Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lithium Protons Alpha rays

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Academic literature on the topic 'Lithium Protons Alpha rays'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lithium Protons Alpha rays"

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Prodanovic, T., and B. D. Fields. "Structure formation cosmic rays: Identifying observational constraints." Serbian Astronomical Journal, no. 170 (2005): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/saj0570033p.

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Shocks that arise from baryonic in-fall and merger events during the structure formation are believed to be a source of cosmic rays. These "structure formation cosmic rays" (SFCRs) would essentially be primordial in composition, namely, mostly made of protons and alpha particles. However, very little is known about this population of cosmic rays. One way to test the level of its presence is to look at the products of hadronic reactions between SFCRs and the ISM. A perfect probe of these reactions would be Li. The rare isotope Li is produced only by cosmic rays, dominantly in ?? ? 6Li fusion reactions with the ISM helium. Consequently, this nuclide provides a unique diagnostic of the history of cosmic rays. Exactly because of this unique property is Li affected most by the presence of an additional cosmic ray population. In turn, this could have profound consequences for the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis: cosmic rays created during cosmic structure formation would lead to pre-Galactic Li production, which would act as a "contaminant" to the primordial 7Li content of metalpoor halo stars. Given the already existing problem of establishing the concordance between Li observed in halo stars and primordial 7Li as predicted by the WMAP, it is crucial to set limits to the level of this "contamination". However, the history of SFCRs is not very well known. Thus we propose a few model-independent ways of testing the SFCR species and their history, as well as the existing lithium problem: 1) we establish the connection between gamma-ray and Li production, which enables us to place constraints on the SFCR-made lithium by using the observed Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background (EGRB); 2) we propose a new site for testing the primordial and SFCR-made lithium, namely, low-metalicity High-Velocity Clouds (HVCs), which retain the pre-Galactic composition without any significant depletion. Although using one method alone may not give us strong constraints, using them in concert will shed a new light on the SFCR population and possibly give some answers about the pressing lithium problem. .
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Dalton, A. W. "Light conversion efficiency of small lithium scintillators for electrons, protons, deuterons and alpha particles." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 254, no. 2 (February 1987): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)90685-1.

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Nozzoli, Francesco. "Properties of Elementary Particle Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station." EPJ Web of Conferences 209 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920901007.

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Precision measurements by AMS of the fluxes of cosmic ray positrons, electrons, antiprotons, protons as well as their rations reveal several unexpected and intriguing features. The presented measurements extend the energy range of the previous observations with much increased precision. The new results show that the behavior of positron flux at around 300 GeV is consistent with a new source that produce equal amount of high energy electrons and positrons. In addition, in the absolute rigidity range 60–500 GV, the antiproton, proton, and positron fluxes are found to have nearly identical rigidity dependence and the electron flux exhibits different rigidity dependence.
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Belov, A. V., E. A. Eroshenko, B. Heber, V. G. Yanke, A. Raviart, R. Müller-Mellin, and H. Kunow. "Latitudinal and radial variation of >2 GeV/n protons and alpha-particles at solar maximum: ULYSSES COSPIN/KET and neutron monitor network observations." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 6 (June 30, 2003): 1295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1295-2003.

