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1
Rostagno, Irene. "Waldo Frank's Crusade for Latin American Literature." Americas 46, no. 1 (July 1989): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007393.
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Waldo Frank, who is now forgotten in Latin America, was once the most frequently read and admired North American author there. Though his work is largely neglected in the U.S., he was at one time the leading North American expert on Latin American writing. His name looms large in tracing the careers of Latin American writers in this country before 1940. Long before Franklin D. Roosevelt launched the Good Neighbor policy, Frank brought back to his countrymen news of Latin American culture.Frank went to South America when he was almost forty. The youthful dreams of Frank and his fellow pre-World War I writers and artists to make their country a fit place for cultural renaissance that would change society had waned with the onset of the twenties.1 But they had not completely vanished. Disgruntled by the climate of "normalcy" prevailing in America after World War I, he turned to Latin America. He started out in the Southwest. The remnants of Mexican culture he found in Arizona and New Mexico enticed him to venture further into the Hispanic world. In 1921 he traveled extensively in Spain and in 1929 spent six months exploring Latin America.
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Riazi, Jom’ehToloo. "Review of the Literature on Latin America in Ketab-e-Jom’eh." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.7n.1p.1.
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This paper aims to analyze a weekly magazine called Ketab-e-Jom’eh (Friday’s Book) and the reflection of Latin American’s revolutionary movements in it. Ketab-e-Jom’eh, published from July 26, 1979, to May 22, 1980, was supervised by a number of the most legendary Iranian authors and poets, such as Ahmad Shamloo1 and Gholam Hossein Saedi. I focus on the way a particular perspective on Latin American movements is constructed and perpetuated among Ketab-e-Jom’eh’s lectors. With a symbolic approach, I analyze those texts through their symbolic representation in the Iranian society, which requires me to study those symbols and their concomitant relevance in Iran. Eventually, I will use an interpretative approach to examine this magazine’s ideologically motivated articles in the broader context of the Iranian society with its particular traits. The dialectic relationship between literature and society helps us understand literature as the product of social conditions and influential factors in society. The position that I develop here echoes Louis de Bonald’s belief that “through a careful reading of any nation’s literature ‘one could tell what this people had been’” (as cited in Hall, 1979, p. 13). I employ such an expansive horizon to scrutinize the selection of literature on Latin American guerillas. I shall unfold the magazine’s ideological orientation from the angle of the context in which it is used. I aim to show that the historical context of the Iranian society at the moment gives those articles specific meanings. In pursuit of my goals, I will recontextualize the articles to determine their primary significance in the Iran of the 1970s and 1980s.
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CARROLL R, M. Daniel. "The Prophetic Text and the Literature of Dissent in Latin America: Amos, Garcia Marquez, and Cabrera Infante Dismantle Militarism." Biblical Interpretation 4, no. 1 (1996): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851596x00121.
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AbstractThis article attempts a reading of the final form of Amos within the framework of the literary tradition of the novels of dissent in Latin America. Works by the Colombian Gabriel Garcia Márquez and the Cuban Guillermo Cabrera Infante are presented in order to demonstrate how literary strategies can take apart the pretense and cruelty of the militarism so endemic to Latin American history and society. The reading of Amos shows how pervasive militarism is in the world of the prophetic text and highlights how that text ridicules and condemns it through literary technique. Amos, therefore, echoes many of the concerns of Latin American texts. As the scripture of the Christian church, however, Amos not only can be read alongside of other protest literature but can also make a particular contribution to help the people of God on that continent confront the harsh realities of life.
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Garcia, Agnaldo, Julia Sursis Nobre Ferro Bucher-Maluschke, Daniela Marisol Pérez-Angarita, and Fábio Nogueira Pereira. "Friendship in Latin American social comparative studies." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.227.
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Friendship has been traditionally investigated in the field of interpersonal relationships using different theoretical frameworks and approaches. This paper discusses the possibility of investigating friendship from a comparative Latin American perspective, based on a wide literature review on the subject. Based on the theoretical proposals of Hinde (1997) for the investigation of interpersonal relationships, the paper considers that friendship involves several levels of complexity and affects and is affected by distinct dimensions of Latin American society. The paper recognizes that comparative studies have placed the importance of friends and friendship in areas such as economy, health, education, and migration, among others. As expected, Latin American comparative studies are more frequent in some disciplines, mainly those based on censuses data, and theoretically related to social-economic and demographic concepts, including social networks and social capital. The possibility of developing a Latin American perspective for the study of friendship requires not only the need of empirical but also theoretical advances, as well as scientific cooperation and innovation. Friendship is seen as relevant for the constitution of the social tissue of Latin American society, being affected and affecting different areas and levels. In the social economic dimension, friends are relevant, specifically in Latin America, to themes such as poverty and social vulnerability. Some future possibilities for investigation are discussed.
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Malin, John M. "American Chemical Society assistance to chemical scientists and engineers in developing countries." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173071221.
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The American Chemical Society, through its Office of International Activities, is engaged in a variety of activities to assist chemical scientists and engineers in developing countries. These include surveys of chemical activity in Latin America and Africa; assistance to sister chemical societies; organization of international exchange programs; production of environmental chemistry workshops; hosting invited visitors at PITTCON meetings; donations of materials and, especially, chemical literature through Project Bookshare; collaboration in producing CHEMRAWN conferences; and environmental chemistry activities.
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Rodríguez Herrera, María Elia. "América Latina, crítica literaria e identidad." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 14, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v14i2.18849.
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El artículo aborda el problema enfrentado por la crítica literaria en la búsqueda de una identidad latinoamericana, ya que al tratar de reflexionar sobre el tema, surgen varias inquietudes con respecto a los propios términos.En este estudio intentamos definir términos tales como crítica, literatura latinoamericana, y la identidad. La contribución es, por lo tanto, de aclaración.Por último, se sugiere lo que debería ser la tarea de la crítica y el papel de la crítica en el contexto de América Latina, con el sincretismo cultural y la unidad de los temas que le dan una identidad. Tiene que ser una tarea creativa, una que da a luz la ideología y el conocimiento, que se manifiesta dialécticamente la relación producción-significante, la sociedad y la historia, y que hace evidente la la síntesis cultural que América Latina proyecta como su imagen. The articIe discusses the problem confronted by literary criticism in the search for a Latin American identity, inasmuch as while attempting to reflect on the subject, there arise several concems regarding the terms themselves.In this study we attempt to define such terms as criticism, critic, Latin American literature, and identity. The contribution is, therefore, one of cIarification.Finally, we suggest what should be the task of criticism and the role of the critic in the Latin American context, with the cultural sincretism and unity of issues that give it an identity. It must be a creative task, one that brings forth ideology and knowledge, that manifests dialectically the production-signifier relationship, society and history, and that evinces the cultural synthesis that Latin America projects as its image.
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Estivill, Alejandro. "Stephen M. Hart, The other scene: Psychoanalytic readings in modern Spanish and Latin-American literature. Society of Spanish and Spanish- American Studies, Boulder, CO, 1992; 122 pp." Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v43i1.960.
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Sondrol, Paul C. "The Emerging New Politics of Liberalizing Paraguay: Sustained Civil-Military Control without Democracy." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34, no. 2 (1992): 127–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166031.
