Journal articles: 'Lithium-ion Battery Cathodes'

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Buga, Mihaela, Alexandru Rizoiu, Constantin Bubulinca, Silviu Badea, Mihai Balan, Alexandru Ciocan, and Alin Chitu. "Study of LiFePO4 Electrode Morphology for Li-Ion Battery Performance." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 3 (April 15, 2018): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.3.6146.

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The paper focuses on the development of lithium-ion battery cathode based on lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). Li-ion battery cathodes were manufactured using the new Battery R&D Production Line from ROM-EST Centre, the first and only facility in Romania, capable of fabricating the industry standard 18650 lithium-ion cells, customized pouch cells and CR2032 cells. The cathode configuration contains acetylene black (AB), LiFePO4, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as binder and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent. X-ray diffraction measurements and SEM-EDS analysis were conducted to obtain structural and morphological information for the as-prepared electrodes.

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Fu, Wenbin, Yice Wang, Kanglin Kong, Doyoub Kim, Fujia Wang, and Gleb Yushin. "Materials and Processing of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes." Nanoenergy Advances 3, no. 2 (May 19, 2023): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv3020008.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the market of rechargeable power sources. To meet the increasing market demands, technology updates focus on advanced battery materials, especially cathodes, the most important component in LIBs. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of materials and processing technologies for cathodes from both academic and industrial perspectives. We briefly compared the fundamentals of cathode materials based on intercalation and conversion chemistries. We then discussed the processing of cathodes, with specific focuses on the mechanisms of a drying process and the role of the binders. Several key parameters for the development of thick electrodes were critically assessed, which may offer insights into the design of next-generation batteries.

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Chen, Ziling, Qian Zhang, and Qijie Liang. "Carbon-Coatings Improve Performance of Li-Ion Battery." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111936.

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The development of lithium-ion batteries largely relies on the cathode and anode materials. In particular, the optimization of cathode materials plays an extremely important role in improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries, such as specific capacity or cycling stability. Carbon coating modifying the surface of cathode materials is regarded as an effective strategy that meets the demand of Lithium-ion battery cathodes. This work mainly reviews the modification mechanism and method of carbon coating, and summarizes the recent progress of carbon coating on some typical cathode materials (LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, LiCoO2, NCA (LiNiCoAlO2) and NCM (LiNiMnCoO2)). In addition, the limitations of the carbon coating on the cathode are also introduced. Suggestions on improving the effectiveness of carbon coating for future study are also presented.

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Pratama, Affiano Akbar Nur, Ahmad Jihad, Salsabila Ainun Nisa, Ike Puji Lestari, Cornelius Satria Yudha, and Agus Purwanto. "Manganese Sulphate Fertilizer Potential as Raw Material of LMR-NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review." Materials Science Forum 1044 (August 27, 2021): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1044.59.

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Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) is an energy storage device widely used in various types of electronic devices. The cathode is one of its main components, which was developed because it accelerates the transfer of electrons and battery cycle stability. Therefore, the LiNixMnyCozO2 (LNMC) cathode material, which has a discharge capacity of less than 200 mAh g−1, was further developed. Li-Mn-rich oxide cathode material (LMR-NMC) has also received considerable attention because it produces batteries with a specific capacity of more than 250 mAh g−1 at high voltages. The structure, synthesis method, and sintering temperature in the fabrication of LMR-NMC cathode materials affect battery performance. Furthermore, manganese sulphate fertilizer replaces manganese sulphate as raw material for LMR-NMC cathode due to its lower price. The method used in this study was implemented by reviewing previous literature related to Li-ion batteries, Li-ion battery cathodes, synthesis of LMR-NMC cathode materials, and the potential of manganese fertilizers. This review aims to find out the effect of structure, synthesis method, and sintering temperature on LMR-NMC cathodes made from manganese sulphate fertilizer to obtain a Li-ion battery with a high specific capacity, more environmentally friendly, has good cycle stability, and a high level of safety and lower production costs.

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Johnson, Christopher S. "Charging Up Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes." Joule 2, no. 3 (March 2018): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.02.020.

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Kang, Inah, Taewoong Lee, Young Rok Yoon, Jee Woo Kim, Byung-Kwon Kim, Jinhee Lee, Jin Hong Lee, and Sang Youl Kim. "Synthesis of Arylene Ether-Type Hyperbranched Poly(triphenylamine) for Lithium Battery Cathodes." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 7885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247885.

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We synthesized a new poly(triphenylamine), having a hyperbranched structure, and employed it in lithium-ion batteries as an organic cathode material. Two types of monomers were prepared with hydroxyl groups and nitro leaving groups, activated by a trifluoromethyl substituent, and then polymerized via the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The reactivity of the monomers differed depending on the number of hydroxyl groups and the A2B type monomer with one hydroxyl group successfully produced poly(triphenylamine). Based on thermal, optical, and electrochemical analyses, a composite poly(triphenylamine) electrode was made. The electrochemical performance investigations confirmed that the lithium-ion batteries, fabricated with the poly(triphenylamine)-based cathodes, had reasonable specific capacity values and stable cycling performance, suggesting the potential of this hyperbranched polymer in cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

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Johnson, Alissa Claire, Adam J. Dunlop, Ryan R. Kohlmeyer, Chadd Kiggins, Aaron J. Blake, Sonika V. Singh, Evan M. Beale, et al. "Strategies for Approaching One Hundred Percent Dense Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012269mtgabs.

