." Modern Language Review 95, no. 3 (July 2000): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3735523.

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13

Brennan, Stephen C., and June Howard. "Form and History in American Literary Naturalism." Modern Language Studies 17, no. 4 (1987): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3194817.

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14

Khan, Bilal, Akbar Ali, and Salma Hassan. "Naturalistic Elements in Ahmed Ali's Novel "Twilight in Delhi"." Global Regional Review IV, no. II (June 30, 2019): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-ii).19.

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The paper aims at analyzing the novel Twilight in Delhi written by Ahmad Ali in the light of naturalistic elements. Naturalism as literary theory originated in the late 19th century focuses that human actions are controlled and determined by hereditary, fate, environment and other social obligation, thus represents a very grim picture of life. Besides these features, the study has also explored many other features of naturalism in this literary work.by the researcher in the current study through qualitative analysis. The researcher has selected the text which clearly represent such features. The study resulted that the text and themes of the said novel represents many key features of naturalism.
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Napitupulu, Rita. "NATURALISM IN THE SHORT STORY OF WILLIAM FAULKNER’S “A ROSE FOR EMILY’." Jurnal Bahasa Indonesia Prima (BIP) 3, no. 2 (September 27, 2021): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34012/bip.v3i2.1966.

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Abstract A Rose For Emily is a short story by Mississippi born William Faulkner, first published in 1930. This story does not tell only about a lonely woman but also tells about a person who is forced to lead an isolated life; it is about her mental state due to her abused childhood that made her isolate herself. She lived in isolated. The vicitudes of Miss Emily’s life remain a mystery until the very end of the story. Although the actions are not visible to the reader, but the narrator evidently describes herphysical appearance and the environtment she lives in. The detailed characterization resembles Naturalist literary characterization – an accurate description of the protagonist’s deplorable physical condition and a pessimist and negative vision of the character.Furthermore the realistic description of Miss Emily’s house highlights the decaying image of the setting, that reflects the protagonist’s own state of mind. The surprising end of the story is also a common characteristic in Naturalist narration. There is a considerable amount of social impact and paternal influence reflected in Emily’s isolated and neurotic state of mind and this similarity proves the Naturalist point view of life- human s are conditioned by gebelogical, family and social condition. Naturalism in the Short Story of William Faulkner ‘s A Rose for Emily, is as the title of her research and the objective of this research is to find out the elements of Naturalism in the short story of William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily and why those elements are found in the short story. The methodology used in this research is the descriptive qualitative method. The findings of the research are 2 (two) elements of Naturalism, they are Determinism and Setting. Those elements are found in the short story are William Faulkner wants to tell that Emily’s father is as the cause that makes her not married until die. Her father is the one man who keeps her single by chasing away all her suitors as it can be seen through the analysis in part 4.1.1 and part 4.1.2. Besides that, the present generations that cannot accept her, coz of the past law that concerns with the tax pay which makes her free from the payment in past law. The status of the persons that come from the different locations, such as Emily from the South and Homer from the North. Between the aristocratic person and the laborer that become an obstacle in their relationship. Key words : Naturalism, Elements of Naturalism, Environtment, Sociology of Literature, Short Story
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16

Harris, Crystal. "Much Ado about Black Naturalism: Don John, Blood, and Caged Birds." American, British and Canadian Studies 33, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 4–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2019-0013.

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AbstractWilliam Shakespeare’s comedy, Much Ado About Nothing, and Paul Laurence Dunbar’s poem, “Sympathy,” peer through black naturalism’s socially deterministic lens, despite conflicts in time, geopolitics, social norms, and literary imagination. Specifically, Don John’s truculent reference about “sing[ing] in his cage” (1.3.32) inspired investigation into whether Dunbar’s famed line, “I know why the caged bird sings” (21), intentionally alludes to Shakespeare’s work. While the research is inconclusive, the references provide clarity for Don John’s character particularly. Essentially, Don John’s foolhardy evil meets society’s standards for masking social truths, just as Dunbar’s poem has been reduced to a sweet and imaginative ditty over time. Thus, this article broadly explores society’s tendency to recycle oppression under expedient pretenses. Although Don John self-proclaims inherent evil, closer scrutiny of his figurative scar – coat of arms, representing illegitimacy – reveals a socially determined position, more consistent with Dunbar’s second-rate life based on skin color and his naturalism based on whiteness. Because Mowat and Werstine suggest that Don John’s ill-intentioned behaviors are less about biology (blood) than impassioned human response to social injustice (Blood), naturalism links the unlikely pair. As such, the article uses Dunbar’s black naturalism to exemplify societal “caging” in Much Ado and “Sympathy.”
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Ashley, Katherine. "Les Soirées de Médan, the Franco-Prussian War and Naturalist Group Identity." Literature & History 31, no. 1 (May 2022): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03061973221091872.

