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Academic literature on the topic 'Literature and morals English literature Rural conditions in literature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Literature and morals English literature Rural conditions in literature"
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Toze, Michael, Kelly Sisson, Thomas George, and Mo Ray. "Support for people with long-term neurological conditions in rural English communities." British Journal of Community Nursing 24, no. 5 (May 2, 2019): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2019.24.5.212.
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Almost one-fifth of the population in England lives in rural areas. Compared to urban populations, the rural population is older and faces greater difficulties in accessing medical services. At the same time, healthcare teams in rural areas face particular challenges in recruiting and retaining staff, travelling between patients and keeping specialised knowledge up-to-date. Drawing upon a recent health needs assessment for people living with long-term neurological conditions in a rural English county, as well as a broader review of the literature, this paper considers the challenges of rurality and discusses potential solutions. Technological and community-based responses have often been suggested as responses to challenges of rurality. However, there is likely to be a need for up-front investment of resources and careful consideration of individual and community needs before these solutions can be applied to rural neurological care.
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Silva, Vanessa de Lima, Eduarda Ângela Pessoa Cesse, and Maria de Fátima Pessoa Militão de Albuquerque. "Social determinants of death among the elderly: a systematic literature review." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, suppl 2 (2014): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400060015.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aims at working on a systematic review of articles published on social determinants associated with the elderly mortality. METHODS: We searched articles published in Portuguese, English and Spanish language periodicals from January 1st 2007 to December 31st 2009, by means of Lilacs and Pubmed databases. Twenty cohort studies were identified, having most of them been developed in European, North-American and Asian countries. RESULTS: The articles analysed provided determinant social factors significantly associated with the elderly mortality: urban/rural and intercontinental variation, be part of ethnic minorities, financial stress, living conditions, schooling, social participation, gender and race discrimination, smoking, alcoholism, physical activities, instrumental activities of daily living, leisure, marital status, equality and healthy lifestyle. CONCLUSION: Mortality amongst the elderly is influenced by social determinants in many levels of reach, from determinants linked to lifestyle to socioeconomic macro-determinants. The actions on these determinants must be guided by the intersectorial perspective and regarded as a priority in the health sector, seeking to provide extended longevity with good quality of life for the population.
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Lamb, John B. "Turning the Inside Out: Morals, Modes of Living, and the Condition of the Working Class." Victorian Literature and Culture 25, no. 1 (1997): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300004617.
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Writing on the Living conditions in Devon and Somerset in 1849, Alexander Mackay set out to discredit the often picturesque depiction of the homes of the poor:We are accustomed to associate with the idea of a country village, or with a cottage situated in a winding vale, or hanging upon the side of a rich and fertile slope, nothing but health, contentment and happiness. A rural dwelling of this class … makes such a nice pencil sketch, that we are naturally inclined to think it as neat and comfortable as it appears. But to know it aright, it must be turned inside out, and its realites exposed to the gaze of the observer. (qtd. in Lester 320)It was this turning “inside out” of working-class interiors to the voyeuristic gaze of their largely middle-class readers that Mackay and his fellow journalists on the Morning Chronicle set out to accomplish in a series of “letters” written in 1849 and 1850. But such depictions of working-class houses and their interiors had been a staple part of the discourse on the condition of the laboring population as early as 1832, when the Manchester physician and later Assistant Poor Law Commissioner James Kay published The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes, and they continued to appear throughout the 1830s, 40s, and early 50s in the work of Peter Gaskell, William Alison, Thomas Beames, Hector Gavin, Edwin Chadwick, Henry Mayhew, and others. This writing, as I will demonstrate, betrays similar discursive and ideological underpinnings as the workingclass interior becomes the focal point for the assertion of bourgeois value and the maintenance of class distinction.
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Klohe, Katharina, Benjamin G. Koudou, Alan Fenwick, Fiona Fleming, Amadou Garba, Anouk Gouvras, Emma M. Harding-Esch, et al. "A systematic literature review of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): e0008995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008995.