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Abstract. Ulysses, launched in October 1990, began its second out-of-ecliptic orbit in September 1997. In 2000/2001 the spacecraft passed from the south to the north polar regions of the Sun in the inner heliosphere. In contrast to the first rapid pole to pole passage in 1994/1995 close to solar minimum, Ulysses experiences now solar maximum conditions. The Kiel Electron Telescope (KET) measures also protons and alpha-particles in the energy range from 5 MeV/n to >2 GeV/n. To derive radial and latitudinal gradients for >2 GeV/n protons and alpha-particles, data from the Chicago instrument on board IMP-8 and the neutron monitor network have been used to determine the corresponding time profiles at Earth. We obtain a spatial distribution at solar maximum which differs greatly from the solar minimum distribution. A steady-state approximation, which was characterized by a small radial and significant latitudinal gradient at solar minimum, was interchanged with a highly variable one with a large radial and a small – consistent with zero – latitudinal gradient. A significant deviation from a spherically symmetric cosmic ray distribution following the reversal of the solar magnetic field in 2000/2001 has not been observed yet. A small deviation has only been observed at northern polar regions, showing an excess of particles instead of the expected depression. This indicates that the reconfiguration of the heliospheric magnetic field, caused by the reappearance of the northern polar coronal hole, starts dominating the modulation of galactic cosmic rays already at solar maximum.Key words. Interplanetary physics (cosmic rays; energetic particles) – Space plasma physics (charged particle motion and acceleration)
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Gieszczyk, W., P. Bilski, M. Kłosowski, T. Nowak, and L. Malinowski. "Thermoluminescent response of differently doped lithium magnesium phosphate (LiMgPO4, LMP) crystals to protons, neutrons and alpha particles." Radiation Measurements 113 (June 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.03.007.

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Núñez, Marlon. "Predicting well-connected SEP events from observations of solar soft X-rays and near-relativistic electrons." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 8 (2018): A36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2018023.

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This paper studies the use of electron data from the Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (EPAM) on board the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) in the UMASEP (University of Málaga Solar particle Event Predictor) scheme [Núñez, Space Weather 9 (2011) S07003; Núñez, Space Weather 13 (2015)] for predicting well-connected >10 MeV Solar Energetic Proton (SEP) events. In this study, the identification of magnetic connection to a solar particle source is done by correlating Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) Soft X-Ray (SXR) fluxes with ACE EPAM electrons fluxes with energies of 0.175–0.375 MeV. The forecasting performance of this model, called Well-Connected Prediction with electrons (WCP-electrons), was evaluated for a 16-year period from November 2001 to October 2017. This performance is compared with that of the component of current real-time tool UMASEP-10, called here WCP-protons model, which predicts the same type of events by correlating GOES SXR with differential proton fluxes with energies of 9–500 MeV. For the aforementioned period, the WCP-electrons model obtained a Probability of Detection (POD) of 50.0%, a False Alarm Ratio (FAR) of 39% and an Average Warning Time (AWT) of 1 h 44 min. The WCP-protons model obtained a POD of 78.0%, a FAR of 22% and an AWT of 1 h 3 min. These results show that the use of ACE EPAM electron data in the UMASEP scheme obtained a better anticipation time (additional 41 min on average) but a lower performance in terms of POD and FAR. We also analyzed the use of a combined model, composed of WCP-electrons and WCP-protons, working in parallel (i.e. the combined model issues a forecast when any of the individual models emits a forecast). The combined model obtained the best POD (84%), and a FAR and AWT (34.4% and 1 h 34 min, respectively) which is in between those of the individual models.
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Oliva, Alberto. "Observation of Properties of Primary and Secondary Cosmic Rays by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 13002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920813002.

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The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a wide acceptance high-energy physics experiment installed on the International Space Station in May 2011 and operating continuously since then. With a collection rate of approximately 1.7 × 1010 events/year, and the combined identification capabilities of 5 independent detectors, AMS-02 is able to precisely separate cosmic rays light nuclei (1 ≤ Z ≤ 8). Knowledge of the precise rigidity dependence of the light nuclei fluxes is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. AMS-02 collaboration has recently released the precise measurements of the fluxes of light nuclei as a function of rigidity (momentum/charge) in the range between 2 GV and 3 TV. Based on the observed spectral behaviour, the light nuclei can be separated in three distinct families: primaries (hydrogen, helium, carbon, and oxygen), secondaries (lithium, beryllium, and boron), and mixed (nitrogen). Spectral indices of all light nuclei fluxes progressively harden above 100 GV. Primary cosmic ray fluxes have an identical hardening above 60 GV, of about γ = 0.12 ± 0.04. While helium, carbon and oxygen have identical spectral index magnitude, the hydrogen spectral index shows a different magnitude, i.e. the primary-to-primary H/He ratio is well described by a single power law above 45 GV with index -0.077 ± 0.007. Secondary cosmic ray fluxes have identical rigidity dependence above 30 GV. Secondary cosmic rays all harden more than primary species, and together all secondary-to-primary ratios show a hardening difference of 0.13 ± 0.03. Remarkably, the nitrogen flux is well described over the entire rigidity range by the sum of the primary flux equal to 9% of the oxygen flux and the secondary flux equal to 62% of the boron flux.
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Buckner, Charles, and Peter Varlashkin. "Cover to provide an inert atmosphere for XRD sample changers." Powder Diffraction 15, no. 2 (June 2000): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600010915.

