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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithium film'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Ji-Guang, Edwin C. Tracy, David K. Benson, and Satyen K. Deb. "The influence of microstructure on the electrochromic properties of LixWO3 thin films: Part I. Ion diffusion and electrochromic properties." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 10 (October 1993): 2649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2649.

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The chemical diffusion coefficients of lithium ions in LixWO3 films were investigated as a function of lithium concentration and film porosity. Thin films were deposited with different porosities by thermal evaporation of WO3 powder in various partial water pressures. Our results indicate that diffusion coefficients increase with film porosity and decrease with increasing lithium concentration. Large diffusion coefficients that were found for small lithium concentrations appear to be due to the contribution of protons generated from ion exchange reactions between lithium and water incorporated in the film. Simultaneous electrical and in situ optical measurements were carried out to study the effect of porosity on the electrochromic properties of LixWO3. The coloring efficiency of porous WO3 films increases by approximately 70% when deposited in partial water pressure of 10−4 Torr, but decreases with further increments in water pressure.
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2

Xu, Mengyue, Mingbo He, Yuntao Zhu, Lin Liu, Lifeng Chen, Siyuan Yu, and Xinlun Cai. "Integrated thin film lithium niobate Fabry–Perot modulator [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 6 (2021): 060003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.060003.

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3

Wu, Xu Yong, De Yin Zhang, and Kun Li. "Preparation and Characterization of Novel Lithium Tantalate Target." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.840.

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The novel lithium enriched lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) targets were papered by employing the sol-gel process and the high temperature sintered process. The sol of LiTaO3 was firstly prepared through reacting lithium ethoxide with tantalum ethoxide. The LiTaO3 powder was fabricated by presintered LiTaO3 dry gel 4 hour, at 800°C. The 11cm13cm1cm lithium enriched LiTaO3 target samples were prepared by sintered the pressed LiTaO3 powder billet 4 hour in the 850°C muffle furnace. The density of the 5% overdose lithium enriched LiTaO3 target is measured 5.96g/cm3. The XRD measured results show that the ion beam enhanced deposited (IBED) thin film samples using the prepared 5% overdose lithium enriched LiTaO3 target have the polycrystal structure of LiTaO3, but there has remanent Ta2O5 existed in the IBED thin film samples. The main reason for the remanent Ta2O5 growth was due to the stoichiometric proportion mismatch between Li and Ta in the IBED thin film samples during the high temperature annealed process, which caused the lithium oxide evaporation loss from the IBED thin film samples and made the proportion of Ta2O5 increase. After multipule repeated target prepared experiments, the 8.76% overdose lithium enriched LiTaO3 target is suitable for fabricating the 550°C annealed IBED LiTaO3 thin film. After the repeated process experiments, the suitable deposited process parameters of the IBED-C600M instrument for the 8.76% overdose lithium enriched LiTaO3 target were obtained. The SEM micrographs of the 550°C annealed IBED LiTaO3 thin films prepared by the 8.76% overdose lithium enriched LiTaO3 target reveal the prepared thin films are uniform, smooth and crack-free on the surface, and the perfect adhesion between the thin film and the substrate. The successfully fabricated LiTaO3 thin film samples verify the prepared processes of novel LiTaO3 sputtering target are effective.
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4

Liang, Hai Xia, Run Xia Jiang, Liang Xiao, and Han Xing Liu. "Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Li1-XNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Thin Film Using Different Raw Material by Sol-Gel Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2259.

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Lithium-deficient thin films Li1-xNi0.5Mn0.5O2 were synthesized by sol-gel method using metal lithium, manganese and nickel acetate salts and acetylacetonate salts as started materials, respectively. The microstructures and electrochemical performance of Li1-xNi0.5Mn0.5O2 thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. Lithium-deficient was due to the formation of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 impurities. The lithium-deficient was more seriously for SB film due to contain crystal water in the acetate salts. The raw material had great influence on the morphology of the films. The SA film had better electrochemical properties than that of SB film. The first discharge capacity was about 51 μAh/cm2-μm. After 40 cycles, 76% of its discharge capacity can be retained. The metal acetylacetonate salts without crystal water are more suitable for the preparation of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 film by sol-gel method.
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5

Perrotta, A. J., S. Y. Tzeng, W. D. Imbrogno, R. Rolles, and M. S. Weather. "Hydrotalcite formation on aluminum sheet and powder." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 12 (December 1992): 3306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.3306.

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We have observed the formation of the hydrotalcite-like phase of lithium dialuminate, LiAl2(OH)6OH · 2H2O, and also the carbonate analog, by the oxidation of aluminum sheet and also aluminum powder in aqueous lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate solutions. A secondary phase, bayerite, was also observed following the oxidation process, except when the aluminum was treated with lithium oxalate solutions where it is the principal phase. Results have been obtained for the time required to form a passivating film to hydrogen formation as a function of temperature and oxidizing solution. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction of aluminum sheet samples, combined with polycrystalline x-ray diffraction on similarly treated aluminum powder, were used to evaluate the formation of the films. Both transmission and reflectance infrared absorption spectra on powder and sheet samples were used to support the x-ray observations. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies show morphological differences between preparations, film thicknesses of 10–20 μm, and also film defects. Additional SIMS analysis determined the relative lithium and aluminum concentrations in the films, suggesting that a higher concentration of lithium occurs when lithium carbonate is present in the reacting solutions.
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6

Xu, Fan, Nancy J. Dudney, Gabriel M. Veith, Yoongu Kim, Can Erdonmez, Wei Lai, and Yet-Ming Chiang. "Properties of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (Lipon) for 3D solid-state lithium batteries." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 8 (August 2010): 1507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0193.

