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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithobiomorph centipede'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Kos, Anja, Teo Delić, Ivan Kos, Peter Kozel, Slavko Polak, and Maja Zagmajster. "The overview of lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) from caves of Slovenia." Subterranean Biology 45 (May 16, 2023): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.45.101430.

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Centipedes of temperate regions can be found in various habitats, including forest litter, soil or caves. Slovenia, situated in the Northwestern Balkans, has rich centipede fauna, with one of the earliest scientific descriptions of a cave centipede, Lithobius stygius Latzel, 1880, from Postojnska jama. Many lithobiomorph species have been reported from Slovenian caves, but the data on their occurrence are scattered in the literature or public collections, and several specimens have even remained unexamined. Here we present the overview of lithobiomorph centipedes found in Slovenian caves. Altogether, 21 lithobiomorph species were found in 160 localities. The majority of the records, 319 out of 410, are published for the first time. Only three species are considered exclusively subterranean species, L. stygius, L. zveri and Eupolybothrus obrovensis, while other species are surface dwellers. The potential explanation of surface species presence in caves is discussed. We comment on cases of unresolved taxonomical status and present suggestions for further research needed to resolve them. Even though lithobiomorph centipedes often occur in caves, their role and importance in subterranean habitats remain to be studied.

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2

Kos, Anja, Teo Delić, Ivan Kos, Peter Kozel, Slavko Polak, and Maja Zagmajster. "The overview of lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) from caves of Slovenia." Subterranean Biology 45 (May 16, 2023): 165–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.45.101430.

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Centipedes of temperate regions can be found in various habitats, including forest litter, soil or caves. Slovenia, situated in the Northwestern Balkans, has rich centipede fauna, with one of the earliest scientific descriptions of a cave centipede, Lithobius stygius Latzel, 1880, from Postojnska jama. Many lithobiomorph species have been reported from Slovenian caves, but the data on their occurrence are scattered in the literature or public collections, and several specimens have even remained unexamined. Here we present the overview of lithobiomorph centipedes found in Slovenian caves. Altogether, 21 lithobiomorph species were found in 160 localities. The majority of the records, 319 out of 410, are published for the first time. Only three species are considered exclusively subterranean species, L. stygius, L. zveri and Eupolybothrus obrovensis, while other species are surface dwellers. The potential explanation of surface species presence in caves is discussed. We comment on cases of unresolved taxonomical status and present suggestions for further research needed to resolve them. Even though lithobiomorph centipedes often occur in caves, their role and importance in subterranean habitats remain to be studied.

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3

DYACHKOV, YURII V., GYULLI SH FARZALIEVA, and IVAN H. TUF. "An annotated checklist of centipedes (Chilopoda) of Middle Asian countries, part 1. Lithobiomorpha." Zootaxa 5100, no. 2 (2022): 151–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5100.2.1.

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The first part of an annotated checklist of the centipede fauna of five Middle Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan) based on literature data critically revised, is here presented. The check-list includes 49 species of Lithobiomorpha arranged in 10 genera and 3 families (Anopsobiidae, Henicopidae, and Lithobiidae). Two monotypic genera (Dzhungaria Farzalieva, Zalesskaja & Edgecombe, 2004 and Ghilaroviella Zalesskaja, 1975) and 31 species are known from Middle Asian countries only; 3 species are regarded as introduced in the region. The data on habitat records within Middle Asian countries and remarks for each species are provided. Bothropolys rugosus (Meinert, 1872), from the western Palaearctic and Malesian Region, and Lithobius potanini Sseliwanoff, 1881, from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (China), were excluded from the fauna of the study area. The history of the studies on the lithobiomorph centipede fauna of the Middle Asian countries is provided.

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4

Simaiakis, Stylianos Michail, Marzio Zapparoli, Alessandro Minelli, and Lucio Bonato. "The centipede fauna (Chilopoda) of the island of Cyprus, with one new lithobiomorph species." Zootaxa 3647, no. 2 (2013): 279–306. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.3.

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Simaiakis, Stylianos Michail, Zapparoli, Marzio, Minelli, Alessandro, Bonato, Lucio (2013): The centipede fauna (Chilopoda) of the island of Cyprus, with one new lithobiomorph species. Zootaxa 3647 (2): 279-306, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.3

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5

Wytwer, Jolanta, and Karel Tajovský. "The Siberian centipede species Lithobius proximus Sseliwanoff, 1878 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha): a new member of the Polish fauna." ZooKeys 821 (January 31, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.821.32250.

