Journal articles: 'Literature, Medieval. Literature, Modern. Literature, English'

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Delany, Sheila. "English 380: Literature in Translation: Medieval Jewish Literature; Studies in medieval culture." Florilegium 20, no. 1 (2003): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.20.047.

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Jewish culture has a continuous existence of nearly three millennia. This course isolates a small portion of it to read, in translation, work composed during the Middle Ages by authors from several countries and in several genres: parable and fantasy, lyric and lament, polemic, marriage manual, romance. Some of our material has not been translated into English before and is not yet available in print. We are fortunate to have brand-new pre-print copies of Meir of Norwich and especially of the famous Yiddish romance the Bovo-buch (in the course-pack)—an early modern version of a widely-read (non-Jewish) medieval text. Primary texts will be supplemented by scholarly books on which each student will offer a short class presentation.

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Schendl, Herbert. "Code-switching in early English literature." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24, no. 3 (2015): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947015585245.

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Code-switching has been a frequent feature of literary texts from the beginning of English literary tradition to the present time. The medieval period, in particular, with its complex multilingual situation, has provided a fruitful background for multilingual texts, and will be the focus of the present article. After looking at the linguistic background of the period and some specifics of medieval literature and of historical code-switching, the article discusses the main functions of code-switching in medieval poetry and drama, especially in regard to the different but changing status of the three main languages of literacy: Latin, French and English. This functional-pragmatic approach is complemented by a section on syntactic aspects of medieval literary code-switching, which also contains a brief comparison with modern spoken code-switching and shows some important similarities and differences between the two sets of data.

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Lerer, Seth. "Medieval English Literature and the Idea of the Anthology." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 118, no. 5 (2003): 1251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081203x68018.

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Recent studies of medieval English literature have queried anew the role of the anthology (medieval and modern) in shaping both historical and current notions of vernacular canons. Here, my examination of two major assemblies exemplifies the theoretical, interpretive, and pedagogical problems raised by this recent work. In British Library manuscript Harley 2253, an early-fourteenth-century collection, and in Sammelbände of printed books put together in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, I discern sequences of texts that take as their theme the idea of the anthology: the languages of poetic expression, the technologies of public literacy, and the cultural values that generate canons. Studying and teaching medieval literature requires us to restore texts to such early compilatory contexts; but it also requires us to reflect on our contemporary fascination with anthologies and with the de-authorizing of the literary in the wake of postmodern theory—a move, I suggest, anticipated in medieval literary culture.

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McKeon, Sarah, and Elisabeth Salter. "Dialogic: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches from Medieval and Early Modern Literature and Culture." English: Journal of the English Association 67, no. 257 (2018): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/efy024.

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Lumbley, Coral. "“Venerable Relics of Ancient Lore”." Journal of World Literature 5, no. 3 (2020): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00503004.

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Abstract As England’s first colony, home to a rich literary tradition and a still-thriving minority language community, Wales stands as a valuable example of how premodern traditions can and should inflect modern studies of postcolonial and world literatures. This study maps how medieval, postcolonial, and world literary studies have intersected thus far and presents a reading of the medieval Welsh Mabinogion as postcolonial world literature. Specifically, I read the postcolonial refrain as a deeply-entrenched characteristic of traditional Welsh literature, manifesting in the Mabinogion tale of the brothers Lludd and Llefelys and a related poetic triad, the “Teir Gormes” (Three Oppressions). Through analysis of the context and reception of Lady Charlotte Guest’s English translation of Welsh materials, I then theorize traditional Welsh material as postcolonial, colonizing, and worlding literature.

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Ensley, Mimi. "Narrating the Crusades: Loss and Recovery in Medieval and Early Modern English Literature by Lee Manion." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 39, no. 1 (2017): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sac.2017.0074.

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Tyerman, C. J. "Narrating the Crusades: Loss and Recovery in Medieval and Early Modern English Literature, by Lee Manion." English Historical Review 132, no. 555 (2017): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cew436.

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Zare Behtash, Esmail, Seyyed Morteza Hashemi Toroujeni, and Farzane Safarzade Samani. "An Introduction to the Medieval English: The Historical and Literary Context, Traces of Church and Philosophical Movements in the Literature." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.143.