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The thin film electrolyte known as Lipon (lithium phosphorous oxynitride) has proven successful for planar thin film battery applications. Here, the sputter deposition of the amorphous LiPON electrolyte onto more complex 3D structures is examined. The 3D structures include off-axis alignment of planar substrates and also 10–100 μm arrays of pores, columns, and grooves. For magnetron sputtering in N2 gas at 2.6 Pa, the Lipon film deposition is not restricted to be line-of-sight to the target, but forms conformal and dense films over the 3D and off-axis substrates. The deposition rate decreases for areas and grooves that are less accessible by the sputtered flux. The composition varies, but remains within the range that gives sufficient Li+ ionic conductivity, 2 ± 1 μS/cm.
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7

Utamarat, Nisida, Lek Sikong, and Kanadit Chetpattananondh. "Electrochromic Properties of Lithium Vanadate Doped Tungsten Trioxide Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.9.

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Lithium vanadate doped tungsten trioxide films were coated on conducting fluorine doped tin oxide substrate by the sol-gel and dip coating methods using lithium vanadate and peroxotungstic acid sol. The concentration of lithium vanadatewas varied and the effects of lithium vanadate on morphology, microstructure and electrochromic properties of WO3 film were investigated. The synthesized tungsten trioxide with 10 wt.% lithium vanadate can be identified as amorphous structure. It observed that the crystallinity of the films are increase and more smooth when Li concentration increased and exhibits excellent properties in electrochromic performance in terms of diffusion coefficient is about as 2.6×10-9 cm2s-1 with the potential scan from -1.0 to +1.0 V as a scan rate of 100 mVs-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution.
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8

Badilescu, Simona, Khalid Boufker, P. V. Ashrit, Fernand E. Girouard, and Vo-Van Truong. "FT-IR/ATR Study of Lithium Intercalation into Molybdenum Oxide Thin Film." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 6 (June 1993): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066866.

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Molybdenum oxide thin films are deposited by thermal evaporation and sputtering, and lithium is inserted by a dry lithiation method. The FT-IR/ATR technique is used to study the formation and evolution of lithium bronze and lithium molybdate species. The mechanism of lithium intercalation is found to be dependent on the method of film preparation. The involvement of water molecules in the kinetics of lithiation is stressed.
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9

Wu, Jiaxiong, Wei Cai, and Guangyi Shang. "Electrochemical Behavior of LiFePO4 Thin Film Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering in Li2SO4 Aqueous Electrolyte." International Journal of Nanoscience 14, no. 01n02 (February 2015): 1460027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x14600278.

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LiFePO 4 films were deposited on Au / Si substrate by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The effect of annealing on the crystallization and morphology of LiFePO 4 thin film has been investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed that the films through annealing were well crystallized compared with as-deposited films. The surface morphology of the thin film was also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electrochemical tests in 1M Li 2 SO 4 showed that the annealed thin film in 500°C exhibits larger Li -ion diffusion coefficient (3.46 × 10-7 cm2s-1) than as-deposited film and powder. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry demonstrate a well-defined lithium intercalation/deintercalation reaction at around 0.45 V versus SCE (i.e., 3.6 V versus Li +/ Li ), suggesting that the annealed LiFePO 4 thin film is a promising candidate cathode film for lithium microbatteries.
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10

Bates, J. "Thin-film lithium and lithium-ion batteries." Solid State Ionics 135, no. 1-4 (November 1, 2000): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(00)00327-1.

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11

Souquet, J. "Thin film lithium batteries." Solid State Ionics 148, no. 3-4 (June 2, 2002): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00076-0.

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12

Lin, Jie, Chang Liu, Qi Liu, and Hang Guo. "All-Solid-States Thin Film Lithium-Ion Micro-Battery with SnOX Films Doped with Cu as Negative Electrode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.38.

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For powering various micro/nanodevices and systems, it is necessary to develop a thin film micro-battery with high capacity and outstanding cycle performance. By using radio frequency (RF) magnetrons sputtering, tin oxide thin films used for thin film micro-batteries negative electrode were deposited on silicon substrates. Besides, doping metal impurity Cu was used to improve the performance of the films. The results showed that with the increasing of Cu-doping content, the phase of thin oxide thin films tended from crystalline to amorphous, the capacity of SnOx films increased, and the cycle performance improved. Lastly, LiCoO2/LiPON/SnOx and LiCoO2/LiPON/CuySnOx all-solid-states thin film lithium-ion batteries were prepared with MEMS techniques, and the tests gave the conclusions that with the copper doping in the negative electrode, the capacity of thin film lithium-ion batteries increased, and the batteries showed better circulation property.
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13

Zhao, Ling Zhi, Qiao Li Niu, Miao He, Shi Chen Su, Qiang Ru, and Xian Hua Hou. "Influence of Magnetron Sputtering Method on Cyclic Performance of Tin Film Anodes." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1706.