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The Franco-Prussian War was not only a watershed in the history of Europe, it also inspired a watershed moment in French literary history: the publication of Les Soirées de Médan in 1880. The short story collection was a central text in framing a Naturalist group identity, but each of its six stories is also a scathing attack on the Franco-Prussian War and on the catastrophic French defeat. It has been argued that the myth surrounding the volume quickly eclipsed the stories themselves, but the volume's publication history shows that some of the contributors wrote their stories before a collective volume was proposed, suggesting that the critique of the war was initially as important as forming literary allegiances. This article examines the book from both angles, as a literary-historical event and as an anti-war tract. The uncomfortable relationship between the two is underscored by the many paratextual and textual absences in Les Soirées de Médan, which simultaneously conceal and draw attention to the war. It will show that the critique of the war of 1870–1871 is a necessary aspect of the public fashioning of Naturalist group identity, but that this public position-taking complicates our understanding of Naturalism as a cohesive literary movement.
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18

West, James L. W. "American Literary Naturalism: Late Essays by Donald Pizer." Studies in American Naturalism 15, no. 2 (2020): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/san.2020.0019.

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19

McNamara, Kevin R. "The Urban Sublime in American Literary Naturalism (review)." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 45, no. 4 (1999): 1028–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.1999.0083.

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Jelavich, Peter. "The Censorship of Literary Naturalism, 1890–1895: Bavaria." Central European History 18, no. 3-4 (September 1985): 344–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900017374.

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Pizer, Donald. "Determined Fictions: American Literary Naturalism. Lee Clark Mitchell." Nineteenth-Century Literature 45, no. 2 (September 1990): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3045131.

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Pizer, Donald. ": Determined Fictions: American Literary Naturalism. . Lee Clark Mitchell." Nineteenth-Century Literature 45, no. 2 (September 1990): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.1990.45.2.99p03143.

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23

Schmitz, Neil. "Naturalism Undone." American Literary History 1, no. 4 (1989): 897–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/1.4.897.

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Esteve, M. "Nature's Naturalism." American Literary History 20, no. 3 (June 3, 2008): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajn023.

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Lang, Pat. "Dissecting Stephen King: From the Gothic to Literary Naturalism." Journal of American Culture 29, no. 2 (June 2006): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2006.00342.x.

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Vernon, John. "Form and History in American Literary Naturalism. June Howard." Nineteenth-Century Literature 41, no. 3 (December 1986): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3044938.

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Vernon, John. ": Form and History in American Literary Naturalism. . June Howard." Nineteenth-Century Literature 41, no. 3 (December 1986): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.1986.41.3.99p0045f.

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Whistler, Daniel. "NATURALISM AND SYMBOLISM." Angelaki 21, no. 4 (September 27, 2016): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969725x.2016.1229439.

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LYE, COLLEEN. "American Naturalism and Asiatic Racial Form: Frank Norris's The Octopus and Moran of the ““Lady Letty””." Representations 84, no. 1 (November 1, 2003): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2003.84.1.73.

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ABSTRACT American literary naturalism is well known for its formal engagement with determination and abstraction and its thematic preoccupation with Anglo-Saxon degeneration. Yet the central importance of the U.S.-Asian border to the literature's elaboration of the imperial contradictions of monopoly finance capitalism has been largely overlooked. Taking up the question of U.S. anti-Asian anticapitalism, a political movement with which American naturalism was historically coincident, this essay explores the powerful early twentieth-century consensus that permitted the conflation of trust-busting and coolie-fighting.
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Stark, Gary D. "The Censorship of Literary Naturalism, 1885–1895: Prussia and Saxony." Central European History 18, no. 3-4 (September 1985): 326–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900017362.

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Kosylo, N. V., and O. Ya Kovalchuk. "NATURALISM IN THE DISCOURSE OF EUROPEAN AND UKRAINIAN LITERARY PROCESS." International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology, no. 57 (2022): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2022.57.35.

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E, Priya. "PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN AND NATURE IN KINGSOLVER'S NOVEL FLIGHT BEHAVIOUR." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj170.

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Literary eco -criticism is concerned with the ways that the relation between humans and nature are reflected in literary texts -the relationship of human beings with each other and with their environment. Literature has rich ecological heritage because literary history has many works on romanticism, naturalism, transcendentalism, literature of landscape and frontier literature. This paper aims to portray how Kingsolver used women and nature in her novel flight behaviour.
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Polefrone, Phillip R. "The Stock Ticker in the Garden: Frank Norris, American Literary Naturalism, and Capitalocene Aesthetics." American Literature 92, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 485–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-8616163.