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Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. The disease has been reported in 78 countries, with around 290.8 million people in need of treatment in 2018. Schistosomiasis is predominantly considered a rural disease with a subsequent focus of research and control activities in rural settings. Over the past decades, occurrence and even expansion of schistosomiasis foci in peri-urban and urban settings have increasingly been observed. Rural–urban migration in low- and middle-income countries and subsequent rapid and unplanned urbanization are thought to explain these observations. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the world population is already estimated to live in urban areas, with a projected increase to 68% by 2050. In light of rapid urbanization and the efforts to control morbidity and ultimately achieve elimination of schistosomiasis, it is important to deepen our understanding of the occurrence, prevalence, and transmission of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings. A systematic literature review looking at urban and peri-urban schistosomiasis was therefore carried out as a first step to address the research and mapping gap. Methodology Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic computer-aided literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the World Health Organization Database in November 2019, which was updated in March 2020. Only papers for which at least the abstract was available in English were used. Relevant publications were screened, duplicates were removed, guidelines for eligibility were applied, and eligible studies were reviewed. Studies looking at human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, and intensity of infection in urban and peri-urban settings were included as well as those focusing on the intermediate host snails. Principal findings A total of 248 publications met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies confirm that schistosomiasis is prevalent in peri-urban and urban areas in the countries assessed. Earlier studies report higher prevalence levels in urban settings compared to data extracted from more recent publications, yet the challenge of migration, rapid uncontrolled urbanization, and resulting poor living conditions highlight the potential for continuous or even newly established transmission to take place. Conclusions The review indicates that schistosomiasis has long existed in urban and peri-urban areas and remains a public health problem. There is, however, a challenge of comparability of settings due to the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes urban and peri-urban. There is a pressing need for improved monitoring of schistosomiasis in urban communities and consideration of treatment strategies.
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Rasmussen, Bodil, Karen Wynter, Helen A. Rawson, Helen Skouteris, Nicola Ivory, and Susan A. Brumby. "Self-management of diabetes and associated comorbidities in rural and remote communities: a scoping review." Australian Journal of Primary Health 27, no. 4 (2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20110.
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Chronic health conditions are more prevalent in rural and remote areas than in metropolitan areas; living in rural and remote areas may present particular barriers to the self-management of chronic conditions like diabetes and comorbidities. The aims of this review were to: (1) synthesise evidence examining the self-management of diabetes and comorbidities among adults living in rural and remote communities; and (2) describe barriers and enablers underpinning self-management reported in studies that met our inclusion criteria. A systematic search of English language papers was undertaken in PsycINFO, Medline Complete, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Complete, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, searching for literature indexed from the beginning of the database until 6 March 2020. Essential key concepts were diabetes, comorbidities, self-management and rural or remote. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Six of these reported interventions to promote self-management for adults with diabetes in rural and remote communities and described comorbidities. These interventions had mixed results; only three demonstrated improvements in clinical outcomes or health behaviours. All three of these interventions specifically targeted adults living with diabetes and comorbidities in rural and remote areas; two used the same telehealth approach. Barriers to self-management included costs, transport problems and limited health service access. Interventions should take account of the specific challenges of managing both diabetes and comorbidities; telehealth may address some of the barriers associated with living in rural and remote areas.
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Svirchev, L., Y. Li, L. Yan, C. He, and B. L. Ma. "(A37) Characteristics and Evaluation of China's Earthquake Disaster Management Systems." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000501.