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Tin thin films on Cu foil substrates as the anodes of lithium ion battery were prepared by direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering (MS), respectively. The surface morphology and cyclic performance of the films were characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GC) measurements. It is found that the cyclic performance of Sn film prepared by RFMS as anode of lithium ion battery is far better than that prepared DCMS. The discharge capacity of the film prepared by DCMS changes from 748 mAh/g of 1st cycle to 99 mAh/g of 30th cycle. Nevertheless, the discharge capacity of the film prepared by RFMS changes from 653 mAh/g of 1st cycle to 454 mAh/g of 30th cycle. The better performance of the film prepared by RFMS is ascribed to the retardation of the bulk tin cracking from volume change during lithium intercalation and de-intercalation, which avoids the pulverization of tin.
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14

Maximov, Maxim, Denis Nazarov, Aleksander Rumyantsev, Yury Koshtyal, Ilya Ezhov, Ilya Mitrofanov, Artem Kim, Oleg Medvedev, and Anatoly Popovich. "Atomic Layer Deposition of Lithium–Nickel–Silicon Oxide Cathode Material for Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092345.

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Lithium nickelate (LiNiO2) and materials based on it are attractive positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, owing to their large capacity. In this paper, the results of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of lithium–nickel–silicon oxide thin films using lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and bis(cyclopentadienyl) nickel (II) (NiCp2) as precursors and remote oxygen plasma as a counter-reagent are reported. Two approaches were studied: ALD using supercycles and ALD of the multilayered structure of lithium oxide, lithium nickel oxide, and nickel oxides followed by annealing. The prepared films were studied by scanning electron microscopy, spectral ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and selected-area electron diffraction. The pulse ratio of LiHMDS/Ni(Cp)2 precursors in one supercycle ranged from 1/1 to 1/10. Silicon was observed in the deposited films, and after annealing, crystalline Li2SiO3 and Li2Si2O5 were formed at 800 °C. Annealing of the multilayered sample caused the partial formation of LiNiO2. The obtained cathode materials possessed electrochemical activity comparable with the results for other thin-film cathodes.
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15

Arie, Arenst Andreas, and Joong Kee Lee. "Estimation of Li-Ion Diffusion Coefficients in C60 Coated Si Thin Film Anodes Using Electrochemical Techniques." Defect and Diffusion Forum 326-328 (April 2012): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.326-328.87.

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C60coated Si thin films were prepared sequentially by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and a plasma assisted thermal evaporation technique. The films were then utilized as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The diffusion coefficients of Li-ions in the film electrodes were then estimated by typical electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The diffusion coefficients determined by both methods were found to be consistent each other. The diffusion coefficient of coated samples was obviously higher than that of bare silicon thin films, indicated that the kinetic properties of lithium ion transport in silicon film electrodes were enhanced by the C60film coating on its surface.
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16

Joo, K. H., H. J. Sohn, P. Vinatier, B. Pecquenard, and A. Levasseur. "Lithium Ion Conducting Lithium Sulfur Oxynitride Thin Film." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 7, no. 8 (2004): A256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1769317.

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17

Zhu, Yiran, Yuan Zhou, Zhe Wang, Zhiwei Fang, Zhaoxiang Liu, Wei Chen, Min Wang, Haisu Zhang, and Ya Cheng. "Electro-optically tunable microdisk laser on Er3+-doped lithium niobate thin film." Chinese Optics Letters 20, no. 1 (2022): 011303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202220.011303.

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18

Ono, Satomi, and Shin-ichi Hirano. "Processing of highly oriented lithium tantalate films by chemical solution deposition." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 10 (October 2002): 2532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0368.

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The synthesis of lithium tantalate films by a chemical solution deposition method was studied. A precursor solution was prepared by dissolving lithium ethoxide and tantalum pentaethoxide in ethanol. The addition of formic acid to this precursor solution was very effective in the preparation of homogeneous and transparent precursor films on substrates by spin coating. Lithium tantalate films crystallized on sapphire (001) substrates with a highly preferred orientation along the c axis with heat-treating at temperatures above 450 °C. The refractive index of the film prepared at 550 °C was 2.049, which is close to the value for single crystals of lithium tantalate (2.176).
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19

Wang, Z. H., and M. J. Ni. "Size Effect Analysis of Thermal Conductivity in Lithium Nanometer Film." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 1113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1113.

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Lithium is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, fuel cell, ceramic industry, glass, lubricants, aluminum industry, refrigerant, nuclear industry and photovoltaic industry. The thermal properties of lithium are very important for the design and safe operation. The MEAM potential was applied to calculate thermal conductivity of lithium with emphasis on size effect analysis in the lithium nanometer film using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation method. The results show that the lithium thermal conductivity increases with increasing film thickness. The obvious size effect and anisotropy of thermal conductivity are found in the lithium nanometer film. From the simulation results, the difference of normal and tangential thermal conductivity has been analyzed quantitatively.
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20

Deepa, M., A. K. Srivastava, S. Singh, and S. A. Agnihotry. "Structure–property correlation of nanostructured WO3 thin films produced by electrodeposition." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 9 (September 2004): 2576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0336.

