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Zhang, Yizhou. "Modularized Battery Management Systems for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs in EVs." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-194316.
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The (Battery management system)BMS has the task of ensuring that for the individual bat-tery cell parameters such as the allowed operating voltage window or the allowable temperature range are not violated. Since the battery itself is a highly distinct nonlinear electrochemical de-vice it is hard to detect its internal characteristics directly. The requirement of predicting battery packs’ present operating condition will become one of the most important task for the BMS. Therefore, special algorithms for battery monitoring are required.In this thesis, a model based battery state estimation technique using an adaptive filter tech-nology is investigated. Different battery models are studied in terms of complexity and accuracy. Following up with the introduction of different adaptive filter technology, the implementation of these methods into battery management system is decribed. Evaluations on different estimation methods are implemented from the point of view of the dynamic performance, the requirement on the computing power and the accuracy of the estimation. Real test drive data will be used as a reference to compare the result with the estimation value. Characteristics of different moni-toring methods and models are reported in this work. Finally, the trade-offs between different monitor’s performance and their computational complexity are analyzed.BMS (eng. battery management system) har till uppgift att se till att viktiga parametrar såsom tillspännings- och temperaturintervall upprätthålls för varje individuell battericell. Då en battericells beteende är ickelinjärt är det svårt att bestämma cellens interna karakteristika direkt. Att kunna förutsäga dessa karakteristika för ett komplett batteripack kommer att en mycket viktig funktion hos framtida BMS. I detta examensarbete har en modellbaserad tillståndsestimeringsmetod med användande av adaptiv filtrering undersökts. Olika batterimodeller har studerats med avseende på komplexitet och noggrannhet. Efter introduktionen av olika metoder för adaptiv filtrering har dessa metoder implementerats i en BMS modell. Utvärdering av de olika metoderna för att åstadkomma tillståndsestimering har sedan utförts med avseende på dynamisk prestanda, krav på beräkningskraft och noggrannhet hos de resulterande estimaten. Data från uppmätta kördata från ett fordon har använts som referens för att jämföra de olika estimaten. Slutligen presenteras en jämförelse mellan de olika tillståndsestimeringsmetodernas prestanda när de appliceras på de olika batterimodellerna.
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Adelhelm, Philipp. "From Lithium-Ion to Sodium-Ion Batteries." Diffusion fundamentals 21 (2014) 5, S.1, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32397.
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Hosseini, Moghaddam Seyed Mazyar. "Designing battery thermal management systems (BTMS) for cylindrical Lithium-ion battery modules using CFD." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244459.
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Renewable Energies have the capability to cut down the severe impacts of energy and environmental crisis. Integrating renewable energy generation into the global energy system calls for state of the art energy storage technologies. The lithium-ion battery is introduced in this paper as a solution with a promising role in the storage sector on the grounds of high mass and volumetric energy density. Afterward, the advantages of proper thermal management, including thermal runaway prevention, optimum performance, durability, and temperature uniformity are described. In particular, this review detailedly compares the most frequently adopted battery thermal management solutions (BTMS) in the storage industry including direct and indirect liquid, air, phase-change material, and heating. In this work, four battery thermal management solutions are selected and analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations for accurate thermal modeling. The outcome of the simulations is compared using parameters e.g. temperature distribution in battery cells, battery module, and power consumption. Liquid cooling utilizing the direct contact higher cooling performance to the conventional air cooling methods. However, there exist some challenges being adopted in the market. Each of the methods proves to be favorable for a particular application and can be further optimized.Integrering av förnybara energier i globala energisystem kräver enorma energilagrings teknologier. Litium jon batterier spelar en viktig roll inom denna sektor på grund av både hög vikt- och volymmässig energidensitet. Korrekt värmestyrning (Thermal management) är nödvändigt för litium jon batteriernas livslängd och operation. Dessa batterier fungerar bäst när de ligger inom intervallet 15–35 grader. dessutom har olika värmestyrsystem utvecklats för att säkerställa att batterierna arbetar optimalt i olika applikationer. I den här studien fem värmestyrningslösningar för batterier har väljas och analyseras med hjälp av beräkningsvätskedynamik (CFD) simulering. Resultaten av simuleringarna jämförs med olika parametrar som temperaturfördelning i battericeller, batterimoduler och strömförbrukning. Alla metoder visar sig vara användbara lämplig för viss tillämpning och kan vidare optimeras för detta ändamål.
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Bergman, Emma. "Designing Thermal Management Systems For Lithium-Ion Battery Modules Using COMSOL." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-241899.
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In this thesis, a section of a lithium ion battery module, including five cells and an indirect liquid cooling system, was modelled in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a. The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermal properties of such a model, including heat generation per cell and temperature distribution. Additionally, the irreversible and reversible heat generation, the cell voltage and the internal resistance were investigated. The study also includes the relation between heat generation and C-‐rates, and an evaluation of COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a as a software. It was found that having liquid cooling is beneficial for the thermal management, as the coolant flow helps to transfer away the heat generated within the battery. The results also show that it is important to not go below a set cell voltage at which the cell is considered fully discharged. If a control mechanism to stop the battery is not implemented, the generated heat, and consequently the temperature, increase drastically. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a was considered a suitable software for the modelling. For future research it is of interest to expand the model to a full scale module to fully investigate the temperature distribution where more cells are being cooled by the same coolant loop.
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Relefors, Axel. "Investigation and Application of Safety Parameters for Lithium-ion Battery Systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281226.
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The Swedish Armed Forces are investigating high-risk applications where lithium-ion batteries (LIB) can replace traditional lead-acid batteries. Understanding the potential safety risks and evaluating a battery's instability is crucial for military applications. This report aimed to identify critical safety parameters (temperature, potential, and impedance) in commercial batteries with NMC and LFP electrode chemistries, and to investigate how surrounding cells are affected when a battery suffers from thermal runaway (TR) in a battery module developed by FOI. Accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) experiments on NMC-based Samsung SDI INR21700-40T and INR21700-50E and LFP-based A123 Systems ANR26650m1-B batteries were conducted to identify critical onset conditions of TR. ARC experiments were conducted with continuous electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements to correlate thermal behavior with electrochemical changes in the cell impedance and voltage. The NMC-based batteries showed a distinct endothermic reaction between 116 °C and 121 °C, an onset temperature of exothermic self-heating at around 120 °C, which progressed to an explosive decomposition at about 170 °C and resulted in an adiabatic temperature rise of 250 °C to 290 °C. A significant increase in the cell’s impedance at around 100 °C indicated that the current interrupt device (CID) was triggered due to gas formation and critical pressure build-up within the cell. The LFP-based battery demonstrated improved thermal stability during ARC measurements and did not suffer from TR when heated to 300 °C. Thermal runaway propagation experiments were conducted in a battery module developed by FOI. The identified onset temperatures and electrochemical markers were then used to evaluate the stability of the module cells. Cell temperature increases between 16 °C and 48 °C was observed in cells directly adjacent to the trigger cell. Cells further from the trigger cell experienced uniform temperature increases of between 8 °C and 30 °C. EIS measurements of the module cells revealed no significant changes in their impedance spectra. The insulating polymer wrap around each cell was found to be crucial in preventing TR propagation. TR propagated from cell-to-cell in the module when the insulating wraps were removed, and cells were in direct contact with the thermally conductive heat sink.Försvarsmakten undersöker högriskapplikationer där litiumjonbatterier kan ersätta traditionella blysyrabatterier. Att förstå säkerhetsrisker och utvärdera ett batteris instabilitet är särskilt viktigt för militära tillämpningar. Denna rapport syftar till att identifiera kritiska säkerhetsparametrar (temperatur, spänning och impedans) för kommersiella batterier med NMC- och LFP-elektrodkemier samt undersöka hur omkringliggande celler påverkas när ett batteri termiskt rusar (TR) i en batterimodul utvecklad av FOI. ARC-experiment genomfördes på NMC-baserad Samsung SDI INR21700-40T och INR21700-50E och A123 Systems ANR26650m1-B batterier för att karakterisera förloppet av termisk rusning (TR). ARC-experiment utfördes med kontinuerliga elektrokemisk impedansspektroskopi (EIS) för att korrelera termiskt beteende med elektrokemiska förändringar i cellimpedansen och spänningen. Det NMC-baserade batterierna uppvisade en tydlig endotermisk reaktion mellan 116 °C och 121 °C, exotermiska reaktioner påbörjades vid 120 °C och ledde till explosiv termisk rusning vid cirka 170 °C, vilket gav upphov till en adiabatisk temperaturökning på 250 °C till 290 °C. En signifikant ökning av cellens impedans vid cirka 100 °C indikerade att den inre säkerhetsventilen utlöstes på grund av gasbildning och kritisk tryckuppbyggnad i cellen. Det LFP-baserade batteriet visade förbättrad termisk stabilitet under ARC-mätningar och drabbades inte av TR vid uppvärmning till 300 °C. Termiska rusningsförsök genomfördes på en batterimodul utvecklad av FOI. De identifierade starttemperaturerna och elektrokemiska markörerna användes för att utvärdera modulcellernas stabilitet. Celltemperaturökningar mellan 16 °C och 48 °C observerades i celler direkt intill triggcellen. Celler längre från triggcellen upplevde likformiga temperaturökningar mellan 8 °C och 30 °C. EIS-mätningar av modulcellerna avslöjade inga signifikanta förändringar i deras impedansspektra. Det isolerande polymeromslaget runt varje cell var avgörande för att förhindra propagering av termisk rusning i modulen. Termisk rusning propagerade från cell till cell i modulen när de isolerande omslagen togs bort och cellerna var i direkt kontakt med den värmeledande kylflänsen.
