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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithiation'

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1

Bar, Sukanta, and Maxwell Israel Martin. "Regioselective Synthesis of 4-Bromo-3-formyl-N-phenyl-5-propylthiophene-2-carboxamide." Molbank 2021, no. 4 (2021): M1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/m1296.

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We synthesized 4-bromo-3-formyl-N-phenyl-5-propylthiophene-2-carboxamide by using three successive direct lithiations and a bromination reaction starting from thiophene. All these lithiation reactions were carried out at −78 °C to RT over a period of 1 to 24 h based on the reactivity of electrophile. This is a four-step protocol starting from thiophene with an overall yield of 47%.
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2

Lee, Hyun-Jeong, Hong-Kyu Kim, Young-Woon Byeon, and Jae-Pyoung Ahn. "Elucidating in-Situ Lithiation Pathway of Si-C Composite Anode in Lithium Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (2022): 2251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552251mtgabs.

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Lithiation kinetics of a Si-C composite anode for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries were investigated through in-situ lithiation with electrochemical C-V measurements using a focused ion beam. Here, we found in the lithiation procedure that Li migrates sequentially into carbon (C), nanopores, and silicon (Si) in the Si-C composite. In the first lithiation step, Li was intercalated inside C particles while spreading over the surface of the C particles. The second lithiation process occurred through the filling of nanopores existing between electrode particles that consisted of the Si-C compos
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3

Lee, Seung-Eun, Hyung-Kyu Lim, and Sangheon Lee. "Ab Initio-Based Structural and Thermodynamic Aspects of the Electrochemical Lithiation of Silicon Nanoparticles." Catalysts 10, no. 1 (2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10010008.

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We reported the theoretical understandings of the detailed structural and thermodynamic mechanism of the actual lithiation process of silicon nanoparticle systems based on atomistic simulation approaches. We found that the rearrangement of the Si bonding network is the key mechanism of the lithiation process, and that it is less frequently broken by lithiation in the smaller sizes of Si nanoparticles. The decreased lithiation ability of the Si nanoparticles results in the lithiation potential being significantly lower than that of crystalline silicon phases, which impedes the full usage of the
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4

Zheng, Jim P., Petru Andrei, Liming Jin, Junsheng Zheng, and Cunman Zhang. "Pre-Lithiation Strategies and Energy Density Theory of Lithium-Ion and Beyond Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (2022): 040532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6540.

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Pre-lithiation is the most effective method to overcome the initial capacity loss of high-capacity electrodes and has the potential to be used in beyond-conventional lithium-ion batteries. In this article we focus on two types of pre-lithiation: the first type can be applied to batteries in which the cathode has been fully lithiated but the anode has a large initial capacity loss, such as batteries made with lithium metal oxide cathode and silicon-carbon anode. The second type can be applied to batteries in which both electrodes are initially lithium-free and suffer a loss of lithium during th
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5

Zhang, Kai, Erwin Hüger, Yong Li, Harald Schmidt, and Fuqian Yang. "Invited: Review and Stress Analysis on the Lithiation Onset of Amorphous Silicon Films." Batteries 9, no. 2 (2023): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020105.

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This work aims to review and understand the behavior of the electrochemical lithiation onset of amorphous silicon (a-Si) films as electrochemically active material for new generation lithium-ion batteries. The article includes (i) a review on the lithiation onset of silicon films and (ii) a mechanochemical model with numerical results on the depth-resolved mechanical stress during the lithiation onset of silicon films. Recent experimental studies have revealed that the electrochemical lithiation onset of a-Si films involves the formation of a Li-poor phase (Li0.3Si alloy) and the propagation o
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6

Smith, Keith, Gamal El-Hiti, and Mohammed Alshammari. "Unravelling Factors Affecting Directed Lithiation of Acylamino­aromatics." Synthesis 50, no. 18 (2018): 3634–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591954.