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Nanocrystalline tungsten oxide (WO3) films were electrodeposited potentiostatically at room temperature on transparent conducting substrates from an ethanolic solution of acetylated peroxotungstic acid prepared from a wet chemistry process. The changes that occur in the microstructure and the grain size of the as-deposited WO3 films as a function of annealing temperature are simultaneously accompanied by a continually varying electrochromic performance. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the transformation of a nanocrystalline as-deposited WO3 film into a highly crystalline triclinic WO3 as the annealing temperature was raised from room temperature to 500 °C. The microstructural evolution with the increasing annealing temperature of the as-deposited film was further exemplified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. While the as-deposited film was composed of uniformly distributed ultra fine nanograins, the most noticeable feature seen in these films annealed at 250 °C was the presence of open channels which are believed to promote lithium ion motion. Films annealed at 400 °C exhibited coarse grains with prominent grain boundaries that hinder lithium ion movement, which in turn reduces the film’s ion insertion capacity. In concordance with the TEM results, the 250 °C film had the highest ion storage capacity as it exhibited a charge density of 67.4 mC cm−2 μm−1. The effect of microstructure was also reflected in the high transmission modulation (64%) and coloration efficiency (118 cm2 C−1) of the 250 °C film at 632.8 nm. Contrary to the superior electrochromic performance of the 250 °C film, the optical switching speeds between the colored and bleached states of the as-deposited WO3 film declined considerably as a function of annealing temperature. Also, the diffusion coefficient for lithium ions was greater by at least an order of magnitude for the as-deposited film as compared to the 250 and 500 °C films. In this report, the influence of microstructural changes that are brought about by the annealing of the as-deposited WO3 films on their coloration-bleaching dynamics is evaluated in terms of their structural, electrochromic, and electrochemical properties.
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21

Shim, Heung Taek, Joong Kee Lee, and Byoung Won Cho. "DLC Film Coating on a Lithium Metal as an Anode of Lithium Secondary Batteries." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.919.

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In order to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium metal as an anode of lithium secondary battery, we prepared DLC film coating with various morphologies using a radio-frequency chemical vapor deposition method. Raman spectroscopy and FT-IR analyses revealed that the DLC film consists of mixture of graphitic sp2 and aliphatic sp3 hybridized bonds. DLC coating on lithium metal electrode play an important role as a passive layer during electrochemical reaction. Based on experimental results, we expected that the well dispersed DLC film coating sector as small as possible on the lithium metal electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance such as irreversible capacity and cycling performance.
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22

Gou, Jun, Jun Wang, Ze Hua Huang, and Ya Dong Jiang. "Preparation of LiTaO3 Nano-Crystalline Films by Sol-Gel Process." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.446.

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Lithium tantalite (LiTaO3) thin film material shows good feasibility and potential for the application of high-performance detection system. In this paper, sol-gel process of LiTaO3 thin films on p-type (111) silicon substrates was described. Stable precursor solution with a desired viscosity was obtained using lithium acetate (LiAc) and tantalum ethoxide (Ta(OC2H5)5) as starting materials. Heat treatment process was optimized to fabricate LiTaO3 films of high crystallinity. Higher crystalline quality films were obtained when each spin-coating process was followed by an annealing operation. Microstructures and crystallization properties of LiTaO3 thin films were further studied. Nano-crystalline films were obtained after annealing at 700 °C for 5 min. The experimental results indicated that the crystallinity and mean grain size of LiTaO3 thin films were proportional to the film thickness.
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23

Brinkmann, M., S. Graff, C. Chaumont, and J.-J. André. "Electrodeposition of lithium phthalocyanine thin films: Part I. Structure and morphology." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 5 (May 1999): 2162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0292.

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A new thin film synthesis route based on the electrochemical oxidation of PcLi2 and deposition of lithium phthalocyanine (PcLi) onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate is demonstrated. The effects on the thin film morphology of various parameters such as the electrolysis time, the nature of the solvent, and the oxidation potential are investigated. The thin film growth is studied via x-ray diffraction, potential step experiments, and ex situ scanning electron microscopy. Various morphologies of the x-form thin films are observed for different electrolysis times and solvents. Thin films grown in acetonitrile of thickness above 1 μm consist in unidirectionally oriented needle-shaped crystallites.
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24

Cho, Gyu-bong, Tae-hoon Kwon, Tae-hyun Nam, Sun-chul Huh, Byeong-keun Choi, Hyo-min Jeong, and Jung-pil Noh. "Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Lithium Nickel Oxide Thin Films." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/824083.