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Creating thick electrodes with low porosity can dramatically increase the available energy in a single cell and decrease the number of electrode stacks needed in a full battery, which results in higher energy, lower cost, and easier to manufacture batteries. However, existing electrode architectures cannot simultaneously achieve thick electrodes with high active material volume fractions and good power. These particle-based architectures rely on electrolyte transport within the pores of the cathode to fully lithiate active material particles during discharge. As cathode solid volume fractions approach 100%, batteries experience electrolyte depletion which leads to inaccessible cathode reaction sites (see Fig. 1A). The additional theoretical capacity that comes from increased cathode density, therefore, is impractical if that energy cannot be fully extracted. We combine experiments and simulations of high density and high thickness cathodes to understand the transport and performance trade-offs of LIBs as the cathode solid volume fraction approaches 100%, which we use to reveal the cathode properties needed to achieve high performance at high relative density and thickness. We use one- and two-dimensional simulations to compare the discharge performance of two cathode architectures, a traditional particle-based architecture and a continuous cathode architecture created via electrodeposition. In addition, a model with spaced diffusion-barriers explores the design space between these two architectures and elucidates the influence of increasing solid-diffusion length on discharge performance. We show that there is a large opportunity space for improved energy density at high relative densities by using new electrode manufacturing techniques to create continuous diffusion pathways and high diffusivities. Increasing the solid diffusion length from 4.78 µm to 55 µm in cathodes with high diffusivity leads to an increase in areal capacity (from 1.6 mAh/cm2 to 4.8 mAh/cm2) for a 110 µm thick, 95% dense LCO cathode discharged at a 1C rate. We also apply concepts and designs from these models to simulate the discharge performance of thick, high-density lithium-ion batteries with solid electrolytes to motivate even higher energy battery architectures. When discharged at a 1C rate, solid-state batteries with traditional particle-based composite cathodes (110 µm thick) cannot extract any energy at volume fractions above 94%, while batteries with high-diffusivity continuous cathodes and no solid electrolyte in the cathode region can achieve 3.8 mAh/cm2 at 95% solid volume fraction. These new cathode architectures which contain no electrolyte in the cathode region can significantly improve the gravimetric energy density of solid-state lithium-ion batteries. This work uses a comparative analysis of cathode architectures to explore the interdependent impact of solid volume fraction, solid-diffusivity, cathode thickness, and discharge rate on lithium-ion battery areal capacity. We should how a combination of high diffusivity and continuous solid-state diffusion pathways provides an exciting path for realizing ultra-dense and thick cathodes with high energy density. Figure 1

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Chung, Sheng-Heng, and Cun-Sheng Cheng. "(Digital Presentation) A Design of Nickel/Sulfur Energy-Storage Materials for Electrochemical Lithium-Sulfur Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024542mtgabs.

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Introduction As one of the next-generation rechargeable battery technologies beyond the lithium-ion chemistry, the lithium-sulfur chemistry enables the low-cost sulfur cathode to generate a high theoretical capacity of 1,675 mAh g-1 (10 times higher capacity than those of lithium-ion battery cathode). It further exhibits a high theoretical energy density of 2,600 Wh kg-1 in lithium-sulfur batteries (2–3 times higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries). However, as reported in recent publications, the development is far from adequate with respect to the high-loading sulfur cathode with high active-material content in building advanced lithium-sulfur batteries with a high energy density. The material challenges result from the use of an insulating sulfur as the active material, which would generate lithium polysulfides that can easily diffuse out from the cathode. The high cathode resistance and fast loss of the active material lead to the poor electrochemical utilization and efficiency of lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. These negative impacts subsequent derive the additional electrochemical challenges. A high amount of conductive and porous substrates is added in the cathode to replace the active material, which results in the limited amount of sulfur in the cathode and further blocks the improvement of designing high-energy-density sulfur cathodes. To address the above-mentioned issues, the research progresses of high-performance sulfur cathodes aim to design functional host for sulfur cathodes with the use of carbon for high conductivity, polymers for high ionic transfer, porous materials for physical polysulfide retention, polar materials for chemical polysulfide adsorption, catalysts for high reaction kinetics, etc. However, metallic materials that naturally have high conductivity, strong polysulfide adsorption capability, and catalytic conversion ability, are rarely reported. This is because metals have the highest density as compared to the aforementioned host materials, which commonly causes an insufficient amount of active material in the cathode and therefore inhibits the design of metal-sulfur nanocomposite in sulfur cathodes. To explore the metal/sulfur nanocomposite as a new research trend in sulfur cathodes, we propose a design for a nickel/sulfur nanocomposite as a novel energy-storage material by the electroless nickel plating method, and discuss its applications in lithium–sulfur battery cathodes. The nickel/sulfur energy-storage material possesses metallic nickel on the surface of the insulating sulfur particles as a result of the reduction of nickel ions during autocatalytic plating. By controlling the synthesis and fabrications conditions, the nickel/sulfur energy-storage material attains adjustable high sulfur contents of 60–95 wt% and adjustable high sulfur loadings of 2–10 mg cm−2 in the resulting cathode. The high-loading cathode with the nickel/sulfur energy-storage material demonstrates high electrochemical utilization and stability, which attains a high areal capacity of 8.2 mA∙h cm−2, an energy density of 17.3 mW∙h cm−2, and a stable cyclability for 100 cycles. Results and Discussion Here, in our presentation, we discuss our novel method for the fabrication of nickel/sulfur energy-storage material as an advanced composite cathode material for exploring battery electrochemistry and battery engineering. We adopt a modified electroless-plating method to synthesize nickel/sulfur energy-storage materials characterized by adjustable high sulfur contents and promising cathode performance. The plated nickel coating provides the nickel/sulfur energy-storage materials with metallic conductivity and polysulfide adsorption ability, which addresses the two major issues of sulfur cathodes.[1,2] Therefore, the nickel/sulfur energy-storage material attains high sulfur contents in the cathode and exhibits a high charge-storage capacity of 1,362 mA∙h g−1 and an excellent cyclability for 100 cycles. Moreover, the nickel/sulfur energy-storage material enables high-loading sulfur cathodes with a sulfur loading of 10 mg cm−2, a high areal capacity of 8.2 mA∙h cm−2, and an energy density of 17.3 mW∙h cm−2. Conclusion In summary, the summary of our nickel/sulfur energy-storage materials presented in this presentation would demonstrate a light-weight metallic nickel coating technique for fast charge transfer and strong polysulfide retention in the sulfur nanocomposites composite sulfur cathode. Moreover, our systematic analysis of the nickel/sulfur energy-storage materials exhibits their achievements in attaining both high electrochemical designs of high sulfur content and loading as well as possessing high energy density and electrochemical stability. References C.-S. Cheng, S.-H. Chung, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 429, 132257. C.-S. Cheng, S.-H. Chung, Batter. Supercaps 2022, 5, e202100323.