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Ureas, pivalamides, and carbamates are widely used as directing metalation groups (DMGs) due to their good directing ability, low cost, ease of access, and ease of removal. Lithiation of substituted benzenes having such directing metalation groups using various alkyllithiums in anhydrous solvent at low temperature provides the corresponding lithium intermediates, but lithiation may take place at various sites. Reactions of the lithium reagents obtained in situ with various electrophiles give the corresponding derivatives, typically substituted at the site(s) where initial lithiation occurred,
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7

Patel, Premji, and John A. Joule. "Lithiation of pyridones." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 15 (1985): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39850001021.

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8

Schönherr, Kay, Markus Pöthe, Benjamin Schumm, Holger Althues, Christoph Leyens, and Stefan Kaskel. "Tailored Pre-Lithiation Using Melt-Deposited Lithium Thin Films." Batteries 9, no. 1 (2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010053.

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The user demands lithium-ion batteries in mobile applications, and electric vehicles request steady improvement in terms of capacity and cycle life. This study shows one way to compensate for capacity losses due to SEI formation during the first cycles. A fast and simple approach of electrolyte-free direct-contact pre-lithiation leads to targeted degrees of pre-lithiation for graphite electrodes. It uses tailor-made lithium thin films with 1–5 µm lithium films produced by lithium melt deposition as a lithium source. These pre-lithiated graphite electrodes show 6.5% capacity increase after the
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9

Guo, Z. P., Z. W. Zhao, H. K. Liu, and S. X. Dou. "Electrochemical lithiation and de-lithiation of MWNT–Sn/SnNi nanocomposites." Carbon 43, no. 7 (2005): 1392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.01.008.

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10

Chen, W. "Electrochemical lithiation and de-lithiation of carbon nanotube-Sn2Sb nanocomposites." Electrochemistry Communications 4, no. 3 (2002): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00268-0.

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11

Sakthivel, Shanmugam, Raveendra Babu Kothapalli, and Rengarajan Balamurugan. "The directing group wins over acidity: kinetically controlled regioselective lithiation for functionalization of 2-(2,4-dihalophenyl)-1,3-dithiane derivatives." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 5 (2016): 1670–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob02172c.

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Directed lithiation: regioselective functionalization of the title compounds with electrophiles was achieved in good yields. The cooperative complexation and inductive effects of 1,3-dihalo substituents favor the lithiation to occur at the less acidic site.
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12

Hüger, Erwin, Daniel Uxa, Fuqian Yang, and Harald Schmidt. "The lithiation onset of amorphous silicon thin-film electrodes." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 13 (2022): 133901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0109610.

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The lithiation onset of amorphous silicon (a-silicon) films up to 10% state of charge (SOC) is characterized by a Li+-uptake region around 0.5 V vs a Li reference electrode. In the literature, this is commonly attributed to surface processes such as the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase layer and/or the reduction of the surface native oxide, and more seldom to bulk processes such as reduction of oxygen contaminations inside the silicon film and to silicon lithiation. This work presents evidence that this process is associated with the lithiation of elemental silicon using electrochem
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13

Sun, Xianzhong, Penglei Wang, Yabin An, et al. "A Fast and Scalable Pre-Lithiation Approach for Practical Large-Capacity Lithium-Ion Capacitors." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (2021): 110540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac38f7.

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Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) bridge the gap between lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) owing to their unique energy storage mechanisms. From the viewpoints of electrode materials and cell design, the pre-lithiation process is indispensable for improving the working voltage and energy density of LICs. However, the conventional physical short-circuit (PSC) method is time-consuming, which limits the mass-production of practical large-capacity LIC cells. Three alternative pre-lithiation protocols have been proposed, combining the PSC protocol and electroch
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14

Okasinski, John S., Ilya A. Shkrob, Marco-Tulio F. Rodrigues, et al. "Time-Resolved X-ray Operando Observations of Lithiation Gradients across the Cathode Matrix and Individual Oxide Particles during Fast Cycling of a Li-Ion Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (2021): 110555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3941.