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The Transition from Greek to medieval philosophy that speculated on religion, nature, metaphysics, human being and society was rather a rough transition in the history of English literature. Although the literature content of this age reflected more religious beliefs, the love and hate relationship of medieval philosophy that was mostly based on the Christianity with Greek civilization was exhibited clearly. The modern philosophical ideologies are the continuation of this period’s ideologies. Without a well understanding of the philosophical issues related to this age, it is not possible to understand the modern ones well. The catholic tradition as well as the religious reform against church called Protestantism was organized in this age. In Medieval Period, philosophy and theoretical thoughts related to the Christianity were well-organized and the philosophy, science and theoretical thoughts served religion. Philosophy had different forms and orientations in various stages of this period. One of these philosophical thoughts was the Augustinian philosophy which was strongly in favor of church with its different practices and styles. It used Platonic and Neo-Platonic traditions to prove that faith is the result of divine dispensations, not the result of human will power and wisdom. On the other hand, according to Aquinas, we experience different types of the effects that existed in the world around us. He believed that we assign an effective cause to each effect we experienced around us. Additionally, he claimed that reasoning was the only way to reach the real faith. In fact, philosophy of Medieval Period attempted to prove that religious assertions and ideologists were in search of matching their philosophical beliefs with the beliefs of Christianity. Christianity as the dominant factor in Middle English Literature helped English to be stablished as a literary language.

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Milward, Peter. "The Virgin Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature and Popular Culture. By Gary Waller." Heythrop Journal 52, no. 5 (2011): 864–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2011.00682_37.x.

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Norako, Leila K. "Lee Manion . Narrating the Crusades: Loss and Recovery in Medieval and Early Modern English Literature. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. 320. $98.00 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 56, no. 3 (2017): 644–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2017.106.

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Holt, Andrew. "Narrating the Crusades: Loss and Recovery in Medieval and Early Modern English Literature. Lee Manion. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. ix + 306 pp. $95." Renaissance Quarterly 70, no. 4 (2017): 1656–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/696508.

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Kittel, Thomas. "Early modern merchant’s marks in medieval English manuscripts." Renaissance Studies 34, no. 2 (2019): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rest.12619.

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Brookman, Helen, and Olivia Robinson. "Creativity, Translation, and Teaching Old English Poetry." Translation and Literature 25, no. 3 (2016): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2016.0259.

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This article explores the benefits to undergraduate learning, and the broader critical significance of, the ‘creative translation’ of Old English literature. First-year students of English language and literature at Oxford University were encouraged to inhabit and understand poetic texts by producing creative, free modern versions that responded to the content, form, style, and sound of the source text. How far this approach helps students is analysed through their own perspectives on the process, gathered via interviews. Their writing is explored as a visible product of their learning, and as a creative-critical response to medieval texts: in particular, did the process of collaborative composition give the students a uniquely experiential insight into Old English poetic practice? Thus some broader conceptual issues in the fields Old English literary studies and translation studies are approached through teaching, learning, and creative-critical practice.

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Cleaves, Wallace. "From Monmouth to Madoc to Māori." English Language Notes 58, no. 2 (2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8557820.

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Abstract This essay examines how Indigenous research methodologies can be usefully applied to medieval texts. It does this by recounting and engaging with personal experience and by interrogating how research is deployed for colonial purpose. The use of medieval English texts by early modern and later colonial proponents and apologists, particularly John Dee, emphasize the inherent colonial purpose of traditional research methodologies. These processes are contrasted with Indigenous research methodologies, particularly those proposed by Linda Tuhiwai Smith, and the author’s own personal experience and that of his tribal nation of how Indigenous memory and inquiry can inform research practices that are relational and not exploitive.

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Tuori, Riikka. "The Ten Principles of Karaite Faith in a Seventeenth-Century Hebrew Poem from Troki." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 13 (April 13, 2017): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2016.13.10639.

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The ten principles of Karaite faith were originally compiled by medieval Byzantine Karaite scholars to sum up the basics of the Karaite Jewish creed. Early modern Karaites wrote poetic interpretations on the principles. This article provides an analysis and an English translation of a seventeenth-century Hebrew poem by the Lithuanian Karaite, Yehuda ben Aharon. In this didactic poem, Yehuda ben Aharon discusses the essence of divinity and the status of the People of Israel, the heavenly origin of the Torah, and future redemption. The popularity of Karaite commentaries and poems on the principles during the early modern period shows that dogma―and how to understand it correctly―had become central for the theological considerations of Karaite scholars. The source for this attentiveness is traced to the Byzantine Karaite literature written on the principles and to the treatment of the Maimonidean principles in late medieval rabbinic literature.

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Runstedler, Curtis. "The Benevolent Medieval Werewolf in William of Palerne." Gothic Studies 21, no. 1 (2019): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gothic.2019.0007.