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A cover for Scintag's six and twelve-position sample changers was designed and constructed to provide an inert atmosphere for samples during diffraction batch runs. The cover is equipped with inlet and outlet gas ports and fits over the top of the sample changer. Using dry nitrogen gas fed into the inlet of the cover, a sample of lithium bromide was protected from atmospheric moisture for greater than 18 h. The cover uses a thin Mylar window that gives greater than 95% transparency for copper K-alpha X-rays. The cover is a simple device that allows our lab to run multiple moisture-sensitive samples in a batch mode. The simple approach and materials used in the construction of the cover could be applied to other brands of powder diffractometers.
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Zaboronok, Alexander, Sergey Taskaev, Olga Volkova, Ludmila Mechetina, Anna Kasatova, Tatiana Sycheva, Kei Nakai, et al. "Gold Nanoparticles Permit In Situ Absorbed Dose Evaluation in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Malignant Tumors." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091490.

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Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an anticancer modality realized through 10B accumulation in tumor cells, neutron irradiation of the tumor, and decay of boron atoms with the release of alpha-particles and lithium nuclei that damage tumor cell DNA. As high-LET particle release takes place inside tumor cells absorbed dose calculations are difficult, since no essential extracellular energy is emitted. We placed gold nanoparticles inside tumor cells saturated with boron to more accurately measure the absorbed dose. T98G cells accumulated ~50 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, 50 µg gold/mL) and boron-phenylalanine (BPA, 10, 20, 40 µg boron-10/mL), and were irradiated with a neutron flux of 3 × 108 cm−2s−1. Gamma-rays (411 keV) emitted by AuNPs in the cells were measured by a spectrometer and the absorbed dose was calculated using the formula D = (k × N × n)/m, where D was the absorbed dose (GyE), k—depth-related irradiation coefficient, N—number of activated gold atoms, n—boron concentration (ppm), and m—the mass of gold (g). Cell survival curves were fit to the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. We found no influence from the presence of the AuNPs on BNCT efficiency. Our approach will lead to further development of combined boron and high-Z element-containing compounds, and to further adaptation of isotope scanning for BNCT dosimetry.
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Ramadhani, Amanda Dhyan Purna, Susilo Susilo, Irfan Nurfatthan, Yohannes Sardjono, Widarto Widarto, Gede Sutresna Wijaya, and Isman Mulyadi Triatmoko. "DOSE ESTIMATION OF THE BNCT WATER PHANTOM BASED ON MCNPX COMPUTER CODE SIMULATION." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR NUKLIR TRI DASA MEGA 22, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/tdm.2020.22.1.5780.

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Cancer is a malignant tumor that destroys healthy cells. Cancer treatment can be done by several methods, one of which is BNCT. BNCT uses 10B target which is injected into the human body, then it is irradiated with thermal or epithermal neutrons. Nuclear reaction will occur between boron and neutrons, producing alpha particle and lithium-7. The dose is estimated by how much boron and neutron should be given to the patient as a sum of number of boron, number of neutrons, number of protons, and number of gamma in the reaction of the boron and neutron. To calculate the dose, the authors simulated the reaction with Monte Carlo N Particle-X computer code. A water phantom was used to represent the human torso, as 75% of human body consists of water. Geometry designed in MCNPX is in cubic form containing water and a cancer cell with a radius of 2 cm. Neutron irradiation is simulated as originated from Kartini research reactor, modeled in cylindrical form to represent its aperture. The resulting total dose rate needed to destroy the cancer cell in GTV is 2.0814×1014 Gy.s (76,38%) with an irradiation time of 1,4414×10-13 s. In PTV the dose is 5.2295×1013 Gy.s (19,19%) with irradiation time of 5.7367×10-13 s. In CTV, required dose is 1.1866×1013 Gy.s (4,35%) with an irradiation time of 2.5283×10-12 s. In the water it is 1.9128×1011 Gy.s (0,07%) with an irradiation time of 1,5684×10-10 s. The irradiation time is extremely short since the modeling is based on water phantom instead of human body.Keywords: BNCT, Dose, Cancer, Water Phantom, MCNPX
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lithium Protons Alpha rays"