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BackgroundThis presentation summarizes our ongoing hybrid sociological-geological research into China's earthquake disaster management systems. Our methodology is a grounded research approach, based firstly on field observations related to the Wenchuan earthquake, including interviews with survivors and professionals responsible for disaster management; secondly on an extensive review of the English-language disaster management literature. China's earth scientists, frequently in collaboration with international scientists, have created a substantial English-language literature, but the social literature on disasters in China is scant. China's geographic variation is complex, with significant fault lines criss-crossing the nation.DiscussionApproximately half of the population lives in areas with a high risk of earthquakes. The two most-devastating of these since 1949 were the 1976 point-source Tangshan earthquake with mortality of 242,419, and the 2008 huge-area Wenchuan earthquake with mortality of 69,226. Our research has found that China's earthquake disaster management systems at the local, provincial, and national levels respond rapidly to earthquakes. National mobilization for rescue-relief after the Tangshan earthquake began within six hours, and within two hours for the Wenchuan earthquake. These systems are also characterized by reconstruction planning that functions in parallel to, and melds into, the relief effort streams. China's major infrastructure projects, such as hydro-electric power dams, are designed to resist extreme earthquake; however, rural mountain populations and the historic built-environment have low earthquake resistance, conditions which will endure for a long time.ConclusionsAs a result of the Wenchuan earthquake, China has undertaken ambitious three-dimensional monitoring and response programs. We recommend studies and action to reconnoiter, investigate, and prevent population exposure to geo-hazards, particularly in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In summary, China excels at disaster response but has not yet entered a development era of preventing the population's exposure to earthquake hazards.
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Dwyer, Anne, Abílio de Almeida Neto, Dominique Estival, Weicong Li, Christa Lam-Cassettari, and Mark Antoniou. "Suitability of Text-Based Communications for the Delivery of Psychological Therapeutic Services to Rural and Remote Communities: Scoping Review." JMIR Mental Health 8, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): e19478. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19478.
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Background People living in rural and remote areas have poorer access to mental health services than those living in cities. They are also less likely to seek help because of self-stigma and entrenched stoic beliefs about help seeking as a sign of weakness. E-mental health services can span great distances to reach those in need and offer a degree of privacy and anonymity exceeding that of traditional face-to-face counseling and open up possibilities for identifying at-risk individuals for targeted intervention. Objective This scoping review maps the research that has explored text-based e-mental health counseling services and studies that have used language use patterns to predict mental health status. In doing so, one of the aims was to determine whether text-based counseling services have the potential to circumvent the barriers faced by clients in rural and remote communities using technology and whether text-based communications, in particular, can be used to identify individuals at risk of psychological distress or self-harm. Methods We conducted a comprehensive electronic literature search of PsycINFO, PubMed, ERIC, and Web of Science databases for articles published in English through November 2020. Results Of the 9134 articles screened, 70 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that text-based, real-time communication with a qualified therapist is an effective form of e-mental health service delivery, particularly for individuals concerned with stigma and confidentiality. There is also converging evidence that text-based communications that have been analyzed using computational linguistic techniques can be used to accurately predict progress during treatment and identify individuals at risk of serious mental health conditions and suicide. Conclusions This review reveals a clear need for intensified research into the extent to which text-based counseling (and predictive models using modern computational linguistics tools) may help deliver mental health treatments to underserved groups such as regional communities, identify at-risk individuals for targeted intervention, and predict progress during treatment. Such approaches have implications for policy development to improve intervention accessibility in at-risk and underserved populations.
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Jorge, Ahmed, Michael D. White, and Nitin Agarwal. "Outcomes in socioeconomically disadvantaged patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 29, no. 6 (December 2018): 680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.5.spine171242.
