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1
Ko, Young-Hoon. "Etude de metallaarylhydrogermanes (hydrogermyl-lithiens, -magnesiens, -mercuriques et cyclopolygermylenes)." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30098.
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Une methode generale permettant la synthese de germyl et d'hydrogermyllithiums est decrite. Des reactions de transmetallation a partir de ces derives lithies permettent d'acceder aux analogues germanies des reactifs de grignard et aux germylmercures. Les reactions de germylation de composes a liaison germanium-halogene tels que les dihalogenogermacyclopentenes ont conduit a l'obtention des premiers germehylgermylenes et cyclopolygermylenes. Les organogermyllithiums confrontes a des oxydants (quinones, disulfures) subissent des reactions par transfert monoelectronique conduisant a la production de radicaux centrogermanies caracterises par rpe
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Paris, Marielle. "Réactivité des N-uréthane-N-carboxyanhydrides d'acides aminés (UNCas) vis-à-vis des dérivés lithiens. Synthèse de peptides aldéhydiques sur support solide." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20125.
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Ce travail est consacre a la synthese de motifs pseudopeptidiques en solution et en phase solide. La premiere partie de ce travail est consacree a l'etude de la reactivite des uncas en chimie des peptides et des pseudopeptides. Notre objectif a donc ete la recherche de nouvelles syntheses de derives d'aminoacides a partir de ces uncas. Nous avons mis au point une synthese de amino cito ester par condensation d'enolates lithies sur ces derives. Cette synthese applicable aux boc et z-ncas est simple, rapide et efficace les produits obtenus reduits en amino hydroxy esters, sont des analogues de statine. La deuxieme partie est consacree a la synthese de peptides aldehydiques, inhibiteurs d'un grand nombre d'enzymes proteolytiques, a l'aide d'un support solide. Trois methodes complementaires ont ete decrites. Les deux premieres utilisent la reduction de bras supportes et la troisieme, une reaction d'ozonolyse d'un bras ethylenique supporte. Ces peptides aldehydiques sont connus pour etre configurationnellement instables, une etude de ce phenomene de racemisation a ete realisee. Ces syntheses presentent les avantages de la chimie en phase solide : reaction rapide et propre.
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Tougani, Rajaallah Amina. "Acylation d'énolates lithiens d'esters et d'organozinciques allyliques : obtention de composés carbonyles fonctionnels et utilisation de ces derniers à la synthèse d'hétérocycles oxygénés à cinq chainons." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066522.
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Tougani-Rajaallah, Amina. "Acylation d'énolates lithiens d'esters et d'organo-zinciques allytiques obtention de composés carbonylés fonctionnels et utilisation de ces derniers à la synthèse d'hétérocycles oxygénés à cinq chaînons /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601590s.
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Brehier, Anaïs. "Nouvelles approches vers le contrôle de la chiralité axiale de biaryles via des arynes et en l'absence de métaux de transition." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAF025.
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Les biaryles à chiralité axiale sont des structures privilégiées qui ont un rôle important en chimie. On les trouve dans de nombreux produits naturels biologiquement actifs, en tant que ligands chiraux en catalyse asymétrique ou encore en science des matériaux. Le but est de développer une méthode permettant de contrôler la chiralité axiale de biaryles en l’absence de métaux de transition en utilisant le couplage ARYNE. Une première approche consiste en un dédoublement atropo-diastéréosélectif dans lequel l’agent de dédoublement chiral est un sulfoxyde qui est introduit en position ortho d’un précurseur biarylique issu d’un couplage ARYNE. Basée sur la déracémisation et sur la fonctionnalisation ultérieure régio- et chimiosélective des deux parties aromatiques du biaryle énantiopur obtenu, elle permet d’accéder à une large famille de biaryles. Une seconde approche consiste à effectuer un couplage ARYNE atropo-diastéréosélectif en introduisant un auxiliaire de chiralité (sulfoxydes, oxazolines, diéthers) sur l’un des partenaires de couplage. Les biaryles ainsi obtenus peuvent être fonctionnalisés afin de synthétiser des ligands chiraux<br>Biaryls are privileged structures which have an important role in chemistry. We can find them in several biologically active natural products, in asymmetric catalysis as ligands or in material sciences. The aim is to develop a methodology allowing the control of the axial chirality without transition metal using the ARYNE coupling. The first approach consists in an atropo-diastereoselective resolution in which the chiral solving agent is a sulfoxide introduced in ortho position of the biarylic precursor arising from the ARYNE coupling. Based on the deracemization and on the subsequent regio- and chemioselective functionalization of the two aromatic parts of the enantiopur biaryl obtained, it allows to access to a large family of biarylic compounds. A second approach consists in making an atropo-diastereoselective ARYNE coupling introducing a chiral auxiliary (sulfoxides, oxazolines, diethers) on one of the coupling partners. The biaryl compounds obtained could be functionalized in order to synthesize chiral ligands
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Lempereur, Claude. "Etude de la réaction de méthoxypyridines avec des bases lithiées. Etude R. M. N. De dérivés lithiés. Etude de la réaction de dérivés pyridiniques thiocarbonylés avec des bases lithiées." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES015.
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Dans une première partie, nous avons montré que l'utilisation du LTMP comme agent métallant permettait l'ortho-fonctionnalisation efficace des 2- et 3-méthoxypyridines. Nous avons également étudie la réaction entre le n-BuLi et la 2-méthoxypyridine ce qui nous a conduit à réaliser une étude de spectroscopie RMN complète du produit d'addition nucléophile résultant. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié la réaction de la 2-méthoxypyridine avec le [7Li]- LTMP et le [7Li]-n-BuLi dans le THF-d8. Ceci nous a permis de mettre en évidence les dérivés lithiés intermédiaires de réaction. Nous avons également étudié la base complexe [6Li]-n-BuLi/LiDMAE dans le cyclopentane et le cyclohéxane-d12. Nous avons poursuivi l'étude par l'analyse des agrégats lithiés formés lors de la réaction entre le [6Li]-n-BuLi et la 2,6-diméthoxypyridine dans le THF-d8 et la toluène-d8. Nous avons pu observer la présence d'oligomères du composé lithié en 3 de la pyridine, de complexes entre le n-BuLi et le composé ortho-lithié ainsi que de plusieurs formes d'addition. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons étudié la réaction de pyridines substituées par des groupements thiocarbonylés. Lors de la réaction avec des bases lithiées, les dithioesters conduisent au premier exemple d'addition thiophile en série pyridinique, et le N-thionocarbamate étudié a conduit à la réaction de S-alkylation. L'absence de réaction des pyridinethiocarboxamides a pu être mise à profit dans la séquence suivante : (1) ortho-métallation régioselective de méthoxy- et chloropyridines portant un groupe thiocarboxamide, (2) conversion du groupe thiocarboxamide en carboxamide, (3) métallation régiosélective en ortho du groupe carboxamide. Ceci a permis d'obtenir des pyridines tétrasubstituées avec de bons rendements globaux.
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RENOULT, OLIVIER. "Ceramiques lithiees : elaboration sol-gel et relachement du tritium." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EPXX0012.
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Les ceramiques de type aluminate de lithium (lialo#2), zirconate de lithium (li#2zro#3) et titanate de lithium (li#2tio#3) sont des materiaux potentiellement utilisables en couverture tritigene dans les futurs reacteurs de fusion nucleaire. Des poudres de composition li4#+#xal#4##3#xsi#2#xo#8 (0x0,25) ont ete synthetisees par une voie sol-gel alkoxyde-hydroxyde. Par frittage direct, a une temperature comprise entre 850c et 1100c, des poudres cristallines preparees, nous obtenons des ceramiques de stchiometrie controlee et une large gamme de microstructures homogenes. Nous avons egalement prepare, selon une methode comparable, des materiaux de compositions li#2zr#1##xti#xo#3 (x=0, x=0,1 et x=1). Ces ceramiques, presentant differentes microstructures et differentes compositions, ont ete testees au cours d'experiences de relachement du tritium hors-pile. Pour les ceramiques microporeuses de type aluminate de lithium, l'introduction de silicium dans la maille cristalline conduit a une amelioration significative du relachement du tritium. La confrontation de la theorie des mecanismes de desorption avec les experiences de relachement du tritium montre des ecarts aux modeles classiques ou la cinetique de relachement est supposee etre uniquement limitee par des processus de surface. Nous montrons, a l'aide d'un modele simple, que la cinetique de relachement du tritium est en fait limitee par une etape de diffusion intergranulaire suivie d'une etape de desorption. L'apparition d'un retard du relachement du tritium, lorsque la compacite de la ceramique augmente, s'explique par l'allongement du parcours de diffusion des ions t#+. L'energie necessaire a la desorption contient un terme preponderant, dont la valeur est independante de la teneur en hydrogene, qui correspondrait a l'etape lente de recombinaison des ions t#+ en especes moleculaires hto. Pour des microstructures voisines, le classement des differents materiaux selon leur aptitude au relachement du tritium peut s'expliquer a partir de trois proprietes: la structure cristalline de la ceramique, l'acidite des oxydes et l'existence de defauts electroniques de non-stchiometrie
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O'Hare, Maria Brigit. "The Bronze Age lithics of Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426721.
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Nelis, E. L. "Lithics of the Northern Irish Neolithic." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403150.
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Campbell, Michelle. "Thermomechanical milling of lithics in volcanic conduits." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43649.