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The Process of the transition from authoritarianism to more representative forms of government has become a major subject of the scholarship on Latin American politics today (O'Donnell, et al, 1986; Malloy and Seligson, 1987; Stepan, 1989; Diamond et al, 1988-1990; Lowenthal, 1991). Given this interest, as expressed by the growing literature in this area, little attention has been paid to the transition process now going on in Paraguay, which is now emerging from one of Latin America's most long-standing authoritarian regimes.A number of studies testify to the authoritarian nature of Paraguay's government and society. Johnson indicates that Paraguay ranked either 18th or 19th—out of 20 Latin American nations ... in 9 successive surveys of democratic development, carried out at 5-year intervals from 1945 to 1985 (Jonnson> 1988). A longitudinal study of press freedom found that Paraguay was invariably placed in the category of “poor,” or even “none,” between 1945-1975 (Hill and Hurley, 1980). When Palmer applied his 5 indicators of authoritarianism (nonelective rule, coups, primacy of the military, military rule, executive predominance) to the countries of Latin America, Paraguay consistently ranked first in its degree of authoritarianism (Palmer, 1977).
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Arce, Moises, and Paul T. Bellinger. "Low-Intensity Democracy Revisited: The Effects of Economic Liberalization on Political Activity in Latin America." World Politics 60, no. 1 (October 2007): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.0.0003.
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Existing literature emphasizes the disorganizing or weakening effects of economic liberalization on civil society, whereby free-market policies are said to demobilize and depoliticize collective actors. The article evaluates the effects of economic liberalization on large-scale societal mobilizations across seventeen Latin American countries for the period 1970–2000. The article further tests the effects of economic liberalization on individual political participation across sixteen Latin American countries for the period 1980–2000. In contrast to the atomization literature, this article provides strong evidence that economic liberalization leads to greater levels of societal mobilization in the context of free-market democratization. The article also demonstrates that economic liberalization does not induce a decline in political participation. Collectively, these results cast doubt on the theoretical underpinnings and empirical findings presented in Kurtz (2004).
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ALTMAN, DAVID, and ROSSANA CASTIGLIONI. "Determinants of Equitable Social Policy in Latin America (1990–2013)." Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000734.
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AbstractThe fact that equitable social policy expanded drastically in Latin America during the left turn and during a time of prosperity does not necessarily mean that the ideological color of governing parties and economic growth are the engines behind changes in social policy, as is usually claimed by part of the literature. Using panel data from Latin American countries for 1990–2013, this paper offers an alternative explanation, derived from previous qualitative research, that the level of political competition, the strength of civil society, and wealth are the key factors behind the expansion of equitable social policy. Once these explanations are included in our models, the ideological leaning of governments and economic growth lose statistical significance. Thus, this paper challenges dominant approaches that consider social policy change in Latin America a consequence of the ideological leaning of the government and economic growth.
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Lugo, Ariel E. "Conserving Latin American and Caribbean mangroves: issues and challenges." Madera y Bosques 8 (September 1, 2016): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/myb.2002.801289.
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This is a literature review of the distribution, salient features, uses, and conservation of mangroves in the Caribbean and Latin America. These ecosystems have played a vital role in the development of the region and their value increases as tropical countries develop and commercialize their coastal zones. Unfortunately, markets ignore or underestimate the value of products and non-market services from mangroves. Science informs and improves the effectiveness of the conservation of mangroves. Professional management with participation of all sectors of society also benefits the conservation of mangroves. Understanding mangrove ecosystems requires consideration of multiple spatial and temporal scales and attention to paradoxes that can lead to ineffective conservation measures. The review includes guidelines for mangrove restoration and conservation.
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Siqueira, Samanta Vitória, and Karina De Castilhos Lucena. "Aquela que diz não à sombra: biografia e obra da escritora martinicana Françoise Ega / The One Who Denies Her Shadow: Life and Work of the Martinican Writer Françoise Ega." Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 25, no. 3 (December 18, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.25.3.57-75.
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Resumo: Este artigo apresenta a biografia e as obras da escritora, empregada doméstica e militante social martinicana Françoise Ega (1920-1976) buscando dar visibilidade para sua trajetória de vida e para suas publicações ainda pouco conhecidas nos círculos acadêmicos e literários brasileiros. Primeiramente, apresentamos a biografia da autora com foco em seus deslocamentos e atuação política. Depois, comentamos brevemente suas obras Le temps de madras (1966), Lettres à une noire (1978) e L’Alizé ne soufflait plus (2000), relacionando-as com a vida da autora e com a sociedade martinicana. Por fim, sob uma perspectiva que não dissocia literatura e sociedade e que considera a história específica de socialização de mulheres diaspóricas afrodescendentes, propõe-se uma reflexão sobre o lugar de intelectuais negras na história da literatura latino-americana.Palavras-chave: Françoise Ega; escritoras diaspóricas; literatura antilhana.Abstract: This paper presents the biography and works of Martinican writer, laborer and social activist Françoise Ega (1920-1976), seeking to shed light on her life story and her lesser known publications among Brazilian academic and literary circles. Firstly, we present the writer’s biography, focusing on her relocations and political engagement. Secondly, we introduce Ega’s works Le temps de madras (1966), Lettres à une noire (1978) and L’Alizé ne soufflait plus (2000), and their relationship with both her life and the Martinican society. Ultimately, from a perspective which compromises literature and society, acknowledging the specific socialization history of diasporic women of African descent, we propose a reflection on the role of black women intellectuals in the history of Latin American literature.Keywords: Françoise Ega; diasporic writers; Antillean literature.
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Oliveira Junior, Adilson Sanches de, Bruno Braga Roberto, Mario Lenza, Guilherme Figueiredo Pintan, Benno Ejnisman, Breno Schor, Eduardo da Frota Carrera, and Joel Murachovsky. "Preferences of orthopedic surgeons for treating midshaft clavicle fracture in adults." Einstein (São Paulo) 15, no. 3 (September 2017): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082017ao4043.
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ABSTRACT Objective To determine the current clinical practice in Latin America for treating midshaft clavicle fractures, including surgical and non-surgical approaches. Methods A cross-sectional study using a descriptive questionnaire. Shoulder and elbow surgeons from the Brazilian Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery and from the Latin American Society of Shoulder and Elbow were contacted and asked to complete a short questionnaire (SurveyMonkey®) on the management of midshaft fractures of the clavicle. Incomplete or inconsistent answers were excluded. Results The type of radiographic classification preferably used was related to description of fracture morphology, according to 41% of participants. Allman classification ranked second and was used by 24.1% of participants. As to indications for surgical treatment, only the indications with shortening and imminence of skin exposure were statistically significant. Conservative treatment was chosen in cortical contact. Regarding immobilization method, the simple sling was preferred, and treatment lasted from 4 to 6 weeks. Although the result was not statistically significant, the blocked plate was the preferred option in surgical cases. Conclusion The treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures in Latin America is in accordance with the current literature.
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Nuryanti, Nuryanti, and Salsabila Salsabila. "Strategi Kebijakan Pemerintah Venezuela di Tengah Krisis." JURNAL SOSIAL POLITIK 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v5i2.7625.