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OBJECTIVEIndividuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) in socioeconomically disadvantaged settings (e.g., rural or low income) have different outcomes than their counterparts; however, a contemporary literature review identifying and measuring these outcomes has not been published. Here, the authors’ aim was to perform a systematic review and identify these parameters in the hope of providing tangible targets for future clinical research efforts.METHODSA systematic review was performed to find English-language articles published from 2007 to 2017 in the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases. Studies evaluating any outcomes related to patients with an SCI and in a low-resource setting were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and a flowchart was created. Of the 403 articles found, 31 underwent complete review and 26 were eligible for study inclusion. According to the current study criteria, any case studies, studies in less developed countries, studies including and not separating other types of neurological disorders, studies not assessing the effects of a low-resource setting on outcomes in patients with SCI, and studies evaluating the causes of SCI in a low-resource setting were excluded.RESULTSIn SCI patients, a lower income was a predictor of death (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7–2.6, p = 0.0002). Moreover, secondary outcomes such as pain intensities (OR 3.32, 95% CI 2.21–4.49, p < 0.001), emergency room visits (11% more likely, p = 0.006), and pressure ulcer formation (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5–3.0, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the lower income brackets. Rurality was also a factor and was significantly associated with increased emergency room visits (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1, p = 0.01) and lower outpatient service utilization (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.57, 95% CI 0.35–0.93, p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSThe authors showed that individuals in a low-resource setting who have suffered an SCI have significantly different outcomes than their counterparts. These specific outcomes are promising targets for future research efforts that focus on improving health conditions among this population.
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Asthana, Sheena, Alex Gibson, Trevor Bailey, Graham Moon, Paul Hewson, and Chris Dibben. "Equity of utilisation of cardiovascular care and mental health services in England: a cohort-based cross-sectional study using small-area estimation." Health Services and Delivery Research 4, no. 14 (April 2016): 1–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr04140.
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BackgroundA strong policy emphasis on the need to reduce both health inequalities and unmet need in deprived areas has resulted in the substantial redistribution of English NHS funding towards deprived areas. This raises the question of whether or not socioeconomically disadvantaged people continue to be disadvantaged in their access to and utilisation of health care.ObjectivesTo generate estimates of the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and common mental health disorders (CMHDs) at a variety of scales, and to make these available for public use via Public Health England (PHE). To compare these estimates with utilisation of NHS services in England to establish whether inequalities of use relative to need at various stages on the health-care pathway are associated with particular sociodemographic or other factors.DesignCross-sectional analysis of practice-, primary care trust- and Clinical Commissioning Group-level variations in diagnosis, prescribing and specialist management of CVD and CMHDs relative to the estimated prevalence of those conditions (calculated using small-area estimation).ResultsThe utilisation of CVD care appears more equitable than the utilisation of care for CMHDs. In contrast to the reviewed literature, we found little evidence of underutilisation of services by older populations. Indeed, younger populations appear to be less likely to access care for some CVD conditions. Nor did deprivation emerge as a consistent predictor of lower use relative to need for either CVD or CMHDs. Ethnicity is a consistent predictor of variations in use relative to need. Rates of primary management are lower than expected in areas with higher percentages of black populations for diabetes, stroke and CMHDs. Areas with higher Asian populations have higher-than-expected rates of diabetes presentation and prescribing and lower-than-expected rates of secondary care for diabetes. For both sets of conditions, there are pronounced geographical variations in use relative to need. For instance, the North East has relatively high levels of use of cardiac care services and rural (shire) areas have low levels of use relative to need. For CMHDs, there appears to be a pronounced ‘London effect’, with the number of people registered by general practitioners as having depression, or being prescribed antidepressants, being much lower in London than expected. A total of 24 CVD and 41 CMHD prevalence estimates have been provided to PHE and will be publicly available at a range of scales, from lower- and middle-layer super output areas through to Clinical Commissioning Groups and local authorities.ConclusionsWe found little evidence of socioeconomic inequality in use for CVD and CMHDs relative to underlying need, which suggests that the strong targeting of NHS resources to deprived areas may well have addressed longstanding concerns about unmet need. However, ethnicity has emerged as a significant predictor of inequality, and there are large and unexplained geographical variations in use relative to need for both conditions which undermine the principle of equal access to health care for equal needs. The persistence of ethnic variations and the role of systematic factors (such as rurality) in shaping patterns of utilisation deserve further investigation, as does the fact that the models were far better at explaining variation in use of CVD than mental health services.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Kumar, Shireen, and Bridget Clancy. "Retention of physicians and surgeons in rural areas—what works?" Journal of Public Health, March 5, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa031.