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Abstract This essay argues that American literary naturalism engages with the Anthropocene at the moment it began to be visible, the turn of the twentieth century, and specifically identifies the role of finance in precipitating the crisis. Frank Norris’s The Octopus (1901) and The Pit (1903) offer a case study of a naturalist Capitalocene aesthetics, one capable of capturing global capitalism’s destructive planetary agency. As a student at the University of California at Berkeley, Frank Norris was exposed to Joseph LeConte’s influential theory of the Psychozoic era, a proto-Anthropocene theory from 1877 that named a new unit of geologic time in light of humanity’s status as a transformative planetary force. Norris adapted this theory into a critique of a rapidly globalizing capitalism’s effects on the planet and the natural world, particularly the structures of agricultural capitalism in which complex financial transactions led to destructive wheat monocultures. This critique anticipated the Capitalocene, a contemporary offshoot of the Anthropocene theory arguing that capitalism (rather than humanity per se) is responsible for the present planetary crisis. The vehicle of Norris’s critique is his multimedia landscape descriptions, which invoke and subvert Romantic landscape aesthetics through painterly language and visual paradox. At the center of this aesthetics is a contradiction in individual and collective agency that is also central to life and art in the Capitalocene: confronted with an anthropogenic landscape that is both destroyed and made sublime by the structures of capitalism, individual viewers both feel powerless in the face of the force it represents and feel themselves implicated in its creation, despite different levels of responsibility.
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Durrenberger, Paul. "Ethnography, Naturalism, and Paul Corey." Anthropology and Humanism 44, no. 1 (June 2019): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anhu.12240.

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Tanner, Jessica. "The Climate of Naturalism: Zola’s Atmospheres." L'Esprit Créateur 57, no. 1 (2017): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/esp.2017.0002.

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Duffy, L. "Incorporations hypodermiques et épistémologiques chez Zola." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 44, no. 2 (December 16, 2009): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.44.2.05duf.

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This article, starting from an identification of key differences between realism and naturalism, develops an argument premised on the implicit metaphorical relationship between body and text expressed in Le Docteur Pascal, the last novel in Émile Zola’s Rougon-Macquart series. It examines aspects of the metaphorical problematics surrounding the incorporation of documentary material into nineteenth-century French fiction, arguing that the documentary novel’s representation of the human body, and of medical practices concerned with the body’s ingestion of substances — specifically, Le Docteur Pascal’s representation of hypodermic injections — functions self-referentially as a way of representing the naturalist text and its incorporation of documentary, extraliterary material.
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Hoeller, H. "A Man's Game: Masculinity and the Anti-Aesthetics of American Literary Naturalism; Women, Compulsion, Modernity: The Moment of American Naturalism." American Literature 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-78-1-187.

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Hoenig, Christina. "NOTES ON THE ETYMOLOGIES IN PLATO'S CRATYLUS." Classical Quarterly 69, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838819000880.

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Recent scholarship on Plato's Cratylus (= Cra.) has yielded interpretations that assign various functions of philosophical importance to the dialogue's lengthy etymological section. Barney (2001) considers the section an ‘agonistic display’ (69–73) in which Socrates beats contemporary practitioners of etymology at their own game while, at the same time, offering a cosmological theory intended for serious intellectual competition. In this context, Barney emphasizes the importance of Parmenides, a charioteer who journeys towards Truth, as a literary point of reference for Socrates’ own etymological quest after the true meaning of names which, from Cratylus’ naturalist perspective on language, are considered indicative of their referents’ essential nature. The contents of the etymologies may be a ‘rational reconstruction’ (52–7) of Cratylus’ linguistic naturalism. Sedley (2003) stresses the encyclopedic character of Socrates’ lexical interpretations and argues that these are ‘exegetically correct’ (28) in representing the opinions of the name-givers of old who subscribed to a Heraclitean view of a world in flux, as is reflected in the original form of the names they devised. Ademollo (2011) stresses that Socrates’ etymologies display the evolution of Greek intellectual thought, shown to be heavily reliant on the assumption of a universe in flux, and serve to exhibit the weaknesses in Cratylus’ naturalist view of language.
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Zeng, Xiu. "On the Reflection of Naturalism in the Main Character in The Call of the Wild." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0811.20.

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Jack London is one of the most outstanding and celebrated critical realists in American literature in the 20th century, he is well recognized in his artistic creation of literary works with the feature of naturalism. The Call of the Wild is one of his naturalistic works filled with adventure and fighting spirit. The main character of the novel is a dog named Buck. By concentrating on Buck's gradual reversion from a civilized pet to a primordial beast, Jack London demonstrates the power of heredity and environment in determining and shaping one’s mind and behaviors. Naturalists believe that mankind is the product of environment, the power of heredity and force of environment are greater than the will of human beings. It is not the strongest of the species that can survive, but the one most responsive to changes. Humans have to adapt themselves to the environment for survival. In The Call of the Wild, the principle of literary naturalism is mainly reflected in the effects of the hereditary and environmental factors on the fate of the main character, Buck.
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Bevir, Mark, and Jason Blakely. "Naturalism and Its Inadvertent Defenders." Critical Review 31, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2019): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2019.1730592.