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In the era of president Nicolas Maduro, the Venezuela faced economic crisis. It affects to social and economic decline. The govenment is in the chellenge of public trust and political instablity. The Maduro performance perceived as less effective and repressive that lead to the society questioning about government capacity to solve the problems. Thus, the authors are interested in explaining the efforts of the Venezuelan government in dealing with the crisis. The author uses descriptive qualitative research methods and data collection techniques based on literature study. The data source comes from the literature published by scholars and experts on Venezuelan politics and the Latin American economic crisis. The author notes several actions of the Venezuelan government in dealing with the economic crisis including: (1) economic policies reform; (2) diplomacy of foreign aid to China; (3) food price stabilization: (4) strengthening public health services; and (5) strengthening regional cooperation with organizations in the Latin American region.
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Sánchez, Jorge, Bruno Páez, Alejandra Macías-Weinmann, and Carlos Eduardo Olmos-Olmos. "Guía de dermatitis atópica. Consenso de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología." Revista Alergia México 61, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 178–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.29262/ram.v61i3.43.
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As in other regions, the incidence of atopic dermatitis in Latin America has been increasing in recent years. Although there are several clinical guidelines, many of their recommendations cannot be universal since they depend on the characteristics of each region. Thus, we decided to create a consensus guideline on atopic dermatitis applicable in Latin America and other tropical regions, taking into account socio-economic, geographical, cultural and health care system characteristics. The Latin American Society of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (SLAAI) conducted a systematic search for articles related to the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis using various electronic resources such as Google, Pubmed, EMBASE (Ovid) and Cochrane data base. We have also looked for all published articles in Latin America on the subject using LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences) database. Each section was reviewed by at least two members of the committee, and the final version was subsequently approved by all of them, using the Delphi methodology for consensus building. Afterward, the final document was shared for external evaluation with physicians, specialists (allergists, dermatologists and pediatricians), patients and academic institutions such as universities and scientific societies related to the topic. All recommendations made by these groups were taken into account for the final drafting of the document. There are few original studies conducted in Latin America about dermatitis; however, we were able to create a practical guideline for Latin America taking into account the particularities of the region. Moreover, the integral management was highlighted including many of the recommendations from different participants in the health care of this disease (patients, families, primary care physicians and specialists). This practical guide presents a concise approach to the diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis that can be helpful for medical staff, patients and their families in Latin America.
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Luna Sellés, Carmen. "Moronga, by Horacio Castellanos Moya, and the Divergence of Latin American Noir." Forum for Modern Language Studies 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqaa022.
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Abstract Taking Moronga (2018), by Salvadorian author Horacio Castellanos Moya, as a point of departure, this article focuses on the reinterpretation of mainstream crime fiction in Latin American terms. This new approach is made from both formal and thematic perspectives. Moronga is structurally fragmented; the traditional detective figure has disappeared, and the plot does not revolve around a single crime but denounces a society at large which is characterized by paranoid surveillance. The reinterpretation of the crime fiction genre in Latin American terms has opened up two different strands of noir: firstly, the so-called ‘post-neopolicial’ where crime is a mere backdrop to formal experimentation, and secondly, what Ricardo Piglia refers to as ‘ficción paranoica’ [paranoiac fiction]. Moronga is a good example of both these strands, making it an appropriate case study to analyse the ways in which Hispanic literature deviates from classic Anglophone crime fiction (particularly the North American hardboiled tradition).
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Suárez-Rico, Yuli Marcela, Mª Antonia García-Benau, and Mauricio Gómez-Villegas. "CSR communication through Facebook in the Latin American integrated market (MILA)." Meditari Accountancy Research 27, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 741–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-03-2018-0313.
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Purpose This study aims to analyse CSR communication in the Latin American Integrated Market companies using Facebook, by studying disclosure and its determinants along with the legitimacy and interactivity of CSR posts. Design/methodology/approach A content analysis of Facebook posts and an index were developed to establish disclosure levels explained by regression modelling. In addition, an analysis of Facebook posts, reactions and comments was carried out. Findings Content analysis shows that most of the posts correspond to the categories of society and environment. Regression modelling shows there is a strong association between corporate and board characteristics and disclosure levels. In spite of the dialogic character of Facebook, interactivity levels of messages are low, although high levels of legitimacy are observed in posts by consumer and financial companies. Research limitations/implications This study examines companies included in the Latin American Integrated Market. The generalisation of the results is limited to this context. Practical implications Understanding CSR communication may enable companies to relate more effectively with their stakeholders and possibly change their practices as a result of the feedback provided. Originality/value This study offers an important contribution to the literature on CSR communication by performing an analysis of information disclosure on Facebook and its explanatory factors. Another contribution of this study is its examination of the legitimacy and interactivity of CSR information disclosure in Latin America, a relatively understudied region.
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Centeno, Miguel Angel, and Sylvia Maxfield. "The Marriage of Finance and Order: Changes in the Mexican Political Elite." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, no. 1 (February 1992): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00022951.
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Recent literature on Latin American political economy appears to echo work of the 1960s and 1970s emphasising technical expertise in government. Sikkink and Geddes, for example, suggest that the role of technical experts and professionalisation of the bureaucracy explain Brazil's relative economic successes in the 1960s.1 Conaghan, Malloy and Abugattas focus on the role of technocrats in economic policy—making in the Central Andes.2 Following seminal work by Camp and Smith, Hernández Rodríguez presents the latest data on the role of technocrats in the Mexican political elite.3 To a large extent, this recent literature on technocrats in Latin America fails to address one of the main issues debated in the earlier literature: the political consequences of increasingly technocratic government. A second problem with recent work is that, when it does address causal issues, it tends to follow the functionalist logic of earlier literature. Using data on Mexican political elites, this article develops a new typology which carefully differentiates the new technobureaucratic elite from other elite groups. The aim is to shed new light on the debate over the implications of increasing technocratisation. Secondly, this study of the rise of a new elite emphasises the role of institutional changes within the government bureaucracy in addition to the state's functional response to changes in its politico—economic environment. This article begins with a brief discussion of earlier general — and Mexico—specific — literature on technocrats.Some analysts of technocracy in the 1960s and 1970s saw technocrats as apolitical specialists whose growing role in society heralded ‘an end to ideology’ and increased efficiency in government.4
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Haghighat Chaleshtari, Nasrin, and Ali Omidi. "Deconstruction of Dictatorship in Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa’s Works." Journal of Language and Literature 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v21i1.2681.
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Latin America's literature does not merely represent the creation of literary masterpieces for artistic enjoyment; instead, it is inspired by real-world events. Latin American authors attempt to depict the pains, sufferings, and problems they have always grappled with. Taking a descriptive-analytic approach by applying sociological criticism, the present study attempted to examine Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa’s most essential works on dictatorship rule, including Conversación en La Catedral, La guerra del fin del mundo, La ciudad y los perrosand La fiesta del chivo. One of the Latin America’s political typical features was fascism and dictatorship, which was reflected in different authors' works, including Llosa. The findings of the present study revealed that the dictatorial system raised in Llosa’s works is characterized by violence, political and economic corruption, intervention by foreign powers, the emergence of Communism as the sole savior of the third world, and the elites’ disenchantment with improvement in the status of the society. He put forward this sober idea that dictators are not natural catastrophes, but they are constructed as dictators by their victims.