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LiNiO2thin films were fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering. The microstructure of the films was determined by X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties were investigated with a battery cycler using coin-type half-cells. The LiNiO2thin films annealed below 500°C had the surface carbonate. The results suggest that surface carbonate interrupted the Li intercalation and deintercalation during charge/discharge. Although the annealing process enhanced the crystallization of LiNiO2, the capacity did not increase. When the annealing temperature was increased to 600°C, the FeCrNiO4oxide phase was generated and the discharge capacity decreased due to an oxygen deficiency in the LiNiO2thin film. The ZrO2-coated LiNiO2thin film provided an improved discharge capacity compared to bare LiNiO2thin film suggesting that the improved electrochemical characteristic may be attributed to the inhibition of surface carbonate by ZrO2coating layer.
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25

BATES, J., G. GRUZALSKI, N. DUDNEY, C. LUCK, and X. YU. "Rechargeable thin-film lithium batteries." Solid State Ionics 70-71 (May 1994): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)90383-2.

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26

Bates, J. B., N. J. Dudney, D. C. Lubben, G. R. Gruzalski, B. S. Kwak, Xiaohua Yu, and R. A. Zuhr. "Thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries." Journal of Power Sources 54, no. 1 (March 1995): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(94)02040-a.

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27

Liu, Xuecheng, Bing Xiong, Changzheng Sun, Jian Wang, Zhibiao Hao, Lai Wang, Yanjun Han, Hongtao Li, Jiadong Yu, and Yi Luo. "Wideband thin-film lithium niobate modulator with low half-wave-voltage length product." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 6 (2021): 060016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.060016.

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28

Li, Yang, Zhijin Huang, Wentao Qiu, Jiangli Dong, Heyuan Guan, and Huihui Lu. "Recent progress of second harmonic generation based on thin film lithium niobate [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 6 (2021): 060012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.060012.

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29

Kozlova, N. S., V. R. Shayapov, E. V. Zabelina, A. P. Kozlova, R. N. Zhukov, D. A. Kiselev, M. D. Malinkovich, and M. I. Voronova. "Determination of optical parameters of lithium niobate films by srectrophotometry." Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Materialy Elektronnoi Tekhniki = Materials of Electronics Engineering 20, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1609-3577-2017-2-107-114.

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Lithium niobate films on silicon substrates were synthesized by high−frequency magnetron sputtering of a target. The resultant film was a layer of polycrystalline lithium niobate. By the method of spectrophotometry we obtained the spectral dependences of the reflectance in the wavelength range 300—700 nm at small angles of incidence. The angular dependence of p− and s− polarized light were measured for a discrete set of wavelengths from 300 to 700 nm increments of wavelength 50 nm and increments for angles of 1°. The values of the refractive indicies, film thickness and extinction coefficients were determined using a numerical method for solving inverse problems. As the film is absorbing we accepted the simulation optical system as an isotropic monolayer absorbing film on a semi-infinite absorbing substrate with a sharp interface. Initial approximation for the solution of inverse problems were defined by the methods based on the estimation of the interference extrema position in the reflection-angular spectra. Values of the refractive indicies of the film differ from the values typical for LiNbO3 single crystals obtained both from the reference literature, and by refractive indices direct goniometric method measurements of a certified standard enterprise sample (SES) made from a lithium niobate single crystal. We additionally studied the specimens with X−ray diffraction and scanning probe microscopy. These deviations are attributed to the film inhomogeneity, the presence of the second phase, and disordering of the structure. Inclusions of the second phase in the form of crystallites with a predominant orientation along the Z axis are observed.
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30

Yu, Xiaohua, J. B. Bates, G. E. Jellison, and F. X. Hart. "A Stable Thin‐Film Lithium Electrolyte: Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 144, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837443.

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31

Beaulieu, L. Y., A. D. Rutenberg, and J. R. Dahn. "Measuring Thickness Changes in Thin Films Due to Chemical Reaction by Monitoring the Surface Roughness with In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 8, no. 5 (October 2002): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927602010309.

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Measuring the changing thickness of a thin film, without a reference, using an atomic force microscope (AFM) is problematic. Here, we report a method for measuring film thickness based on in situ monitoring of surface roughness of films as their thickness changes. For example, in situ AFM roughness measurements have been performed on alloy film electrodes on rigid substrates as they react with lithium electrochemically. The addition (or removal) of lithium to (or from) the alloy causes the latter to expand (or contract) reversibly in the direction perpendicular to the substrate and, in principle, the change in the overall height of these materials is directly proportional to the change in roughness. If the substrate on which the film is deposited is not perfectly smooth, a correction to the direct proportionality is needed and this is also discussed.
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32

Park, Jesik, Jaeo Lee, and C. K. Lee. "Synthesis of Lithium Thin Film by Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1049.

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Synthesis of metallic lithium thin film was investigated from two ionic liquid of [EMIM]Tf2N and PP13Tf2N with LiTFSI as a lithium source. Cyclic voltammograms on Au electrode showed the possibility of the electrodeposition of metallic lithium, the reduction current in [EMIM]Tf2N was higher than the value in PP13Tf2N. The metallic lithium thin film could be synthesized on the Au electrode by the potentiostatic condition, which was confirmed by various analytical techniques including x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The lithium surface electrodeposited was uniformly without dendrite, any impurity was not detected except trace oxygen contaminated during handling for analyses.
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33

Ning, Tao, Mao Lin Zhang, and Yong Shun Qi. "Hydrogen Properties of Lithium Doped Stannic Oxide Thick Film Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.130.