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The centipede Lithobiusproximus Sseliwanoff, 1878 is presented for the first time as a new member of the Polish fauna. This species, originally characterized as a widespread Siberian boreal species, seems to possess high plasticity with regards to environmental requirements. Its actual distribution range covers several geographical zones where local conditions have allowed it to survive. The present research in the Wigry National Park, northeast Poland, shows that its distribution extends to the ends of the East European Plain embracing the East Suwałki Lake District, where it occurs almost exclusively in the oak-hornbeam forests: in summer it is one of the three dominant lithobiomorph centipedes inhabiting litter layers.

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6

Wytwer, Jolanta, and Karel Tajovský. "The Siberian centipede species Lithobius proximus Sseliwanoff, 1878 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha): a new member of the Polish fauna." ZooKeys 821 (January 31, 2019): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.821.32250.

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The centipede Lithobius proximus Sseliwanoff, 1878 is presented for the first time as a new member of the Polish fauna. This species, originally characterized as a widespread Siberian boreal species, seems to possess high plasticity with regards to environmental requirements. Its actual distribution range covers several geographical zones where local conditions have allowed it to survive. The present research in the Wigry National Park, northeast Poland, shows that its distribution extends to the ends of the East European Plain embracing the East Suwałki Lake District, where it occurs almost exclusively in the oak-hornbeam forests: in summer it is one of the three dominant lithobiomorph centipedes inhabiting litter layers.

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7

Ganske, Anne-Sarah, Gregory D. Edgecombe, and Nesrine Akkari. "The peristomatic structures as a source of systematic characters in the genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)." ZooKeys 741 (March 7, 2018): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.741.21706.

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Morphological characters have been widely used in centipede systematics. Here, we aim to obtain morphological information from the preoral chamber and peristomatic structures of lithobiomorph centipedes, with taxonomic sampling focused on the species-rich genusLithobiusLeach, 1814. Towards this goal, we (i) examined the epipharynx and hypopharynx of 32 species belonging to four subgenera of the genusLithobius, viz.LithobiusLeach, 1814,MonotarsobiusVerhoeff, 1905,SigibiusChamberlin, 1913 andEzembiusChamberlin, 1919 using light and scanning electron microscopy, (ii) searched for phylogenetically informative characters and (iii) described interspecific variation. Three species of the lithobiid generaEupolybothrusVerhoeff, 1907,DisphaerobiusAttems, 1926 andNeolithobiusStuxberg, 1875 were additionally examined and considered as likely outgroups. New characters and character states are proposed as additions to current phylogenetic datasets. Similarities in the peristomatic structures allyDisphaerobiuswith Lithobius (Ezembius), suggesting that the subfamily Pterygoterginae is nested within Lithobiinae andLithobius.

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8

Klok, C. Jaco, Richard D. Mercer, and Steven L. Chown. "Discontinuous gas-exchange in centipedes and its convergent evolution in tracheated arthropods." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 7 (2002): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.7.1019.

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SUMMARY We have examined the gas-exchange characteristics of five southern African centipede species from three orders. Two scolopendromorph species exhibit discontinuous gas-exchange cycles (DGCs) identical to those recorded for several insect and chelicerate species. Another scolopendromorph and a lithobiomorph species exhibit weak periodic patterns, and a scutigermorph species shows continuous gas exchange. A crucial component for DGCs in tracheated arthropods is the presence of occludible spiracles. However, on the basis of studies of temperate centipedes, most recent invertebrate biology texts hold the view that centipedes, as a group, cannot close their spiracles. Using flow-through normoxic and normoxic—anoxic—normoxic respirometry and electron microscopy, we conclusively demonstrate that at least one of the scolopendromorph species, Cormocephalus morsitansL., can close its spiracles fully, thus accounting for its DGCs. Homologies in spiracular structure and DGCs suggest that several other tracheated arthropod taxa probably have this ability too and that DGCs have evolved convergently at least four times in the Arthropoda. Spiracular closure and discontinuous gas-exchange cycles are probably more widespread in arthropods than has previously been suspected.

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9

Ganske, Anne-Sarah, Gregory D. Edgecombe, and Nesrine Akkari. "The peristomatic structures as a source of systematic characters in the genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)." ZooKeys 741 (March 7, 2018): 49–75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.741.21706.

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Morphological characters have been widely used in centipede systematics. Here, we aim to obtain morphological information from the preoral chamber and peristomatic structures of lithobiomorph centipedes, with taxonomic sampling focused on the species-rich genus Lithobius Leach, 1814. Towards this goal, we (i) examined the epipharynx and hypopharynx of 32 species belonging to four subgenera of the genus Lithobius, viz. Lithobius Leach, 1814, Monotarsobius Verhoeff, 1905, Sigibius Chamberlin, 1913 and Ezembius Chamberlin, 1919 using light and scanning electron microscopy, (ii) searched for phylogenetically informative characters and (iii) described interspecific variation. Three species of the lithobiid genera Eupolybothrus Verhoeff, 1907, Disphaerobius Attems, 1926 and Neolithobius Stuxberg, 1875 were additionally examined and considered as likely outgroups. New characters and character states are proposed as additions to current phylogenetic datasets. Similarities in the peristomatic structures ally Disphaerobius with Lithobius (Ezembius), suggesting that the subfamily Pterygoterginae is nested within Lithobiinae and Lithobius.