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Zhou, Min, and Rennie Lee. "Transnationalism and Community Building." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 647, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716212472456.
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An emergent literature on transnationalism has been burgeoning since the 1990s to examine new patterns of immigrant settlement. Research to date has emphasized the effects of transnationalism on the development in sending countries rather than receiving countries, focused on immigrant groups from Latin America rather than Asia, and examined individuals rather than immigrant organizations as units of analysis. As a consequence, we do not have reliable knowledge about the impacts of transnationalism on immigrant communities in the host society and the extent and sources of intergroup variations. To fill this gap and to supplement knowledge gained from Latin American experiences, this article offers a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between transnationalism and community building by examining Chinese ethnic organizations in the United States. We show that immigrants often engage their ancestral homelands via organizations and that organizational transnationalism contributes to strengthening the infrastructure and symbolic systems of the ethnic community and enhancing the community’s capacity to generate resources conducive to immigrant incorporation.
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Tomala-Kania, Wioletta. "Kontynent i jego konteksty w zwierciadle literatury. Studium jednego przypadku." Ameryka Łacińska Kwartalnik analityczno-informacyjny, no. 109-110 (February 18, 2021): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/20811152.2020.109.110.02.
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The author attemptsto capture a selection ofissues that she considersvital for the debateon theLatin-Americancontinent as such. The research toolisliterary productionofasingle author,Alejo Carpentier.Hiscreationwasselectedout of manyoutstanding works of Latin American writers. The first part of the article, Carpentier's method, presents the justificationfor choosing this particular writer. Init, the author offersbibliographical and literary data based on his manifestos (Tientos y diferencias) and the very “core” of his literary production, i.e. stories (Guerra del tiempo, Concierto barroco) and novels (Reinode este mundo, Pasos perdidos, Elsiglo de las luces, El recurso delmétodo, La consagración de la primavera, El arpa y la som-bra). If the value of literary worksis to be estimated (among otherthings) according to the universality of its message, all the works listedabove become an inherent part of auniversal paradigm. Complicated trajectoriesof protagonists’lives (Sophia, Esteban, Wiera, Enrique, First Official...), their personalities,and their entanglement inthe Wheels ofHistorytranscendborders of the continent. Hence the (controversial) common interpretational routesforK.andtheTrapped. Individualsand societiesduring wartime, internal battle of identities, revolutionarydia-lectics, relations of power, acts of open and hidden violence, antinomies of tradition and mo-dernity, conflicts of spirituality and rationality, changes of individual and collective conscious-ness, structural social inequalities, colonial oppression, mechanisms of resistance, cultural, po-litical and economic imperialism, geopolitical fields of game–all theseissues (and manymore) can be found in Carpentier’s novels. The second partidentifies eleven ofCarpentier’s Latin-American contexts. They includeracial, economic, chthonic, political, bourgeois, distance-and proportion-related, chronological inconsistency-related, cultural, culinary, lighting-related,andideological aspects. Particular focus is dedicated toracial (Pasos perdidos), economic (Guerra del tiempo) and political-military (El recurso delmétodo) issues. The third part, a critical ap-proachto culture, follows up onprevious matterswith special consideration ofthe following three: confrontation of cultures(El arpa y la sombra), humanitarianism and modernity (El siglo de las luces), and the beginnings and ends of the Western World(La consagración de la pri-mavera). Finally, the text concludes witha range ofquestionsonculture, society, and politics,with the most prominent being: What is our culture,when reflectedinCarpentier’s mirror?Keywords: Latin America, Alejo Carpentier, continent, context(s), literature.
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Rodríguez, Fermín A. "The Good Life: Rodolfo Fogwill’s La introducción." Anclajes 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/anclajes-2021-2519.
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The Latin American literature of the last thirty years is crossed by displacement of bodies through plots that do not have the stability of the social and cultural borders that shape the nation-state. In a society where the ideal of well-being, happiness and longevity acquires a political status, Rodolfo Fogwill’s latest novel, La introducción (2016) constitutes a formal inquiry into the new spatializations of culture and new mechanisms of subjectivation and control that emerge in the novel of our turn of the century as indexes of transformations of power and forms of exploitation without which 24/7 capitalism could not function.
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Colichi, Rosana Maria Barreto, Stella Godoy Silva e. Lima, Andrea Bueno Benito Bonini, and Silvana Andrea Molina Lima. "Entrepreneurship and Nursing: integrative review." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 72, suppl 1 (February 2019): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0498.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the knowledge produced on business entrepreneurship in Nursing. Method: Integrative literature review in the following databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing Database (BDENF), Index Psychology and National Information Center of Medical Sciences of Cuba (CUMED). We included available studies in their totality in the period from 2007 to 2017. Results: 22 articles were included. The categories that emerged from the study are the following: Concepts of entrepreneurship in nursing, Profile of the entrepreneur nurse, Business Diversity, Business Management, Barriers to business entrepreneurship in nursing, Support to entrepreneurial nurses and Entrepreneurship in Nursing Undergraduate. Conclusion: There is a need to prepare nurses with adequate skills to increase the capacity to integrate into the labor market and to improve their own well-being and that of society.
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Dias, M. L., and J. C. L. Silva. "Use of illicit drugs between nursing academics: a literature review." Scientific Electronic Archives 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1362020939.
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In recent decades, consumption of illicit substances has become a concern of society, a public health problem due to the high incidence of social problems related to its use and the risks to users' health. The transition period to the university is a time of vulnerability to exposure to drugs, thus, academics have the first contact with some kind of substance at that stage. The objective of this study was to investigate what has been produced in the literature on the use of drugs among nursing students in Brazil. It is a study with a quantitative approach, of type literature review. We used the descriptors: "Nursing, Drugs and Academics" and the databases Virtual Health Library (VHL), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) for articles search. A total of 149 publications were found and, after analytical reading, a sample of 10 articles was developed to develop the study. As a result, it was observed that the prevalence of illicit drug use is more predominant among male students, in general, but the female sex is higher among the participants, the difference is due to the high prevalence of women in the Nursing course . The age group most found in the studies is 18 to 30 years of age and the drugs most commonly used by academics are marijuana and cocaine. According to the studies presented, the consumption of illicit drugs directly affects the life of nursing students, reinforcing it as a serious public health problem.
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Fernandes, Vivian De Oliveira Neves. "A comunicação e o Buen Vivir: a experiência da ALER." Revista Internacional de Folkcomunicação 19, no. 42 (July 2, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/rif.v.19.i42.0014.
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Este artigo busca apresentar reflexões em torno do conceito de Buen Vivir e sua interface com a comunicação popular, como resposta à crise sistêmica atual e ao modelo capitalista, tomando como exemplo teórico e prático a Associação Latino-Americana de Educação e Comunicação Popular (ALER). A partir de revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas, este texto levanta discussões em torno do Buen Vivir, que tomam corpo com o Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-Americano; também sobre os debates em relação à comunicação popular e modelos de desenvolvimento; e, por fim, apresenta elementos e formulações construídos no interior da ALER, que tem o Buen Viver como o eixo central de sua construção política e comunicacional atual. Assim, busca-se trazer reflexões urgentes e necessárias para se pensar novas formas de vida em sociedade e de práticas comunicacionais que refletem essa demanda.