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Gas response properties of lithium doped (1%~8%) SnO2 sensing films were investigated when exposed to hydrogen gas. Sensors were prepared by thick film technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the crystal structure and grain size of the prepared materials. The gas response properties indicated that the response time reduces obviously with the Li-doping. It was found that 4 mol% Li-doped sensing film exhibits the best response characteristics. The response mechanism was suggested to arise from the conduction holes ionized by Li and the surface potential barrier change in target gas.
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34

Suzuki, Shinya, Naoko Sakai, and Masaru Miyayama. "Fabrication of Titanate Thin Film by Electrophoretic Deposition of Tetratitanate Nanosheets for Electrodes of Li-Ion Battery." Key Engineering Materials 388 (September 2008): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.388.37.

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Thin films of titanate were prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of a colloidal suspension of nanosheets, and their lithium intercalation properties were examined. Thickness of the obtained film increased approximately in proportion to the increase in deposition time and concentration of the colloidal suspension used for EPD bath. EPD method was revealed to be a convenient method for layer lamination of nanosheets. The reversible capacity for the obtained film was approximately 170 mA h g-1, and it was in common with anatase-type TiO2 or conventional titanate. Lithium diffusion coefficient along the thickness direction was estimated to be 6 × 10-14 cm2 sec-1.
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35

Ismangil, Agus, and Teguh Puja Negara. "KARAKTERISTIK LITHIUM TANTALAT (LITAO3) DIDOPING NIOBIUM BERVARIASI SUHU." Komputasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komputer dan Matematika 15, no. 2 (October 9, 2019): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/komputasi.v15i2.1384.

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Telah dilakukan pendopingan Litium tantalat LiTaO3 dengan cerium oksida pada substrat Si Tipe –P (100) dengan metode chemical solution deposition dan spin coating dengan kecepatan 3000 rpm selama 30 seconds. LiTaO3 memiliki konsentrasi 2.5M dan suhu annealing 800 °C. Film tipis LiTaO3 dikarakterisasi dengan ocean optic spectroscopy. Hasil dari karakterisasi spektroskopi film lithium tantalat yang didoping cerium oksida terlihat puncak absorbansi tertinggi pada suhu annealing 800oC menghasilkan panjang gelombang 934 nm, puncak absorbansi tertinggi pada film lithium tantalat pada suhu annealing 800 oC dengan kata lain film LiTaO3 banyak menyerap energi foton dari cahaya yang mengenainya serta film tipis litium tantalat menjadi cikal bakal sensor infra merah
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36

Zhou, Yong-Ning, Ming-Zhe Xue, and Zheng-Wen Fu. "Nanostructured thin film electrodes for lithium storage and all-solid-state thin-film lithium batteries." Journal of Power Sources 234 (July 2013): 310–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.183.

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37

Oyedotun, K. O., E. Ajenifuja, B. Olofinjana, B. A. Taleatu, E. Omotoso, M. A. Eleruja, and E. O. B. Ajayi. "Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition of lithium manganese oxide thin films via single solid source precursor." Materials Science-Poland 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0102.

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AbstractLithium manganese oxide thin films were deposited on sodalime glass substrates by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) technique. The films were prepared by pyrolysis of lithium manganese acetylacetonate precursor at a temperature of 420 °C with a flow rate of 2.5 dm3/min for two-hour deposition period. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and van der Pauw four point probe method were used for characterizations of the film samples. RBS studies of the films revealed fair thickness of 1112.311 (1015 atoms/cm2) and effective stoichiometric relationship of Li0.47Mn0.27O0.26. The films exhibited relatively high transmission (50 % T) in the visible and NIR range, with the bandgap energy of 2.55 eV. Broad and diffused X-ray diffraction patterns obtained showed that the film was amorphous in nature, while microstructural studies indicated dense and uniformly distributed layer across the substrate. Resistivity value of 4.9 Ω·cm was obtained for the thin film. Compared with Mn0.2O0.8 thin film, a significant lattice absorption edge shift was observed in the Li0.47Mn0.27O0.26 film.
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38

Tan, Feihu, XiaoPing Liang, Feng Wei, and Jun Du. "Fabrication and Testing of All-solid-state Nanoscale Lithium Batteries Using LiPON for Electrolytes." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185301008.

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The amorphous LiPON thin film was obtained by using the crystalline Li3PO4 target and the RF magnetron sputtering method at a N2 working pressure of 1 Pa. and then the morphology and composition of LiPON thin films are analysed by SEM and EDS. SEM shows that the film was compact and smooth, while EDS shows that the content of N in LiPON thin film was about 17.47%. The electrochemical properties of Pt/LiPON/Pt were analysed by EIS, and the ionic conductivity of LiPON thin films was 3.8×10-7 S/cm. By using the hard mask in the magnetron sputtering process, the all-solid-state thin film battery with Si/Ti/Pt/LiCoO2/LiPON/Li4Ti5O12/Pt structure was prepared, and its electrical properties were studied. As for this thin film battery, the open circuit voltage was 1.9 V and the first discharge specific capacity was 34.7 μAh/cm2·μm at a current density of 5 μA/cm-2, indicating that is promising in all-solidstate thin film batteries.
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39

Miikkulainen, Ville, Amund Ruud, Erik Østreng, Ola Nilsen, Mikko Laitinen, Timo Sajavaara, and Helmer Fjellvåg. "Atomic Layer Deposition of Spinel Lithium Manganese Oxide by Film-Body-Controlled Lithium Incorporation for Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 1258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp409399y.