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10

Popovici, George, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. "Centipedes (Myriapoda, Chilopoda) of Aldabra Atoll (Seychelles)." ZooKeys 1228 (February 21, 2025): 225–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1228.143007.

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Centipedes collected during Royal Society surveys of the arthropod fauna of the Aldabra Atoll in 1968–1975 are identified, described, and illustrated to provide the first checklist to the Aldabran centipede fauna, comprising 12 species. These newly include the lithobiomorph Lamyctes tristani (Pocock, 1893), the scolopendromorphs Scolopendra morsitansLinnaeus 1758, Cryptops cf. japonicus Takakuwa, 1934, Cryptops mauritianus Verhoeff, 1939, and Cryptops nigropictus Takakuwa, 1936, and the geophilomorphs Ityphilus cf. taeniaformis (Lawrence, 1960), Mecistocephalus angusticeps (Ribaut, 1914), Mecistocephalus lohmanderi Verhoeff, 1939, Orphnaeus dekanius Verhoeff, 1938, Ribautia cf. paucipes Attems, 1952, and Tuoba sydneyensis (Pocock, 1891). The geophilomorph genera Hovanyx Lawrence, 1960, syn. nov., and Mixophilus Silvestri, 1929, syn. nov., are revised in light of the examined material and hereby designated junior subjective synonyms of Tuoba Chamberlin, 1920 with the species Geophilus lemuricus Verhoeff, 1939, syn. nov., and Hovanyx waterloti Lawrence, 1960, syn. nov., designated as junior subjective synonyms of T. sydneyensis. The oryid genus Nycternyssa Crabill, 1959, syn. nov., is revised and designated a junior subjective synonym of Orphnaeus Meinert, 1870. New data on intraspecific morphological variation are presented for C. nigropictus, with the validity of Cryptops daszaki Lewis, 2002 being questioned following examination of its type material. The affinities and possible origins of the Aldabran centipede fauna are found to be mainly East African, with several species occurring across other islands in the Western Indian Ocean.

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11

Mitic, B. M., V. T. Tomic, S. E. Makarov, B. S. Ilic, and B. P. M. Curcic. "On the appendage regeneration of Eupolybothrus transsylvanicus (Latzel) (Chilopoda: Lithobiidae)." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 2 (2010): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1002281m.

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We have analyzed and discussed the indirect evidence of regeneration of the forcipular telopodites and the walking legs (reduced in size or abnormal characteristics such as atypical morphology and a reduced number of articles) in wild populations of the lithobiomorph centipede Eupolybothrus transsylvanicus (Latzel). In our opinion, these morphological defects can be interpreted as a result of incomplete regeneration. In some cases, the full segmentation of the regenerating appendages will be completed later in ontogeny through an anamorphic schedule of post-embryonic segment addition.

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12

Popovici, George, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. "Centipedes (Myriapoda, Chilopoda) of Aldabra Atoll (Seychelles)." ZooKeys 1228 (February 21, 2025): 225–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1228.143007.

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Centipedes collected during Royal Society surveys of the arthropod fauna of the Aldabra Atoll in 1968–1975 are identified, described, and illustrated to provide the first checklist to the Aldabran centipede fauna, comprising 12 species. These newly include the lithobiomorph <i>Lamyctes tristani</i> (Pocock, 1893), the scolopendromorphs <i>Scolopendra morsitans</i> Linnaeus 1758, Cryptops cf. japonicus Takakuwa, 1934, <i>Cryptops mauritianus</i> Verhoeff, 1939, and <i>Cryptops nigropictus</i> Takakuwa, 1936, and the geophilomorphs Ityphilus cf. taeniaformis (Lawrence, 1960), <i>Mecistocephalus angusticeps</i> (Ribaut, 1914), <i>Mecistocephalus lohmanderi</i> Verhoeff, 1939, <i>Orphnaeus dekanius</i> Verhoeff, 1938, Ribautia cf. paucipes Attems, 1952, and <i>Tuoba sydneyensis</i> (Pocock, 1891). The geophilomorph genera <i>Hovanyx</i> Lawrence, 1960, syn. nov., and <i>Mixophilus</i> Silvestri, 1929, syn. nov., are revised in light of the examined material and hereby designated junior subjective synonyms of <i>Tuoba</i> Chamberlin, 1920 with the species <i>Geophilus lemuricus</i> Verhoeff, 1939, syn. nov., and <i>Hovanyx waterloti</i> Lawrence, 1960, syn. nov., designated as junior subjective synonyms of <i>T. sydneyensis</i>. The oryid genus <i>Nycternyssa</i> Crabill, 1959, syn. nov., is revised and designated a junior subjective synonym of <i>Orphnaeus</i> Meinert, 1870. New data on intraspecific morphological variation are presented for <i>C. nigropictus</i>, with the validity of <i>Cryptops daszaki</i> Lewis, 2002 being questioned following examination of its type material. The affinities and possible origins of the Aldabran centipede fauna are found to be mainly East African, with several species occurring across other islands in the Western Indian Ocean.