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This article argues that the werewolf of the medieval romance displays behaviour comparable with modern studies of the wolf. In the dualistic medieval world of nature versus society, however, this seems inconsistent. How does the medieval werewolf exhibit realistic traits of the wolf? I examine the realistic lupine qualities of the werewolf Alphouns in the Middle English poem William of Palerne to justify my argument. Citing examples from his actions in the wilderness, I argue that Alphouns's lupine behaviour is comparable to traits such as cognitive mind-mapping and surrogate parental roles, which are found in contemporary studies of wolves in the wild. Recognising the ecology of the (were)wolf of the medieval romance helps us to understand better the werewolf's role as metaphor and its relationship to humans and society.

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Vincent, Robert Hudson. "Baroco: The Logic of English Baroque Poetics." Modern Language Quarterly 80, no. 3 (2019): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-7569598.

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Abstract As many scholars, including the editors of the Oxford English Dictionary, continue to cite false etymologies of the baroque, this article returns to a Scholastic syllogism called baroco to demonstrate the relevance of medieval logic to the history of aesthetics. The syllogism is connected to early modern art forms that Enlightenment critics considered excessively complicated or absurdly confusing. Focusing on the emergence of baroque logic in Neo-Latin rhetoric and English poetics, this article traces the development of increasingly outlandish rhetorical practices of copia during the sixteenth century that led to similarly far-fetched poetic practices during the seventeenth century. John Stockwood’s Progymnasma scholasticum (1597) is read alongside Richard Crashaw’s Epigrammatum sacrorum liber (1634) and Steps to the Temple (1646) to reveal the effects of Erasmian rhetorical exercises on English educational practices and the production of English baroque poetry. In the end, the article demonstrates the conceptual unity of the baroque by showing the consistency between critiques of baroco, critiques of English metaphysical poetry, and critiques of baroque art during the Enlightenment.

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Kennedy, Victor. "Astronomical References in Chaucer: What Can Modern Students Learn from Studying Ancient Texts?" ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 2, no. 1-2 (2005): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.2.1-2.139-154.

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One of the problems in the field of English literature studies is that, with compartmentalization and specialization, it becomes introspective to the point where it devolves into the study of metafiction and metacriticism. At its heart, however, literature has to be about something: Thackeray claimed its subject is human nature, but human nature is based in the interface between human and nature. This paper explores some of the problems in the interface between human knowledge, institutions, and nature, and will offer an example of cross-disciplinary, historical study to illustrate a well-known but, to most modern readers, impenetrable medieval text, Chaucer’s Treatise on the Astrolabe. It ends with three recommendations: look to history, cross boundaries between academic fields, and use practical, as well as theoretical, teaching methods.

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Schmidt, A. V. C. "Review: Public Piers Plowman: Modern Scholarship and Late Medieval English Culture." Review of English Studies 56, no. 226 (2005): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgi099.

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Lutz, Angelika. "Norse Loans in Middle English and their Influence on Late Medieval London English." Anglia 135, no. 2 (2017): 317–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2017-0028.

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AbstractMost of the Norse legal and administrative terms attested in Old English were replaced by equivalents from the French superstrate soon after the Norman Conquest, whereas a remarkable number of more basic terms are known to have become part of the very basic vocabulary of modern Standard English. This paper focuses on Norse lexical loans that survived during and beyond the period of French rule and became part of this basic vocabulary. It explores (1) the regional and textual conditions for the survival of such loans and (2) their expansion into late medieval London English and into the emerging standard language. Based on selective textual evidence it is argued that they were not quite as basic originally, that they typically survived and developed in regional centres far away from the French-dominated court, and eventually infiltrated the area in and around late medieval London owing to its growing attraction as an economic and intellectual centre. Both the survival of Norse loans and their later usage expansion are shown to be in harmony with the principles of comparative contact linguistics.

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Rauer, Christine. "The sources of the Old English Martyrology." Anglo-Saxon England 32 (December 2003): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675103000061.

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For much of the ninth century, Anglo-Saxon interest in literary culture was apparently not as great as it could have been. Medieval and modern commentators have spoken of a pronounced early-ninth-century neglect of English libraries, which seems to have affected contemporary literature as well as the literary legacy which had been inherited from the seventh and eighth centuries. It appears that fewer books and texts were produced; the Latin texts produced may to some extent have been of inferior linguistic quality, and were, so it would seem, used with greater difficulties by a smaller and less educated readership. Comparatively fewer books seem to have survived the ninth century than any other period of Anglo-Saxon history.

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Blurton, Heather. "Lee Manion, Narrating the Crusades: Loss and Recovery in Medieval and Early Modern English Literature. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval English Literature 90.) Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. ix, 306. $95. ISBN: 978-1-107-05781-4." Speculum 93, no. 1 (2018): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694857.