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Seger, Tim [Verfasser]. "Elliptic-Parabolic Systems with Applications to Lithium-Ion Battery Models / Tim Seger." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037917715/34.
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Donato, Thiago Henrique Rizzi. "Machine learning systems applied in satellite lithium-ion battery set impedance estimation." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2018. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21c/2018/04.27.23.39.
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In this work, the internal impedance of the lithium-ion battery pack, an essential measure of the degradation level of the batteries, is estimated employing ensembles of machine learning models. In this study, we take the supervised learning techniques Multi-Layer Perceptron bagging neural network and gradient tree boosting into account. Characteristics of the electric power system, in which the battery pack is inserted, are extracted and used in the modeling and training phases. During this process, the architecture of the ensembles and the configuration of their base learners are tuned through validation iterations. Finally, with the application of statistical testing and similarity analysis techniques, the best ensembles of models are examined and compared to other methods found in the literature. Results indicate that our approach is a suitable manner to estimate the internal impedance of batteries.Neste trabalho, a impedância interna de um conjunto de baterias lítio-íon (uma importante medida do nível de degradação) é estimada por meio de conjuntos de modelos de aprendizado supervisionado tais como: rede neural tipo MLP (Multi- Layer Perceptron) e Gradient Tree Boosting. Para isto, características do sistema de alimentação elétrica, em que o conjunto de baterias está inserido, são extraídas e utilizadas na construção de conjuntos de modelos supervisionados (MLP e xgBoost). Ao longo deste processo, a arquitetura de tais conjuntos de modelos e suas respectivas configurações são ajustados por meio de validações. Finalmente, com a aplicação de técnicas de teste e verificação estatística, as acurácias dos modelos são calculadas e testes comparativos são conduzidos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a abordagem proposta é adequada para o problema de estimativa da impendância de baterias.
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Gibbs, George. "The Application of Systems Engineering Principles to Model Lithium Ion Battery Voltage." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/907.
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The objective of this project is to present a Lithium Ion battery voltage model derived using systems engineering principles. This paper will describe the details of the model and the implementation of the model in practical use in a power system. Additionally, the model code is described and results of the model output are compared to battery cell test data. Finally, recommendations for increased model fidelity and capability are summarized.
The modeling theory has been previously documented in the literature but detailed implementation and application of the modeling theory is shown. The detailed battery cell test voltage profiles are proprietary; as such this project will not include axis values, often used in presentation of proprietary data in the public domain. The objective of this presentation is still achieved, as the modeling implementation and results are clearly demonstrated.
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Mubenga, Ngalula Sandrine. "A Lithium-Ion Battery Management System with Bilevel Equalization." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1513207337549147.
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Bhatia, Padampat Chander. "Thermal Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Packs and Thermal Management Solutions." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1371144911.
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Sjövall, Linus. "Robust adaptive control of current in test equipment for lithium ion battery systems." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141700.
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This thesis project have the purpose of investigating possibilities for a current control with respect to cell voltages in the testing procedures of large battery systems. The main goal is to design and implement a control that is not in need of considerable tuning, but still has stability and performance during all different conditions of testing. The dynamics of the battery system is largely dependant on the temperature, but other factors such as age also affect the behaviour, and most importantly the dynamics changes for different battery systems. Current control in a battery cell is relatively easy and with classic control theory methods one can achieve robustness with regards to stability, and this is largely used as a foundation for evaluating possibilities. To achieve good performance an adaptive control method is selected, where the changing gain of the system is one of the most important properties to determine. More specifically, a parameter based recursive least squares method is applied. Some special consideration is taken within designing the control to work in the digital networked system that constitutes the test rig with battery system, actuator and control. Generally, the significant properties of the cells in the battery system can be determined by the adaptation, and the performance is good considering the responsiveness of the subsystems surrounding the control. However, there are parts that may still be improved within the control by considering compensation for imperfections in the network and the treatment of data in closed systems.Detta examensarbete har som syfte att undersöka möjligheterna till reglering av ström efter börvärde på cellspänningar i testning av stora batterisystem som är ämnade att användas i tunga hybridfordon. Det huvudsakliga målet är att utveckla och implementera en regulator som inte är i behov av större parametersättning men fortfarande behåller robusthet och prestanda vid olika typer av testning. En av de största faktorerna utöver byte av batterisystem är de förändringar som sker i celler vid olika temperaturer. Reglering av ström i battericeller är relativt enkelt och klassiska metoder för regulatordesign kan uppnå robusthet med avseende på stabilitet, och detta används till stor del för utvärdering av möjligheter till prestandaförbättring. För att uppnå snabb reglering används adaptiv reglerteknik där den varierande förstärkningen i systemet är viktigast at ta hänsyn till. Specifikt så används en parameterbaserad rekursiv metod där cellernas egenskaper bestäms under användning. Dessutom appliceras vissa kompensationer i form av tillståndsmaskiner för att få önskade egenskaper i det sammansatta systemet. De viktiga egenskaperna i cellerna bestäms med relativt hög precition utav de adaptiva algoritmerna och prestandaförbättringen mot tidigare använd reglering är stor. Dock är den slutgiltiga regulatordesignen inte optimal och vissa förbättringar kan fortfarande göras med avseende på kompensation for brister i mätenheter och behandling av data inom de inbyggda systemen.
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Chahwan, John A. "Vanadium-redox flow and lithium-ion battery modelling and performance in wind energy applications." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100223.
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As wind energy penetration levels increase, there is a growing interest in using storage devices to aid in managing the fluctuations in wind turbine output power. Vanadium-Redox batteries (VRB) and Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries are two emerging technologies which can provide power smoothing in wind energy systems. However, there is an apparent gap when it comes to the data available regarding the design, integration and operation of these batteries in wind systems. This thesis presents suitable battery electrical models which will be used to assess system performance in wind energy applications, including efficiency under various operating conditions, transfer characteristics and transient operation. A design, sizing and testing methodology for battery integration in converter based systems is presented. Recommendations for the development of operating strategies are then provided based on the obtained results.
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Zhu, Wei. "A Smart Battery Management System for Large Format Lithium Ion Cells." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1301687506.
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Filler, Frank E. "A pulsed power system design using lithium-ion batteries and one charger per battery." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FFiller.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Julian, Alexander L. Second Reader: Crisiti, Roberto. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Pulsed power, charger, buck converter, field programmable gate array (FPGA), lithium-ion batteries. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-79). Also available in print.