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Pyroclastic deposits resulting from explosive volcanic eruptions commonly contain clasts originating from the conduit wall rocks, which were entrained into the rapidly ascending stream of erupting material. These particles are termed accessory lithic clasts. Previous studies of the relative abundances and compositions of accessory lithic clasts have been used to identify the subsurface wall rocks of the volcanic conduit, to document variations in eruptive intensity, or to track changes in conduit or vent geometry over the course of the eruption. However, the morphological properties of accessory lithic clasts are largely ignored and offer an unused means of studying the processes operating in the conduit during explosive eruptions. During a volcanic eruption, wall rocks are violently fragmented to produce clasts that are incorporated into a hot, high velocity, particle-laden gas jet. There the clasts are subjected to elevated temperatures, blasting by volcanic ash, and occasional collisions with other large particles or with the conduit walls. The resultant morphologies of the accessory lithic clasts will be influenced by 1) the intrinsic physical properties of the clasts in question; 2) the specific physical and thermal processes to which the clasts were subjected within the conduit; and 3) the residence times of the clasts within the conduit. The 2360 B.P. Pebble Creek Formation of the Mount Meager Volcanic Complex in SW British Columbia is the product of the most recent explosive eruption in Canada. This formation includes a widespread pumice fallout deposit containing anomalously rounded and smoothed monzogranite accessory lithic clasts. In this study, I seek to explain the unusual shapes and surface textures of these clasts through detailed field work, analysis of sample morphology, and the computation of likely conditions within the conduit. My aim is to produce a comprehensive, mechanistic model of how these lithic clasts were reshaped within the volcanic conduit.
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ANTIDORMI, ROSA. "Comprehension et modelisation du relachement du tritium dans les ceramiques lithiees sous irradiation." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112391.
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La fusion thermonucleaire controlee d'un plasma de deuterium et tritium confine magnetiquement est l'un des objectifs de la politique de recherche de l'union europeenne. Un vaste programme internationale de recherche et developpement a ete initie visant a resoudre les problemes technologiques liees a la production d'electricite par la fusion. L'un des points cruciaux de la technologie liee a la fusion est la production du tritium par irradiation neutronique de composes lithies et la recuperation en ligne du tritium: cet isotope radiactif de l'hydrogene, qui constituera le combustible des futures centrales a fusion, n'existe pas en assez grande quantite sur terre. Compte tenu de considerations de securite et d'economie du reacteur, l'inventaire et le relachement du tritium constituent les aspects les plus fondamentaux d'une etude de conception des couvertures. Plusieurs etudes sont en cours en vue d'evaluer le comportement sous irradiation des ceramiques lithiees (par exemple li#2zro#3, lialo#2, li#2o, li#2tio#3), envisagees comme materiaux tritigenes des couvertures solides des reacteurs a fusion de la generation suivante, tant en regime de fonctionnement qu'en conditions d'accident. Cela etant, les investigations portant sur les processus de transport du tritium, par recours a des modeles physico-mathematiques complets, s'inscrivent parmi les activites de pointe menees en ce domaine. Les phenomenes de transport de tritium dans les materiaux ceramiques lithies sont complexes, a telle enseigne que certains d'entre eux ne sont pas encore pleinement elucides. Il existe des differences d'interpretation et de modelisation des etapes limitantes specifiques, qui sont imputables, entre autres, aux lacunes et aux incertitudes qui pesent respectivement sur les bases de donnees de resultats experimentaux et de proprietes. Bien que certains modeles mathematiques et methodes numeriques aient deja ete mis au point et appliques a l'interpretation de resultats experimentaux, il est necessaire d'elargir le champ d'applicabilite des codes de calcul d'ores et deja disponibles afin d'etre en mesure de predire avec une justesse accrue la reponse du relachement du tritium sur une plage plus etendue de conditions experimentales et de caracteristiques des materiaux. Dans le cadre de ces travaux, les possibilites de prediction du transport du tritium qu'offre le code mistral (model for investigative studies of tritium release in lithium ceramics) ont ete etudiees et davantage validees au regard des experiences d'irradiation realisees tant par le passe que plus recemment. L'attention s'est portee sur les mechanismes de diffusion dans les pores, de dissolution et ainsi que sur la cinetique des processus de surface. Les effets de leur presence/absence sur le comportement global du tritium ont ete etudies pour les oxydes ternaires. De plus, la validite du traitement des processus de surface mis en place par le code a ete etendue aux materiaux en zirconate de lithium. Un exemple majeur d'application de mistral a des etudes internationales est donne a travers l'estimation du niveau d'inventaire realisee pour la couverture d'iter (international thermonuclear experimental reactor)
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Dubois, Vincent. "Electrodes positives lithiées d’oxysulfures de titane pour microbatteries Li-ion." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14858/document.
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Le développement à grande échelle des microbatteries pour des applications diverses comme l’alimentation de secours de certains composants électroniques dans les téléphones portables nécessite une compatibilité avec le procédé de solder-reflow employé dans le domaine de la microélectronique. Dans ce contexte, cette étude porte sur la mise au point d’un nouveau procédé de réalisation de couches minces d’oxysulfures de titane lithiés (LixTiOySz) pour une utilisation en tant qu’électrode positive dans une microbatterie Li-ion. Tout d’abord ce travail a débuté par la synthèse et la caractérisation de plusieurs compositions de sulfures de titane lithiés à l’état massif par réaction en solution de TiS2 ou TiS3 avec le n-butyllithium mais aussi par réaction à l’état solide à haute température entre les précurseurs TiS2, Li2S et Ti. Par la suite, des couches minces de LixTiOySz ont été déposées par pulvérisation cathodique radiofréquence à effet magnétron de cibles réalisées à partir des matériaux lithiés à l’état massif. La composition chimique de ces dépôts dépend de celle de la cible utilisée ce qui permet d’obtenir des couches plus ou moins riches en lithium et en soufre. En revanche, elles sont toutes très mal cristallisées, denses et elles ne présentent pas de structuration particulière. Enfin, les caractérisations électrochimiques des dépôts de LixTiOySz, à la fois en électrolyte liquide et solide, ont permis de mettre en évidence une corrélation entre leur composition chimique et leur comportement électrochimique. Globalement, ces dernières sont performantes, compatibles avec le solder-reflow et donc tout à fait intéressante pour l’application<br>Large-scale development of microbatteries for various applications such as back-up power sources for cell phone electronic components needs suitability with reflowing process that is often used in microelectronic. Here we report on the development of a new realization process to produce lithiated titanium oxysulfides (LixTiOySz) thin films for use as positive electrode in Li-ion microbatteries. First of all, this work began with synthesis and characterization of several lithiated titanium sulfides compounds prepared by reaction between TiS2 or TiS3 with n-butyllithium but also by solid state reaction at high temperature between TiS2, Li2S and Ti. Then, LixTiOySz thin films were sputtered by magnetron effect radio-frequency sputtering from targets made of lithiated materials previously synthesized. The chemical composition of those films depends on the target one and allows obtaining thin films with different lithium and sulfur contents. In contrast, they are all amorphous, dense and they don’t have a morphological structuration. Finally, electrochemical characterizations of thin films, both in liquid and solid electrolyte, have highlighted a correlation between their chemical composition and their electrochemical behavior. Taken as a whole, LixTiOySz thin films are powerful, suitable with reflowing process and thus very interesting for the application
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Moulton, Anne L. "Lowton's lithics, making sense of the Vickers flaked stone collection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ32198.pdf.
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Kofidou, Fotini. "Lithics and personhood in the Lateglacial of north west Europe." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349469/.
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This thesis examines aspects of human personhood as expressed through lithic artefacts in north west Europe during the Lateglacial. The research sites are Hengistbury Head in Britain, Rekem in Belgium and a cluster of sites in the Neuwied Basin, in Central Rhineland. The case studies cover the period of the Lateglacial Interstadial complex, about 15,500 -13,000 cal years BP. The work aims at exploring the social practice of creating hunter-gatherer personhood in given social, temporal, spatial and material contexts. The discussion centres on the social and embodied nature of lithic technology as a means of negotiating the human person. In doing so, this study situates the discourse of the reciprocal and mutually constructing relationship between humans and objects at the core level of the individual. Placed within social archaeological theory, the research adopts an outlook of social practice as an active manner of involvement. Relational entanglements between humans and things can accumulate or enchain the physical and metaphorical resources of the world, consequently leading to stasis or transformation. Therefore this thesis demonstrates that continuity and change in the archaeological record are associated with expressions of self ontologies. Further, the work suggests that, in order to comprehend this material variability, it would be helpful to consider the Lateglacial as a dynamic process of hybrid engagements instead of a fixed chronological and cultural unit.
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Debert, Jolene. "Functional Microwear Analysis of Lithics from British Early Neolithic Timber Structures." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508533.