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Grey, Clare P., and Steve G. Greenbaum. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 8 (August 2002): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.197.

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AbstractSolid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been employed to characterize a variety of phenomena that are central to the functioning of lithium and lithium-ion batteries. These include Li insertion and de-insertion mechanisms in carbonaceous and other anode materials and in transition-metal oxide cathodes, and ion-transport mechanisms in polymer and gel electrolytes. Investigations carried out over the last several years by the authors and other groups are reviewed in this article. Results for lithium manganese oxide spinel cathodes, carbon-based and SnO anodes, and polymer and gel electrolytes are discussed.

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Yamada, Mitsuru, Tatsuya Watanabe, Takao Gunji, Jianfei Wu, and Futoshi Matsumoto. "Review of the Design of Current Collectors for Improving the Battery Performance in Lithium-Ion and Post-Lithium-Ion Batteries." Electrochem 1, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 124–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem1020011.

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Current collectors (CCs) are an important and indispensable constituent of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and other batteries. CCs serve a vital bridge function in supporting active materials such as cathode and anode materials, binders, and conductive additives, as well as electrochemically connecting the overall structure of anodes and cathodes with an external circuit. Recently, various factors of CCs such as the thickness, hardness, compositions, coating layers, and structures have been modified to improve aspects of battery performance such as the charge/discharge cyclability, energy density, and the rate performance of a cell. In this paper, the details of interesting and useful attempts of preparing CCs for high battery performance in lithium-ion and post-lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of these attempts are discussed.

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Chen, Xinyu, Wenhan Yang, and Yu Zhang. "Advanced Electrode Materials for Lithium-ion Battery: Silicon-based Anodes and Co-less-Ni-rich Cathodes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2133, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2133/1/012003.

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Abstract The development of higher-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical to the substantial development of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. The cost of lithium-ion batteries needs to be decreased more and the specific energy as well as recycling degradation rate needs to be enhanced further. Silicon anodes and cobalt-free nickel-rich cathodes are widely regarded as promising materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. This review discusses the current state of research on silicon anode nanomaterials and nickel-rich cathode materials without cobalt.

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Lu, Wanyu, Zijie Wang, and Shuhang Zhong. "Sodium-ion battery technology: Advanced anodes, cathodes and electrolytes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2109, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2109/1/012004.

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Abstract The development of electric vehicles has made massive progress in recent years, and the battery part has been receiving constant attention. Although lithium-ion battery is a powerful energy storage technology contemporarily with great convenience in the field of electric vehicles and portable/stationary storage, the scantiness and increasing price of lithium have raised significant concerns about the battery’s developments; an alternative technology is needed to replace the expensive lithium-ion batteries at use. Therefore, the sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) were brought back to life. Sharing a similar mechanism as the lithium-ion batteries makes SIBs easier to understand and more effective in the research. In recent years, the developed materials for anode and cathode in the SIB have extensively promoted its advancements in increasing the energy density, power rate, and cyclability; multiple types of electrolytes, either in the form of aqueous, solid, or ions, offers safety and stability. Still, to rival the lithium-ion batteries, the SIB needs much more work to improve its performance, further expanding its application. Overall, the SIB has tremendous potential to be the future leading battery technology because of its abundance.

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Kim, Do Kyung, P. Muralidharan, Hyun-Wook Lee, Riccardo Ruffo, Yuan Yang, Candace K. Chan, Hailin Peng, Robert A. Huggins, and Yi Cui. "Spinel LiMn2O4Nanorods as Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes." Nano Letters 8, no. 11 (November 12, 2008): 3948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl8024328.

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Zhu, Penghui, Hans Jürgen Seifert, and Wilhelm Pfleging. "The Ultrafast Laser Ablation of Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 Electrodes with High Mass Loading." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 4067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194067.