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Annavajjula, Vamsi Krishna. "A FAILURE ACCOMMODATING BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH INDIVIDUAL CELL EQUALIZERS AND STATE OF CHARGE OBSERVERS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1190318540.
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Arora, Yukti. "Lithium-ion battery systems: a process flow and systems framework designed for use in the development of life cycle energy model." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53491.
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The use of Lithium-ion batteries in the automotive industry has increased tremendously in the last few years. The anticipated increase in demand of lithium to power electric and hybrid cars has prompted researchers to examine the long term sustainability lithium as a transportation resource. To provide a better understanding of future availability, this thesis presents a systems framework for the key processes and materials and energy flows involved in the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery life cycle, on a global scale. This framework tracks the flow of lithium and energy inputs and outputs from extraction, to production, to on road use, and all the way to end of life recycling and disposal. This process flow model is the first step in developing a life cycle analysis model for lithium that will eventually help policymakers assess the future role of lithium battery recycling, and at what point in time establishing a recycling infrastructure becomes imminent.
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Lindqvist, Daniel. "Simulation of Intermittent Current Interruption measurements on NMC-based lithium-ion batteries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturkemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325298.
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The objective of this report was to implement battery cycling and an intermittent current interruption (ICI) method for determining battery resistance into a simple lithium-ion battery model in the finite element methods (FEM) program COMSOL Multiphysics, andevaluate how accurately the model reflects the behaviour of voltage and internal resistance with respect to experimental results. The ICI technique consists of repeating the steps of first having a longer charging period and then having a short current interruption, where the internal resistance is calculated from the voltage drop that occurs when the current is turned off. The model was evaluated against measurements, made with the same technique (ICI), on assembled NMC-graphite batteries. Codes written in the statistical programming language “R” were used to process the data from both COMSOL and the experiments. Both the batteries and the model were constructed with a reference electrode, to enable measurement of each electrode by itself. The results as documented in this report show that it is possible to simulate the measurement technique in COMSOL, but that both the resistance and voltage profiles differed quite a lot from the behaviour of the tested batteries. The resistance of the positive electrode did however give good results and it was possible to improve the model by changing some parameters. The magnitude of the resistance, which was already quite close, could be improved by changing the porosity and particle size, and the voltage profiles were improved when using voltage-data achieved from the real measurements.
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Nanini-Maury, Elise. "Formulation d'électrolytes haut potentiel pour la caractérisation d'électrodes positives innovantes : batteries lithium-ion pour le véhicule électrique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066417/document.
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La mise en œuvre de nouvelles formulations d’électrolytes adaptées à des électrodes positives à haut potentiel pour batterie lithium-ion est un défi majeur pour des systèmes à haute densité d’énergie. Afin d’obtenir une stabilité en oxydation supérieure à 5 V vs. Li+/Li, différents solvants (dinitriles, lactones, phosphates) ont été analysés. Nous avons montré par voltampérométrie cyclique que des électrolytes contenant du sébaconitrile sont stables jusqu’à 5,3 V vs. Li+/Li sur LiCoPO4. Toutefois, les résultats obtenus par impédance électrochimique et spectroscopie photoélectronique X ont révélé la présence d’une nouvelle interface à l’électrode positive issue de la dégradation de l’électrolyte. Bien que cette dégradation limite la cyclabilité, une optimisation de l’interface formée pourrait s’avérer un atout du point de vue de la sûreté du système grâce à une protection de l’électrode positiveImplementation of new electrolyte formulations adapted to high potential positive electrodes for lithium-ion battery is a key challenge for high energy density systems. In order to obtain stability in oxidation greater than 5 V vs. Li+/Li, various solvents (dinitriles, lactones, phosphates) were analyzed. We have shown by cyclic voltammetry that electrolytes containing sebaconitrile are stable up to 5.3 V vs. Li+/Li on LiCoPO4. Nonetheless, the results obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of a new interface onto the positive electrode due to electrolyte degradation. Even though this degradation limits the cycle ability, optimization of the formed interface could be an asset in view of the system safety through the protection of the positive electrode
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Novák, Petr. "Oxides & Co. - Old New Materials to Store Lithium." Diffusion fundamentals 21 (2014) 6, S.1, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32398.
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In the presentation, focus will be on some interesting effects related to lithium insertion and deinsertion, recently identified in industrially used metal oxide electrodes like NCA, Li(Ni,Co,Al)O2 and LFP, LiFePO4.
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Ali, Haider Adel Ali, and Ziad Namir Abdeljawad. "THERMAL MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES APPLIED FOR STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS : Investigation on the thermal behavior of Lithium-ion batteries." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-48904.
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Batteries are promising sources of green and sustainable energy that have been widely used in various applications. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have an important role in the energy storage sector due to its high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable batteries. The main challenges for keeping the LIBs to work under safe conditions, and at high performance are strongly related to the battery thermal management. In this study, a critical literature review is first carried out to present the technology development status of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) based on air and liquid cooling for the application of battery energy storage systems (BESS). It was found that more attention has paid to the BTMS for electrical vehicle (EV) applications than for stationary BESS. Even though the active forced air cooling is the most commonly used method for stationary BESS, limited technical information is available. Liquid cooling has widely been used in EV applications with different system configurations and cooling patterns; nevertheless, the application for BESS is hard to find in literature.To ensure and analyze the performance of air and liquid cooling system, a battery and thermal model developed to be used for modeling of BTMS. The models are based on the car company BMW EV battery pack, which using Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) prismatic lithium-ion cell. Both air and liquid cooling have been studied to evaluate the thermal performance of LIBs under the two cooling systems.According to the result, the air and liquid cooling are capable of maintaining BESS under safe operation conditions, but with considering some limits. The air-cooling is more suitable for low surrounding temperature or at low charging/discharge rate (C-rate), while liquid cooling enables BESS to operate at higher C-rates and higher surrounding temperatures. However, the requirement on the maximum temperature difference within a cell will limits the application of liquid cooling in some discharge cases at high C-rate. Finally, this work suggests that specific attention should be paid to the pack design. The design of the BMW pack is compact, which makes the air-cooling performance less efficient because of the air circulation inside the pack is low and liquid cooling is more suitable for this type of compact battery pack.
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Khasawneh, Hussam Jihad. "ANALYSIS OF HEAT-SPREADING THERMAL MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313603207.
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Liu, Lollo. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium-Ion Battery pack for Energy storage Systems : - the environmental impact of a grid-connected battery energy storage system." Thesis, Uppsala University, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-428627.
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This thesis assessed the life-cycle environmental impact of a lithium-ion battery pack intended for energy storage applications. A model of the battery pack was made in the life-cycle assessment-tool, openLCA. The environmental impact assessment was conducted with the life-cycle impact assessment methods recommended in the Batteries Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules adopted by the European Commission (2016). The findings in this study showed that the most important parameter in the cradle-to-grave assessment was the use-stage losses, which can be reduced by using electricity grids with high sharesof renewable energy or by increase the round-trip efficiency of the battery system. However, for the cradle-to-gate assessment, five impact categories were found to be relevant. These categories were: climate change, acidification, fossil resource use, resource use (minerals and metals) and particulate matter. Furthermore, within these impact categories, four materials contributed to more than 65 % of all impact. These key materials were; nickel, aluminium, cobalt and graphite. Therefore, a recommendation to battery manufacturers is to prioritise sourcing these four key materials from sustainable suppliers to reduce the overall cradle-to-gate environmental impact. Lastly, by integrating recycling of the battery pack in the end-of-life-stage, it was possibleto achieve a net reduction of 9-20 % of the cradle-to-grave climate change, acidification and fossil resource use compared to not including recycling. Therefore, the development of efficient and large-scale recycling will likely play a major role in reducing the environmental impact from lithium-ion batteries in the future.
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Sadeghi, Meykola Seyedhafez. "Decreasing charging time of Lithium-Ion Battery by controlling temperature during the process." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42265.