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This thesis is a study of the rectangular timber framed structures of the early Neolithic from Britain. Recent discoveries through both research and developer funded projects have significantly increased the number and variety of these buildings now known, but they are the subject of heated and contentious debate. The key themes of the origins of agriculture, degree and character of mobility, and domestic or ritual use, place these structures at the heart of arguments on the nature and means of transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic period. This thesis brings together material from both published and unpublished examples, to examine the date and character of their construction and explore their internal use. The case studies discussed in detail are: Balbridie, Claish, Lockerbie, Warren Field, Lismore field, Pilgrim's Way, White Horse Stone, Yarnton, Llandegai and Parc Bryn Cegin. The ecofactual and artefactual information associated with these structures is evaluated using a variety of spatial and material culture analysis techniques, to interpret the range of ways in which they were utilised and inhabited. In addition, an original functional microwear analysis of the stone tools found in and around the buildings at Pilgirm's Way, White Horse Stone, Yarnton, Llandegai and Parc Bryn Cegin are used to enrich understanding of the diversity of tasks and activities carried out in their vicinity. These case studies from England, Wales and Scotland are set in their proper international context through analogy with comparative structures from Ireland and the Continent. The thesis concludes by re-evaluating the nature of these structures, commenting on the narrow date range of their construction and common aspects of their use as well as patterns of inhabitation and deposition. Importantly, it also highlights aspects of difference and diversity in the case studies. Finally, it makes important recommendations for the standardisation of excavation and sampling strategies, in particular advocating the more systematic use of functional microwear analysis as an appropriate tool with which to investigate key questions surrounding the nature of residence, organisation of tasks and use of timber built structures in the initial Neolithic
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Hawley, Donovan William. "Lithics, landscape and people : life beyond the monuments in prehistoric Guernsey." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/411814/.
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Although prehistoric megalithic monuments dominate the landscape of Guernsey, these have yielded little information concerning the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age communities who inhabited the island in a broader landscape and maritime context. For this thesis it was therefore considered timely to explore the alternative material culture resource of worked flint and stone archived in the Guernsey museum. Largely ignored in previous archaeological narratives on the island or considered as unreliable data, the argument made in this thesis is for lithics being an ideal resource that, when correctly interrogated, can inform us of past people’s actions in the landscape. In order to maximise the amount of obtainable data, the lithics were subjected to a wide ranging multi-method approach encompassing all stages of the châine opératoire from material acquisition to discard, along with a consideration of the landscape context from which the material was recovered. The methodology also incorporated the extensive corpus of lithic knowledge that has been built up on the adjacent French mainland, a resource largely passed over in previous Channel Island research. By employing this approach, previously unknown patterns of human occupation and activity on the island, and the extent and temporality of maritime connectivity between Guernsey and mainland areas has been revealed. Further, a greater understanding of the lithic industry on the island has been achieved through the cross referencing of assemblages with those of the adjacent French mainland. It is argued that this research has made an original contribution to the archaeological knowledge of Guernsey. Not only has the value of a comprehensive lithic research programme been proven, but the understanding of the prehistory of Guernsey has been enhanced and visibility of peoples’ lives beyond the monuments has been gained.
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DE, LIMA CARMEN. "Etude de la condensation de sulfones lithiees avec divers carbenoides mono ou dihalogenes. Application a la preparation d'olefines." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066411.
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Ce travail porte essentiellement sur l'etude de la condensation d'anions sulfonyles avec divers carbenoides halogenes. Ces derniers ont des proprietes electrophiles, et leur reaction avec des sulfones lithiees conduit a des olefines halogenees ou non. Les resultats obtenus sont presentes dans trois chapitres. Le chapitre 1 est consacre aux carbenoides dichlores qui, par condensation avec les carbanions alpha-sulfonyles conduisent aux 1-haloalcenes attendus avec de bons rendements. Dans le chapitre 2 la reaction de condensation d'electrophiles plus classiques sur la 2-methylcyclopentyl phenyl sulfone est decrite. Dans le chapitre 3 la preparation des carbenoides monohalogenes magnesies est decrite. Leur condensation sur divers carbanions alpha-sulfonyles conduit, par methylenation et alkylidenation, aux olefines non fonctionnalisees attendues avec de bons rendements
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Ritchie, Graham Andrew. "Chronological and regional variability in Late Mesolithic narrow-blade lithic assemblages from northern Britain." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5715.
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A marked change in character of Mesolithic chipped stone industries occurred c. 9200 BP. Early Mesolithic 'broad-blade' microlithic technology was replaced by Late Mesolithic 'narrow-blade' technology. Narrow-blade technology remained in use throughout the period c. 9200-5200 BP. Some changes are likely during this 4000-year period. Hitherto, however, it has proved difficult to identify chronological and regional variations within the British narrow-blade industries, based on stylistic and technical attributes. This is because most narrow-blade assemblages are surface collections which represent hundreds of years of human activity, concealing technological development over time. I have approached this problem by analyzing and comparing the lithic assemblages from securely dated sites from various parts of northern Britain, with the intention of re-defining Late Mesolithic typochronology. Six lithic assemblages from Late Mesolithic sites in northern England and western Scotland served as the primary source material. These assemblages were recovered from sites excavated by Clive Bonsall between 1974 and 1999: Monk Moors and Williamson's Moss in the Eskmeals region of Cumbria; Lon Mor, Kilmore and Ulva in western Scotland; and Low Hauxley in Northumberland. By undertaking a detailed quantitative typological analysis of each lithic assemblage, I have been able to examine chronological and regional variability in narrow-blade lithic technology. Patterns of variability in the primary and secondary technological components of the lithic assemblages have been explored, and I have fitted this data into a much broader context incorporating the greater body of narrow-blade lithic material excavated from northern Britain. I have also assessed the security and efficacy of the current 14C record for the narrow-blade Mesolithic using the S2AGES 14C evaluation scheme. Using this method, I have been able to identify and remove unreliable 14C dates from the typochronological model. Chronological variability in narrow-blade technology has been assessed using only reliable 14C evidence. I have therefore established a secure 14C foundation for future research in the narrow-blade Mesolithic, and the interpretative potential of narrow-blade material from northern Britain has been greatly improved. Finally, I have integrated the Mesolithic 14C chronologies of Britain and north-western Europe. The chronological and technological dimensions of the narrow-blade Mesolithic in northern Britain have been considered within a broader European context, and I have modelled the development of lithic cultures in Postglacial north-west Europe.
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Lewis, Jodie. "Monuments, ritual and regionality : the neolithic of northern Somerset." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340351.
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Nilson, Raymond James. "At the core of process : rethinking the early Mesolithic lithic assemblages from the Kennet Valley, Berkshire." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/at-the-core-of-process-rethinking-the-early-mesolithic-lithic-assemblages-from-the-kennet-valley-berkshire(2c1ad6f4-2a6b-451d-92dd-45d74a94b273).html.
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This project focuses on the early Mesolithic in the Kennet Valley, Berkshire in southern England. Through an extensive analysis of the lithic assemblages from six prominent early Mesolithic sites (i.e. Thatcham 1958-1961 Sites I, II, and III, Thatcham Sewage Works 1989, Greenham Dairy Farm, and Faraday Road), this thesis explores the social and practical processes which hunter-gatherers engaged in during lithic activities. It investigates the very notion of process and how we as archaeologists, often negate such phenomena in favour of strict technical and functional aspects associated with lithic assemblages from this period. Drawing upon this argument, this study explores and critiques the traditional theory that Mesolithic inhabitations were nothing more than functional type sites (e.g. hunting and base camps). Instead, it advocates an approach which seeks to illuminate that these occupations were derived from many historical and contemporary social and practical processes, which were embedded within lithic activities that were largely responsible for the continual production of the early Mesolithic landscape in the Kennet Valley.
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SPIGAI, BEATRICE. "Interaction du carbone lithie avec des electrolytes liquides et/ou solides polymeres." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066838.
Full textAbstract:
Deux phenomenes importants interviennent lors de l'utilisation de graphite dans les batteries : la passivation liee a la reduction de l'electrolyte et l'exfoliation qui se produit dans certains cas en entrainant la destruction de la matiere active. Tous deux impliquent des pertes faradiques (capacite irreversible). La passivation a ete mise en evidence en cyclage galvanostatique par apparition d'un palier de potentiel a 0,8 v/li. La couche de passivation en milieu dmc parait de moins bonne qualite qu'en milieu pc ou ec. A 1. 3 v/li, un deuxieme plateau apparait attribue au litfsi. L'exfoliation depend de la solvatation de l'ion lithium. Le pc entraine une passivation et une exfoliation difficiles a distinguer. Dans le cas de l'ec, l'exfoliation se produit a un potentiel de 0,5 v/li mais seulement pour certains graphites. - le graphite lonza s est tres sensible a l'exfoliation en presence de pc (des 10%), le graphite uf2 est beaucoup plus resistant (75%). D'apres des mesures d'energie de solvatation, celle-ci semble plus importante dans le pc que dans l'ec ce qui est compatible avec l'exfoliation plus prononcee dans le cas du pc. Cependant, sur du mercure lithie, l'ec est le plus reactif en terme de quantite de gaz et de polymeres formes. - a faible concentration en sel, la solvatation des ions est importante et donc l'exfoliation. - lorsque la temperature augmente, une forte diminution de la capacite irreversible est obtenue lorsqu'il y a exfoliation. - le vc entraine une forte diminution de la capacite irreversible. Des mesures d'impedance complexe semblent montrer une structure multicouche de la couche de passivation avec deux demi-cercles mal deconvolues obtenus a haute frequence. A moyenne frequence, le troisieme demi-cercle observe est attribue au transfert de charge. Les structures carbonees les plus ordonnees sont les structures les plus performantes au niveau de la tenue en puissance. La couche de passivation ne limite pas le transfert de charge. L'etude de nouveaux composes a base de graphite recouvert de ppp pyrolyse n'a pas conduit a la formation d'un compose resistant a l'exfoliation. Les noirs de carbone testes quand a eux presentent des capacites irreversibles trop elevees. Le systeme lithium carbone est utilisable en esp mais a des densites de courant tres faibles dues aux groupements libres des constituants et des problemes de contacts internes.
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Warchhold, Marcus. "Beiträge zur Chemie von Hydroboraten BHnX4-n - (n = 1-4) des Lithiums, Natriums, Kaliums und Magnesiums." Diss., lmu, 2001. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-3802.