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Jia, Yi Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Measurement of secondary cosmic rays lithium, beryllium, and boron by the alpha magnetic spectrometer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119902.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 113-122).
Secondary cosmic rays are mainly produced by the collisions of nuclei with the interstellar medium. The precise knowledge of secondary cosmic rays is important to understand the origin and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. In this thesis, my work on the precision measurement of secondary cosmic rays Li, Be, and B in the rigidity (momentum/charge) range 1.9 GV to 3.3 TV with a total of 5.4 million nuclei collected by AMS is presented. The total error on each of the fluxes is 3%-4% at 100 GV, which is an improvement of more than a factor of 10 compared to previous measurements. Unexpectedly, the results show above 30 GV, these three fluxes have identical rigidity dependence and harden identically above 200 GV. In addition, my work on a new method of the tracker charge measurement leads to significant improvements in the AMS charge resolution, thus paving the way for the unexplored flux measurements of high Z cosmic rays.
by Yi Jia.
Ph. D.
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Launay, Jean-Claude. "Protonations énantiosélectives d'énolates prochiraux : déracémisation d'acides carboxyliques et de dérivés carbonylés." Rouen, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ROUES008.

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L'étude des différents paramètres affectant l'énantiosélectivité de la protonation a permis d'obtenir des enrichissements optiques élevés et de dégager l'influence préponderante de la structure de l'espèce amionique intermédiaire (solvant, cation associé, amine libre de l'amidure). Dans le cas de la benzoïne, la protonation conduit initialement à l'ènediol qui s'isomérise lentement en benzoïne optiquement active. Ce résultat constitue le premier exemple expérimental de tautomérisation énantiosélective d'une forme énolique en cétone
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Books on the topic "Lithium Protons Alpha rays"

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International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements., ed. Stopping powers and rangesfor protons and alpha particles. Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 1993.

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International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements., ed. Stopping powers and ranges for protons and alpha particles. Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 1993.

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Stuewer, Roger H. New Machines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0008.

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John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton designed and built their eponymous linear accelerator at the Cavendish with crucial help from scientists and engineers at the Metropolitan-Vickers company in Manchester. In April 1932, they produced 400-kilo-electron-volt protons with which they split the lithium nucleus into two alpha particles. Ernest Lawrence, stimulated by an article in German on the linear acceleration of positive ions, realized they would execute circular trajectories in a superposed perpendicular magnetic field, thereby conceiving the cyclotron principle. By January 1932, he and M. Stanley Livingston had built a 10-inch-diameter cyclotron with which they produced 1.2 million-electron-volt protons. These new accelerators transformed experimental nuclear physics. These two inventions and discovery of the deuteron, neutron, and positron garnered five Nobel Prizes. That Americans received three was a harbinger of the momentous shift occurring in the geographical center of experimental and theoretical nuclear physics.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lithium Protons Alpha rays"

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Bianchi, Thomas S. "Isotope Geochemistry." In Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160826.003.0015.