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In this report, which is written for Halmstad University and on behalf of Semcon, a mechanical design process was implemented to evaluate the possibility of executing a low-cost cooling system for one of the battery company’s products. The report started from the background of former studies to clarify the problem and finding existing solutions in the first step and following up with developing concepts based on gathered information from the literature study. The battery company provides a high-performance battery based on customer requirements because of the flexible lithium battery technology. There are two similar conditions in the operating period of the battery. One in the high performance usage of the battery and two in the charging period by adding power to the battery cells. Both of these actions generate heat which is the result of resistance of the material in the cells and the chemical reaction of the cells. The battery company wants to decrease the time of charging period in order to reach the operative condition as fast as possible by enabling fast charging. According to the battery management system (BMS), at high temperatures the efficiency of charging rate decreases and also it has a negative influence on the battery cells performance and lifetime. A cooling system is required in order to fulfil the requirement of having high performance and making fast charging possible for the battery. The goal of this thesis is to develop a cooling system based on literature study with consideration of applying to the lithium battery in order to reduce charging time by decreasing temperature in the modules during the operating period. This report contains the whole developing conceptual design process of the cooling system by starting a wide range of information gathering in the purpose of determining the main variables which have an influence on different cooling techniques. In specific, after deciding about the type of cooling method for the product, the study has been focused on the fluid dynamics and heat transfer by forced convection with airflow. The concept generation executed on the information which was gathered through the information retrieval. The final developed concept has been introduced in this thesis work which has the potential of fulfilling the requirement of designing a cooling system to decrease the temperature of the battery’s modules without making any serious changes in the product. The final concept has been developed by various changes in its components and evaluating those changes by executing simulation for each change. The final concept contains twelve similar heat sinks which have been installed over connectors to provide more surface in the purpose of exchanging heat through the airflow provided by three high-speed fans. In order to force the airflow over the heat sinks, a cover has been designed.
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Heinen, Garrett David. "Modeling and Charging Control of a Lithium Ion Battery System for Solar Panels." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1745.
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The advancement in solar panel and battery technology makes them useful for energy supply and storage. This thesis involves the modeling and charging control of a lithium ion battery system for solar panels. The proposed model is based on the parameters and characteristics of a realistic battery and solar panel system; and the hybrid control approach combines the advantages of the adaptive incremental conductance method and the perturb and observe method to track the maximum power point of the solar panel for charging the battery unit. Computer simulation results demonstrate that this proposed approach offers a faster convergence rate than the adaptive incremental conductance method, and less steady-state error than the perturb and observe method.
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Svensson, Henrik. "Pre-Study for a Battery Storage for a Kinetic Energy Storage System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-249173.
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This bachelor thesis investigates what kind of battery system that is suitable for an electric driveline equipped with a mechanical fly wheel, focusing on a battery with high specific energy capacity. Basic battery theory such as the principle of an electrochemical cell, limitations and C-rate is explained as well as the different major battery systems that are available. Primary and secondary cells are discussed, including the major secondary chemistries such as lead acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium ion (Li-ion). The different types of Li-ion chemistries are investigated, explained and compared against each other as well as other battery technologies. The need for more complex protection circuitry for Li-ion batteries is included in the comparison. Request for quotations are made to battery system manufacturers and evaluated. The result of the research is that the Li-ion NMC energy cell is the best alternative, even if the cost per cell is the most expensive compared to other major technologies. Due to the budget, the LiFeMnPO4 chemistry is used in the realisation of the final system, which is scaled down with consideration to the power requirement.
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Willenberg, Shane. "Carbon supported aluminium trifluoride nanoparticles functionalized lithium manganese oxide for the development of advanced lithium ion battery system." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5944.
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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry)A novel lithium ion (Li-ion) battery cathode material has been investigated for potential mobile technology energy storage applications. I have successfully synthesized Lithium Manganese oxide (LMO), reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) and Aluminium trifluoride (AlF3). The cathode coated nanocomposite was compiled of the aforementioned materials to give [AlF3LiMn2O4-rGO]. A single-phase spinel was observed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies with a high intensity (111) plane which indicates good electrochemical activity. No alterations to the crystal structure were observed after forming the composite nano-cathode material. Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the vibrational spectrum of LiMn2O4 with a with asymmetric MnO6 stretching confirming that the spinel was formed.
2021-04-30
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Becht, Gregory A. "Exploratory synthesis of new open-framework iron (ii, iii)-containing polyanion systems targeted for lithium-ion battery applications." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1219861055/.
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Muneeb, Ur Rehman Muhammad. "Modular, Scalable Battery Systems with Integrated Cell Balancing and DC Bus Power Processing." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6999.
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Traditional electric vehicle and stationary battery systems use series-connected battery packs that employ centralized battery management and power processing architecture. Though, these systems meet the basic safety and power requirements with a simple hard- ware structure, the approach results in a battery pack that is energy and power limited by weak cells throughout life and most importantly at end-of-life. The applications of battery systems can benefit significantly from modular, scalable battery systems capable of advanced cell balancing, efficient power processing, and cost gains via reuse beyond first-use application. The design of modular battery systems has unique requirements for the power electronics designer, including architecture, design, modeling and control of power processing converters, and battery balancing methods. This dissertation considers the requirements imposed by electric vehicle and stationary applications and presents design and control of modular battery systems to overcome challenges associated with conventional systems. The modular battery system uses cell or substring-level power converters to combine battery balancing and power processing functionality and opens the door to new opportunities for advanced cell balancing methods. This approach enables balancing control to act on cell-level information, reroute power around weaker cells in a string of cells to optimally deploy the stored energy, and achieve performance gains throughout the life of the battery pack. With this approach, the integrated balancing power converters can achieve system cost and efficiency gains by replacing or eliminating some of the conventional components inside battery systems such as passive balancing circuits and high-voltage, high-power converters. In addition, when coupled with life prognostic based cell balancing control, the modular system can extend the lifetime of a battery pack by up to 40%. The modular architecture design and control concepts developed in this dissertation can be applied to designs of large battery packs and improve battery pack performance, lifetime, size, and cost.
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Alhadri, Muapper J. "Empirical Modeling and Analysis of Degradation of the Lithium-Ion Battery for Different First- and Second-Use Applications." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1564650695624029.
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Yudhistira, Ryutaka. "Comparative life cycle assessment of different lithium-ion battery chemistries and lead-acid batteries for grid storage application." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300116.