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Warchhold, Marcus. "Beiträge zur Chemie von Hydroboraten BHnX4-n- (n=1-4) des Lithiums, Natriums, Kaliums und Magnesiums." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963184458.
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Léger, Frédéric. "Additions d'énamines β-lithiées sur des esters α, β-éthyléniques. Nouvelles propriétés des énamines β-halogénées". Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES051.
Full textAbstract:
Les énamines β-lithiées sont obtenues par bromation des énamines puis échange halogène-métal et réagissent directement avec les esters α, β-éthyléniques exclusivement en 1,4 conduisant après hydrolyse aux énaminoesters correspondants. Ces composés sont obtenus avec de bons rendements et présentent une rétention de configuration par rapport aux énamines β-bromées de départ. L'énolate intermédiairement formé a été condensé sur l'iodure de méthyle conduisant à la création d'un carbone stéréogénique supplémentaire. Dans ce cas les nouveaux énaminoesters sont obtenus avec une excellente diastéréosélectivité. L'hydrolyse des énaminoesters conduit, selon les conditions utilisées, aux cétoesters ou aux cétoacides correspondants avec en général une très bonne diastéréosélectivité. En utilisant des énamines β-lithiées achirales sur des esters α, β-éthyléniques d'alcool chiral, les excès diastéréoisomériques ont été moyens. Par contre la réaction de Michael entre une énamine β-lithiée chirale et le crotonate de tertiobutyle conduit a une complète diastéréoselectivité au niveau de l'énaminoester. Dans les conditions de réaction de Heck (Pd(OAc)2, PPh3, NEt#3, CH3CN), les énamines beta-halogénées ont été réduites en amines tertiaires avec des rendements corrects. L'utilisation d'énamines β-halogénées à reste aminé chiral conduit aux amines tertiaires chirales correspondantes. L'agent de réduction est vraisemblablement la triéthylamine. La deracémisation d'aldéhydes α-substitués par l'intermédiaire d'énamines β-substituées chirales conduit à des aldéhydes α-substitués optiquement actifs. Les différents paramètres de la réaction ont été étudiés et ont permis d'atteindre des excès énantiomériques de 60%.
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Frieman, Catherine. "Skeuomorphs and stone-working : Elaborate lithics from early metal-using era in coastal northwest Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533810.
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Bigot, Jean-Pierre. "L'Interface semiconducteur/solution cas des semiconducteurs à densité d'impuretés ionisables élevée, application à l'oxyde de nickel lithiné /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603011r.
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Ait, Salah Atmane. "Etude des phosphates lithiés en vue de leur utilisation comme électrodes positives pour le stockage d'énergie." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066123.
Full textAbstract:
Aujourd’hui les batteries ion-lithium, qui équipent universellement les dispositifs électroniques portables (téléphone, ordinateurs, etc. ), sont des sources d’énergies irremplaçables. Ces sources d’énergie sont appelées à connaître de plus grands développements encore pour pouvoir répondre à des exigences nouvelles comme le fait de constituer les sources d’énergie des voitures électriques de demain et celles des véhicules électriques hybrides que les constructeurs commencent à proposer aux consommateurs. Les matériaux employés actuellement pour fabriquer les cathodes, des oxydes de lithium du type Li(Ni,Co)O2, sont trop chers pour être utilisés à une plus large échelle et ne pourront répondent aux demandes prévisibles. Le développement de nouvelles batteries ion-lithium, à partir de métaux de transition plus communs, sinon banals, que le Nickel et le Cobalt s’impose. Idéalement, celui qui répond le mieux à cette exigence et qui est le plus répandu sur notre planète c’est l’ion Fer et ce dernier peut être associé à une anode construite à base de graphite Dans ce contexte, et depuis les travaux de J. B. Goodenough et de ses collaborateurs, le LiFePO4 constitue un matériau particulièrement intéressant. Toute notre contribution porte sur la compréhension des propriétés physico-chimiques de ce matériau et de deux proches voisins polyphosphates et sur l’amélioration des performances électrochimiques de ces matériaux, lesquelles sont étroitement dépendantes des conditions d’élaboration et de synthèse. Ce mémoire se compose en quatre chapitres : Le premier chapitre présente une étude bibliographique sur quelques familles de matériaux potentiellement utilisables comme électrodes positives dans les batteries ion-lithium et la possibilité de substituer ces derniers par LiFePO4. Le chapitre 2 est donc consacré à l’analyse des méthodes de synthèses et de caractérisation des matériaux. Cette caractérisation a été réalisées à partir d’outils classiques, comme la diffraction des rayons X (DRX), la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), la spectroscopie infrarouge par transformée de Fourier (IRTF), la spectroscopie Raman (RS), la résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) et la magnétométrie SQUID. Le chapitre 3 est entièrement consacré à l’étude des propriétés de LiFePO4. Les mesures magnétiques ont révélé la présence de « nano-agrégats » de maghémite Fe2O3 et de Fe2P dans les échantillons préparés par voie sol-gel. La nature, la concentration et la taille de ces nano particules ont été estimées à partir d’un modèle décrivant un comportement « super-paramagnétique » où « super-ferromagnétique ». On démontre également que l’enrobage des particules de LiFePO4 avec une couche mince (30 nm d’épaisseur moyenne) de carbone amorphe élimine pratiquement toutes les phases parasites, en contribuant à réduire le fer, et permet d’optimiser les performances électrochimiques de ce matériau. Le chapitre 4 traite les propriétés des oxydes de types LiFe1,5P2O7 et LiFe2P3O10. Ces deux composés ont été synthétisés, leurs structures ont été caractérisées ainsi que leur propriétés magnétiques, enfin ils ont été testés comme matériau d’électrode positive dans des générateurs au lithium.
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Hülsmann, Matthias [Verfasser]. "Reaktionsverhalten organometallischer Verbindungen des Lithiums und des Calciums gegenüber Aminalen / Matthias Hülsmann. Fakultät für Chemie - Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, Hochschulschriften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1026227291/34.
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Choppin, Sabine. "Nouvelles superbases unimétalliques lithiées et sodées : réactivité vis-à-vis de l'allylphénylsulfure et des 2-, 3- et 4- chloropyridines." Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0021_CHOPPIN.pdf.
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Le travail présente dans ce mémoire a montré l'efficacité, la sélectivité ainsi que le potentiel synthétique de nouvelles superbases unimétalliques lithiées et sodées dans des réactions de métallation. La première partie est consacrée à la métallation de l'allylphenylsulfure par des superbases unimetalliques sodées et lithiées. Il a en particulier été montré que l'activation de NANH 2 par un amino-alcoolate de sodium permet d'obtenir une nouvelle réaction de bisfonctionnalisation directe du substrat. Cette réaction originale donne un accès aisé à des cétones dissymétriques. La recherche d'une explication au phénomène d'activation à montrer que l'amidure de sodium pouvait également être activé par une espèce non anionique, le DME. L'utilisation de superbases unimétalliques lithiées, N-BULI-ROLI, conduit à des systèmes d'efficacité et de sélectivité comparables à celles des systemes bimétalliques de type LICKOR ou les systèmes de type base/activant tel que N-BULI/DABCO. Dans une seconde partie, il a été montré que le système unimétallique lithie n-buli-dimethylaminoethylate de lithium noté N-BULI-LIDMAE permet d'accéder à une métallation-fonctionnalisation chimio- et regioséléctive en ortho de l'azote des chloropyridines. La méthodologie développée permet un accès original à des précurseurs de molécules polyhétérocycliques à activité biologique potentielle, d'agents chélatants et de ligands de métaux de transition. Des calculs théoriques et des expériences réalisées sur des espèces deuterées ont ensuite montré que le site initial de déprotonnation des 2-, 3- et 4-chloropyridines est probablement le site situé en alpha de l'azote pyridinique et ceci quel que soit le système basique utilisé. Par ailleurs, la formation d'agrégats au voisinage de cet azote pyridinique peut être rendue responsable de la stabilité particulière des lithiens issus des 2-, 3- et 4-chloropyridines en présence du système N-BULI-LIDMAE. Il a enfin été montré que les méthodes de métallation sélective par N-BULI-LIDMAE, couplées a des réactions pallado-catalysées de type « negishi » et « stille » permettent un accès original et très efficace à des composés polyhétérocycliques refonctionnalisables.
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Dickens, William A. "Biface reduction and blade manufacture at the Gault site (41bl323): a Clovis occupation in Bell County, Texas." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4658.
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This dissertation is a technological study that deals with those techniques
employed by the Gault Clovis people in the manufacture of both bifaces and blades.
The materials studied were recovered during the 2000 and 2001 field seasons
conducted by the Anthropology Department of Texas A&M University. The study
involves an analysis that deals with raw material selection, blank production, reduction
methods, and problems encountered, and includes a definitive description and metric
calculations for each of the various artifact types analyzed. The results are then
compared to similar artifact assemblages from known Clovis sites. The conclusions
derived from this analysis show that the Gault Clovis people utilized a number of
different strategies in both biface and blade reduction. It was found that some of these
strategies, previously felt to be restricted to one reductive procedure, were connected
and utilized in both procedures. In addition, it was discovered that some techniques
thought to be limited to use only within the initial reduction sequence were, in fact,
utilized throughout.
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Groucutt, Huw S. "Hominin dispersals and the middle palaeolithic of Arabia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:80114ad4-64ba-486b-bc5e-bdaf1eed554d.