Buen Vivir; Comunicação popular; Associação Latino-Americana de Educação e Comunicação Popular (ALER).
This article seeks to present reflections around the concept of Buen Vivir and its relation with people’s communication, as a response to the current systemic crisis and the capitalist model, taking as theoretical and practical example the Latin American Association of People’s Education and Communication (ALER). Based on literature review and interviews, this text raises discussions around Buen Vivir, which becomes more relevant with the New Latin American Constitutionalism; also on the debates around people’s communication and development models; and, finally, presents elements and formulations raise inside ALER, which has Buen Vivir as the central axis of its current political and communicational construction. Thus, it seeks to bring urgent and necessary reflections to think about new ways of living in society and communicational practices that reflect this demand.
Buen Vivir; People’s communication; Latin American Association of People’s Education and Communication (ALER).
Este artículo pretende presentar reflexiones en torno al concepto de Buen Vivir y su interrelación con la comunicación popular, como respuesta a la actual crisis sistémica y al modelo capitalista, tomando como ejemplo teórico y práctico la Asociación Latinoamericana de Educación y Comunicación Popular (ALER). A partir de la revisión bibliográfica y las entrevistas, este texto plantea las discusiones en torno al Buen Vivir, que se concretan con el Nuevo Constitucionalismo Latinoamericano; también los debates sobre los modelos de comunicación popular y desarrollo; y, finalmente, presenta elementos y formulaciones construidas en el seno de ALER, que tiene al Buen Vivir como eje central de su actual construcción política y comunicacional. Así, pretende aportar reflexiones urgentes y necesarias para pensar en nuevas formas de vivir en sociedad y en prácticas comunicativas que reflejan esta demanda.
Buen Vivir; Comunicación popular; Asociación Latinoamericana de Educación y Comunicación Popular (ALER).
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Brenta, Gabriela, Mario Vaisman, José Augusto Sgarbi, Liliana Maria Bergoglio, Nathalia Carvalho de Andrada, Pedro Pineda Bravo, Ana Maria Orlandi, and Hans Graf. "Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypothyroidism." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 57, no. 4 (June 2013): 265–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302013000400003.
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INTRODUCTION: Hypothyroidism has long been known for its effects on different organ systems, leading to hypometabolism. However, subclinical hypothyroidism, its most prevalent form, has been recently related to cardiovascular risk and also to maternal-fetal complications in pregnant women. OBJECTIVES: In these clinical practice guidelines, several aspects of this field have been discussed with the clear objectives of helping physicians treat patients with hypothyroidism, and of sharing some of our Latin American-based clinical experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Latin American Thyroid Society commissioned a Task Force on Hypothyroidism to develop evidence-based clinical guidelines on hypothyroidism. A systematic review of the available literature, focused on the primary databases of MedLine/PubMed and Lilacs/SciELO was performed. Filters to assess methodological quality were applied to select the best quality studies. The strength of recommendation on a scale from A-D was based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence--based Medicine, Levels of Evidence 2009, allowing an unbiased opinion devoid of subjective viewpoints. The areas of interest for the studies comprised diagnosis, screening, treatment and a special section for hypothyroidism in pregnancy. RESULTS: Several questions based on diagnosis, screening, treatment of hypothyroidism in adult population and specifically in pregnant women were posed. Twenty six recommendations were created based on the answers to these questions. Despite the fact that evidence in some areas of hypothyroidism, such as therapy, is lacking, out of 279 references, 73% were Grade A and B, 8% Grade C and 19% Grade D. CONCLUSIONS: These evidence-based clinical guidelines on hypothyroidism will provide unified criteria for management of hypothyroidism throughout Latin America. Although most of the studies referred to are from all over the world, the point of view of thyroidologists from Latin America is also given.
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Fernández-Cozman, Camilo Rubén. "La metáfora biológica en la obra de Manuel González Prada." Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 47, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2020.474.010.
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Manuel González Prada is one of the most important Latin American authors. He used the biological metaphor to criticize Peruvian society in the late nineteenth century. The metaphor of disease, animal and plant are three kinds of analog procedures that González Prada uses according to a naturalistic vision, heiress of Spencer's evolutionism. González Prada questions the imitation and lack of stylistic precision of writers in the nineteenth century, as well as conceiving that Peru is a sick organism
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Languille, Sonia. "Public Private partnerships in education and health in the global South: a literature review." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 33, no. 2 (June 2017): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1307779.
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Abstract This paper presents the findings of a literature review on public private partnerships (PPPs) in two sectors – education and health – in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It highlights the heterogeneity of the category within and across sectors and shows that the key predictions of the PPP doctrine – cost-efficiency for improved social service delivery to the poor – are hardly fulfilled in practice. Moreover, PPPs – both as policy model and practical arrangements – are underpinned by a narrow conception of education and health, which denies their broader embeddedness within the economy and society. The paper identifies theoretical and methodological limitations of the existing scholarship. It underlines the scarcity of data on the corporate sector and, more broadly, about the economics of education and health PPPs. It also stresses the little attention paid to the beneficiaries. The paper finally calls for further research to open up the ‘black box’ of PPPs.
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Urrieta, Jr., Luis, Melissa Mesinas, and Ramón Antonio Martínez. "Critical Latinx Indigeneities and Education: An Introduction." Association of Mexican American Educators Journal 13, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24974/amae.13.2.425.
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Indigenous Latinx children and youth are a growing population that has been largely invisible in U.S. society and in the scholarly literature (Barillas-Chón, 2010; Machado-Casas, 2009). Indigenous Latinx youth are often assumed to be part of a larger homogenous grouping, usually Hispanic or Latinx, and yet their cultural and linguistic backgrounds do not always converge with dominant racial narratives about what it means to be “Mexican” or “Latinx.” Bonfil Batalla (1987) argued that Indigenous Mexicans are a población negada—or negated population—whose existence has been systematically denied as part of a centuries-long colonial project of indigenismo (indigenism) in Mexico and other Latin American countries. This systematic denial in countries of origin often continues once Indigenous people migrate to the U.S., as they are actively rendered invisible in U.S. schools through the semiotic process of erasure (Alberto, 2017; Urrieta, 2017). Indigenous Latinx families are often also overlooked as they are grouped into general categories such as Mexican, Guatemalan, Latinx, and/or immigrants. In this issue, we seek to examine the intersections of Latinx Indigeneities and education to better understand how Indigenous Latinx communities define and constitute Indigeneity across multiple and overlapping colonialities and racial geographies, and, especially, how these experiences overlap with, and shape their educational experiences.
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Smith, Maxwell L., Lida P. Hariri, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Sanja Dacic, Richard Attanoos, Alain Borczuk, Thomas V. Colby, et al. "Histopathologic Assessment of Suspected Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 144, no. 12 (July 2, 2020): 1477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0052-ra.