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Lithiated transition metal oxides serve as active materials in the positive electrode (cathode) of lithium-ion cells. During electrochemical cycling, lithium ions intercalate and deintercalate into these oxide particles. This behavior causes two types of lithiation gradients to emerge: (i) a bulk gradient across the depth of the cathode matrix (averaged over individual oxide particles) and (ii) a microscopic gradient across the particles themselves, which also depends on their location in the electrode. Here we show how both gradients can be studied using operando X-ray diffraction during 4C c
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15

Liu, Shuai, Jinkui Feng, Xiufang Bian, Jie Liu, and Hui Xu. "Electroless deposition of Ni3P–Ni arrays on 3-D nickel foam as a high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries." RSC Advances 5, no. 75 (2015): 60870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08926c.

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The array structure of Ni<sub>3</sub>P–Ni can accommodate volume changes during the lithiation/de-lithiation progress and promote high-rate capability because the interspaces in such structure can act as ideal volume expansion buffers.
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16

Butenschön, Holger. "Haloferrocenes: Syntheses and Selected Reactions." Synthesis 50, no. 19 (2018): 3787–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610210.

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Although haloferrocenes constitute important starting materials for many ferrocene-derived products with importance in a variety of fields such as materials science, medicinal chemistry and catalysis, only relatively few haloferrocenes out of the large number of possible examples have been prepared so far. The first part of this review summarizes the syntheses of all the homo- and heterohaloferrocenes known up to date. The second part summarizes typical reactions of haloferrocenes, namely lithiation followed by trapping with an electrophile, copper-mediated halogen substitution, coupling with
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17

Yang, Fuqian. "Cycling-induced structural damage/degradation of electrode materials–microscopic viewpoint." Nanotechnology 33, no. 6 (2021): 065405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac3616.

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Abstract Most analyses of the mechanical deformation of electrode materials of lithium-ion battery in the framework of continuum mechanics suggest the occurring of structural damage/degradation during the de-lithiation phase and cannot explain the lithiation-induced damage/degradation in electrode materials, as observed experimentally. In this work, we present first-principle analysis of the interaction between two adjacent silicon atoms from the Stillinger–Weber two-body potential and obtain the critical separation between the two silicon atoms for the rupture of Si–Si bonds. Simple calculati
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18

Adhitama, Egy, Frederico Dias Brandao, Iris Dienwiebel, et al. "(Digital Presentation) Pre-Lithiation of Silicon Anodes By Thermal Evaporation of Lithium for Boosting Energy Density of Lithium Ion Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01179mtgabs.

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Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) do not only dominate the small format battery market for portable electronic devices, but have also been successfully implemented as the technology of choice for electric vehicles. However, for successful consumer acceptance and broad market penetration of electric vehicles, further improvements of LIBs in terms of energy density and cost along are required. The practically usable energy density of LIB cells is reduced by parasitic side reactions including electrolyte decomposition and formation of the “solid electrolyte interphase” (SEI) at the surface of the anod
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19

Jansche, A., S. Desapogu, C. Hogrefe, et al. "Image processing methods and light optical microscopy for in-situ quantification of chromatic change and anode dilation in Li-ion battery graphite anodes during (de-)lithiation." Practical Metallography 60, no. 3 (2023): 148–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2022-1022.

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Abstract In Lithium-ion batteries, the graphite anode is known to undergo a noticeable chromatic change during lithiation and de-lithiation by forming graphite intercalation compounds. Additionally, the graphite anode primarily contributes to the volume change of the battery. Using a novel in-situ optical microscopy setup for imaging cross-sections of Li-ion full cells, both effects can be studied simultaneously during charging and discharging. In this work, we describe feature extraction methods to quantify these effects in the image data (3730 images in total) captured during the lithiation
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20

Roy, Kingshuk, Malik Wahid, Dhanya Puthusseri, et al. "High capacity, power density and cycling stability of silicon Li-ion battery anodes with a few layer black phosphorus additive." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 1 (2019): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00476e.