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Abstract Background Causes for health inequity among rural populations globally are multifactorial, and include poorer access to healthcare professionals. This study summarizes the recent literature identifying factors that influence rural doctor retention and analyses strategies implemented to increase retention. Uniquely, this study addresses the importance of context in the planning, implementation and success of these strategies, drawing on literature from high-, middle- and low-income countries. Methods A systematic review of the English literature was conducted in two parts. The first identified factors contributing to rural doctor retention, yielding 28 studies (2015–2019). The second identified 19 studies up to 2019 that assessed the outcomes of implemented rural retention strategies. Results Universal retention factors for health professionals in a rural environment include rural background, positive rural exposure in training or in the early postgraduate years and personal and professional support. Financial incentives were less influential on retention, but results were inconsistent between studies and differed between high-, middle- and low-income nations. Successful strategies included student selection from rural backgrounds into medical school and undergraduate education programs and early postgraduate training in a rural environment. Bundled or multifaceted interventions may be more effective than single factor interventions. Conclusion Rural health workforce retention strategies need to be multifaceted and context specific, and cannot be effective without considering the practitioner’s social context and the influence of their family in their decision making. Adequate rural health facilities, living conditions, work-life balance and family, community and professional support systems will maximize the success of implemented strategies and ensure sustainability and continuity of healthcare workforce in rural environments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Literature and morals English literature Rural conditions in literature"
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Han, Kyoung-Min. "Teaching Sympathy in Rural Places: Readers’ Moral Education in Nineteenth-Century British Literature." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1150337396.
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Cornes, Saskia. "Literature of Landscape: The Enclosure Movement in the Seventeenth Century English Imagination." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D81V5CSQ.
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"Literature of Landscape: The Enclosure Movement in the Seventeenth-Century English Imagination" examines the writing of England's rural life: the drama, poetry, and epic that depict it, as well as the political pamphlets and husbandry manuals that sought more directly to reshape it. I explore how land, once seen as an immovable legacy tied to particular forms of community stewardship and use, came to be understood as a commodity over which an individual owner should have absolute dominion. I do this by turning to the moral imagination of Renaissance literature, both canonical and little-known. Engaging the rich historical work on the transformation of land use in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, I show how literary, agrarian, and political texts helped early moderns adapt to and make sense of the near total transformation of English rural life that accompanied enclosure and its aftermath: the dissolution of the commons, an expanding and increasingly mobile wage labor market, and changes in land stewardship and agricultural practices prompted by new forms of ownership and loss. At a time when there was no fully developed vocabulary in other forms of discourse, I argue that literary narrative became a key analytical tool for imagining the unimaginable, a ballast and a compass for navigating the seismic socio-economic, environmental, and cultural shifts catalyzed by enclosure.
Books on the topic "Literature and morals English literature Rural conditions in literature"
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Davidson, Jenny. Hypocrisy and the politics of politeness: Manners and morals from Locke to Austen. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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Mohan, Anupama. Utopia and the rural in South Asian literatures. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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Rural life in eighteenth-century English poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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Rural scenes and national representation: Britain, 1815-1850. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
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Utopia and the rural in South Asian literatures. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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Hypocrisy and the politics of politeness: Manners and morals from Locke to Austen. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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Half savage and hardy and free: Women and rural radicalism in the nineteenth-century novel. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press, 1989.
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Weissman, Judith. Half savage and hardy and free: Women and rural radicalism in the nineteenth century novel. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press, 1987.
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Kandji, Mamadou. Roman anglais et traditions populaires: Le folklore et l'imaginaire rural de Walter Scott à Thomas Hardy : essai. Brossard, Québec: Humanitas, 1997.
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