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40

Morohashi, Rintarou, Naoki Wakiya, Takanori Kiguchi, Tomohiko Yoshioka, M. Tanaka, and Kazuo Shinozaki. "Preparation of Epitaxial LiNbO3 Thin Film by MOCVD and its Properties." Key Engineering Materials 388 (September 2008): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.388.179.

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Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) thin films were deposited on Al2O3(001) substrates using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), with Li(dpm) and Nb(C2H5)5 as precursors. By optimizing the conditions of thin film deposition, the c-axis oriented and epitaxially grown LiNbO3 thin films with stoichiometric composition were deposited on an Al2O3(001) substrate. The refractive index of the stoichiometric LiNbO3 thin film was 2.24 at = 632.8 nm, which is close to that of bulk crystal.
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41

Yang, Yan-bo, Yun-xia Liu, Zhiping Song, Yun-hong Zhou, and Hui Zhan. "Li+-Permeable Film on Lithium Anode for Lithium Sulfur Battery." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 44 (October 25, 2017): 38950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b10306.

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42

Zhang, De Yin, Wei Qian, Kun Li, and Jian Sheng Xie. "Ferroelectric Property of Ion Beam Enhanced Deposited Lithium Tantalate Thin Film." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1418.

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The Ion Beam Enhanced Deposited (IBED) lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) thin film samples with Al/LiTaO3/Pt electrode structure were prepared on the Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) and SiO2/Si(100) substrate respectively. The crystallization, surface morphology, ferroelectric property, and fatigue property of the prepared samples with the different annealed processes were investigated. The XRD measured results show that the prepared samples have the polycrystal structure of LiTaO3 with the preferred orientation of <012> and <104> located at the 2θ of 23.60 and 32.70 respectively. The SEM morphology analysis reveals the prepared film annealed at 550°C is uniform, smooth and crack-free on the surface and cross section. The ferroelectric property measured results show that the remanent polarization Pr of the samples annealed at different temperature almost increase with the electric field intensity stronger. The leakage current makes the hysteresis loop of the samples subjected to a strong measured electric filed difficult to appear the same saturation hysteresis loop as the single-crystal LiTaO3. The prepared samples annealed at 550°C have a Pr value of 11.5μC/cm2 when subjected to the electrical field of 400kV/cm. The breakdown voltage of the 587nm thick thin film sample is high as to 680 kV/cm. The fatigue property measured results show only 15.17% Pr drop of the prepared films annealed at 550°C appear after 5×1010 cycles polarized by the 10MHz sinusoidal signal with the peak-to-peak amplitude of 10 Volt. The ferroelectric properties of the prepared films meet the practical application requirements of charge response measurement of the LiTaO3 infrared detector owe to the Pr of the prepared films annealed at different temperature large beyond 10μC/cm2 when the prepared films subjected to a strong electric filed larger than 400 kV/cm. The experimental results also show that the surface morphology, the ferroelectric and fatigue properties of the IBED LiTaO3 thin films are significant better than those of the Sol-Gel derived LiTaO3 thin films.
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43

Mei, Xinyi, Wendy Zhao, Qiang Ma, Zheng Yue, Hamza Dunya, Qianran He, Amartya Chakrabarti, Christopher McGarry, and Braja K. Mandal. "Solid Polymer Electrolytes Derived from Crosslinked Polystyrene Nanoparticles Covalently Functionalized with a Low Lattice Energy Lithium Salt Moiety." ChemEngineering 4, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4030044.

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Three new crosslinked polystyrene nanoparticles covalently attached with low lattice energy lithium salt moieties were synthesized: poly(styrene lithium trifluoromethane sulphonyl imide) (PSTFSILi), poly(styrene lithium benzene sulphonyl imide) (PSPhSILi), and poly(styrene lithium sulfonyl-1,3-dithiane-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide) (PSDTTOLi). A series of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were formulated by mixing these lithium salts with high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol dimethyl ether), and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. The crosslinked nano-sized polymer salts improved film strength and decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer electrolyte membranes. An enhancement in both ionic conductivity and thermal stability was observed. For example, the SPE film containing PSTFSILi displayed ionic conductivity of 7.52 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature and 3.0 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 70 °C, while the SPE film containing PSDTTOLi showed an even better performance of 1.54 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and 3.23 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 70 °C.
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44

Shtansky, D. V., S. A. Kulinich, K. Terashima, T. Yoshida, and Y. Ikuhara. "Crystallography and structural evolution of LiNbO3 and LiNb1−xTaxO3 films on sapphire prepared by high-rate thermal plasma spray chemical vapor deposition." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 8 (August 2001): 2271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0312.