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Lithium-ion batteries have become the most promising energy storage devices in recent years. However, the simultaneous increase of energy density and power density is still a huge challenge. Ultrafast laser structuring of electrodes is feasible to increase power density of lithium-ion batteries by improving the lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. The influences of laser processing pattern and film thickness on the rate capability and energy density were investigated using Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 (NMC 622) as cathode material. NMC 622 electrodes with thicknesses from 91 µm to 250 µm were prepared, while line patterns with pitch distances varying from 200 µm to 600 µm were applied. The NMC 622 cathodes were assembled opposing lithium using coin cell design. Cells with structured, 91 µm thick film cathodes showed lesser capacity losses with C-rates 3C compared to cells with unstructured cathode. Cells with 250 µm thick film cathode showed higher discharge capacity with low C-rates of up to C/5, and the structured cathodes showed higher discharge capacity, with C-rates of up to 1C. However, the discharge capacity deteriorated with higher C-rate. An appropriate choice of laser generated patterns and electrode thickness depends on the requested battery application scenario; i.e., charge/discharge rate and specific/volumetric energy density.

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Cao, Jiaqi. "Prominent Selection Strategies for Metal Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 52 (July 4, 2023): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v52i.8897.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) emerge as a substitute for traditional fossil fuels and become a dominating power source in portable electronics and electric vehicle markets. Recent research on improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries involves better battery lifetime, power capacity, and specific energy by the innovation of new anodes, cathodes, and nonaqueous electrolytes. However, the cathode materials are the bottleneck in the research process due to their lower capacity, which becomes the focus of development. This review presents an outlook on lithium-ion technology by introducing its basic structure and mechanism, examining four structures of LIBs, namely lithium-rich layered oxides, lithium-manganese-rich layered oxides, lithium-ion-phosphate and spinel lithium-rich oxide, as well as comparing their performances and practical use.

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Li, Xin, Bernardo Barbiellini, Vito Di Noto, Gioele Pagot, Meiying Zheng, and Rafael Ferragut. "A Positron Implantation Profile Estimation Approach for the PALS Study of Battery Materials." Condensed Matter 8, no. 2 (May 22, 2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat8020048.

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Positron annihilation spectroscopy is a powerful probe to investigate the interfaces in materials relevant for energy storage such as Li-ion batteries. The key to the interpretation of the results is the positron implantation profile, which is a spatial function related to the characteristics of the materials forming the battery. We provide models for the positron implantation profile in a cathode of a Li-ion battery coin cell. These models are the basis for a reliable visualization of multilayer geometries and their interfaces in thin cathodes of lithium-ion batteries.

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Das, Dhrubajyoti, Sanchita Manna, and Sreeraj Puravankara. "Electrolytes, Additives and Binders for NMC Cathodes in Li-Ion Batteries—A Review." Batteries 9, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040193.

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Among the current battery technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential in shaping future energy landscapes in stationary storage and e-mobility. Among all components, choosing active cathode material (CAM) limits a cell’s available energy density (Wh kg−1), and the CAM selection becomes critical. Layered Lithium transition metal oxides, primarily, LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) (x + y + z = 1), represent a prominent class of cathode materials for LIBs due to their high energy density and capacity. The battery performance metrics of NMC cathodes vary according to the different ratios of transition metals in the CAM. The non-electrode factors and their effect on the cathode performance of a lithium-ion battery are as significant in a commercial sense. These factors can affect the capacity, cycle lifetime, thermal safety, and rate performance of the NMC battery. Additionally, polycrystalline NMC comprises secondary clusters of primary crystalline particles prone to pulverization along the grain boundaries, which leads to microcrack formation and unwanted side reactions with the electrolyte. Single-crystal NMC (SC-NMC) morphology tackles the cycling stability issue for improved performance but falls short in enhancing capacity and rate capability. The compatibility of different combinations of electrolytes and additives for SC-NMC is discussed, considering the commercial aspects of NMC in electric vehicles. The review has targeted the recent development of non-aqueous electrolyte systems with various additives and aqueous and non-aqueous binders for NMC-based LIBs to stress their importance in the battery chemistry of NMC.

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Kobayashi, Takeshi, Yo Kobayashi, and Hajime Miyashiro. "Lithium migration between blended cathodes of a lithium-ion battery." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 18 (2017): 8653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02056b.

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Brahmanandan, Sayoojyam, Shantikumar Nair, and Dhamodaran Santhanagopalan. "High-Performance Zr-Doped P3-Type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 Cathode for Na-Ion Battery Applications." Crystals 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13091339.

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Sodium-ion battery (SIB) technology started to bloom along with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as a supportive energy source to alleviate the cost of lithium sources for the development of energy storage devices and electric vehicles. Layered cathode materials are considered potential candidates to produce high-energy-density batteries. Among the layered cathode materials, P3-type cathodes are the least investigated in spite of their capacities, which are comparable to those of P2-type cathodes. P3-type cathodes show high polarization, leading to a poor cycle life, which impedes their extensive use in practical applications. In this work, we report on zirconium doping as an effective strategy to improve cycling stability and reduce voltage fading, another serious issue of layered cathode materials. It is found that an optimum composition of the P3-type cathode with Zr doping at the Mn site, leading to a composition of Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.64Zr0.033O2, shows good electrochemical performance in terms of retention (89% after 100 cycles) when compared to Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.60Zr0.067O2 (85% after 100 cycles) and an undoped sample (83% after 100 cycles). Also, remarkable performance is delivered by the Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.64Zr0.033O2 sample, with a retention rate of 72% after 450 cycles. This result is also supported by an analysis of the amount of polarization for undoped and doped samples, which found that doping helps in improving the diffusion of ions, and the least polarization is obtained for the Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.64Zr0.033O2 sample.

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Idris, Mohd Sobri. "The Existing of Oxygen Nonstoichiometry in Complex Lithium Oxides." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.438.