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Context.— Accurate diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) requires multidisciplinary diagnosis that includes clinical, radiologic, and often pathologic assessment. In 2018, the American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society, Japanese Respiratory Society, and the Latin American Thoracic Society (ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT) and the Fleischner Society each published guidelines for the diagnosis of IPF, which include criteria for 4 categories of confidence of a histologic usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern. Objective.— To (1) identify the role of the guidelines in pathologic assessment of UIP; (2) analyze the 4 guideline categories, including potential areas of difficulty; and (3) determine steps the Pulmonary Pathology Society and the greater pulmonary pathology community can take to improve current guideline criteria and histopathologic diagnosis of interstitial lung disease. Data Sources.— Data were derived from the guidelines, published literature, and clinical experience. Conclusions.— Both guidelines provide pathologists with a tool to relay to the clinician the likelihood that a biopsy represents UIP, and serve as an adjunct, not a replacement, for traditional histologic diagnosis. There are multiple challenges with implementing the guidelines, including (1) lack of clarity on the quantity and quality of histologic findings required, (2) lack of recognition that histologic features cannot be assessed independently, and (3) lack of guidance on how pathologists should incorporate clinical and radiographic information. Current criteria for “probable UIP” and “indeterminate for UIP” hinder accurate reflection of the likelihood of IPF. These challenges highlight the need for further morphologic-based investigations in the field of pulmonary pathology.
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Benezra, Karen. "Responses to “Art, Society/Text: A Few Remarks on the Current Relations of the Class Struggle in the Fields of Literary Production and Literary Ideologies”." ARTMargins 6, no. 3 (October 2017): 50–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00189.
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The present dossier compiles brief responses to the anonymously published “Art, Society/ Text: A Few remarks on the Current Relations of the Class Struggle in the Fields of Literary Production and Literary Ideologies” (1975), from five scholars working in the fields of philosophy, literary theory and Marxism, as well as Latin American and Asian studies. First published in the Slovenian journal Problemi-Razprave (Problems-Debates) and first translated in an excerpted form in ARTMargins (October 2016), the text and its responses raise a series of questions about the specificity of art and literature as signifying practices in the wake of modernist autonomy; the form assumed by class struggle within the authors' structuralist framework; and the possible consequences of such theoretical issues for the critique and historiography of art since the 1960s.
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Sundusiah, Suci. "MEMAHAMI REALISME MAGIS DANARTO DAN MARQUEZ." LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v12i1.76.
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Begun as a theme of painting art, magical realism exists as a typical place in litarature. The works of magical realism literature efforts to appear magical aspects such as superstition, beliefs, folklor and spiritual substance exceding from the logic into reality of daily lifes. The substance of the magic is integrated in the accepted traditions and cultures. This article analyzes short stories of Danarto and a novel of Marquez. Both aouthors are selected as they represent pionneers of writing style of magical realism from two different cultures. Both authors express the same writing style, but their patterns of rhetoric differ. Danarto focuses on the magical realism of religion, sufism and Javanese cultures, combining magical realism with surealism styles. In addition, Marquez brings readers to the structure of Latin American society that produces unpredictable magical cultures.
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Waylen, Georgina. "Women and Democratization Conceptualizing Gender Relations in Transition Politics." World Politics 46, no. 3 (April 1994): 327–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950685.
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This article examines the impact of gender relations on democratization. It considers a number of key questions: what role do women's movements play in the transition to democratic rule and what impact does a return to competitive electoral politics have on women and women's movements. The starting point is a critique of the existing literature on democratization. That literature cannot provide a satisfactory analysis of the role of women in transition politics because of the narrow definitions of democracy used and the top-down focus of much of it. The article then develops a gendered analysis through a comparison of the different processes of transition in Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe. It highlights the significance of the relationship between civil society and the state and the existence of “political space.”
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McCoy, Jennifer L., and William C. Smith. "Democratic Disequilibrium in Venezuela." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 37, no. 2 (1995): 113–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166273.
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Venezuela's contemporary politics poses a problematic different from those predominating in the literature on democratization. Scholarly research in the last decade focused first on the crisis of authoritarian rule and the ensuing transition to civilian governments, with the reestablishment of electoral procedures, and, more recently, on the problems of the consolidation of a democratic regime, including alternation in power, universal acceptance of the rules of the game, and generation of a democratic political culture.The challenges confronting Venezuela are not those of transition or consolidation but, rather, the decomposition — or deconsolidation — of an established democratic regime. In other Latin American countries in recent decades, longstanding models of statist development developed crises that led, in turn, to complex transformations in the economy and in society. One consequence of these changes was that authoritarian regimes began a transition to more democratic forms of governance.
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Martinez Martinez, Cinthya Janette, Oscar Javier Montiel Mendez, Claudia Ivette Rodriguez Lucio, and Jose Roberto Tovar Herrera. "Real inclusion or simulation? An exploration of advertising campaigns and the gay community in Mexico." Telos 22, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36390/telos221.14.
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The gay community has generally been stereotyped and excluded from spaces in our society. This is reflected in political or commercial advertising campaigns, with those that have been inclusive being very scarce at a global level. With the aim of analyzing the mechanisms in the current dynamics of advertising campaigns, the present case study makes a literature review and a reflection on this social fact, addressing the feasibility and need to give voice to this community, making a critical analysis of the importance of being inclusive in today's society, suggesting a proposal based on Gross (2001) model applied in advertising campaigns for the gay community in Mexico, and Moreno (2006), that could lead to a huge potential for both Mexican companies and advertising agencies to address this community, not only as a market element, but also as an element of social justice. The results suggest that the existing gap in advertising is evident both in Mexico and Latin American context and including these communities seems to be relevant for both its economies and societies.
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Urbano, David, Nuria Toledano, and Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano. "Socio-cultural factors and transnational entrepreneurship." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 29, no. 2 (March 8, 2011): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242610391934.
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This article addresses theoretical and empirical issues concerning the emergent field of transnational entrepreneurship. We discuss issues regarding the antecedents of transnational entrepreneurship focusing specifically on the socio-cultural factors affecting this phenomenon in the Spanish context. Entrepreneurship, ethnic and transnational entrepreneurship literature is combined with institutional approach to explain what and how different socio-cultural factors influence the emergence and development of transnational entrepreneurship in Catalonia (in the north-east of Spain). We do this by looking at four case studies of transnational entrepreneurs with different ethnicity (Ecuadorian, Latin American; Moroccan, North African; Chinese, Asian; and Romanian, Eastern European). Important differences between socio-cultural factors that affect the emergence of transnational entrepreneurship (role models, immigrants’ entrepreneurial attitudes) and those that facilitate the development of transnational entrepreneurial activities (transnational networks and immigrants’ perceptions of the culture and opportunities of the host society) are found.
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Juárez, Fernando. "The opening toward scientific production in English language." International Journal of Psychological Research 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2008): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.903.
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It may be paradoxical to launch a new publication in Latin America with a name in English, especially when its contents are mostly in Spanish. Moreover, in this language, literature is large, for example Latindex directory contains about 17,073 journals, 2,689 devoted to Arts and Humanities, 9,847 in Social Sciences and 582 in Psychology; although not all of them are in Spanish, most are. For this, it's necessary to explain why this name, especially if we bear in mind that the discussion of language in science is not trivial, because it affects the fluidity of communication, precision and integration of research and society (Gil-Arnao, de Gil, Rivera, & Molina, 1998).