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This thesis tests models on the dispersal of hominin populations in the Upper Pleistocene, specifically in relation to the Arabian Peninsula. It does so by conducting a quantified comparison of lithic assemblages from northeast Africa and southwest Asia. Lithic data from new excavations at the Jubbah Palaeolake in northern Saudi Arabia is compared to assemblages from Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Oman and other localities in Saudi Arabia. This is the first detailed inter-regional study of this area for Marine Isotope Stages 5 to 3, a critical spatial and temporal context in debates on both early modern human and Neanderthal demography and dispersal. The spatial and temporal character of the rich Arabian archaeological record correlate with emerging evidence for environmental change in Arabia; in particular the repeated dating of archaeological contexts to periods of climatic amelioration suggests that demographic growth was associated with periods of increased precipitation. The various factors influencing lithic variability and the methodologies by which they can be elucidated are reviewed. In particular this highlights the need for quantified and comparative analyses. A variety of analytical approaches are applied in this thesis, including the use of Correspondence and Principal Components Analyses to develop a nuanced view of lithic variability. Variability in cores is shown to largely reflect the related factors of size and reduction intensity. With analyses of debitage and retouched lithics a broadly similar picture emerges: assemblages which are heavily reduced have small cores and blanks and higher levels of retouch, and elements of shape variation also change in relation to reduction intensity. Elements of residual variability may reflect cultural differences. While it is felt that the evidence presented broadly orientates the Upper Pleistocene Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia to dispersals from Africa, this suggestion is subsumed with a problematization of using lithic evidence to understand dispersals. Aside from the need for further dated archaeological material from Arabia and surrounding countries, lithic analyses need to more thoroughly consider factors such as reduction intensity if we are to make robust inferences on population dispersals.
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Meissner, Nathan Joseph. "Technological Systems of Small Point Weaponry of the Postclassic Lowland Maya (A.D. 1400 - 1697)." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/961.
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This study examines small projectile point technology of the Postclassic Lowland Maya (A.D. 1400 - 1697) using a technological systems framework, to evaluate production strategies and the movement of finished goods within Mesoamerican exchange networks. Small arrow points (1 - 3 cm long) were typically made from obsidian and microcrystalline silicates (chert, chalcedony), and were key components of bow-and-arrow weaponry among multiple Mayan-speaking groups and ethnopolities known as the Itza, Xiw, Kowoj, Chak'an Itza, Kehach, Dzuluinikob, Chetumal, Lakam tun (Lacandon), and Chuj. Literature suggests that the Late Postclassic period was a time of heightened "international" exchange, defined by frequent inter-polity interactions, information sharing, and intensified long-distance exchange of raw materials across political boundaries. Thus, this study adds to anthropological theory by focusing on the interplay between political geography and material culture to understand the relationship between non-elite goods and intensified social interaction. In total, this study analyzes 2,128 small projectile points originating from 17 different Lowland centers, focusing explicitly on the research domains of raw material procurement, production, use, repair, and discard. Multiple lithic analyses are used to collect data including macroscopic methods, taxonomic classification, and spatial-contextual analysis. Additionally, instrumental methods including portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and cross-over immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP) are used to identify raw material procurement patterns and interpret use activities related to the bow-and-arrow. The results of this study demonstrate that raw material preference and procurement strategies for small points varied significantly across the Maya Lowlands, and were often contingent on ethnopolitical affiliations and factionalism. In particular, strong differences emerge among neighboring polities within the Petén Lakes region of Guatemala, where the Itza, Kowoj, and Chak'an Itza maintained territories in close proximity to one another. A taxonomic and technological classification of small points reveals considerable variability in technological styles in addition to morphometric variability of haft types. Spatial-contextual analyses of depositional patterns demonstrate a range of activities associated with bow-and-arrow weaponry that often included symbolic associations with ritual and civic-ceremonial architecture. CIEP results reveal a multiplicity of use activities of the bow-and-arrow, with several positive immunological matches for indigenous and introduced fauna. Overall, the holistic approach of this dissertation helps bridge the divide between seemingly mundane artifacts and past economic behaviors that are critically important to Postclassic Maya studies.
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Cheli, Elizabeth Louise. "Lithic Organization, Mobility, and Place-Making at the Frog Bay Site: A Community-Based Approach." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31787.
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The Frog Bay site (47BA60) has been excavated for three field seasons. Excavations in 1979 located the site and continued in 2018 ? 2019 by the Get? Anishinaabe Izhichig?win community archaeological field school. This program commenced from a sovereignty initiative surrounding the creation of the Frog Bay Tribal National Park directed by the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. Within the park, the Frog Bay site represents a multicomponent shorebased camp that was occupied numerous times during the Archaic and Woodland stages (ca. 3000 BC ? AD 900). Structured through a community-based Indigenous theoretical framework, lithic analysis and community input are used to research long-term practices of mobility, land use, and place-making associated with the Frog Bay site. These methods offer a ?braided interpretation? of the activities and occupation trends at Frog Bay and explore the intrinsic value that the site continues to hold for the present-day Red Cliff community.
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Preston, Paul R. "Lithics to landscapes : hunter gatherer tool use, resource exploitation and mobility during the Mesolithic of the central Pennines, England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568068.
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This study examines how Mesolithic lithic technology provides direct, yet often neglected, information about the Mesolithic hunter-gatherer mobility strategies in northern England, especially in relation to the Central Pennines {CP} of northwest England. It therefore provides a narrative which intimately links Mesolithic mobility strategies, settlement patterns, lithic raw material consumption, and tool use in the Central Pennine upland landscape and adjacent areas. The research area of the Central Pennines provides an ideal case study upon which to test current models of Mesolithic mobility and Mesolithic tool use because it is probably the densest distribution of Mesolithic sites currently known, and is in an area which has virtually no naturally occurring lithic resources which meant the Mesolithic people had to import all lithic raw materials. In order to elucidate the narrative, this study develops the Lithoscapes Referential Framework Model {LRFM} which integrates: 1} a methodological foundation for the documenting of lithic and landscape data including historiographic studies, and an explicitly defined lithic methodology, period and sub-period/sub-phase definitions with a radiocarbon chronology} with 2} an interpretive structure which defines conceptual links between the lithic evidence, hunter-gatherer mobility, and the landscape including the concepts of persistent places, risk, taskscapes, the choine operatoire model, positive feedback loops, and the equipotential hypothesis and idea of flexible tool use. The LRFM is placed at the , core of this study and enables the use of lithic evidence to document and investigate both Mesolithic choine operatoires on and between Central Pennine sites, as well as related aspects of Mesolithic mobility and the landscape. In particular, this study uses the lithic evidence to reappraise the mobility models that have been widely employed by archaeologists to explain Mesolithic settlement patterns. It shows that the Central Pennine Mesolithic sites were persistent places, that were repeatedly visited to exploit local plant and animal resources, had significant levels of site investment, were situated on Trans-Pennine pathways that linked rivers (which are argued to have been the main navigable transit routes), and were near to near to culturally significant 'handrail' landmarks. The lithics found on these persistent places are shown to have been exclusively imported from a hinterland covering Northern England. This hinterland compares well with population density reconstructions, and contains similar lithic styles (during the Early and Late Mesolithic). Consequently, this hinterland is suggested - to reflect a socio- ethnic/linguistic territory and/or that it implies that mobility was from throughout Northern England, with the Pennines being a key node or the Nexus of increasingly logistical resource and mobility networks. This therefore challenges traditional east-west mobility models, and the suggestions of smaller separate interior and coastal social territories. The long distance transport of the raw materials to the Central Pennines is shown to have impacted on the chaine operatoires and resulted in distinctly different Central Pennine lithic exploitation strategies (compared to those seen in the more traditionally researched lowland assemblages from karstic areas). In the Central Pennines impacts of the long distances included the virtual lack of on-site knapping, high levels of blade/let or tool importation, and the increased occurrence of flexible strategies (such as risk avoidance, caching, equipotentiality, and retooling). Furthermore, changes in raw material preferences appear to be directly linked to changes in the transit routes used (i.e. as part of changes in the larger mobility cycle over time). In addition, evidence is presented that shows there were distinct te~hnological traditions and cultural preferences in the Mesolithic of northern England. The evidence also implies that the Mesolithic knappers were extremely resourceful and able to adapt these formal trajectories in response to distance related stress (i.e. risk avoidance strategies), and the mitigation of unfavourable raw material properties. Deviation from the formal trajectories was also caused by the use of flexible strategies such as equipotentiality, retooling, and caching which also caused positive feedback loops on the chaine operatoires. Reasons for the flexible technological strategies are investigated including the necessity to import raw materials to the Central Pennines.
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Agarwal, Neetu. "Technology of large flake acheulean at lalitpur, central india." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/306132.
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Aquesta tesi es proposa d’estudiar l’Aixelià a Lalitpur, Índia Central, sota l’òptica del context del jaciment, el procés de formació del jaciment i l’organització tecnològica duta a terme pels hominins. Pretén comprendre els trets característics de l’organització tecnològica aixeliana al jaciment de Lalitpur. S’ha dut a terme mitjançant l’anàlisi del conjunt complet recuperat en el jaciment i no només focalitzant-la en els bifaços com a “fòssil tipus” de l’Aixelià com s’ha fet tradicionalment. En aquest sentit, s’ha emprat l’aproximació pròpia de l’anàlisi de la cadena operativa per comprendre l’organització tecnològica completa des de l’obtenció de la matèria primera, a la reducció dels nuclis, la producció de les ascles, llur modificació en eines configurades, l’ús, el reavivat, el seu abandonament i l’alteració en el decurs de processos post-deposicionals. També s’han tingut en compte atributs quantitatius per permetre les comparacions amb altres conjunts.