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The possibility of oxygen deficiency in lithium-based complex oxides particularly for layered rock salt structures has little attention in the literature, in spite of the importance of these materials as potential lithium battery cathodes. This paper briefly reviewed the existing of oxygen non-stoichiometry in complex lithium oxides and their effect to perfomance of cathodes in lithium ion batteries.

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Xu, Juan, Biao Gao, Kai-Fu Huo, and Paul K. Chu. "Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Nonaqueous Lithium-Ion Capacitors." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 2652–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17475.

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As a new type of energy-storage devices, lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are designed to deliver high energy densities, high power densities, and long lifespan by integrating the battery-type anodes and capacitor-type cathodes. Achieving high energy and power density simultaneously is the challenge of LICs, which is mainly determined by the cathode and anode materials. In this mini-review, basing on the working principles of LICs, we discuss the categories and electrochemical performance as well as the matching strategies of the cathodes and anodes. In anodes, we focus on summarizing the structural design of the prelithiation transition-metal compounds based materials. In cathodes, we emphasize discussing the fabrication and morphology adjustment of the low dimensional carbon materials. Finally, the prospects and challenges confronting future research and development of LICs are provided.

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Zhang, Chang-Ming, Feng Li, Xue-Quan Zhu, and Jin-Gang Yu. "Triallyl Isocyanurate as an Efficient Electrolyte Additive for Layered Oxide Cathode Material-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries with Improved Stability under High-Voltage." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103107.

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In this study, a new electrolyte additive 1,3,5-tri-2-propenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H, 3H, 5H)-trione (TAIC) for lithium-ion batteries is reported. The additive is introduced as a novel electrolyte additive to enhance electrochemical performances of layered lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) and lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathodes, especially under a higher working voltage. Encouragingly, we found protective films would be formed on the cathode surface by the electrochemical oxidation, and the stability of the cathode material–electrolyte interface was greatly promoted. By adding 0.5 wt.% of TAIC into the electrolyte, the battery exhibited outstanding performances. The thickness swelling decreased to about 6% after storage at 85 °C for 24 h, while the capacity retention of cycle-life performances under high temperature of 45 °C after the 600th cycle increased 10% in comparison with the batteries without TAIC. Due to its specific function, the additive can be used in high energy density and high voltage lithium-ion battery systems.

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Sieber, Tim, Jana Ducke, Anja Rietig, Thomas Langner, and Jörg Acker. "Recovery of Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Aspects of Degradation." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020246.

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Nickel–manganese–cobalt oxides, with LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC) as the most prominent compound, are state-of-the-art cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The growing market for electro mobility has led to a growing global demand for Li, Co, Ni, and Mn, making spent lithium-ion batteries a valuable secondary resource. Going forward, energy- and resource-inefficient pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling strategies must be avoided. We presented an approach to recover NMC particles from spent lithium-ion battery cathodes while preserving their chemical and morphological properties, with a minimal use of chemicals. The key task was the separation of the cathode coating layer consisting of NMC, an organic binder, and carbon black, from the Al substrate foil. This can be performed in water under strong agitation to support the slow detachment process. However, the contact of the NMC cathode with water leads to a release of Li+ ions and a fast increase in the pH. Unwanted side reactions may occur as the Al substrate foil starts to dissolve and Al(OH)3 precipitates on the NMC. These side reactions are avoided using pH-adjusted solutions with sufficiently high buffer capacities to separate the coating layer from the Al substrate, without precipitations and without degradation of the NMC particles.

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Kwon, Nam, Divine Mouck-Makanda, and Katharina Fromm. "A Review: Carbon Additives in LiMnPO4- and LiCoO2-Based Cathode Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries." Batteries 4, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040050.

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Carbon plays a critical role in improving the electronic conductivity of cathodes in lithium ion batteries. Particularly, the characteristics of carbon and its composite with electrode material strongly affect battery properties, governed by electron as well as Li+ ion transport. We have reviewed here various types of carbon materials and organic carbon sources in the production of conductive composites of nano-LiMnPO4 and LiCoO2. Various processes of making these composites with carbon or organic carbon sources and their characterization have been reviewed. Finally, the type and amount of carbon and the preparation methods of composites are summarized along with their battery performances and cathode materials. Among the different processes of making a composite, ball milling provided the benefit of dense and homogeneous nanostructured composites, leading to higher tap-density and thus increasing the volumetric energy densities of cathodes.

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Li, Xiangjun, Hongxing Xin, Xiaoying Qin, Xueqin Yuan, Di Li, Jian Zhang, Chunjun Song, Ling Wang, Guolong Sun, and Yongfei Liu. "Graphene modified Li-rich cathode material Li[Li0.26Ni0.07Co0.07Mn0.56]O2 for lithium ion battery." Functional Materials Letters 07, no. 06 (December 2014): 1440013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179360471440013x.

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Lithium and Mn rich solid solution materials Li [ Li 0.26 Ni 0.07 Co 0.07 Mn 0.56] O 2 were synthesized by a carbonate co-precipitation method and modified with a layer of graphene. The graphene-modified cathodes exhibit improved rate capability and cycling performance as compared to the bare cathodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses reveal that the improved electrochemical performances are due to acceleration kinetics of lithium-ion diffusion and the charge transfer reaction of the graphene-modified cathodes.

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Положенцева, Ю. А., М. В. Новожилова, И. А. Чепурная, and М. П. Карушев. "Полимерные комплексы никеля с лигандами саленового типа как многофункциональные компоненты катодов литий-ионных аккумуляторов." Письма в журнал технической физики 47, no. 2 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2021.02.50544.18495.