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The exceptionally high theoretical capacity of silicon as a Li-ion battery anode material is hard to realize and stabilize in practice due to huge volume changes during lithiation/de-lithiation. With the use of black phosphorus additive we could achieve tremendous stability due to strain management.
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21

Yamada, Mitsuru, Takao Gunji, Masaya Tsuta, et al. "An Improved Pre-Lithiation of Graphite Anodes Using through-Holed Cathode and Anode Electrodes in a Laminated Lithium Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (2022): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552270mtgabs.

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In order to actually compensate “an irreversible capacity (i.e., an active lithium loss) ˮ usually observed at the 1st charging/discharging cycle of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), e.g., caused by a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, a so-called pre-lithiation was applied to the graphite anodes of the laminated cell composed of three graphite anodes and three LFP (lithium iron phosphate) cathodes which were through-holed with the hole diameter of 20, 100 or 200 μm like the squares of a “Go-board” (Fig. 1). The pre-lithiation was carried out (keeping an appropriate pre-lithiation charg
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22

Emberson, Kassandra, Ngan Tran, and Costa Metallinos. "Diastereoselective Lithiation of N-Benzyl Pyrroloimidazolones Derived from l-Proline Hydantoin." Synlett 28, no. 20 (2017): 2901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591206.

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An N-benzyl pyrroloimidazolone derived from l-proline hydantoin undergoes asymmetric lithiation with n-BuLi/TMEDA in toluene to give products of electrophile quench (E+) that range from 87:13 to 91:9 diastereomeric ratio (dr). All products appear to have the same relative stereochemistry as determined by transmetalation of benzylic stannanes, which gave identical major diastereomers for several products as to what was observed by direct lithiation–substitution of the starting material. X-Ray crystallography of the major diastereomer of the benzophenone adduct established (R)-configuration at t
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23

Suzuki, Kosuke, Ayumu Terasaka, Tomoya Abe, and Hiroshi Sakurai. "Modification of Electronic Structures with Lithium Intercalation in LixMn2O4 (x = 0 and 1) Studied by CRYSTAL14 Calculation Code." Key Engineering Materials 790 (November 2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.790.15.

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In this study, we calculate electronic structures for Mn2O4 and LiMn2O4 by using CRYSTAL14 ab-initio calculation code in order to understand electrode reaction mechanism of LixMn2O4 by lithiation/delithiation. Mulliken population analysis for all electrons show that the redox orbitals with lithiation and delithiation is O 2p orbitals. However, difference charge densities between majority and minority electrons indicate the change of distribution in Mn 3d orbitals by lithiation. This modification of distribution in Mn 3d orbitals suggests the change of electron configuration because the number
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24

Smith, Paul F., Diana M. Lutz, Esther S. Takeuchi, Kenneth J. Takeuchi, and Amy C. Marschilok. "Review of the Stability/Capacity Trade-off in Silver Hollandite Lithium Battery Cathodes." MRS Advances 3, no. 14 (2018): 767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.306.

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ABSTRACTHighly detailed structural characterization is required to understand the discharge mechanism in order to effectively investigate α-MnO2 structured lithium battery cathode materials. This paper discusses recent findings which elucidate the lithiation mechanism of silver-hollandite, AgxMn8O16. For Ag1.2Mn8O16, the structure is not significantly perturbed during the first 2 equivalents of lithiation and the electrochemistry is highly reversible. Upon 4 equivalents of lithiation, the structure becomes highly distorted, in correlation with capacity fade observed over 40 cycles. Notably, re
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25

Coll, Gloria, Jeroni Morey, Antoni Costa, and Jose M. Saa. "Direct lithiation of hydroxyaromatics." Journal of Organic Chemistry 53, no. 22 (1988): 5345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00257a027.

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26

Day, Benjamin M., Joseph J. W. McDouall, Jonathan Clayden, and Richard A. Layfield. "Directed Lithiation of Pentadienylsilanes." Organometallics 34, no. 11 (2015): 2348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om501144f.

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27

Meghani, Premji, and John A. Joule. "Ring lithiation of pyridones." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 1 (1988): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p19880000001.