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With the rapid increase of renewable energy in the electricity grids, the need for energy storage continues to grow. One of the technologies that are gaining interest for utility-scale energy storage is lithium-ion battery energy storage systems. However, their environmental impact is inevitably put into question against lead-acid battery storage systems. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) to contrast the environmental impact of utilizing lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries for stationary applications, specifically grid storage. The main tools in this study include Microsoft Excel for the life cycle inventory and OpenLCA for life cycle modelling and sensitivity analysis. In this research, a cradle-to-grave LCA for three lithium-ion battery chemistries (i.e. lithium iron phosphate, nickel cobalt manganese, and nickel cobalt aluminium) is conducted. The impact categories are aligned with the Environmental Footprint impact assessment methodology described by the European Commission. The standby grid operation scenario is considered for estimating the environmental impacts, where the batteries would deliver 4,800 kWh of electric energy throughout 20 years. Consequently, the functional unit will be in per kWh energy delivered. The lead-acid battery system has the following environmental impact values (in per kWh energy delivered): 2 kg CO2-eq. for climate change, 33 MJ for fossil resource use, 0.02 mol H+-eq. for acidification, 10-7 disease incidence for particulate emission, and 8x10-4 kg Sb-eq. for minerals resource use. Going back to the lithium-ion batteries systems, for the climate change and fossil resource use impact categories, the best performer is found to be the nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) lithium-ion battery, with 46% and 45% less impact than lead-acid for the respective categories. On the other hand, the nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) was the best for the acidification and particulate emission impact categories with respective 65% and 51% better performance compared to lead-acid batteries. Finally, for the minerals and metals resource use category, the lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP) is estimated to be the best performer, which is 94% less than lead-acid. To conclude, the life cycle stage determined to have the largest contribution for most of the impact categories was the use stage, which then becomes the subject to a sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis was done by varying the renewable contribution of the electricity grids in the use phase. Overall, the lithium-ion batteries systems have less environmental impact than lead-acid batteries systems, for the observed impact categories. The findings of this thesis can be used as a reference to decide whether to replace lead-acid batteries with lithium-ion batteries for grid energy storage from an environmental impact perspective.Med den snabba ökningen av förnybar energi i elnäten, fortsätter behovet av energilagring att växa. En av de tekniker som växer intresse för energilagring på nyttan är litiumjon batteriets energilagringssystem. Emellertid, deras miljöpåverkan ifrågasätts oundvikligen mot blysyrabatteri lagringssystem. Därför syftar denna studie till att göra en komparativ livscykelanalys (LCA) för att komparera miljöpåverkan av att använda litiumjonbatterier och blybatterier för stationära applikationer, särskilt för nätlagring. I denna forskning genomfördes en vagga-till-grav-LCA (eller cradle-to-grave i engelska) för tre litiumjonbatterikemi (litium järn fosfat, nickel kobolt mangan, och nickel cobalt aluminium). Effektkategorier anpassades till miljökonsekvensbedömning metoden som beskrivs av Europeiska kommissionen. Det användningsfall scenariot för batterierna var standby läget, där batterierna leverera 4800 kWh elektrisk energi för 20 år. Följaktligen den funktionella unit är i ‘per kWh levererad energi’. Blysyrabatteriet hade följande ungefärliga miljöpåverkansvärden (i per kWh levererad energi): 2 kg CO2-eq. för climate change, 33 MJ för fossil resource use, 0.02 mol H+-eq. för acidification, 10-7 disease incidence för particulate emission, and 8x10-4 kg Sb-eq. för minerals resource use. Tillbaka till litiumjonbatterierna, för climate change och fossil resource use resursanvändnings kategorier, den bäst presterande var litiumjonbatteriet nickel kobolt aluminium (NCA). Det hade 46% och 45% mindre påverkan än blysyrabatteriet för respektive kategori. Å andra sidan, var nickel mangan kobolt (NMC) bäst för acidifcation och particulate emission kategorier. De är 65% och 51% bättre än blysyra för kategorierna. Slutligen, litium järn fosfat batteriet (LFP) är det bäst presterande för resource use of minerals and metals kategoriet, vilket det är 94% mindre än blysyra. Avslutningsvis, det livscykelstadier som var bestämt att ha det största bidraget för de flesta av påverkningskategorierna är användningsstadiet, som sedan blir föremål för en känslighetsanalys. I slutändan, litiumjonbatterierna ha mindre miljöpåverkan än blybatterier i detta projekt, för de observerade slagkategorierna. Resultaten av denna avhandling kan sedan användas som referens för att avgöra om bly-syrabatterier ska ersättas med litiumjonbatterier för energilagring ur ett miljöeffektperspektiv.
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Grasberger, Christopher B. "The Development of a High-Performance Distributed Battery Management System for Large Lithium Ion Packs." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1392.
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A high performance battery management system (BMS) for large capacity cells was designed, built, and tested in a cycle of three revisions. The BMS was designed for use in applications where the battery pack configuration is unknown: parallel, series, or any combination. Each of the cells is equipped with its own battery management system to allow a peer-to-peer mesh network to monitor the safety of the cell. The BMS attached to each cell also is equipped with a 25A DC/DC converter to perform active balancing between cells in a string. This converter can transfer charge to (or from) a cell of higher potential and a cell of lower potential at the same time. The balancing circuit has a peak efficiency of 85.3%. The system draws only 53mA while balancing at 25A helping to increase low current performance. The system draws just under 5mA over all while active. Each BMS is equipped with one current sensor, which can measure ±800A with a second ±120A current range. Additionally, the board is equipped with coulomb counting to provide a better understanding of each cell.
While this design has many great features, lack of full software support makes many of the subsystems dependent on user interaction to use. As a result, the design is not fully complete. Additionally, last minute design changes on the final revision resulted in detrimental effects to the accuracy of many of the analog circuits including the current sensing features.
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Ikpo, Chinwe Oluchi. "Development of high performance composite lithium ion battery cathode systems with carbon nanotubes functionalised with bimetallic inorganic nanocrystal alloys." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3797.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDLithium ion cathode systems based on composites of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), iron-cobalt-derivatised carbon nanotubes (FeCo-CNT) and polyaniline (PA) nanomaterials were developed. The FeCo-functionalised CNTs were obtained through in-situ reductive precipitation of iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄.7H₂O) and cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂.6H₂O) within a CNT suspension via sodium borohydrate (NaBH₄) reduction protocol. Results from high Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the successful attachment FeCo nanoclusters at the ends and walls of the CNTs. The nanoclusters provided viable routes for the facile transfer of electrons during lithium ion deinsertion/insertion in the 3-D nanonetwork formed between the CNTs and adjacent LiFePO₄ particles.
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Couto, Mendonca Luis Daniel. "Electrochemical Modeling, Supervision and Control of Lithium-Ion Batteries." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/283201.
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This thesis develops an advanced battery monitoring and control system based on the electrochemical principles that govern lithium-ion battery dynamics. This work is motivated by the need of having safer and better energy storage systems for all kind of applications, from small scale portable electronics to large scale renewable energy storage. In this context, lithium-ion batteries have become the enabling technology for energy autonomy in appliances (e.g. mobile phone, electric vehicle) and energy self-consumption in households. However, batteries are oversized and pricey, might be unsafe, are slow to charge and may not equalize the lifetime of the application they are intended to power. This work tackles these different issues.This document first introduces the general context of the battery management problem, as well as the particular issues that arise when modeling, supervising and controlling the battery short-term and long-term operation. Different solutions coming from the literature are reviewed, and several standard tools borrowed from control theory are exposed. Then, starting by well-known contributions in electrochemical modeling, we proceed to develop reduced-order models for the battery operation including degradation mechanisms, that are highly descriptive of the real phenomena taking place. This modeling framework is the cornerstone of all the monitoring and control development that follows.Next, we derive a battery diagnosis system with a twofold objective. First, indicators for internal faults affecting the battery state-of-health are obtained. Secondly, detection and isolation of sensor faults is achieved. Both tasks rely on state observers designed from electrochemical models to perform state estimation and residual generation. Whereas the former solution resorts to system identification techniques for health monitoring, the latter solution exploits fault diagnosis for instrumentation assessment.We then develop a feedback battery charge strategy able to push in performance while accounting for constraints associated to battery degradation. The fast and safe charging capabilities of the proposed approach are ultimately validated through long-term cycling experiments. This approach outperforms widely used commercial charging strategies in terms of both charging speed and degradation.The main contribution of this thesis is the exploitation of first principles models to develop battery management strategies towards improving safety, charging time and lifetime of battery systems without jeopardizing performance. The obtained results show that system and control theory offer opportunities to improve battery operation, aside from the material sciences contributions to this field.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Varia, Adhyarth C. "In-Situ Capacity and Resistance Estimation Algorithm Development for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electrified Vehicles." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408665208.
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Allart, David. "Gestion et modélisation électrothermique des batteries lithium-ion." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC261/document.