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Fazil, M. M. "A Bibliographic Survey on State-Minority Contestations in Post-Colonial Sri Lanka." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n1p48.
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There is an extensive body of literature that delves deeply into the question of how a state is constituted, by examining it from various theoretical and empirical perspectives. Scholars engaged in the field of political science, as well as in other fields such as the social sciences, are constantly endeavouring to explain the myriad ways in which states are formed in different regions of the world. According to one set of academics, the social setup that prevailed in most of the post-colonial states of Asia, Africa, and Latin America was mainly due to the plurality of their multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic, and multi-cultural populations. This plurality had a profound effect on the way the state was formed. A significant volume of literature on Sri Lanka too is available, much of which approaches the question of state formation and reconstitution from the standpoint of ethnicity and nationalism. This survey reviews both the theoretical and empirical literature on state constitution/ formation and pays special attention to three main themes; viz. theories on state constitution (formation), research on post-colonial state formation, and studies about Sri Lankan politics. The state-in-society theory is studied with focus on the crucial question of how state and society transform and constitute one another. This is a qualitative study based on text analysis. A wide selection of existing literature was reviewed. This survey shows that there is a paucity of research work on post-colonial state formation in Sri Lanka and state-minority contestations. It also draws attention to the research gaps in existing literature and the need to explore them further.
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Wenzel, M. "Gordimer’s rendition of the picaresque in A Sport of Nature." Literator 14, no. 1 (May 3, 1993): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v14i1.689.
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The aim of this article is twofold: firstly, to explore the picaresque elements present in Nadine Gordimer’s A Sport of Nature and secondly, to relate them to her more pronounced stance on feminism which has evolved since the 1980s. I suggest that an appropriate reading strategy would not only foreground these issues but also highlight A Sport of Nature as one of her most underrated novels. Following the example of the Latin American authors Isabel Allende and Elena Poniatowska, Cordimer has appropriated the picaresque tradition as an ideal vehicle to depict the elements of social critique and feminist assertion which characterize A Sport of Nature. The ironic retrospective stance on society, conventionally represented by a picaro as a social outcast, is reinforced by the introduction of a picara, thereby underlining the double marginalization of women as subjects and sexual objects. I propose that a feminist-oriented reading of the text which recognizes this subversive quality, would lend a different dimension to its interpretation. The character of Hillela serves as an implicit example of female ingenuity which attains political equality through devious means despite, and as a result of, the constraints of a hypocritical society and an entrenched patriarchal system. Seen from this perspective, the seemingly disparate elements of the novel coalesce to present a damning picture of contemporary society.
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Rich, Jessica A. J. "Grassroots Bureaucracy: Intergovernmental Relations and Popular Mobilization in Brazil's AIDS Policy Sector." Latin American Politics and Society 55, no. 2 (2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00191.x.
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AbstractHow does the state ensure the implementation of national policies in a context of decentralized political authority? This article identifies a new strategy utilized by national bureaucrats to regulate the behavior of subnational politicians: mobilizing civil society as government watchdog and political advocate. In the context of decentralized governance, in which local politicians administer most social sector programs, reform-minded bureaucrats often find that they have little control over the implementation of their progressive policies. In Brazil’s AIDS policy sector, however, bureaucrats have ensured the successful implementation of their policies by developing allies outside government. These state actors—here called activist bureaucrats—have been largely overlooked in the English-language literature, yet they form a new layer of politics in Latin America.
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Hagopian, Frances. "After Regime Change: Authoritarian Legacies, Political Representation, and the Democratic Future of South America." World Politics 45, no. 3 (April 1993): 464–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950726.
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This article focuses on the legacies of the authoritarian regimes of South America for the contemporary consolidation of democracy. In particular, it considers their lasting effects on the region's informal networks and formal institutions of political representation. It questions several assumptions made by the literature on regime transition and democratic consolidation in South America about political culture, institutional reform, and electoral realignment: taken together, these assumptions are misleading about how much and what kind of political change has occurred in Latin America as a result of authoritarian rule. To understand how the challenges of democratic consolidation have been shaped, the article proposes instead to examine how the economic policies and political strategies pursued by military regimes preserved, altered, or destroyed the clientelistic and corporatist networks of mediation between state and society prevailing at the onset of authoritarianism, as well as those constructed upon the representative base of programmatic political parties.
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Packenham, Robert A. "Capitalist Dependency and Socialist Dependency: The Case of Cuba." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28, no. 1 (1986): 59–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165736.
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Is Socialism a means to eliminate or reduce dependency and its alleged concomitants? According to a number of authors, including those of the most influential recent approaches to the study of Latin American politics and development, it is. Indeed, for most of these authors socialism is the only desirable or acceptable way to address the problems of dependent capitalism. For them, capitalism is inherently exploitative and repressive; socialism is the only desirable or acceptable path to a more autonomous, egalitarian, free and just society (Cardoso and Faletto, 1979: ix-xxiv, 209-216).As some of the foregoing implies, and as is obvious to anyone familiar with the literature, for many authors the truth or falsity of this view is not a matter amenable to resolution by anything so mundane as reference to historical experience. For such analysts, this view is true by definition. The analyst using this perspective first “assumes” it to be true and then “demonstrates” that it is true by citing data that support it (Cardoso and Faletto, 1979: x).
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Gomes da Cunha, Olivia Maria. "Empowered objects, powerless subjects: citizenship, religion, and political representation in twentieth-century Cuba." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 80, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2008): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002496.
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[First paragraph]Measures of Equality: Social Science, Citizenship, and Race in Cuba, 1902-1940. Alejandra Marina Bronfman. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. xi + 234 pp. (Paper US$ 19.95)Afro-Cuban Religiosity, Revolution, and National Identity. Christine Ayorinde. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. ix + 283 pp. (Cloth US$ 59.95)In the last ten years, research topics such as race and nation have been privileged areas for the historical and anthropological understanding of Caribbean and Latin American societies. Regarding Cuba in particular, social scientists have dedicated important scholarship to these issues by mapping conceptions of citizenship and political representation, while situating them within a broader debate on the making of the new postcolonial and republican society at the beginning of the twentieth century. By pursuing different aims and following distinct approaches, Alejandra Bronfman and Christine Ayorinde have made contributions to this academic literature. Through divergent theoretical and methodological perspectives, both of their books explore alternative ways of interpreting the making of the nation founded upon a multiple and fluid rhetoric of race.
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Gomes da Cunha, Olivia Maria. "Empowered objects, powerless subjects: citizenship, religion, and political representation in twentieth-century Cuba." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 80, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2006): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002496.