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41

André, Michael. "Briefly Noted: Against Naturalism: Peter Stein'sWallenstein." Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory 83, no. 2 (April 2008): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/gerr.83.2.189-192.

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42

Butterfield, R. W. (Herbie), and Donald Pizer. "The Theory and Practice of American Literary Naturalism: Selected Essays and Reviews." Yearbook of English Studies 25 (1995): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3508917.

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43

Hill, Christopher L. "The Travels of Naturalism and the Challenges of a World Literary History." Literature Compass 6, no. 6 (November 2009): 1198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2009.00662.x.

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44

Robinson, Chuck. "Fighting Words: Polemics and Social Change in Literary Naturalism by Ira Wells." Studies in American Naturalism 8, no. 2 (2013): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/san.2013.0019.

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45

McElrath, Joseph R., and John J. Conder. "Naturalism in American Fiction: The Classic Phase." American Literature 57, no. 4 (December 1985): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2926380.

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46

Williams, Kirk. "Anti-theatricality and the Limits of Naturalism." Modern Drama 44, no. 3 (September 2001): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md.44.3.284.

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47

Fusco, K. "Taking Naturalism to the Moving Picture Show: Frank Norris, D. W. Griffith, and Naturalist Editing." Adaptation 3, no. 2 (August 19, 2010): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/apq012.

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48

Dorohan, Ilona V., Olha S. Boiko, Kateryna M. Kyrylenko, Svitlana V. Oborska, and Olha M. Shandrenko. "Naturalistic inquiries of M. Bashkirtseva as an artist." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S4 (October 22, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns4.1547.

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The study pioneers the naturalistic search of Bashkirtseva as an artist, which was expressed in her involvement in the creation of a new movement in art, including painting, defined as naturalism. Several aesthetically significant and self-sufficient stages of its development in the creative activity of Maria Bashkirtseva are presented. It is noted that in this process the noblewoman's high education at home with her interest in the interaction of literature and painting, which in due course was understood as aesthetically valuable for painting and the artist, was initially obtained. The importance of the next naturalistic stage of Bashkirtseva is underlined, which is conditioned by her rapid acquisition of the European urban culture, one of the specific features of naturalism, first of all, the French one with the priority of Parisian peculiarities. In this way, it is emphasized that Bashkirtseva was not only focused on the development of critical and pictorial-literary trends in naturalism but also involved in their creation, developing the synthesis of literature and painting. It is emphasized that Bashkirtseva in the mastery of Dostoevsky largely anticipated the concept of Bakhtin, “following” the images of the Russian classic, giving them their naturalistic meaning.
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49

Jacobi, Claudia. "César Hautot – ein naturalistischer Ödipus? Guy de Maupassants Hautot père et fils auf der Schwelle zur Psychoanalyse." Romanistisches Jahrbuch 69, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roja-2018-0007.

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Abstract Literary criticism has mentioned some affinities between Guy de Maupassant’s literary work and Freud’s psychoanalysis, without ever reflecting on Maupassant’s literary anticipation of the Oedipus complex. The latter is particularly evident in the short novel Hautot père et fils (1889), which has not received much attention to date. The article aims to illustrate some evident parallels between Maupassant’s literary representation of a father-son conflict and Freud’s scientific approach. In doing so, it does not intend to deliver a demonstration of the emergence of Freudian concepts from naturalistic fiction. It shall rather be considered as a literary case study, which illustrates the discourse-historical process of transformation from the physiological paradigm of naturalism to the psychological paradigm of the arising psychoanalysis.
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50

Vogel, Juliane. "Sonnenpartituren." Poetica 51, no. 1-2 (September 22, 2020): 148–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890530-05101004.

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Abstract The article describes forms of solar orientation in dramas of German Naturalism. Starting from Ibsen’s Gengangere and Hauptmann’s Vor Sonnenaufgang, it claims that the crisis of drama is reflected in the ways in which the sun is related to the dramatic process and involved in dramatic finalization. By staging and addressing the sun, Naturalist dramatists discuss problems of temporal organization and energetical maintenance of a form in dissolution. In an array of dramas and in a densely woven network of intertextual references, they experiment with evocations of negative solarity. The modern sun is no longer a resource of meaning and source of life, it has turned into an indifferent, disenchanted and even hostile star that no longer addresses the human world.
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