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The structure and the crystallography of lithium niobate and lithium niobate–tantalate thin films (0.2–1.0 μm in thickness) with the tantalum composition range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 grown on (0001) sapphire substrate by thermal plasma spray chemical vapor deposition have been studied by means of cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The tantalum composition in the films shows a minor effect on the rocking curve full width at half maximum values. The narrowest rocking curve width was obtained for the LiNb0.5Ta0.5O3 film to be as low as 0.25° θ. The films are under compressive strain along the c direction; c- and a-axis lattice parameters are correspondingly smaller and higher than those of the bulk single crystal. Under optimized growth conditions, the LiNbO3 and LiNb1−xTaxO3 films are 97% c-axis oriented. The film out-of-plane orientation changes from the [0001] to the [0112] direction by either decreasing the growth rate or increasing the substrate temperature. Particular attention has been paid to the orientation of individual grains in the partly c-axis-oriented films. The results demonstrate that their orientations are not random and specific orientation relationships are preferred for the film nucleation. The surface of as-received sapphire substrate reveals polishing defects with the well-defined surface ledges of 1–2 nm in height with smooth terraces of 25 nm in width. In the case of columnar growth, the terrace width becomes a limiting factor controlling the lateral crystallite size in the film. Finally, the film growth mechanism is discussed.
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45

Moritaka, Toki, Yuh Yamashita, Tomohiro Tojo, Ryoji Inada, and Yoji Sakurai. "Characterization of Sn4P3–Carbon Composite Films for Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Fabricated by Aerosol Deposition." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9071032.

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We fabricated tin phosphide–carbon (Sn4P3/C) composite film by aerosol deposition (AD) and investigated its electrochemical performance for a lithium-ion battery anode. Sn4P3/C composite powders prepared by a ball milling was used as raw material and deposited onto a stainless steel substrate to form the composite film via impact consolidation. The Sn4P3/C composite film fabricated by AD showed much better electrochemical performance than the Sn4P3 film without complexing carbon. Although both films showed initial discharge (Li+ extraction) capacities of approximately 1000 mAh g−1, Sn4P3/C films retained higher reversible capacity above 700 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles of charge and discharge processes while the capacity of Sn4P3 film rapidly degraded with cycling. In addition, by controlling the potential window in galvanostatic testing, Sn4P3/C composite film retained the reversible capacity of 380 mAh g−1 even after 400 cycles. The complexed carbon works not only as a buffer to suppress the collapse of electrodes by large volume change of Sn4P3 in charge and discharge reactions but also as an electronic conduction path among the atomized active material particles in the film.
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46

Li, Peng, Yun Chen, Duoqing Zeng, Qizhen Xiao, Zhaohui Li, and Gangtie Lei. "Performance improvement of Sn–Co alloy film anodes for lithium-ion batteries." Functional Materials Letters 07, no. 05 (August 26, 2014): 1450050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604714500507.

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Three sets of Sn – Co alloy films were electrochemically deposited onto nodule-type Cu foil in aqueous solution. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved that the electrochemical current density and the depositing time had influence on the structure and the morphology of the alloy films. The electrochemical properties of the Sn – Co alloy film electrodes for lithium-ion battery were investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge test and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The Sn – Co alloy with the thickness of 0.8 μm created at the current density of 15 mA cm-2 presents excellent electrochemical performance with the discharge capacity of 949.3 mAh g-1 at the first cycle and 661.1 mAh g-1 after 70 cycles. The high coulombic efficiency of almost 100% can be observed at different current rate. The improved performance is attributed to the structure of Cu foil, the optimized Co content and thickness of the alloy film, which were beneficial to strengthen the adhesion of the active materials to the current collector, shorten diffusion length of lithium ions and reduce the electrical resistance.
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47

BAL, AMANDEEP KAUR, and R. K. BEDI. "EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFICATION ON STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND AMMONIA SENSING PROPERTIES OF INDIUM OXIDE FILMS." Surface Review and Letters 18, no. 05 (October 2011): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x11014710.

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Indium oxide (In2O3) films have been prepared by thermal oxidation of pre-deposited indium films onto glass substrate kept at room temperature (35°C). These films were dipped into an aqueous solution (0.1 M) of lithium chloride (LiCl) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) followed by being fired at 500°C. Based on X-ray diffraction results, it has been observed that pure and Li modified In2O3 films are polycrystalline in nature while Al modified In2O3 film has a prominent peak corresponding to 222 plane of In2O3 . Field emission scanning electron microscopy of pure film shows smaller grains which get transformed to bigger ones for Li modified In2O3 film. In case of Al modified In2O3 film agglomerated small grains are observed. This film also reveals the response of 60% for 100 ppm of ammonia vapors at room temperature. The transparency increased from 23–36% to 53–67% in visible region with Li modification of pure In2O3 film.
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48

KANAYA, Koh, Yuji YAMAUCHI, Yuko HIROHATA, Tomoaki HINO, and Kintaro MORI. "Hydrogen Retention Properties of Lithium Film." SHINKU 41, no. 3 (1998): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.41.123.

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49

Goncalves, L. M., J. F. Ribeiro, M. F. Silva, M. M. Silva, and J. H. Correia. "Integrated solid-state film lithium battery." Procedia Engineering 5 (2010): 778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.09.224.

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50

Brousse, T., R. Retoux, U. Herterich, and D. M. Schleich. "Thin‐Film Crystalline SnO2‐Lithium Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 145, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1838201.

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