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Lorden, Jennifer A. "Tale and Parable: Theorizing Fictions in the Old English Boethius." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 136, no. 3 (2021): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812921000249.

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AbstractScholarship has often considered the concept of fiction a modern phenomenon. But the Old English Boethius teaches us that medieval people could certainly tell that a fictional story was a lie, although it was hard for them to explain why it was all right that it was a lie—this is the problem the Old English Boethius addresses for the first time in the history of the English language. In translating Boethius's sixth-century Consolation of Philosophy, the ninth-century Old English Boethius offers explanatory comments on its source's narrative exempla drawn from classical myth. While some of these comments explain stories unfamiliar to early medieval English audiences, others consider how such “false stories” may be read and experienced by those properly prepared to encounter them. In so doing, the Old English Boethius must adopt and adapt a terminology for fiction that is unique in the extant corpus of Old English writing.

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Smith, Ross. "J. R. R. Tolkien and the art of translating English into English." English Today 25, no. 3 (2009): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078409990216.

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ABSTRACTTranslation techniques favoured by Tolkien in rendering Beowulf and other medieval poetry into modern English. J. R. R. Tolkien was a prolific translator, although most of his translation work was not actually published during his lifetime, as occurred with the greater part of his fiction. He never did any serious translation from modern foreign languages into English, but rather devoted himself to the task of turning Old English and Middle English poetry into something that could be readily understood by speakers of the modern idiom. His largest and best-known published translation is of the anonymous 14th Century poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which was published posthumously with two other translations from Middle English in the volume Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo (Allen & Unwin 1975). The translation of Middle English texts constitutes the bulk of his output in this field, both in the above volume and in the fragments that appear in his lectures and essays. However, his heart really lay in the older, pre-Norman form of the language, and particularly in the greatest piece of literature to come down to us from the Old English period, the epic poem Beowulf.

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Page, Christopher. "Marian texts and themes in an English manuscript: a miscellany in two parts." Plainsong and Medieval Music 5, no. 1 (1996): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0961137100001054.

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Michael Morrow was an acute reader of medieval literature, and one who knew that every medieval text is a potential source of information for the modern performer and musicologist. A striking example is provided by the 453 chapters of a fifteenth-century anthology now in the library of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. This imposing book appears to be one of the largest collections of Marian miracle-stories in the world. Assembled in the year 1409, perhaps in East Anglia, it contains forty-nine chapters about Marian devotions, liturgies, plainsongs and prayers, among them several texts that were set by English composers: Salve regina (there are ten chapters devoted to this chant alone), Alma redemptoris mater, Gaude flore virginali, Sancta Maria non est tibi similis, Salve sancta parens, Gaude Maria virgo, Ave maris Stella and Gaude virgo mater Christi.

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Sponsler, Claire, and Richard Hillman. "Self-Speaking in Medieval and Early Modern English Drama: Subjectivity, Discourse and the Stage." Shakespeare Quarterly 50, no. 4 (1999): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2902290.

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Elsenbichler, Konrad. "Italian Scholarship on Pre-Modern Confraternities in Italy." Renaissance Quarterly 50, no. 2 (1997): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3039190.

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The last fifteen to twenty years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the study of medieval and Renaissance confraternities, those lay religious associations that pervaded the spiritual and social fabric of pre-modern European society. In English-language scholarship, the field was first surveyed by three historians who firmly left their mark on this fertile soil: Brian Pullan examined the place of the Venetian scuole (as local confraternities were called) in the social fabric of the state; Rab Hatfield investigated the social and political influence of the Florentine confraternity of the Magi; and Richard Trexler probed the place of confraternities for youths in Florentine civic ritual.

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Megna, Paul. "Better Living through Dread: Medieval Ascetics, Modern Philosophers, and the Long History of Existential Anxiety." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 130, no. 5 (2015): 1285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2015.130.5.1285.

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Intellectual historians often credit S⊘ren Kierkegaard as existential anxiety's prime mover. Arguing against this popular sentiment, this essay reads Kierkegaard not as the ex nihilo inventor of existential anxiety but as a modern practitioner of a deep-historical, dread-based asceticism. Examining a wide range of Middle English devotional literature alongside some canonical works of modern existentialism, it argues that Kierkegaard and the existentialists who followed him participated in a Judeo-Christian tradition of dread-based asceticism, the popularity of which had dwindled since the Middle Ages but never vanished. Following medieval ascetics, modern philosophers like Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, and Jean-Paul Sartre cultivated and analyzed anxiety in an effort to embody authenticity. By considering premodern ascetics early existentialists and modern existentialists latter-day ascetics, the essay sees the long history of existential anxiety as an ascetic tradition built around the ethical goal of living better through dread.