Com que el conjunt va ser recuperat en contextos pròxims a la superfície, s’han emprès també estudis detallats del context del jaciment i dels processos de la seva formació a fi de confirmar la integritat del conjunt.
El tipus de matèria primera ha estat sovint considerat com un factor important que afecta les eines de pedra, sobretot des del moment en què el conjunt està manufacturat principalment en granit. Per aquesta raó, s’han dut a terme estudis detallats de la matèria primera.
Per acabar l’Aixelià de Lalitpur ha estat comparat amb d’altres conjunts ben estudiats de l’Índia, Àfrica i Europa a fi de situar l’Aixelià indi en un context global.
L’estudi de l’organització tecnològica dels hominins aixelians de Lalitpur ha servit per a deduir-ne una imatge entenedora de la variabilitat tecnològica de les eines de pedra dels hominins aixelians. Ha ajudat en una redefinició de l’Aixelià de l’Índia i en la seva situació en un context global. A més ha servit per clarificar el concepte de “Aixelià de Grans Ascles” i les implicacions comportamentals d’aquesta tecnologia.
També ha destacat la importància dels jaciments “de superfície” en l’estudi del Paleolític inferior, especialment a l’Índia i ha mostrat la importància dels estudis de la formació dels jaciments en la comprensió de les característiques dels jaciments paleolítics.<br>Esta tesis se propone el estudio del Achelense de Lalitpur, India Central, bajo la óptica del contexto del yacimiento, el proceso de formación del mismo y la organización tecnológica llevada a cabo por los homininos. Pretende comprender los rasgos característicos de la organización tecnológica achelense en el yacimiento de Lalitpur. Se ha llevado a cabo mediante el análisis del conjunto completo recuperado en el yacimiento y no tan sólo focalizándolo en los bifaces como “fósil tipo” del Achelense, tal como se había hecho tradicionalmente. En este sentido, se ha empleado la aproximación propia del análisis de la cadena operativa para comprender la organización tecnológica completa desde la obtención de la materia prima, a la reducción de los núcleos, la producción de lascas, su modificación en herramientas configuradas, su uso, el reavivado, su abandono y la alteración a lo largo de procesos post-deposicionales. También se han tenido en cuenta atributos cuantitativos para permitir las comparaciones con otros conjuntos.
Como el conjunto fue recuperado en contextos próximos a la superficie, se han emprendido también estudios detallados del contexto del yacimiento y de los procesos de su formación a fin de confirmar la integridad del conjunto.
El tipo de materia prima ha sido a menudo considerado como un factor importante que condiciona las herramientas de piedra, sobre todo desde el momento en que el conjunto está manufacturado principalmente en granito. Por esta razón, se han llevado a cabo estudios detallados de la materia prima.
Para terminar el Achelense de Lalitpur ha sido comparado con otros conjuntos bien estudiados de la India, África y Europa con el fin de situar el Achelense indio en un contexto global.
El estudio de la organización tecnológica de los homininos achelenses de Lalitpur ha servido para deducir una imagen clara de la variabilidad tecnológica de las herramientas líticas de los homininos achelenses. Ha ayudado a la redefinición del Achelense de la India y en su situación en un contexto global. Además ha servido para clarificar el concepto de “Achelense de Grandes Lascas” y las implicaciones comportamentales de esta tecnología.
También ha destacado la importancia de yacimientos de “superficie” en el estudio del Paleolítico inferior, especialmente en la India y ha mostrado la importancia de los estudios de la formación del yacimiento en la comprensión de la naturaleza de los yacimientos paleolíticos.<br>The present thesis attempts to study the Acheulean at Lalitpur, Central India in terms of site context, formation processes and technological organization employed by the hominins. It attempts to understand the characteristic features of the Acheulean technological organization at the site of Lalitpur. This has been done through the examination of the entire assemblage from the site and not just focusing on bifaces as the ‘type fossil’ of the Acheulean as has traditionally been done. For this purpose, the chaîne opératoire approach has been used to understand the entire technological organization from raw material procurement, to core reduction, blank production, modification into tools, use, resharpening, discard and alteration subject to post-depositional processes. Quantitative attributes have also been recorded to enable comparisons.
Since the assemblage is recovered from near surface contexts, detailed studies of site context and formation processes were also undertaken to assess the integrity of the assemblage.
Raw material has often been considered as an important factor affecting stone tools, particularly since the assemblage is predominantly made on granite, therefore detailed raw material studies were carried out.
Finally the Acheulean at Lalitpur was compared it with other well studied assemblages in India, Africa and Europe to place the Indian Acheulean in global context
The study of the technological organization of the Acheulean hominins at Lalitpur has helped in deriving a comprehensive picture of the stone tool technological repertoire of the Acheulean hominins. It has helped redefine the Indian Acheulean and place it in global context. Further it has helped in clarifying the concept of ‘Large Flake Acheulean’ and the behavioural implications of this technology.
It has also highlighted the importance of ‘surface’ sites in the study of the Lower Palaeolithic, particularly in India and pointed out the importance of site formation studies in understanding the nature of Palaeolithic sites.
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Acuña, Julian Eduardo. "EARLY FORMATIVE PERIOD EXCHANGE, CRAFTING, AND SUBSISTENCE: AN ANALYSIS OF LA CONSENTIDA’S CHIPPED STONE ASSEMBLAGE." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/780.
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The primary concern of this thesis is to quantify and analyze the lithic (chipped stone) assemblage previously excavated by Hepp (2015) and the La Consentida Archaeological Project (LCAP) at the archaeological site of La Consentida in the lower Río Verde Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico. The lithic assemblage is comprised of over 500 artifacts mainly of obsidian and chert. This research represents a study of all primary context lithic artifacts from La Consentida and focuses on obsidian, the material most used at the site. In the first part of this thesis I provide an analysis of all lithic artifacts of this primary context assemblage collected during the 2012 field season. Additionally, I present technological considerations regarding manufacturing techniques and subsequent issues regarding technique implementation. The second part of this thesis examines the distribution of lithics, in addition to other artifact classes (i.e. ceramics and ground stone), at the site and relates this to manufacturing techniques and inferences towards social organization. Results indicate that the people of La Consentida favored obsidian as a material for lithic manufacture. While other materials were used to produce chipped stone, obsidian dominates the assemblage. Further, these materials were used in expedient lithic reduction, which characterizes the majority of the assemblage. In addition to expedient flakes, specialized tools are also present, although minimal. Additionally, the way in which lithics, and more importantly obsidian artifacts, are distributed at the site indicates a purposeful designation for manufacture and use in specific locations. The artifacts I examine here are crucial to determining the economic practices of this Early Formative period (2000–1000 B.C.) site. Ascertaining how the lithic artifacts were distributed at the site will help expand current understandings of Early Formative period exchange, crafting, and subsistence practices. Furthermore, these results may have implications for developing our understanding of social organization at the earliest known settled village in coastal Oaxaca.
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Kraus, Michael A. C. Jr. "An Analysis of Lithic Production at the Late Nuragic Site of Sa Conca Sa Cresia,Sardinia, Italy." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1490353705406955.
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Crews, Christopher Thomas. "The lithics of Aganoa Village (AS-22-43), American Samoa: a test of chemical characterization and sourcing Tutuilan tool-stone." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85897.
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The purpose of this thesis is to present the morphological and chemical analyses
of the lithic assemblage recovered from Aganoa Village (AS-22-43), Tutuila Island,
American Samoa. Implications were found that include the fact that Aganoa Village did
not act as a lithic workshop, new types of tools that can be included in the Samoan tool
kit, a possible change in subsistence strategies through time at the site, and the fact that
five distinct, separate quarries were utilized at different stages through the full temporal
span of residential activities at the village.
The assemblage was analyzed macroscopically using typologies for tools that are
set and accepted by archaeologists of the area (Green and Davidson [1969] for adzes,
Clark and Herdrich [1993] for flake tools). It was found that a possible new flake tool
type is represented at Aganoa Village that combines the attributes of Class Ia and Class
V. Analysis of the debitage refutes earlier conclusions that the site represents a lithic
workshop. The presence of rejuvenation flakes with polish, a large amount of tertiary debitage as opposed to primary debitage, and the recycling/conservation of finished
adzes indicates that this site was indeed not a lithic workshop area.
In the earliest cultural period (c 2500-2000 years ago) there is a distinct lack of
flake tool scrapers while the other two cultural periods presented 40 examples of such
tools. These scrapers are used primarily for processing agricultural products. The fact
that these tools are missing from the earliest settlement period suggests that these early
inhabitants might have relied more on gathering marine resources from the nearby reef
system rather then agricultural subsistence strategies.
Finally, INAA results show that the lithic artifacts collected come from five
different sources. Two of these sources were identified as the Lau'agae Quarry on the
eastern side of Tutuila Island and the Tataga-Matau Quarry Complex located on the
western portion of the island. Three other basalt types were distinguished but not
sourced or located.
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Malpeli, Pascal. "Préparation de nouveaux ligands chiraux d'axe C2. Induction asymétrique lors de l'addition de dérivés lithiés sur des composés carbonylés prochiraux." Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUES022.