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[First paragraph]Measures of Equality: Social Science, Citizenship, and Race in Cuba, 1902-1940. Alejandra Marina Bronfman. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. xi + 234 pp. (Paper US$ 19.95)Afro-Cuban Religiosity, Revolution, and National Identity. Christine Ayorinde. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. ix + 283 pp. (Cloth US$ 59.95)In the last ten years, research topics such as race and nation have been privileged areas for the historical and anthropological understanding of Caribbean and Latin American societies. Regarding Cuba in particular, social scientists have dedicated important scholarship to these issues by mapping conceptions of citizenship and political representation, while situating them within a broader debate on the making of the new postcolonial and republican society at the beginning of the twentieth century. By pursuing different aims and following distinct approaches, Alejandra Bronfman and Christine Ayorinde have made contributions to this academic literature. Through divergent theoretical and methodological perspectives, both of their books explore alternative ways of interpreting the making of the nation founded upon a multiple and fluid rhetoric of race.
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Jago, Charles J. "David E. Vassberg. Land and Society in Golden Age Castile. (Cambridge Iberian and Latin American Studies.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. xvii + 263 pp. $47.50." Renaissance Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1985): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2861680.
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Göttems, Leila Bernarda Donato, and Maria de Lourdes Rollemberg Mollo. "Neoliberalism in Latin America: effects on health system reforms." Revista de Saúde Pública 54 (August 5, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001806.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the recommendations of international organizations based on the Washington Consensus on health system reforms of selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s and to investigate the effects of the competitive market logic on public action in the health system. METHODS: Comparative analysis of the characteristics of health system reforms conducted in the 1980s and 1990s, still seen in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Data were collected by documental analysis and literature review. The systems were described based on the characteristics of: co-payment, privatization mechanisms, decentralization, fragmentation of the system, integration of funding sources and coverage of the population (universal or segmented). RESULTS: The reforms were implemented differently, worsening inequalities in health service delivery systems. Changes related to the neoliberal idea of transforming public action in the direction of private logic point to the predominance of competition rules and the reduction in economic costs in all countries analyzed, contrary to the logic of universal health systems. CONCLUSION: The reduction in economic costs, the fragmentation of systems and inequalities in the provision of health services, among others, may mean other future costs resulting from low protection to the population’s health. A striking and multidimensional counter-reform is essential to make health a right of all again, in a solidarity system that can lead to the reduction in inequalities and a more democratic society.
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Ogneva, Elena. "In Search of Identity: A Slave, a Half-Blood, a Senhora." Literature of the Americas, no. 9 (2020): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2020-9-261-282.
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The present article is devoted to the study of the genesis of the “strong woman” type in Latin American prose. It shows that this type, traditionally associated with the modern novel, has appeared in the literature of the continent as early as in the XIX century. The analysis of female images created in the cult novels of leading Latin American writers (an Argentinean José Mármol, a Cuban Cirilo Villaverde and Brazilian Bernardo Guimarães and José de Alencar) during the period of formation of young nations, allows to conclude that they bear the imprint of a chaotic contradiction -based reality. There is a pattern performed by the “strong” female characters of the analyzed novels, marked by the features of social, gender, and racial hybridity; in search of their identity they assert themselves in one way or another in the world of men. The article examines various means via which the characters manage to acquire their own identity, be it dissociation from the civilizing principle, unwillingness or inability to recognize their own “roots”, or “self -actualization” attempts of a talented person. Thus, María Josefa Ezcurra in Amalia by Mármol and Aurelia in Senhora by Alencar – each in her own way – become “men in women’s guise”: the image of the former embodies the “barbaric” essence of young Argentina; the image of the latter embodies “masculine” pragmatism of the transitional era in Brazil. The daring and self -willed Cecilia Valdés from Villaverde's eponymous novel, the “victim” and “executioner” of a white man, painfully realizes her place in the mestizo society of colonial Cuba, passions and vices of which have determined her character. At the bottom of this scale of self -determination in prose of period there is a slave, as it is illustrated in Bernardo Guimarães’s novel Isaura, The Slave Girl.
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Martorell, Reynaldo, and Daniel López de Romaña. "Components of Successful Staple Food Fortification Programs: Lessons From Latin America." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 38, no. 3 (May 11, 2017): 384–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572117707890.
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Background: There are few effectiveness evaluations of food fortification programs, and little is known about what makes programs successful. Objective: We examined 3 food fortification programs in Latin America to identify common features that might explain their success and to draw lessons for program design and implementation everywhere: The vitamin A fortification of sugar in Guatemala with impact on vitamin A status of the population, the fortification of a basket of foods with iron and other micronutrients in Costa Rica with impact on iron status and anemia in women and children, and the fortification of wheat flour with folic acid in Chile, which reduced the incidence of neural tube defects. Methods: We identified pertinent literature about these preselected programs and asked regional experts for any additional information. We also conducted structured interviews of key informants to provide historical and contextual information. Results: Institutional research capacity and champions of fortification are features of successful programs in Latin America. We also found that private/public partnerships (industry, government, academia, and civil society) might be key for sustainability. To achieve impact, program managers need to use fortification vehicles that are consumed by the nutritionally vulnerable and to add bioavailable fortificants at adequate content levels in order to fill dietary gaps and reduce micronutrient deficiencies. Adequate monitoring and quality control are essential. Conclusions: For future programs, we recommend that the evaluation be specified up-front, including a baseline/end line and data collection along the program impact pathway to inform needed improvements and to strengthen causal inferences.
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CRABTREE, JOHN. "Democracy without Parties? Some Lessons from Peru." Journal of Latin American Studies 42, no. 2 (May 2010): 357–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x10000477.
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AbstractThirty years on from Peru's return to democracy in 1980, the country's record with democratisation has been chequered. Not only was the process of ‘consolidation’ reversed in the 1990s under the Fujimori government, but the degree to which durable linkages have been established between state and society is very limited. More than in most countries of Latin America, the party system has failed to fulfil the representative role allotted to it in the literature, a role that cannot easily be assumed by other sorts of institution. It is therefore an important case study for those concerned with the more structural obstacles to the development of representative politics. The article seeks to look at some key issues affecting party development: the chimera of consolidation, the persistence of clientelism and patrimonialism, the interaction with social movements and the significance of political culture.
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Chepkwei, Ambrose Kipruto. "SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIC GROWTH, SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETY AND CREDIT UNION INDUSTRY: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW." Journal of Strategic Management 3, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/jsm.345.
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Purpose: To ascertain the sustainable strategic growth Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies and Credit Unions Industry globallyMethodology: This is a secondary research based on review of existing available literature (from books, conference reports, websites and journals) in the area of Savings and Credit Cooperatives Societies and Credit Unions in various countries globally.Findings: The study found that number of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies/Credit Unions in Africa increased by 83.3%, while that of Asia increased by 78.0% between the periods 2007 and 2016 and the average industry growth for Africa and Asia was 33.2% and 42.3% respective. The number of Credit Union growth in Caribbean (-5.6%), Europe (-23.9%), Latin America (-4.5%), North America (-32.6%) and Oceania (-32.8%) registered number of Savings and Credit Cooperative Society/Credit Union growth decline between the periods 2007 and 2016. The global aggregate growth in the number of Savings and Credit Cooperative Society/Credit Unions between 2007 and 2016 was 46.0%.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Considerations for global Savings and Credit Cooperative and Credit Union growth are evaluated on the multiple dimensions of market, region diversity, technological innovation rate, and Savings and Credit Cooperative Society/Credit Union market trends. Growth is the most frequently used corporate strategy. It means increases sales, assets, net profits and a chance to take advantage of the experience curve.