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Brown, Earl Kjar. "The Effect of Forms’ Ratio of Conditioning on Word-Final /s/ Voicing in Mexican Spanish." Languages 5, no. 4 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040061.

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There is mounting evidence that words that occur proportionately more often in contexts that condition a phonetically-motivated sound change end up changing more rapidly than other words. Support has been found in at least modern-day Spanish, Medieval Spanish, bilingual English-Spanish, and modern-day English. This study tests whether there is support for this idea with regards to the variable voicing of word-final /s/ in Spanish. An analysis of 1431 tokens of word-final /s/ spoken by 15 female speakers of Mexican Spanish living in Salinas, California, USA is performed. The response variable is the percentage of the /s/ segment that is voiced, and the effect of a handful of predictor variables shown in the literature to condition /s/ voicing is investigated. The variable of interest is forms’ ratio of conditioning (FRC), or the proportion of times with which word types occur in the context that conditions voicing of word-final /s/. The results of a series of 40 beta regression models indicate that FRC significantly conditions the percentage of voicing of word-final /s/ in these data. Also, the effect of manipulating two aspects of FRC operationalization is analyzed. This study adds to the growing body of literature documenting the importance of cumulative contextual information in the mental representation of words.

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Cooper, Helen. "C.S. Lewis as Medievalist." Linguaculture 2014, no. 2 (2014): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2015-0022.

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Abstract C.S. Lewis’s life as an academic was concerned with the teaching of medieval and Renaissance literature, though both his lectures and his publications also incorporated his extensive knowledge of Greek and Latin classics. He argued that the cultural and intellectual history of Europe was divided into three main periods, the pre-Christian, the Christian and the post-Christian, which he treated as a matter of historical understanding and with no aim at proselytization: a position that none the less aroused some opposition following his inaugural lecture as professor at Cambridge. Ever since his childhood, his interest in the Middle Ages had been an imaginative rather than a purely scholarly one, and his main concern was to inculcate a sense of the beauty of that pre-modern thought world and its value-a concern that set him apart from the other schools of English language and literature dominant in his lifetime.

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Radulescu, Raluca. "Encounters with God in Medieval and Early Modern English Poetry - by Charlotte Clutterbuck." Renaissance Studies 21, no. 5 (2007): 740–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-4658.2007.00438.x.

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Wise, Dennis Wilson. "Poul Anderson and the American Alliterative Revival." Extrapolation: Volume 62, Issue 2 62, no. 2 (2021): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/extr.2021.9.

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Although Poul Anderson is best known for his prose, he dabbled in poetry all his life, and his historical interests led him to become a major—if unacknowledged— contributor to the twentieth-century alliterative revival. This revival, most often associated with British poets such as W. H. Auden, J. R. R. Tolkien, and C. S. Lewis, attempted to adapt medieval Germanic alliterative meter into modern English. Yet Anderson, a firmly libertarian Enlightenment-style writer, imbued his alliterative poetry with a rationalistic spirit that implicitly accepted (with appropriate qualifications) a narrative of historical progress. This article analyzes the alliterative verse that Anderson wrote and uncovers how the demands of the pulp market shaped what poetry he could produce.

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Kazik, Joanna. ""Of all creatures women be best, / Cuius contrarium verum est": Gendered Power in Selected Late Medieval and Early Modern Texts." Text Matters, no. 1 (November 23, 2011): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10231-011-0006-7.

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The aim of this paper is to examine images of the relationship between men and women in selected late medieval and early modern English texts. I will identify prevalent ideology of representation of women as well as typical imagery associated with them. I will in particular argue that men whose homosocial laughter performs a solidifying function of their community seek to reiterate their superiority over women through seemingly playful and inclusive humour. I will attempt to show that what appears to be good-natured entertainment is actually a weapon used against women who, often accused of no sense of humour, are ridiculed and commanded to succumb to male authority. I will also discuss the triumphant tone of both poems and dramatic writings whose cheerful tone functions to marginalize women and to reinforce the misogynistic foundations of public life.

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Watson, Alex. "Shadowing Shakespeare." Critical Survey 33, no. 1 (2021): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2021.330106.