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28

Marumo, Kiyotaka, Sumie Inoue, Yoshiro Sato, and Hideo Kato. "Lithiation of (dialkylaminomethyl)trimethylsilanes." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 9 (1991): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p19910002275.

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29

Kowalski, Konrad, and Janusz Zakrzewski. "Lithiation of 2,5-dimethylazaferrocene." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 689, no. 6 (2004): 1046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.11.038.

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30

Hayashibara, M. "Lithiation characteristics of FeVO4." Solid State Ionics 98, no. 1-2 (1997): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(97)00107-0.

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31

Jiang, Min, and Min Shi. "Allylic lithiation of methylenecyclobutanes." Tetrahedron 64, no. 44 (2008): 10140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.048.

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32

van Eikema Hommes, Nicolaas J. R., and Paul von Ragué Schleyer. "Mechanisms of aromatic lithiation." Tetrahedron 50, no. 20 (1994): 5903–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90445-4.

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33

Posner, Gary H., and Karen A. Canella. "Phenoxide-directed ortho lithiation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 107, no. 8 (1985): 2571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00294a073.

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34

Smith, Keith, Charles M. Lindsay, and Gareth J. Pritchard. "Directed lithiation of arenethiols." Journal of the American Chemical Society 111, no. 2 (1989): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00184a040.

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35

Barriga, C., S. Maffi, L. Peraldo Bicelli, and C. Malitesta. "Electrochemical lithiation of Pb3O4." Journal of Power Sources 34, no. 4 (1991): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(91)80101-3.

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36

Yus, Miguel. "Arene-catalysed lithiation reactions." Chemical Society Reviews 25, no. 3 (1996): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/cs9962500155.

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37

Eguchi, Mika, Ayako Komamura, Takashi Miura, and Tomiya Kishi. "Lithiation characteristics of Cu5V2O10." Electrochimica Acta 41, no. 6 (1996): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(95)00374-6.

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38

Kumamoto, H., and H. Tanaka. "Lithiation study on D4T." Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 44, no. 1 (2000): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nass/44.1.107.

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39

EGUCHI, M., T. YOKOYAMA, T. MIURA, and T. KISHI. "Lithiation characteristics of Cu11V6O26." Solid State Ionics 74, no. 3-4 (1994): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)90220-8.

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40

Tamadoni-Saray, Mahmoud, and Reza Shahbazian-Yassar. "In Situ TEM Studies of Lithiation/de-lithiation in Chemically-complex Alloys." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, S2 (2020): 2798–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927620022825.

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41

Amaresh, S., K. Karthikeyan, I. C. Jang, and Y. S. Lee. "Single-step microwave mediated synthesis of the CoS2 anode material for high rate hybrid supercapacitors." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 29 (2014): 11099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01633e.

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The energy density of a hybrid supercapacitor having CoS<sub>2</sub> against activated carbon was increased by direct lithiation of metal sulfide before capacitor fabrication. Lithiation augmented the energy density by two-fold at all current rates and also is responsible for maintaining the capacitance retention during cycling due to the non-depletion of lithium ions in the electrolyte.
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42

Behling, Christopher, Karl J. J. Mayrhofer, and Balázs B. Berkes. "Formation of lithiated gold and its use for the preparation of reference electrodes — an EQCM study." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 25, no. 12 (2021): 2849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-05060-3.

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AbstractLithiated gold wires can be used to build reference electrodes with outstanding potential stabilities over several days and even over the course of one year. These electrodes are well suited for investigations in the context of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, a detailed procedure for the preparation of such electrodes with tailored mechanical properties, which can be fitted gastight into electrochemical cells using commercially available fittings, is given. The electrochemical lithiation process is studied using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) techniq
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43

Kordan, V., O. Zaremba, P. Demchenko, and V. Pavlyuk. "Synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiyM1-xCaxMnO3 (M = Pr, Eu) solid solutions." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 23, no. 4 (2022): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.23.4.699-704.