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This work describes the method of preparation of composite lithium-ion battery cathodes that allows total replacement of conventional polymer binders and electroconductive carbon black additives with redox-active conductive polymeric nickel complexes of salen-type Schiff base ligands in the electrode layer. The structure and electrochemical behavior of the electrodes prepared by this method have been investigated. Polymeric metal complexes have been shown to successfully perform the functions of binding and conductive components and also reversibly store charge in the lithium iron phosphate cathodes, which could result in the improvement of the specific capacity of the cathode layer, as compared with the conventional electrodes.

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Guo, Zhang, Zhien Liu, Wan Chen, Xianzhong Sun, Xiong Zhang, Kai Wang, and Yanwei Ma. "Battery-Type Lithium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Current Status and Future Perspectives." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020074.

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The lithium-ion battery (LIB) has become the most widely used electrochemical energy storage device due to the advantage of high energy density. However, because of the low rate of Faradaic process to transfer lithium ions (Li+), the LIB has the defects of poor power performance and cycle performance, which can be improved by adding capacitor material to the cathode, and the resulting hybrid device is also known as a lithium-ion battery capacitor (LIBC). This review introduces the typical structure and working principle of an LIBC, and it summarizes the recent research developments in advanced LIBCs. An overview of non-lithiated and pre-lithiated anode materials for LIBCs applications is given, and the commonly used pre-lithiation methods for the anodes of LIBCs are present. Capacitor materials added to the cathodes, and suitable separator materials of LIBCs are also reviewed. In addition, the polarization phenomenon, pulsed performance and safety issues of LIBCs and electrode engineering for improving electrochemical performance are systematically analyzed. Finally, the future research and development direction of advanced LIBCs is prospected through the discussion of the existing problems of an LIBC in which the battery material in the composite cathode is LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCM).

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Ismail, Agus, Herry Agung Prabowo, and Muhammad Hilmy Alfaruqi. "POTASSIUM-INTERCALATED MANGANESE DIOXIDE AS LITHIUM-ION BATTERY CATHODES: A DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY STUDY." SINERGI 23, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2019.1.008.

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It is obvious to harness the intermittent renewable energy resources, energy storage applications, such as a lithium-ion battery, are very important. α‒type MnO2 is considered as an attractive cathode material for lithium-ion battery due to its relatively large (2 × 2) tunnel structure, remarkable discharge capacity, low cost, and environmental benignity. However, low intrinsic electronic conductivity of α‒type MnO2 limits its full utilization as a cathode for a lithium-ion battery. Therefore, studies to enhance the α‒type MnO2 properties are undoubted of great interest. While previous computational studies have been focused on pristine α‒type MnO2, in the present report, we present the theoretical research on potassium-intercalated α‒type MnO2 using first principle Density Functional Theory calculations for the first time. Our results showed that potassium-intercalated α‒type MnO2 improved the electronic conductivity which beneficial for energy storage application. The structural transformation of potassium-intercalated α‒type MnO2 upon lithium insertion are also discussed. Our results may open the avenue for further utilization of potassium-intercalated α‒type MnO2 materials for not only the lithium-ion battery but also other type energy storage systems.

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Joos, Jochen, Alexander Buchele, Adrian Schmidt, André Weber, and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée. "Virtual Electrode Design for Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathodes." Energy Technology 9, no. 6 (January 14, 2021): 2000891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000891.

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Hua, Xiao, Alexander S. Eggeman, Elizabeth Castillo-Martínez, Rosa Robert, Harry S. Geddes, Ziheng Lu, Chris J. Pickard, et al. "Revisiting metal fluorides as lithium-ion battery cathodes." Nature Materials 20, no. 6 (January 21, 2021): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-00893-1.

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31

Lueth, S., U. S. Sauter, and W. G. Bessler. "An Agglomerate Model of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163, no. 2 (November 18, 2015): A210—A222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0291602jes.

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32

Dikarev, E. V. "Volatile heterometallic precursors for lithium ion battery cathodes." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 68, a1 (August 7, 2012): s178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767312096560.

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33

Wang, Bo, Sijie Luo, and Donald G. Truhlar. "Computational Electrochemistry. Voltages of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 120, no. 8 (June 18, 2015): 1437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03356.

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34

Schoonman, J., H. L. Tuller, and E. M. Kelder. "Defect chemical aspects of lithium-ion battery cathodes." Journal of Power Sources 81-82 (September 1999): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00128-7.

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35

McBreen, J., and M. Balasubramanian. "Rechargeable lithium-ion battery cathodes: In-situ XAS." JOM 54, no. 3 (March 2002): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02822615.

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36

Rui, Xianhong, Xiaoxu Zhao, Ziyang Lu, Huiteng Tan, Daohao Sim, Huey Hoon Hng, Rachid Yazami, Tuti Mariana Lim, and Qingyu Yan. "Olivine-Type Nanosheets for Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes." ACS Nano 7, no. 6 (May 30, 2013): 5637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn4022263.

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37

Coyle, Jaclyn, Ankit Verma, and Andrew M. Colclasure. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Relithiation Protocols for Restoration of Cycle Aged NMC Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (July 7, 2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015613mtgabs.