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Ces travaux de thèse se focalisent sur la modélisation électrothermique des batteries Lithium-ion de grande puissance, appliquée pour les véhicules électriques et pour le stockage d’énergie intégré au réseau. Une approche plus particulière est donnée sur la modélisation thermique de la batterie et de ses connectiques dans le but d’anticiper les comportements thermiques sous des sollicitations dynamiques de courant. De nombreuses investigations ont été réalisées dans le but de déterminer les différents paramètres électriques et thermiques de l’accumulateur, nous avons également cherché à comparer plusieurs méthodes de caractérisation différentes.La première partie du manuscrit est consacrée à la caractérisation et à la modélisation électrique.La seconde partie présente la caractérisation thermique et le modèle thermique de la batterie. Nous proposons une approche couplée de différents modèles thermiques, dans le but de prédire les comportements thermiques au niveau de la surface et du cœur de la cellule, mais également au niveau des connectiques et des câbles.Enfin, la dernière partie présente la modélisation électrothermique d’un module assemblé de trois cellules en séries. Les résultats de simulations ont été validés sur des régimes à courant constant, ainsi que sur des régimes de courant dynamique.Le travail accompagne l’intégration des modèles thermiques dans une plateforme de simulation de systèmes énergétique et ouvre des pistes vers des outils d’aide à la conception de packs de batteries, sur l’aide au dimensionnement de systèmes de refroidissement et sur le développement d’outil de diagnostic thermique des batteriesThis thesis work focuses on the electrothermal modeling of high-power Lithium-ion batteries, applied for electric vehicles and the energy storage connected to the the grid. A particular approach is given on the thermal modeling of the battery and its connectors in order to anticipate the thermal behaviors under dynamic charge and discharge current, which is very useful for the thermal management systems of the batteries. Numerous investigations have been carried out in order to determine the different electrical and thermal parameters of the accumulator, we have also tried to compare several different methods.The first part of the manuscript is dedicated to characterization and electrical modeling.The second part presents the thermal characterization and the thermal model of the battery. We propose a coupled approach of different thermal models, with the aim of predicting the thermal behaviors at the level of the surface and the core of the cell, but also at the level of the connectors and the wire.Finally, the last part presents the electrothermal modeling of a small assembled module of three cells in series. The results of simulations have been validated on constant current regimes, as well as on dynamic current regimes.The work aims to integrate the thermal models in a simulation platform of energy systems and opens up paths towards tools to help in the design of battery packs, assistance with the dimensioning of cooling systems and the development of thermal diagnostic tool for batteries
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Prakash, Shruti. "The development and fabrication of miniaturized direct methanol fuel cells and thin-film lithium ion battery hybrid system for portable applications." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28279.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Kohl, Paul; Committee Member: Fuller, Tom; Committee Member: Gray, Gary; Committee Member: Liu, Meilin; Committee Member: Meredith, Carson; Committee Member: Rincon-Mora, Gabriel.
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Lahiri, Indranil. "Carbon Nanotube Based Systems for High Energy Efficient Applications." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/508.
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In the current age of fast-depleting conventional energy sources, top priority is given to exploring non-conventional energy sources, designing highly efficient energy storage systems and converting existing machines/instruments/devices into energy-efficient ones. ‘Energy efficiency’ is one of the important challenges for today’s scientific and research community, worldwide.
In line with this demand, the current research was focused on developing two highly energy-efficient devices – field emitters and Li-ion batteries, using beneficial properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT). Interface-engineered, directly grown CNTs were used as cathode in field emitters, while similar structure was applied as anode in Li-ion batteries. Interface engineering was found to offer minimum resistance to electron flow and strong bonding with the substrate. Both field emitters and Li-ion battery anodes were benefitted from these advantages, demonstrating high energy efficiency. Field emitter, developed during this research, could be characterized by low turn-on field, high emission current, very high field enhancement factor and extremely good stability during long-run. Further, application of 3-dimensional design to these field emitters resulted in achieving one of the highest emission current densities reported so far. The 3-D field emitter registered 27 times increase in current density, as compared to their 2-D counterparts. These achievements were further followed by adding new functionalities, transparency and flexibility, to field emitters, keeping in view of current demand for flexible displays. A CNT-graphene hybrid structure showed appreciable emission, along with very good transparency and flexibility.
Li-ion battery anodes, prepared using the interface-engineered CNTs, have offered 140% increment in capacity, as compared to conventional graphite anodes. Further, it has shown very good rate capability and an exceptional ‘zero capacity degradation’ during long cycle operation. Enhanced safety and charge transfer mechanism of this novel anode structure could be explained from structural characterization. In an attempt to progress further, CNTs were coated with ultrathin alumina by atomic layer deposition technique. These alumina-coated CNT anodes offered much higher capacity and an exceptional rate capability, with very low capacity degradation in higher current densities. These highly energy efficient CNT based anodes are expected to enhance capacities of future Li-ion batteries.
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Andersson, Joakim. "Lifetime estimation of lithium-ion batteries for stationary energy storage system." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212987.
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With the continuing transition to renewable inherently intermittent energy sources like solar- and wind power, electrical energy storage will become progressively more important to manage energy production and demand. A key technology in this area is Li-ion batteries. To operate these batteries efficiently, there is a need for monitoring of the current battery state, including parameters such as state of charge and state of health, to ensure that adequate safety and performance is maintained. Furthermore, such monitoring is a step towards the possibility of the optimization of battery usage such as to maximize battery lifetime and/or return on investment. Unfortunately, possible online measurements during actual operation of a lithium-ion battery are typically limited to current, voltage and possibly temperature, meaning that direct measurement of battery status is not feasible. To overcome this, battery modeling and various regression methods may be used. Several of the most common regression algorithms suggested for estimation of battery state of charge and state of health are based on Kalman filtering. While these methods have shown great promise, there currently exist no thorough analysis of the impact of so-called filter tuning on the effectiveness of these algorithms in Li-ion battery monitoring applications, particularly for state of health estimation. In addition, the effects of only adjusting the cell capacity model parameter for aging effects, a relatively common approach in the literature, on overall state of health estimation accuracy is also in need of investigation. In this work, two different Kalman filtering methods intended for state of charge estimation: the extended Kalman filter and the extended adaptive Kalman filter, as well as three intended for state of health estimation: the dual extended Kalman filer, the enhanced state vector extended Kalman filer, and the single weight dual extended Kalman filer, are compared from accuracy, performance, filter tuning and practical usability standpoints. All algorithms were used with the same simple one resistor-capacitor equivalent circuit battery model. The Li-ion battery data used for battery model development and simulations of filtering algorithm performance was the “Randomized Battery Usage Data Set” obtained from the NASA Prognostics Center of Excellence. It is found that both state of charge estimators perform similarly in terms of accuracy of state of charge estimation with regards to reference values, easily outperforming the common Coulomb counting approach in terms of precision, robustness and flexibility. The adaptive filter, while computationally more demanding, required less tuning of filter parameters relative to the extended Kalman filter to achieve comparable performance and might therefore be advantageous from a robustness and usability perspective. Amongst the state of health estimators, the enhanced state vector approach was found to be most robust to initialization and was also least taxing computationally. The single weight filter could be made to achieve comparable results with careful, if time consuming, filter tuning. The full dual extended Kalman filter has the advantage of estimating not only the cell capacity but also the internal resistance parameters. This comes at the price of slow performance and time consuming filter tuning, involving 17 parameters. It is however shown that long-term state of health estimation is superior using this approach, likely due to the online adjustment of internal resistance parameters. This allows the dual extended Kalman filter to accurately estimate the SoH over a full test representing more than a full conventional battery lifetime. The viability of only adjusting the capacity in online monitoring approaches therefore appears questionable. Overall the importance of filter tuning is found to be substantial, especially for cases of very uncertain starting battery states and characteristics.
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Abran, Eszter, Elin Andersson, and Rova Therese Nilsson. "Battery Storage for Grid Application : A case study of implementing a Lithium-ion storage system for power peak shaving and energy arbitrage." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443558.
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Large scale Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS) for stationary power grid application is a developing field among energy storage technologies. Predictions indicate an increased use of the technology which offers a solution to the challenges that the increasing share of intermittent energy sources causes on the power grid. The non-plannability of intermittent power production requires solutions to maintain a stable and reliable power grid. Further commercialization of BESSes is also seen as use increases for electric vehicles and other mobile use. A distribution grid owner, referred to as the Company, has a power subscription for power that is fed from the regional grid, where additional power peak fees are added when exceeding the subscription limit. This study investigates whether a Lithium-ion BESS can be financially beneficial for the Company by examining two power grid services. The first one is power peak shaving, and the second one is energy arbitrage. Energy arbitrage signifies that the BESS is charged during low electricity prices and discharged during high prices, thus generating profit. This is accomplished by simulating a Lithium-ion BESS in MATLAB (2019) where the studied services are combined. The results show that a Lithium-ion BESS can be used for the purpose of peak shaving and energy arbitrage, although an investment is not profitable for the Company with the current market situation. The sensitivity analysis does however indicate profitability if the current power peak fees and spot prices remain unchanged while the BESS investment cost is reduced by 50%. This decrease in BESS cost is predicted possible within the next decade as BESS demand is expected to increase. The study implies that the main factor effecting the solution to be profitable is the high investment cost.