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New Li-containing solid solutions LiyM1-xCaxMnO3 (M = Pr and Eu) were synthesized by electrochemical lithiation of the ceramics with perovskite structure. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the initial and Li-containing ceramics was determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The M/Ca/Mn cation ratio was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The crystal structure of theM1-xCaxMnO3solid solutions before lithiation (GdFeO3-type structure, space group Pnma, Pearson code oP20) and after lithiation (filled-up GdFeO3-type) was determined
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44

Bott, James R., Keith A. Dillingham, F. Gordon Thorpe, and Cecilia Gatica. "Chemical modification via lithiation of polymers prepared from acenaphthylene: comparisons with lithiations of polystyrene." Reactive and Functional Polymers 26, no. 1-3 (1995): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1381-5148(95)00030-j.

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45

WATANABE, MITSUAKI, TOSHIKAZU FUKUDA, TAKASHI MIYASHITA, and SUNAO FURUKAWA. "Synthesis of Anthraquinones Using Directed Lithiation Reaction." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 105, no. 1 (1985): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.105.1_11.

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46

Bhattacharya, Sandeep, A. Reza Riahi, and Ahmet T. Alpas. "In-situ observations of lithiation/de-lithiation induced graphite damage during electrochemical cycling." Scripta Materialia 64, no. 2 (2011): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.09.035.

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47

Powell, Emily J., Sean M. Wood, Hugo Celio, Adam Heller, and C. Buddie Mullins. "Obviating the need for nanocrystallites in the extended lithiation/de-lithiation of germanium." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 46 (2015): 23442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta04941e.

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Micrometer-sized germanium sub-telluride (Ge<sub>0.85</sub>Te<sub>0.15</sub>) particles show improved stability and capacity retention over similarly sized pure germanium particles when cycled at a rate of 1C over 500 cycles.
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48

Badilescu, Simona, Khalid Boufker, P. V. Ashrit, Fernand E. Girouard, and Vo-Van Truong. "FT-IR/ATR Study of Lithium Intercalation into Molybdenum Oxide Thin Film." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 6 (1993): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066866.

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Abstract:
Molybdenum oxide thin films are deposited by thermal evaporation and sputtering, and lithium is inserted by a dry lithiation method. The FT-IR/ATR technique is used to study the formation and evolution of lithium bronze and lithium molybdate species. The mechanism of lithium intercalation is found to be dependent on the method of film preparation. The involvement of water molecules in the kinetics of lithiation is stressed.
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49

Graf, Maximilian, Clara Berg, Rebecca Bernhard, Stefan Haufe, Jürgen Pfeiffer, and Hubert A. Gasteiger. "Effect and Progress of the Amorphization Process for Microscale Silicon Particles under Partial Lithiation as Active Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (2022): 020536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4b80.

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Microscale silicon particles in lithium-ion battery anodes undergo large volume changes during (de)lithiation, resulting in particle pulverization and surface area increase concomitant with a continuous growth of the solid-electrolyte-interphase. One approach to overcome these phenomena is to operate the silicon anode under capacity-limited conditions (i.e., with partial capacity utilization). Since crystalline silicon is irreversibly transformed into amorphous phases upon lithiation, the purpose of the partial capacity utilization is to maintain a crystalline phase and thus prevent particle d
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50

Hattendorff, Johannes, Stefan Seidlmayer, Hubert A. Gasteiger, and Ralph Gilles. "Li-ion half-cells studied operando during cycling by small-angle neutron scattering." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53, no. 1 (2020): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671901714x.

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Abstract:
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was recently applied to the in situ and operando study of the charge/discharge process in Li-ion battery full-cells based on a pouch cell design. Here, this work is continued in a half-cell with a graphite electrode cycled versus a metallic lithium counter electrode, in a study conducted on the SANS-1 instrument of the neutron source FRM II at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum in Garching, Germany. It is confirmed that the SANS integrated intensity signal varies as a function of graphite lithiation, and this variation can be explained by changes in the squa
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