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Recycling end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries is of great significance to provide additional transition metal resources and alleviate environmental pollution from electric vehicle battery wastes. This study provides essential understanding towards developing an electrochemical relithiation process that will restore lithium loss in EoL intercalation cathode materials. This electrochemical relithiation process is one of several relithiation options being considered as a part of a direct recycling process designed to increase the efficiency of battery recycling by maintaining the composition and morphology of EoL cathode materials. A unique benefit of electrochemical relithiation is that it provides a potential alternative to processes that require EoL to be returned to powder form and then recast. Electrochemically aged NMC cathode materials have been prepared and characterized to establish the extent of EoL material structural transformations and lithium loss. A model-informed experimental process is used to identify the optimal electrochemical relithiation protocol to minimize the time taken to relithiate EoL materials and maximize the amount of lithium restored. Protocols were evaluated based on their ability to enable rapid lithium intercalation, maintain or reinstate structural uniformity in the EoL material and fully restore lithium content. An optimal protocol was identified at elevated temperatures utilizing a novel scanning voltage step. This work is part of ReCell which is a collaborative effort to develop efficient and economical recycle and reuse methods for EoL battery cathodes.

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Wong, Min Hao, Zixuan Zhang, Xianfeng Yang, Xiaojun Chen, and Jackie Y. Ying. "One-pot in situ redox synthesis of hexacyanoferrate/conductive polymer hybrids as lithium-ion battery cathodes." Chemical Communications 51, no. 71 (2015): 13674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc04694g.

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Fu, Wenbin, Zifei Sun, Alexandre Magasinski, and Gleb Yushin. "Iron Fluoride Confined in Carbon Nanofibers for Lithium and Sodium Battery Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024527mtgabs.

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Today, lithium (sodium) battery cathodes based on the intercalation/deintercalation of lithium (sodium) ions are approaching their instinctive limits, which remains a big challenge for the development of next-generation batteries. Iron fluorides (FeF2, FeF3), a potential alternative to current intercalation cathodes, are believed to offer much higher capacity and higher energy due to their reversible conversion reactions during charging/discharging. However, their structural degradation and capacity fading upon cycling could block the road to future applications. To address these issues, we developed a stable iron fluoride cathode based on nanoconfined FeF3 in carbon nanofibers for lithium and sodium batteries. The produced FeF3 /C nanocomposite is free-standing and can be produced using an electrospinning-based strategy with post carbonization and fluorination process. When tested in lithium cells, the nanocomposite can exhibit a high specific capacity up to 550 mAh g– 1 and a cycle stability over 400 cycles [1]. When tested in sodium cells, the nanocomposite can deliver a high specific capacity of 230 mAh g– 1 in sodium-difluoro(oxalato)borate (NaDFOB) electrolyte [2]. The performance especially cycle stability was further improved by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 coating on nanofiber surface [3]. We find the coating can reduce the direct contact between active material and liquid electrolyte, minimize active material dissolution and significantly improve the overall performance. [1] W. Fu, E. Zhao, Z. Sun, X. Ren, A. Magasinski, G. Yushin, Iron Fluoride–Carbon Nanocomposite Nanofibers as Free-Standing Cathodes for High-Energy Lithium Batteries, Advanced Functional Materials 28 (2018) 1801711. [2] Z. Sun, W. Fu, M.Z. Liu, P. Lu, E. Zhao, A. Magasinski, M. Liu, S. Luo, J. McDaniel, G. Yushin, A nanoconfined iron(iii) fluoride cathode in a NaDFOB electrolyte: towards high-performance sodium-ion batteries, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8 (2020) 4091-4098. [3] Z. Sun, M. Boebinger, M. Liu, P. Lu, W. Fu, B. Wang, A. Magasinski, Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, A.Y. Song, M.T. McDowell, G. Yushin, The roles of atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings on the stability of FeF3 Na-ion cathodes, Journal of Power Sources 507 (2021) 230281.

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40

Ramasubramanian, Brindha, Subramanian Sundarrajan, Vijila Chellappan, M. V. Reddy, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Karim Zaghib. "Recent Development in Carbon-LiFePO4 Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review." Batteries 8, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100133.

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Li-ion batteries are in demand due to technological advancements in the electronics industry; thus, expanding the battery supply chain and improving its electrochemical performance is crucial. Carbon materials are used to increase the cyclic stability and specific capacity of cathode materials, which are essential to batteries. LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes are generally safe and have a long cycle life. However, the common LFP cathode has a low inherent conductivity, and adding a carbon nanomaterial significantly influences how well it performs electrochemically. Therefore, the major focus of this review is on the importance, current developments, and future possibilities of carbon-LFP (C-LFP) cathodes in LIBs. Recent research on the impacts of different carbon sizes, LFP’s shape, diffusion, bonding, additives, dopants, and surface functionalization was reviewed. Overall, with suitable modifications, C-LFP cathodes are expected to bring many benefits to the energy storage sector in the forthcoming years.

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41

Nanda, Jagjit. "Design Framework for Cobalt and Ni-Free High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012361mtgabs.

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Growing demand for Lithium-ion batteries for electric transportation and grid-scale storage will inevitably put resource constraints in terms of availability of key critical battery materials such as cobalt, nickel, lithium, and graphite. Specifically limited global reserve of elements such as cobalt and nickel will lead to severe supply chain issues driving the cost and contributing to market uncertainty. Given such scenario, there has been a significant effort in the global research community to develop high performance battery materials derived from relatively earth abundant elements. The talk will highlight ongoing research at PI’s Laboratory and collaborators on developing cobalt-free disorder rock salt (DRX) cathodes for next generation Li-ion. Most practical Li-ion cathode materials have well-ordered structures (e.g., spinel, layered, olivine), while the DRX compounds do not require any cation ordering. Instead, Li transport is achieved by percolation through a cation-disordered within the dense crystalline rock salt structure. Since DRX compounds do not necessitate a layered structure, they do not necessarily require cobalt metal and can be synthesized from an extremely wide variety of common metals, including Ti, Mn, Ni, Al, Nb, Mo, V, Zr, etc. Therefore, such class of materials provides plenty of chemical options for cathode design for Li-ion. Another key enabling aspect for this class of cathodes is the role of fluorine in stabilizing the high voltage oxygen redox and capacity retention. The talk will focus specifically on synthesis and structural design of Li-Mn-Ti-OF based DRX compositions and pathways for improving high voltage redox and stability. This work performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office, under the Applied Battery Materials Program, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725

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42

Choi, W., and A. Manthiram. "Comparison of Metal Ion Dissolutions from Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, no. 9 (2006): A1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2219710.