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Müller, Marcus [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Jossen, Andreas [Gutachter] Jossen, and Isabell M. [Gutachter] Welpe. "Stationary Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems : A Multi-Purpose Technology / Marcus Müller ; Gutachter: Andreas Jossen, Isabell M. Welpe ; Betreuer: Andreas Jossen." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160674264/34.
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Parsons, Kevin Kenneth. "Design and Simulation of Passive Thermal Management System for Lithium-ion Battery Packs on an Unmanned Ground Vehicle." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/912.
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The transient thermal response of a 15-cell, 48 volt, lithium-ion battery pack for an unmanned ground vehicle was simulated with ANSYS Fluent. Heat generation rates and specific heat capacity of a single cell were experimentally measured and used as input to the thermal model. A heat generation load was applied to each battery and natural convection film boundary conditions were applied to the exterior of the enclosure. The buoyancy-driven natural convection inside the enclosure was modeled along with the radiation heat transfer between internal components. The maximum temperature of the batteries reached 65.6 °C after 630 seconds of usage at a simulated peak power draw of 3,600 watts or roughly 85 amps. This exceeds the manufacturer's maximum recommended operating temperature of 60 °C. The pack was redesigned to incorporate a passive thermal management system consisting of a composite expanded graphite matrix infiltrated with a phase-changing paraffin wax. The redesigned battery pack was similarly modeled, showing a decrease in the maximum temperature to 50.3 °C after 630 seconds at the same power draw. The proposed passive thermal management system kept the batteries within their recommended operating temperature range.
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Ogihara, Hideki [Verfasser], and M. J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoffmann. "Lithium Titanate Ceramic System as Electronic and Li-ion Mixed Conductors for Cathode Matrix in Lithium-Sulfur Battery / Hideki Ogihara. Betreuer: M. J. Hoffmann." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025887476/34.
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Isaksson, Maja, and Ellen Stjerngren. "Opportunities, Barriers and Preconditions for Battery Energy Storage in Sweden : A Study Investigating the Possibilities of Grid Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems in the Swedish Electricity Market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264270.
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The global energy system is under transformation. The energy transition from a centralized, fossil fuel based energy system to a more decentralized, renewable energy based system will challenge the balancing of electricity supply and demand. This stresses the importance of grid flexibility. In this challenge, energy storage will play a valuable role as it can provide flexibility and support the renewable energy integration. More specifically, lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (Li-ion BESS) demonstrate technological advantages and valuable application possibilities in the electricity grid. This thesis examines opportunities and barriers for deployment of grid-scale Li-ion BESS in the Swedish electricity market, and provides an overview of different perspectives of possibilities with BESS from several market actors. The purpose of the exploratory study is to gain an understanding of prospects for grid-scale BESS in Sweden. Through a comprehensive literature study and an empirical study, based on fourteen interviews with various actors in the electricity market, data was collected and analyzed. The analysis of the empirical findings resulted in two tables summarizing opportunities and barriers for implementation of BESS in Sweden. The opportunities and barriers are categorized into three hierarchical levels; contextual level, power system level and BESS level, referring to where in the system the benefits or hinders are localized. Also, key discussion points related to BESS (such as storage time perspective, ownership, grid services, cost, price signals and knowledge gap) are explored and evaluated. Furthermore, to understand the possibilities for grid-scale BESS in Sweden, a potential business setup for BESS is assessed and analyzed to identify preconditions for BESS to be attractive on the Swedish electricity market. The findings of the thesis indicate that grid flexibility is most likely going to be a considerable issue within 10-20 years. By the time of the potential nuclear phase out in Sweden, there will be major instabilities in the electricity grid if solutions are not in place. Therefore, keys to grid flexibility need to be evaluated and planned for well in advance, and the findings indicate that BESS could be a possible part of the solution. Until now, the regulatory framework has been perceived as rather unclear when it comes to energy storage, which has led to uncertainties among the market actors. These unclarities are about to be clarified with new laws and regulations, which will enable potential businesses for BESS. With the changes in the regulatory framework in place, we see an opportunity with new actors on the market. Our analysis shows that the BESS owner will most likely be a commercial actor, to enable utilization of a BESS for combined applications. An important factor, affecting the possibilities of implementing BESS on the Swedish electricity market, is the cost of BESS. We consider the cost aspect as vital for the likelihood of deploying BESS in Sweden. Based on our main findings, we conclude several preconditions for the deployment of BESS in Sweden. These are; decreased costs of BESS, acceptance from market actors, increased knowledge, a trading platform for grid services provided by a BESS, coordination between markets and electricity load forecasts. We believe that if these preconditions are fulfilled, Li-ion BESS has a chance to affect and have an impact on the Swedish electricity market.Dagens energisystem är under förändring. Det sker en omvandling där energisystemet går från att vara centraliserat och fossilbaserat till att bli mer decentraliserat och baserat på förnybar energi. Detta kommer att utmana balanseringen av elproduktion och elkonsumtion, vilket betonar vikten av flexibilitet i elnätet. I den stundande utmaningen kommer energilagring att spela en viktig roll eftersom det kan bidra med flexibilitet och samtidigt stödja integrationen av mer förnybar elproduktion. Mer specifikt har energilagersystem med litiumjon-batterier flertalet tekniska fördelar och värdefulla användningsområden i elnätet. Det här examensarbetet utforskar möjligheter och hinder för en framtida implementering av nätanslutna litiumjonbatterilager på den svenska elmarknaden och ger en överblick över perspektiv på utsikter för batterilager från flertalet marknadsaktörer. Syftet med den utforskande studien är att få en ökad förståelse för framtidsutsikterna för storskaliga batterilager i Sverige. Genom en omfattande litteraturstudie och en empirisk studie, baserad på fjorton intervjuer med olika aktörer på elmarknaden, samlades data in och analyserades. Analysen av de empiriska resultaten resulterade i två tabeller som sammanfattar möjligheter och hinder för implementering av batterilager i Sverige. Möjligheterna och hindren kategoriseras i tre hierarkiska nivåer; kontextuell nivå, kraftsystemnivå och batterilagersystemnivå, med hänvisning till var i systemet fördelarna eller barriärerna är lokaliserade. Dessutom utvärderas flera betydande diskussionsteman relaterade till batterilager (såsom lagringstid, ägande, nättjänster, kostnad, prissignaler och kunskapsluckor). För att förstå möjligheterna för att etablera batterilager i Sverige har en möjlig affärsuppställning utvärderats och analyserats. Detta för att identifiera förutsättningar för att batterilager ska vara attraktivt på den svenska elmarknaden. Examensarbetets resultat tyder på att nätflexibilitet sannolikt kommer att bli ett betydande problem inom 10-20 år. Den troliga avvecklingen av den svenska kärnkraften kommer att resultera i instabilitet i elnätet om inte lösningar finns på plats. Därför behöver lösningar för att uppnå flexibilitet i elnätet utvärderas och planeras i god tid och uppsatsens resultat visar på att batterilager kan vara en möjlig del av lösningen. Fram till nu har det funnits oklarheter i regelverket gällande energilagring, vilket har lett till osäkerheter hos marknadsaktörerna. Nya lagar och förordningar kommer att klargöra flertalet osäkerheter och möjliggöra potentiella affärer med batterilager. När det förändrade regelverket är på plats, ser vi potential för nya aktörer på marknaden. Vår analys visar på att batterilager med största sannolikhet kommer att ägas av kommersiella aktörer för att möjliggöra kombinerade användningsområden av batterilager. Möjligheterna till implementering av batterilager på den svenska elmarknaden påverkas i hög grad av kostnaden för batterilager. Vi anser att kostnadsaspekten är avgörande för sannolikheten att utnyttja batterilager i Sverige. Vår slutsats är att det finns flertalet förutsättningar för att batterilager ska bli attraktivt och lönsamt i Sverige. Dessa är; minskade kostnader för batterilager, acceptans från marknadsaktörer, ökad kunskap, en handelsplattform för nättjänster som tillhandahålls av batterilager, samordning mellan marknader samt lastprognoser. Om dessa förutsättningar uppnås anser vi att litiumjon-batterilager har en chans att påverka den svenska elmarknaden.