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In his 1980 film Kagemusha or Shadow Warrior, Akira Kurosawa presents the sixteenth-century Takeda clan engaging a lower-class thief to impersonate their recently deceased leader, Takeda Shingen. I examine Kagemusha as a critical engagement with Shakespeare’s English history plays and ‘shadow’ counterpart to Kurosawa’s trilogy of Shakespeare adaptations, Throne of Blood (1957), The Bad Sleep Well (1960) and Ran (1985). In keeping with Shakespeare’s dramatisation of English history, Kurosawa creatively reworks historical sources, incorporating stories of intergenerational rivalry and fulfilled prophecies, to depict the transition from medieval civil conflict to the early-modern nation-state. Kurosawa also deploys the motif of the double to explore the distinctively Shakespearean theme of power as performance, engaging in a dramatic examination of Machiavelli’s ideas about politics. I argue that Kurosawa’s use of the double posits a theory of influence, drawing on Japanese cultural traditions, in which doubling can achieve a form of transcendence through self-annihilation.

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Goodison, Natalie, Deborah J. G. Mackay, and I. Karen Temple. "Genetics, molar pregnancies and medieval ideas of monstrous births: the lump of flesh in The King of Tars." Medical Humanities 45, no. 1 (2018): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2017-011387.

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The medieval English romance The King of Tars gives an account of a birth of a lump of flesh. This has been considered as fantastic and monstrous in past literature, the horrific union of a Christian and Saracen. However, while the text certainly speaks to miscegenation, we propose that this lump of flesh is actually a hydatidiform mole. We trace the hydatidiform mole from antiquity, surrounding it with contextual medieval examples, from theology, history and medicine, that also describe abnormal births as ‘lumps of flesh’. By discussing medieval ideas of monsters as a warning sign, we interpret the lump of flesh in terms of abnormal births, seed transmission, parental contribution and sin. Ideas of warning, blame and intervention present themselves as a response to moles both in medieval texts as well as in modern reactions to hydatidiform moles. We explore the epigenetics of hydatidiform moles and relate them to the medieval text. In The King of Tars, the fault for the lump of flesh could reside with either parent; we find that this is also the case in the genetic formation of the hydatidiform mole; we also argue that the epigenetics supports medieval theories of seed transmission.

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Peck, Russell A. "Public Piers Plowman: Modern Scholarship and Late Medieval English Culture. C. David Benson." Speculum 80, no. 3 (2005): 831–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003871340000806x.

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JOBY, CHRISTOPHER. "French in early modern Norwich." Journal of French Language Studies 27, no. 3 (2016): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269516000429.

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ABSTRACTMuch has been written about the use of French in medieval England. However, with one or two exceptions, relatively little has been written about the language in early modern England. This article aims to provide an account of the use of French as an emigrant language in one of the leading provincial cities in early modern England, Norwich. From 1565 onwards thousands of people from the French-language area migrated to England as a result of economic necessity and religious persecution. Many of them settled in Norwich. As well as these immigrants and their descendants, there were Dutch immigrants in Norwich who spoke French as well as several well-educated individuals from the local English population such as Sir Thomas Browne. This article describes the varieties of French used in Norwich, including Picard, the emerging standard French and Law French. It then discusses how French operated in the multilingual environment of early modern Norwich under the headings of language competition, language contact, bilingualism, code switching, translation, and finally, language shift and recession. It adds not only to our understanding of French in early modern England but also to the literature on French as an emigrant language.

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Oberlin, Adam. "Dario Bullitta, Niðrstigningar saga: Sources, Transmission, and Theology of the Old Norse “Descent into Hell”. Toronto Old Norse and Icelandic Series, 11. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017, pp. XIX, 203." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (2018): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_394.

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Alongside the source and contextual study promised by the title, this volume also delivers an edition and the first English translation of the two primary redactions of the Old Norse version of the Descensus Christi or Harrowing of Hell translated from the medieval tradition of the Evangelium Nicodemi or Acta Pilati (for a modern Norwegian translation and parallel normalized edition of the Old Icelandic text see Odd Einar Haugen, Norrøne tekster i utval, 2nd ed., Oslo: Gyldendal, 2001 [1st ed. 1994], pp. 250–65). While the texts themselves are short and have attracted relatively little attention compared to the immense consideration afforded saga literature or Norse poetic traditions, they are nevertheless of great philological significance in the history of Old Norse-Icelandic literature and provide a window into the transmission of Latin and Christian texts. Given the amount of material covered in such few pages while retaining the fullness of the textual tradition, this study, edition, and translation is both conceptually outstanding and strong in execution. The fields of Old Norse-Icelandic language and literature and Germanic philology in a wider sense are enriched by the publication of such multipurpose volumes, whose organization should increase interest in and coverage of otherwise minor or overlooked texts.

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Häcker, Martina. "‘A pointing stocke to euery one that passeth vp and downe’: Metonymy in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Terms of Ridicule." Neophilologus 104, no. 1 (2019): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11061-019-09616-7.