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There is a broad spectrum (approximately 1700) of radioactive isotopes (or radionuclides) that are useful tools for measuring rates of processes on Earth. The term nuclide is commonly used interchangeably with atom. The major sources of radionuclides are: (1) primordial (e.g., 238U, 235U, and 234Th-series radionuclides); (2) anthropogenic or transient (e.g., 137Cs, 90Sr, 239Pu); and (3) cosmogenic (e.g., 7Be, 14C, 32P). These isotopes can be further divided into two general groups, the particle-reactive and non-particle-reactive radionuclides. Transport pathways of non-particle-reactive radionuclides in aquatic systems are more simplistic and primarily controlled by water masses. Conversely, particle-reactive radionuclides adsorb onto particles, making their fate inextricably linked with the particle. Consequently, these particle-bound radionuclides are very useful in determining sedimentation and mixing rates, as well as the overall fate of important elements in estuarine and coastal biogeochemical cycles. Radioactivity is defined as the spontaneous adjustment of nuclei of unstable nuclides to a more stable state. Radiation (e.g., alpha, beta, and gamma rays) is released in different forms as a direct result of changes in the nuclei of these nuclides. The general composition of an atom can simply be divided into the atomic number, which is the number of protons (Z) in a nucleus. The mass number (A) is the number of neutrons (N) plus protons in a nucleus (A = Z + N). Isotopes are different forms of an element that have the same Z value but a different N. Instability in nuclei is generally caused by having an inappropriate number of neutrons relative to the number of protons. Some of the pathways by which a nucleus can spontaneously transform are as follows: (1) alpha decay, or loss of an alpha particle (nucleus of a 4He atom) from the nucleus, which results in a decrease in the atomic number by two (two protons) and the mass number by four units (two protons and two neutrons); (2) beta (negatron) decay, which occurs when a neutron changes to a proton and a negatron (negatively charged electron) is emitted, thereby increasing the atomic number by one unit; (3) emission of a positron (positively charged electron) which results in a proton becoming a neutron and a decrease in the atomic number by one unit; and (4) electron capture, where a proton is changed to a neutron after combining with the captured extranuclear electron (from the K shell)—the atomic number is decreased by one unit.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Imaging and Radiation." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0033.

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This chapter explains in simple terms the background physics of imaging using standard X-rays, computed axial tomography (CT), nuclear medicine (including positron emission tomography-PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It covers the basics of ionising radiation, and also discusses lasers, which are a form of non-ionising radiation (imaging using ultrasound is covered in Chapter 10). X-rays, CT, aspects of nuclear medicine, and lasers are covered briefly. MRI is examined in more detail as this is a newer modality that is often difficult to comprehend, and in any case often involves the presence of the anaesthetist. Some isotopes are naturally occurring but many of the radioactive nuclides used in medicine are produced artificially by a nuclear reactor or cyclotron. Each of these will provide isotopes that are useful for different purposes. Unstable radioactive nuclides achieve stability by radioactive decay, during which they can lose energy. This occurs in a number of ways. For example, atoms can lose energy by ejection of an alpha particle (an extremely tightly bound basic atomic structure of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, which is equivalent to a helium nucleus). This occurs if they have too many nucleons (protons or neutrons) and results in the atomic number being reduced by two and the atomic mass by 4. Other ways that unstable radionuclides decay include: emission of an electron (β−) from the nucleus if the atoms have an excess of neutrons, or by, either emitting a positron (β+) or capturing an electron if they are neutron deficient. Normally isotopes produced by a reactor will be neutron rich and decay by emitting an electron and the cyclotron will tend to produce isotopes that are proton rich and the decay will then be by emitting a positron. This is illustrated in Table 29.1. The new nuclide formed by the decay process (the daughter nuclide) may be left in an excited nuclear state and can release this excess energy by emission of gamma (γ) radiation as shown in Figure 29.1. This example is where the electron (β−) has been emitted. The situation is more complex when a positron has been emitted.
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Conference papers on the topic "Lithium Protons Alpha rays"

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Velasco Frutos, Miguel Angel, Jorge Casaus, Carlos Maña, and Miguel Molero. "Anisotropy of Protons and Light Primary Nuclei in Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the ISS." In 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.395.0108.

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Derome, Laurent. "Precision Measurement of Lithium Flux in Cosmic Rays with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station." In The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.236.0303.

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Jia, Yi. "Observation of the New Properties of the Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Berillium and Boron with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station." In The 39th International Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.340.0365.

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