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Qian, Hao. "A High-Efficiency Grid-Tie Battery Energy Storage System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29008.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-ion based battery energy storage system has become one of the most popular forms of energy storage system for its high charge and discharge efficiency and high energy density. This dissertation proposes a high-efficiency grid-tie lithium-ion battery based energy storage system, which consists of a LiFePO4 battery based energy storage and associated battery management system (BMS), a high-efficiency bidirectional ac-dc converter and the central control unit which controls the operation mode and grid interface of the energy storage system. The BMS estimates the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of each battery cell in the pack and applies active charge equalization to balance the charge of all the cells in the pack. The bidirectional ac-dc converter works as the interface between the battery pack and the ac grid, which needs to meet the requirements of bidirectional power flow capability and to ensure high power factor and low THD as well as to regulate the dc side power regulation.
A highly efficient dual-buck converter based bidirectional ac-dc converter is proposed. The implemented converter efficiency peaks at 97.8% at 50-kHz switching frequency for both rectifier and inverter modes. To better utilize the dc bus voltage and eliminate the two dc bus bulk capacitors in the conventional dual-buck converter, a novel bidirectional ac-dc converter is proposed by replacing the capacitor leg of the dual-buck converter based single-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter with a half-bridge switch leg. Based on the single-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter topology, three novel three-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter topologies are proposed.
In order to control the bidirectional power flow and at the same time stabilize the system in mode transition, an admittance compensator along with a quasi-proportional-resonant (QPR) controller is adopted to allow smooth startup and elimination of the steady-state error over the entire load range. The proposed QPR controller is designed and implemented with a digital controller. The entire system has been simulated in both PSIM and Simulink and verified with hardware experiments. Small transient currents are observed with the power transferred from rectifier mode to inverter mode at peak current point and also from inverter mode to rectifier mode at peak current point.
The designed BMS monitors and reports all battery cells parameters in the pack and estimates the SOC of each battery cell by using the Coulomb counting plus an accurate open-circuit voltage model. The SOC information is then used to control the isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter based active cell balancing circuits to mitigate the mismatch among the series connected cells. Using the proposed SOC balancing technique, the entire battery storage system has demonstrated more capacity than the system without SOC balancing.Ph. D.
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Khalid, Areeb. "Design of an Aging Estimation Block for a Battery Management System (BMS) :." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap och fysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-29205.
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Idjis, Hakim. "La filière de valorisation des batteries de véhicules électriques en fin de vie : contribution à la modélisation d’un système organisationnel complexe en émergence." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC015/document.
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Avec le développement des véhicules électriques, la question de la valorisation des batteries lithium-ion (BLI) se pose pour diverses raisons. Pourtant, une filière de valorisation structurée n’existe pas aujourd’hui. Notre travail académique a pour objet l’étude de cette dernière. La filière de valorisation des BLIs est définie comme un système sociotechnique, complexe en émergence. Notre problématique consiste alors à l’étudier d’un point de vue technico-économique, organisationnel et prospectif et ce en tenant compte des différentes complexités. Cette problématique soulève trois questions de recherche : Comment modéliser la filière de valorisation des BLIs comme un système organisationnel complexe en émergence ? Comment faire de la prospective sur la filière de valorisation des BLIs ? Comment analyser la gouvernance de la filière de valorisation des BLIs ?Pour modéliser la filière de valorisation des BLIs, nous mettons en œuvre d’une manière combinée trois méthodes de modélisation systémiques : SCOS’M (Systemics for Complex Organisational Systems’ Modelling), la cartographie cognitive et la dynamique des systèmes. La modélisation a pour objectif la caractérisation de la filière (parties prenantes, sous-systèmes …), la compréhension de ses dynamiques d’évolution et l’identification des variables clés dans ces dynamiques. Cette modélisation est une base pour la suite.Pour faire de la prospective sur la filière de valorisation des BLIs, nous préconisons l’utilisation des scénarios. Ces derniers sont définis à l’aide de la matrice SRI (Stranford Research Institute), en exploitant les variables clés qui interviennent dans les dynamiques d’évolution de la filière. La prospective est permise en simulant le modèle dynamique des systèmes avec différents scénarios, afin d’analyser les aspects technico-économiques. Pour l’étude de la gouvernance de la filière de valorisation des BLIs, le périmètre a été restreint à l’activité de reconditionnement. Dans ce cas, l’étude de la gouvernance revient à analyser des combinaisons de répartition (application 2nde vie, partie prenante). Une méthodologie d’aide à la décision a été développée pour cette fin. D’une manière générale, cette thèse a identifié les enjeux et questions qui se posent lors de l’étude de la valorisation des batteries lithium-ion des véhicules électriques. A travers notre modélisation, nous avons établi une base d’analyse utile à l’aide à la décision. Nous avons répondu à certaines questions (aspects technico-économiques et organisationnels) et ouvert la voie pour d’autres (aspects logistiques et environnementaux)With the development of electric vehicles, the recovery of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) arises for various reasons. However, a structured recovery network does not exist today. Our academic work aims to study this latter. The LIBs recovery network is defined as a socio-technical complex emerging system. Our problematic is then to study it from a technical-economic, organizational and prospective perspective, taking into account the different complexities. This problematic raises three research questions: How to model the LIBs recovery network as a complex organizational emerging system? How to foresight on the LIBs recovery network? How to analyze the LIBs recovery network governance?To model the LIBs recovery network, we apply with combination three systemic modeling methods: SCOS'M (Systemics for Complex Organisational Systems' Modelling), cognitive mapping and system dynamics. The modeling aims to characterize the recovery network (stakeholders, subsystems ...), understand its dynamics and identify the key variables in these dynamics. This model is the basis for the following research questions.To Foresight on the LIBs recovery network, we recommend the use of scenarios. These are defined using the SRI matrix (Stranford Research Institute), exploiting the key variables. Foresight is permitted by simulating the system dynamics model with different scenarios to analyze the technical-economic aspects. For the study of the LIBs recovery network governance, the scope was restricted to the repurposing activity. In this case, the study of the governance comes down to analyzing the combinations (2nd life application, stakeholder). A decision aid methodology has been developed for this purpose. In general, this thesis identified the questions that arise when considering the recovery of LIBs. Through our modeling, we have established a useful basis for decision aid. We answered some questions (technical-economic and organizational aspects) and paved the way for others (logistical and environmental aspects)
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Rinaldi, Luca. "Techno-economic analysis for a photovoltaic system with Lithium-Ion battery energy storage for a residential house in Valencia-Spain." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with a techno economic analysis of a hybrid photovoltaic(PV)-battery
energy storage (BES) system.
A first view is taken on the technologies and prices of the main components need,
inverter, photovoltaic panels and batteries, and the possible configuration of the plant.
Before proceeding with the complete analysis simulating an entire year, a comparison
between an analysis made with measures based on 5 seconds time step, with the data
taken in a residential hours and a PV plant in Valencia over a week, and on 15 minutes
time step is done. The will is to prove the reliability of the latter one, which is way faster
and lighter.
Proved its reliability, an analysis over an entire year with a time step of 15 minutes is
carried out to evaluate the economic profitability of a hybrid PV-BES plant.
With the results it will be possible to see that, even if a plant with batteries has a positive
Net Present Value (NPV), a system with PV panels only is more convenient.
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Hashemi, Seyed Reza. "An Intelligent Battery Managment System For Electric And Hybrid Electric Aircraft." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1615732366021405.
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Cordoba, Arenas Andrea Carolina. "Aging Propagation Modeling and State-of-Health Assessment in Advanced Battery Systems." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1385967836.
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Schimpe, Michael Robert [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Jossen, Andreas [Gutachter] Jossen, and Thomas [Gutachter] Hamacher. "System Simulation of Utility-Scale Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems : An Assessment of the Energy Efficiency, the Battery Degradation, and the Economics of System Operation / Michael Robert Schimpe ; Gutachter: Andreas Jossen, Thomas Hamacher ; Betreuer: Andreas Jossen." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1193177650/34.
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