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Ensley, Mimi. "Meeting Lydgate’s Ghost: Building Medieval History in Seventeenth-Century England." Review of English Studies 71, no. 299 (2019): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgz084.

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Abstract This article examines a manuscript poem composed by the seventeenth-century author John Lane. Writing in what is now London, British Library, Harley MS 5243, Lane revives the medieval poet John Lydgate in order to re-tell the story of Guy of Warwick, famous from medieval romance. In Lane’s poem, Lydgate returns from beyond the grave to proclaim the historicity of Guy’s legend and simultaneously preserve his own reputation as a chronicler of English history. While some scholars suggest that Lydgate’s popularity declined in the post-Reformation period due to his reputation as the ‘Monk of Bury’, and while it is true that significantly fewer editions of Lydgate’s poems were published in the decades after the Reformation, Lane’s poem offers another window into Lydgate’s early modern reputation. I argue that Lane’s historiographic technique in his Guy of Warwick narrative mirrors Lydgate’s own poetic histories. Both Lane and Lydgate grapple with existing historical resources and compose their narratives by compiling the accreted traditions of the past, supplementing these traditions with documentary sources and artefacts. This article, thus, complicates existing scholarly narratives that align Lydgate with medieval or monastic traditions, traditions perceived to be irrecoverably transformed by the events of the Reformation in England.

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Crunelle-Vanrigh, Anny. "‘Fause Frenche Enough’." English Text Construction 6, no. 1 (2013): 60–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.6.1.04cru.

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The English language lesson scene in Shakespeare’s Henry V has attracted more critical attention for its sexual innuendoes than for its political significance even though King Henry was historically instrumental in the demise of French in medieval England. Closely modeled on early modern primers, the language lesson is a stage metaphor of the king’s language policy, and settles old ideological scores by canceling the effects of the Norman Conquest. Traces of insular French in Kate’s morphosyntactic idiosyncrasies serve the political agenda of a play chronicling the process that took the French tongue from authority to disempowerment. Keywords: Shakespeare; Henry V; language primers; French; Anglo-French

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Criado-Peña, Miriam. "Punctuation Practice in Early Modern English Scientific Writing: The Case of MS 3009 at the Wellcome Library, London." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 61 (January 25, 2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20205140.

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The study of punctuation has traditionally been overlooked by some scholars for being considered haphazard and unpredictable. In medieval manuscripts, every scribe was free to use their own repertory of symbols. However, the establishment of the printing press along with the proliferation of professional scriveners resulted in a process of standardization of the system in such a way that by the end of the 16th century a repertory of punctuation symbols was fully developed (Salmon 1999: 15; Calle-Martín 2019: 179-200). The present study seeks to examine the punctuation system of a 17th-century recipe book housed in the Wellcome Library in London, MS Wellcome 3009. This paper has therefore been conceived with a twofold objective: a) to assess the inventory of punctuation marks in the text; and b) to analyze the use and pragmatic functions of these symbols.

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Barrera, Ivalla. "The Advice Genre (1400-1599). Genre and Text Type Conventions." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 45, no. 2 (2009): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10121-009-0015-4.

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The Advice Genre (1400-1599). Genre and Text Type Conventions The aim of this paper is to characterize the advice text as a genre in the late medieval and early modern English periods. This genre is very popular during this time and is usually found within medical remedy books. For this reason, it has been generally studied within the scope of medieval recipes in historical discourse analysis. In this paper my intention is to show the independent status of the advice text as a genre. A first step for this lies in the characterization of the linguistic features pertaining to the sections that compound this genre and its comparison with the recipe genre. The corpus for this study has been collected from several sources, both edited and unedited. The description of the text type features will be illustrated with examples taken from this corpus. As I show in the conclusion, the advice text is an independent genre with a clear communicative purpose and addressed to an intended audience.

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Gibson, Gail McMurray. "Gary Waller, The Virgin Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature and Popular Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Pp. xii, 237. $90. ISBN: 9780521762960." Speculum 88, no. 2 (2013): 598–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713413001097.

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Blythe, Joan. "Lies, Slander, and Obscenity in Medieval English Literature: Pastoral Rhetoric and the Deviant Speaker. Edwin D. CraunThe Culture of Slander in Early Modern England. M. Lindsay Kaplan." Modern Philology 99, no. 1 (2001): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/493034.

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LEDBETTER, Nathan H. "Invented Histories: The Nihon Senshi of the Meiji Imperial Japanese Army." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (2018): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.157-172.