Full textAbstract:
De nouvelles diamines chirales d'axe C2 ont été préparées. Tous ces composés possèdent deux groupes amine tertiaire et certains présentent une fonction éther ou amine secondaire. L'addition asymétrique de dérivés organolithiens et d'aldéhydes ou cétones prochiraux a été étudiée en présence de ces diamines comme ligands. Un excès énantiomérique de 65% a été obtenu par réaction du n-butyllithium et du benzaldéhyde en utilisant la bis(méthyl-1 pyrrolidinyl-2 méthyl)amine dans le THF à -110°C
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Morgan, Jessica Anne. "Obsidian Source Selection in the Early Bronze Age Cyclades." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5746.
Full textAbstract:
From excavations of burial complexes of the Early Bronze Age Cyclades (c. 3000-2200 BC) we know that obsidian was just as important and as widely consumed in burial contexts as it was in contemporaneous household contexts; Early Bronze Age Cycladic tomb assemblages are dominated by beautiful obsidian blades produced through a unique knapping technique reserved for burial contexts (Carter 2007; Dickinson 1994). The lack of sourcing studies in the area is an unfortunate pitfall in Aegean archaeology, as understanding patterns of source selection provides us with precious insight into the complex social structures and behaviors that characterized these ancient communities.
The research detailed in this thesis set out to accomplish these goals for obsidian assemblages from 11 Early Cycladic cemeteries. Structurally, these assemblages are dominated by pressure-flaked blades manufactured specifically for funerary consumption, but also include a small number of blade cores and some pieces of flaking debris. Contextually, the composition of the assemblages reflects the social significance of body modification amongst these islanders, with the blades themselves likely used for depilation, scarification, and tattooing, and the cores reemployed as pestles in the grinding of pigments, as evidenced by pigment residues located on the artifacts (Carter 1998). Two additional assemblages from settlements on Crete were analyzed, one from a Late Neolithic cave site and another from a Late Minoan settlement. These assemblages served both to provide additional regional and temporal context for the Early Cycladic findings and to advance obsidian sourcing efforts in the Aegean as a whole.
In order to characterize the chemical profiles of these artifacts for sourcing purposes, this study employed portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, a non-destructive archaeometric method which allows for the time- and cost-effective mass-sampling of objects on-site. The results display clearly that the Early Cycladic artifacts are overwhelmingly made from Melian obsidian, and approximately 88% derive from the Sta Nychia source. How far-reaching this procurement bias is throughout the Early Bronze Age Aegean is currently difficult to say, though contemporary data from previous studies, as well as the results obtained from the two Cretan assemblages in this study, seem to show a similar pattern. Future research integrating regional traditions of obsidian source selection with previously defined regional distinctions in pressure-blade technology is necessary in order to begin to map communities of practice across the broader Aegean.
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Nowell, April. "The archaeology of mind : standardization and symmetry in lithics and their implications for the study of the evolution of the human mind /." Ann Arbor : UMI dissertation services, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400871619.
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Marchal, Karen L. "Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Evolution of Mica and Feldspar from within the Mount Mica Pegmatite, Maine, USA." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1822.
Full textAbstract:
Mount Mica is a poorly zoned sodic LCT-type pegmatite consisting dominantly of quartz, albite and muscovite in the outer portions. Potassium feldspar and lepidolite are restricted to the core zone. Micas in the wall zone are chemically homogeneous, but abruptly evolve into higher Cs + Rb bearing lithian muscovites and lepidolites in the core zone. The abrupt increase of the Cs, Rb in K-feldspar, and Cs, Rb and F in muscovite, and lepidolite combined with the occurrence of highly evolved species lepidolite, pollucite, elbaite, beryl and spodumene in the core zone suggests that incompatible elements were retained in residual fluid until their concentration was high enough to initiate crystallization of incompatible-rich mineral phases. The relatively low abundance of incompatible elements in the hanging wall suggest that the fractionation process was efficient in sweeping incompatibles into the core-zone, producing proportionally small volumes inside the pegmatite with very high enrichment in incompatible elements.
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Woods, Alexander Davidson. "The effects of lithic raw material quality on Aurignacian blade production at Abri Cellier." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1111.
Full textAbstract:
The Aurignacian is a contentious time period in paleoanthropology. The myriad social changes which accompany the Upper Paleolithic transition have often become associated with the physical tools which Aurignacian people left behind. One result of this is the current tendency of professionals to use blade technology as an indicator of "modernity," rather than examining how changes accompanying the Upper Paleolithic transition made blades a useful adaptation. Of particular importance is the fact that the adoption of blades coincides with a long distance shift in the system used to procure and transport the lithic raw materials. This suggests that before we can use blades to answer anthropological questions about the Aurignacian, we need to establish the relationship between blade production and the acquisition of exotic raw materials.
This dissertation combines an analysis of the lithic collection from the French archaeological site of Abri Cellier with the experimental fracture of lithic raw material samples in order to examine the impact of raw material quality on Aurignacian blade production. The analysis of the assemblage from Abri Cellier demonstrates that Aurignacian blades manufactured on exotic materials were of higher quality than those produced locally. The experimental fracture of raw material samples reveals that the differences in the quality of the exotic and local materials do not sufficiently account for the differences in the quality of the blades produced on them. This implies that the differential transport of high quality final products accounts for the increased quality of exotic blades at Abri Cellier.
This research examines a number of new ways to evaluate quality in the archaeological record. More importantly, however, it firmly demonstrates that the acquisition of long distance raw materials was not a prerequisite for blade production in the Perigord. This work will conclude by arguing that blades played a role in increasing the maintainability of a hafted toolkit geared towards meeting the requirements of an increasingly mobile and collaborative Aurignacian population.
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Bigot, Jean-Pierre. "L'interface semiconducteur/solution. Cas des semiconducteurs à densité d'impuretés ionisables élevée. Application à l'oxyde de nickel lithiné Li(x)Ni(1-x)O." Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 1987. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069887.
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Ce travail développe une approche globale du problème de l'interface entre une solution électrolytique et un semiconducteur doté d'une densité d'impuretés ionisables élevée (environ 10²º/cm³). L'épaisseur réduite de la zone de charge d'espace, l'influence de la couche d'Helmhotz et l'existence de niveaux profonds sont étudiées. Une expression très générale de la capacité de charge d’espace en présence de niveaux profonds est établie. Cette approche est appliquée au cas de l’oxyde de nickel lithiné Li(x)Ni(1-x)O et conduit à une explication originale du comportement de l’interface.
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McLaren, Andrew Peter. "A social life for later lithics : a technological and contextual analysis of later Bronze and Earliest Iron Age flintworking in East Anglia, England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265499.
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This thesis investigates the social significance of flintworking and its products for later Bronze (c.1600-800 BC) and Earliest Iron Age (c.800-600 BC) communities in East Anglia, England. It is argued that current understandings of intra- and inter-site variability in British later Bronze and Iron Age chipped stone assemblages remain seriously underdevelepedd~e to both the scale of previous research and common preconceptions about the crudity of these assemblages. At the same time, it is argued that assemblages of both periods have been consistently divorced from their respective material and spatial contexts, denying them the opportunity to contribute meaningfully to broader discussions on the roles of everyday items of material culture in processes of social reproduction during the later 2�d and 1 st millennia BC. This thesis addresses these weaknesses in previous research by approaching the analysis and interpretation of later Bronze and Earliest Iron Age chipped stone assemblages in East Anglia through the theoretical lens of the anthropology of technology and its complementary conceptual cum methodological tool: the chafne operatoire. Technological analyses of 21 chipped stone assemblages from a variety of site types across the study region and periods are complemented by detailed analyses of the contextual associations - material and spatial - of nine of these assemblages. The former demonstrate significant intra- and inter-site variability in core reduction and tool production sequences across the study sites and attest to a general lack of control, or concern over, both processes. Technological data also indicate minimal technological change over time. In keeping with existing models of socially-driven technological change in post-Neolithic chipped stone assemblages in Britain, these data are interpreted as reflecting a gradual and widespread decline in the importance of both structured flaking routines and artefact form in the reproduction of ideas concerning the self and society over the course of the 2nd millennium BC. Contextual data for the nine case study sites are generally consistent with this interpretation, attesting to the disappearance, over time, of chipped stone artefacts in formal funerary deposits and their concomitant ubiquity in the domestic sphere. Nevertheless, they also suggest that, as an integral part of everyday domestic repertoire of later Bronze and Earliest Iron Age communities in East Anglia, chipped stone tools were often caught up in depositional acts that were likely central to processes of social reproduction during these periods. Together, these observations indicate the importance of adopting an approach to prehistoric chipped stone assemblages that maintains an analytically balanced interest in both production sequences and artefact discard.
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Wagner, John P. "Circles of glass and grain| Economic differences between core and semi-peripheral zones, a study of public center lithics from the Tequila Valleys of West Mexico." Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1588218.
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<p> The dynamics of expanding polities and relationships between cultural core groups, peripheral populations and sites in semi-peripheral areas between the two groups are important topics in studies of complex societies. One area where these distinctions are clearly identified within the settlement pattern formed by the relationship between the cultural and the natural landscape is the Tequila Valleys of Western Mexico. The Teuchitlán culture of the Late Formative and Early Classic periods formed distinctive settlements around the edges of the valleys, which were also marginally bound to most complex social developments within the cultural core region near the center of the valleys. Semi-peripheral sites between cultural traditions are of particular interest as focal points for economic, political, and social relationships. This thesis focuses on two sites which occupied very different environments, namely Llano Grande and Las Navajas. I ask whether these sites show different degrees of emphasis on two basic economic strategies in ways which capitalized on the advantages of each site's respective environment. Specifically, did Llano Grande's relative physical isolation from the cultural core area, more distant location and differences in available resources reflect a greater reliance on trade via exported obsidian? Alternatively, did Navajas' closer relation to the core allow a continuance of the core's degree of emphasis on the staple-oriented economy, with less emphasis on obsidian production and trade than Llano Grande? This thesis draws upon the work of Earle (1991) to structure the analysis, particularly his contrast between wealth and staple finance. Past research is reviewed to develop expectations for each model, which are tested using the analysis of obsidian debitage and products within the ritual centers of each site.</p>
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Laik, Barbara. "Etude comparative de la reactivite et des phenomenes de passivation de l'anode de coke lithie en milieu carbonate, ether et polyoxyde d'ethylene reticule." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EVRY0002.