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Zhang, Xiaojing, Xinyi Ge, Zhigang Shen, Han Ma, Jingshi Wang, Shuai Wang, Lei Liu, Beibei Liu, Lixin Liu, and Yizhi Zhao. "Green water-based binders for LiFePO4/C cathodes in Li-ion batteries: a comparative study." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 22 (2021): 9846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj01208h.

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Compared with environmentally harmful binder polyvinylidene fluoride for Li-ion battery cathodes, green water-based binders have large content of carboxyl groups, which can provide additional lithium ion transfer channels to improve rate performance.

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44

Peters, Jens F., Manuel Baumann, Joachim R. Binder, and Marcel Weil. "On the environmental competitiveness of sodium-ion batteries under a full life cycle perspective – a cell-chemistry specific modelling approach." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 24 (2021): 6414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se01292d.

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Assessing different sodium-ion against current lithium-ion battery cells shows large difference between cell chemistries and a good environmental performance for manganese and Prussian blue-based cathodes under a full life cycle perspective.

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45

Wu, Dongqing, Guangfeng Zhang, Deng Lu, Lie Ma, Zhixiao Xu, Xin Xi, Ruili Liu, Ping Liu, and Yuezeng Su. "Perylene diimide-diamine/carbon black composites as high performance lithium/sodium ion battery cathodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 28 (2018): 13613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03186j.

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The electrochemical performances of perylene diimide-diamine/carbon black composites in both lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries demonstrate the importance of the manufacturing method and the molecular structures in organic secondary battery cathodes.

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46

Mattelaer, Felix, Kobe Geryl, Geert Rampelberg, Thomas Dobbelaere, Jolien Dendooven, and Christophe Detavernier. "Atomic layer deposition of vanadium oxides for thin-film lithium-ion battery applications." RSC Advances 6, no. 115 (2016): 114658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25742a.

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Wen, Y. H., L. Shao, P. C. Zhao, B. Y. Wang, G. P. Cao, and Y. S. Yang. "Carbon coated stainless steel mesh as a low-cost and corrosion-resistant current collector for aqueous rechargeable batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 30 (2017): 15752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03500d.

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48

WANG, Wei, Simin WANG, Longhai ZHANG, Sijiang HU, Xuyang XIONG, Tengfei ZHOU, and Chaofeng ZHANG. "Recent Progress of Catalytic Cathodes for Lithium-oxygen Batteries." Research and Application of Materials Science 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33142/rams.v4i1.8461.

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Lithium-oxygen batteries are among the most promising electrochemical energy storage systems, which have attracted significant attention in the past few years duo to its far more energy density than lithium-ion batteries. Lithium oxygen battery energy storage is a reactive storage mechanism, and the discharge and charge processes are usually called oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Consequently, complex systems usually create complex problems, lithium oxygen batteries also face many problems, such as excessive accumulation of discharge products (Li2O2) in the cathode pores, resulting in reduced capacity, unstable cycling performance and so on. Cathode catalyst, which could influence the kinetics of OER and ORR in lithium oxygen (Li-O2) battery, is one of the decisive factors to determine the electrochemical performance of the battery, so the design of cathode catalyst is vitally important. This review discusses the catalytic cathode materials, which are divided into four parts, carbon based materials, metals and metal oxides, composite materials and other materials.

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Mo, Runwei, Fuwei Zhang, Ying Du, Zhengyu Lei, David Rooney, and Kening Sun. "Sandwich nanoarchitecture of LiV3O8/graphene multilayer nanomembranes via layer-by-layer self-assembly for long-cycle-life lithium-ion battery cathodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 26 (2015): 13717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02562a.

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DiLeo, Roberta A., Matthew J. Ganter, Brian J. Landi, and Ryne P. Raffaelle. "Germanium–single-wall carbon nanotube anodes for lithium ion batteries." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 8 (August 2010): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0184.

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High-capacity thin-film germanium was coupled with free-standing single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) current collectors as a novel lithium ion battery anode. A series of Ge–SWCNT compositions were fabricated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The lithium ion storage capacities of the anodes were measured to be proportional to the Ge weight loading, with a 40 wt% Ge–SWCNT electrode measuring 800 mAh/g. Full batteries comprising a Ge–SWCNT anode in concert with a LiCoO2 cathode have demonstrated a nominal voltage of 3.35 V and anode energy densities 3× the conventional graphite-based value. The higher observed energy density for Ge–SWCNT anodes has been used to calculate the relative improvement in full battery performance when capacity matched with conventional cathodes (e.g., LiCoO2, LiNiCoAlO2, and LiFePO4). The results show a >50% increase in both specific and volumetric energy densities, with values approaching 275 Wh/kg and 700 Wh/L.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithium-ion Battery Cathodes'

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