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Nihon Senshi (Military History of Japan) was part of the new Imperial Japanese Army’s attempt to tie itself to examples from Japan’s “warring states” period, similar to scholars who created a feudal “medieval” time in the Japanese past to fit into Western historiography, and intellectuals who discovered a “traditional” spirit called bushidō as a counterpart for English chivalry. The interpretations of these campaigns, placing the “three unifiers” of the late sixteenth century as global leaders in the modernization of military tactics and technology, show the Imperial Japanese Army’s desire to be seen as a “modern” military through its invented “institutional” history.

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VanWagoner, Benjamin D. "Women and Geography on the Early Modern English Stage. Katja Pilhuj. Gendering the Late Medieval and Early Modern World. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. 276 pp. €99." Renaissance Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2021): 1059–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2021.188.

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Classen, Albrecht. "The Four Branches of the Mabinogi, ed. and trans. by Matthieu Boyd, with the modernization assistance of Stacie Lents. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2017, 119 pp., 5 b/w ill, 1 map." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (2018): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_401.

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Welsh medievalists have long recognized the canonical quality of The Four Branches of the Mabinogi (late eleventh or early twelfth century), resulting in a long series of editions and translations. William Owen Pughe was the first to offer a modern English translation in 1795. The <?page nr="402"?>recent translation by Will Parker (2005) is available now online at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mabinogi.net/translations.htm">http://www.mabinogi.net/translations.htm</ext-link>, and I suspect that many university teachers happily rely on this one because of its easy accessibility and clarity of the English version. Now, Matthieu Boyd, who teaches at Fairleigh Dickinson University (Florham Campus, Madison, MD), offers a new rendering, which is specifically targeting undergraduate students. This explains his strategy to modernize the medieval Welsh as much as possible, and to turn this marvelous text into an enjoyable read even for contemporary students, without moving too far away from the original. This modernization was carried out with the assistance of his colleague, the playwright Stacie Lents. This entails, for instance, that even some of the medieval names are adapted. Many times the conservative reader might feel uncomfortable when words and phrases such as “to shit,” “to egg on,” “to nip at the heels,” or “Manawydan & Co” (60–61) appear. The adaptation of personal names is not carried out systematically, but the overall impression of this translation is certainly positive, making the study of this masterpiece of medieval Welsh literature to a real pleasure.

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Murphy, Neil. "The Duke of Albany's Invasion of England in 1523 and Military Mobilisation in Sixteenth-century Scotland." Scottish Historical Review 99, no. 1 (2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2020.0432.

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In November 1523 a Scottish army, led by John Stewart, duke of Albany, invaded England for the first time since the battle of Flodden. While this was a major campaign, it has largely been ignored in the extensive literature on Anglo-Scottish warfare. Drawing on Scottish, French and English records, this article provides a systematic analysis of the campaign. Although the campaign of 1523 was ultimately unsuccessful, it is the most comprehensively documented Scottish offensive against England before the seventeenth century and the extensive records detailing the expedition advances broader understanding of military mobilisation in medieval and early modern Scotland. While the national mobilisation drive which sought to gather men from across the kingdom was ultimately unsuccessful, the expedition witnessed the most extensive number of French soldiers yet sent to Scotland. Finally, the article considers how an examination of the expedition enhances understanding of regency rule and the political conditions in Scotland in the years after Flodden.

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Aiello, Matthew. "Books in Battle: The Violent Poetics of Misdirection in Old English Riddle 53." Review of English Studies 71, no. 299 (2019): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgz115.

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Abstract Riddle 53 is one of the only remaining Old English riddles that still lacks a satisfactory solution. Previous solutions have included ‘battering-ram’ and GEALGA (‘gallows’ or ‘cross’), but neither of these answers solves the whole text. This article offers the first solution to solve the riddle completely without ignoring contradictory evidence or difficult lines; my solution is BOC OND FEÐER (‘book and quill-pen’). In addition to a new solution, this article offers an alternative approach for decoding medieval enigmas, one that foregrounds the connections between texts that surface reading and surface deceptions can offer. In other words, I argue for the clustering of riddles based on similarities in what I call the ‘poetics of misdirection’—their slippery surface themes and the places to which they are obviously trying to lead the reader—as an organizing principle for reading across the corpus. This method traces specific histories of poetic deception and appropriately situates Riddle 53 in a sub-genre of classroom literatures (in both Latin and Old English) that use violence and martial language as a form of misdirection when describing objects found in the early English scriptorium. Further, by focusing on the physical (rather than intellectual) labour required in the material process of bookmaking, this article emphasizes an aspect of life with books in the early Middle Ages that modern readers have often glossed over.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Literature, Medieval. Literature, Modern. Literature, English'

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