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Nous avons realise une etude comparative de la reactivite et des phenomenes de passivation de l'anode de coke lithie dans des electrolytes a base de carbonate, tetraglyme ou polyoxyde d'ethylene en presence d'un sel de lithium. Nous avons cherche, en couplant les analyses electrochimiques et les techniques de caracterisations physico-chimiques, a identifier les produits issus de la reactivite du coke lithie avec l'electrolyte et a preciser la part de la quantite d'electricite mise en jeu dans la formation des produits de reduction du sel de lithium et des solvants. Nous avons ainsi mis en evidence que plus de la moitie de cette quantite d'electricite est engagee dans la reduction du sel de lithium et que les ethers sont des solvants moins reductibles que les carbonates. La mise en oeuvre de la technique de retrodiffusion de rutherford a permis de montrer que les produits de corrosion sont localises sur le coke lithie ou partiellement dans la matrice carbonee selon le solvant et le sel utilises. L'ensemble des analyses electrochimiques et de caracterisations physico-chimiques a egalement montre le role majeur de li 2co 3, produit de reduction des solvants carbonates. Les etudes comparatives du comportement du lithium avec le polyoxyde d'ethylene et le tetraglyme ont montre une cinetique de reactivite plus lente dans le polymere, associee, par contre, a des phenomenes de polarisation plus importants. La stabilite du coke lithie et sa reversibilite electrochimique ont ete egalement testes dans des electrolytes mixtes polyoxyde d'ethylene / carbonate (electrolytes gelifies). Il apparait que la stabilite de l'anode de coke lithie est plus faible dans les electrolytes gelifes que dans les electrolytes carbonates.
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Bachellerie, François. "Quelle unité pour le Châtelperronien ? : apport de l'analyse taphonomique et techno-économique des industries lithiques de trois gisements aquitains de plein air : le Basté, Bidart (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) et Canaule II (Dordogne)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14322/document.
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Au coeur du stade isotopique 3, le Châtelperronien est vu comme la dernière manifestation culturelle desnéandertaliens en France et dans le nord de l’Espagne. Ce technocomplexe est défini comme « de transition »avec un monde nouveau, celui du Paléolithique supérieur, dont l’artisan est l’Homme anatomiquement moderne.Il n’est cependant connu que par un nombre restreint de sites, souvent fouillés anciennement, et sur lesquelsplanent des soupçons de mélanges. Afin de mieux définir cette industrie, nous proposons ici d'en documenter lavariabilité, par le biais de l'analyse taphonomique et techno-économique de trois séries lithiques aquitaines deplein-air : le Basté (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), Bidart (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) et Canaule II (Dordogne).Intégrés à une synthèse bibliographique critique mobilisant les autres collections châtelperroniennes, nosrésultats confirment la forte unité technique du Châtelperronien, probablement symptomatique d’une unitéculturelle forte, tant dans les modalités que dans les objectifs de la production lithique. L’équipement lithique estorienté vers l’obtention de lames plutôt larges et courtes, de profil rectiligne, principalement dévolues à lafabrication de pointes ou couteaux de Châtelperron. La forte unité morphométrique de ces dernières, ajouté à laremise en cause de la réalité d'une composante moustérienne au sein de ces séries, annihilent l’idée d'unevariabilité diachronique ou géographique du Châtelperronien, qui à ce titre ne peut plus être défini comme uneindustrie de "transition" au sens propre du terme, mais bien comme un technocomplexe pleinement paléolithiquesupérieur.A une échelle plus vaste, le processus ayant conduit à sa formation semble reposer sur la place prépondérantedonnée à la recherche de pointes lithiques légères et potentiellement utilisées comme armatures. Ce processus estcomparable à celui en action, à la même période et dans le reste de l'Europe occidentale, au sein des autrestechnocomplexes dits de "transition".Ces résultats rejoignent ainsi l’idée d’une apparition graduelle et géographiquement contrastée des élémentsstructurants du Paléolithique supérieur, dont certains sont déjà en oeuvre bien avant l'émergence de l'Aurignacien(production laminaire, rôle prépondérant des armatures au sein des équipements lithiques, industrie en matièredure animale). Ils contribuent donc à estomper l'image de rupture communément admise pour cette périodecharnière dans l'histoire de l'humanité<br>The Chatelperronian, dating to MIS 3, represents the final expression of the Neanderthals in France and northernSpain. This techno-complex has been defined as the transition to the new world of the Upper Palaeolithic whichis associated with anatomically modern humans. However, this industry is known from only a few recentlyanalysed collections. This work documents the variability of this techno-complex by way of a taphonomic andtechno-economic analysis of three open-air sites from the Aquitaine region: Le Basté (Pyrénées-Atlantique),Bidart (Pyrénées-Atlantique), and Canaule II (Dordogne).These results are integrated with a bibliographic synthesis which considers other Chatelperronian assemblagesbased on their analytical value. The substantial technical unity of the Chatelperronian is confirmed and is likelyindicative of an equally substantial cultural unity expressed in the modes and objectives of an almost exclusivelylaminar lithic production system. These generally short and wide blades with rectilinear profiles were detachedusing soft-stone hammer percussion and were mainly designed for the manufacture of Chatelperronian points.Furthermore, the considerable morphometric unity of these pieces, coupled with the doubt cast upon the realityof a Mousterian component of this industry, calls into question the idea of an internal evolution.The Chatelperronian, in the absence of a cultural composite in associated chaînes opératoires, can no longer bedefined as a ‘transitional’ industry in the literal sense of the term.Nevertheless, its formation seems to be have been driven by the desire for lightweight lithic points that werepotentially employed as armatures. This process is comparable with those seen during the same period across therest of Western Europe with other ‘transitional’ techno-complexes.This work therefore aligns itself with the idea of a gradual appearance of the elements structuring the UpperPalaeolithic of which certain features were already in place well before the emergence of the Aurignacian(laminar production, the predominant role of armatures in the lithic tool-kit, and the presence of bone and antlerartefacts). Our conclusions chip away at the commonly accepted image of a rupture during this pivotal period inthe history of humanity
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Ardelean, Ciprian Florin. "Archaeology of early human occupations and the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Zacatecas Desert, northern Mexico." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13870.
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This doctoral thesis presents the results of the pioneering archaeological investigation conducted in the Northern Mexican Highlands with the aim to evaluate the existing indicators of the earliest human occupations at the end of the Pleistocene and discover new evidence of ancient cultural manifestations through a systematic exploration of an endorheic basic in the Zacatecas desert, a region never studied before. An exhaustive survey and analysis of the available literature on Mexican prehistory establishes the weak points of the local paradigms, differentiating between academic myths and objective realities. A complete historiography of the topic of the earliest humans in Mexico has been achieved, for the first time. The study of several collections of flaked stone artefacts, in different cities in Mexico, show new indicators of the presence of bearers of the Late Paleoamerican cultures, in regions where their presence had been weakly confirmed. The most important part of the research consisted in fieldwork realised during two long seasons; the first one dedicated to the surface explorations and the second one to excavations. Thirty-five new archaeological sites were discovered in the first phase, most of them open campsites reminiscent of hunter-gatherer societies, with a richness of stone artefacts on their surface. They indicate a long cultural sequence, going from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene and the historic periods. Four sites were further studied by fourteen test excavation units: Dunas de Milpa Grande, San José de las Grutas, the Chiquihuite Cave and Ojo de Agua. Two new archaeological cultures were identified, one at Dunas (an interesting assemblage of limestone and basalt flaked stone tools) and another one at San José (a limestone concave-based points complex). First indicators of ʻolder than Clovisʼ human presence have also been obtained. The palaeoenvironmental data provide a preliminary reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene landscape of the basin, based on geology, extinct fauna, phytolith and mollusc analyses. Radiocarbon and OSL results support a first cultural and paleoclimatic model for the study area. This investigation also discovered the first case of a “black mat” in Mexico: a black layer of sediment deposited under specific environmental conditions during the Younger Dryas cooling event.
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McLachlan, Zoen. "Typology of Projectile Points/Knives from Upper East Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/643.
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Projectile points/ knives (PPKs) are categorized by morphology, also called typology, and associated with cultural periods. A total of 64 PPKs in collections in the Archaeology Lab at East Tennessee State University were curated as untyped and without provenience. They were allegedly collected from ground surveys in Upper East Tennessee, but without archaeological context research had not been prioritized. The importance of such research lies in the fact that few publications exist on the region of Upper East Tennessee and many reference books on lithic typology portray PPKs through illustrations of the ideal morphology of each type. The challenge herein is that the lithic technologies excavated by archaeologists are typically used, worn, broken, or abandoned. A comparative collection of projectile points found in the field from the region of Upper East Tennessee is a valuable research resource. The 64 PPKs yielded 25 typologies that are, indeed, published from Upper East Tennessee and show variability from resharpening, wear, and other means. The comparative collection is curated at the East Tennessee State University Archaeology Lab at Valley Brook.