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13

Farzalieva, G. Sh, and V. A. Krivokhatsky. "The lithobiomorph centipede types (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg, Russia." Arthropoda Selecta 32, no. 3 (2023): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.32.3.03.

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14

SIMAIAKIS, STYLIANOS MICHAIL, MARZIO ZAPPAROLI, ALESSANDRO MINELLI, and LUCIO BONATO. "The centipede fauna (Chilopoda) of the island of Cyprus, with one new lithobiomorph species." Zootaxa 3647, no. 2 (2013): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.3.

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15

Dyachkov, Yu.V. "New data on lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpa: Anopsobiidae, Henicopidae, Lithobiidae) from KaZakhstan." Arthropoda Selecta 28, no. 1 (2019): 8–20. https://doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.28.1.02.

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Dyachkov, Yu.V. (2019): New data on lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpa: Anopsobiidae, Henicopidae, Lithobiidae) from KaZakhstan. Arthropoda Selecta 28 (1): 8-20, DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.28.1.02, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7576486

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16

Nefediev, P.S., G.Sh. Farzalieva, and D.A. Efimov. "New data on lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) from anthropogenic habitats of Siberia." Far Eastern Entomologist 418 (November 2, 2020): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.25221/fee.418.2.

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Nefediev, P.S., Farzalieva, G.Sh., Efimov, D.A. (2020): New data on lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) from anthropogenic habitats of Siberia. Far Eastern Entomologist 418: 9-14, DOI: 10.25221/fee.418.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.418.2

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17

Colgan, Donald, Gregory Edgecombe, and Deirdre Sharkey. "Phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian centipede Henicops (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): A combined morphological and molecular approach." Insect Systematics & Evolution 37, no. 3 (2006): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631206788838590.

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AbstractThe lithobiomorph centipede Henicops is widely distributed in Australia and New Zealand, with five described species, as well as two species in New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. Parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ca. 800 aligned bases of sequence data from 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA were conducted on a dataset including multiple individuals of Henicops species from populations sampled from different parts of species' geographic ranges, together with the allied henicopines Lamyctes and Easonobius. Morphological characters are included in parsimony analyses. Molecular and combined datasets unite species from eastern Australia and New Zealand to the exclusion of species from Western Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. The molecular data favour these two geographic groupings as clades, whereas inclusion of morphology resolves New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, southwest Western Australia and Queensland as successive sisters to southeastern Australia and New Zealand. The basal position of the Lord Howe Island species in the phylogeny favours a diversification of Australasian Henicops since the late Miocene unless the Lord Howe species originated in a biota that pre-dates the island. The molecular and combined data resolve the widespread morphospecies H. maculatus as paraphyletic, with its populations contributing to the geographic groupings New South Wales + New Zealand and Tasmania + Victoria.

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18

Ion, Constanţa–Mihaela. "A Catalogue of the Geophilomorpha Species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) of Romania." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 58, no. 1-2 (2016): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/travmu-2016-0001.

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AbstractA commented list of 42 centipede species from order Geophilomorpha present in Romania, is given. This comes to complete the annotated catalogue compiled by Negrea (2006) for the other orders of the class Chilopoda: Scutigeromorpha, Lithobiomorpha and Scolopendromorpha. Since 1972, when Matic published the first monograph on epimorphic centipeds from Romania in the series “Fauna României” as the results of his collaboration with his student Cornelia Dărăbanţu, the taxonomical status of many species has been debated and sometimes clarified. Some of the accepted modifications were included by Ilie (2007) in a checklist of centipedes, lacking comments on synonymies. The main goal of this work is, therefore, to update the list of known geophilomorph species from taxonomic and systematic point of view, and to include also records of new species.

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19

Edgecombe, Gregory. "Monophyly of Lithobiomorpha (Chilopoda): New characters from the pretarsal claws." Insect Systematics & Evolution 35, no. 1 (2004): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631204788964718.

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AbstractThe pretarsus displays details of the main claw, accessory claws, and posteroventral spine that provide new characters for the systematics of lithobiomorph centipedes and the question of the monophyly or non-monophyly of the Lithobiomorpha. By outgroup comparison with Craterostigmus (order Craterostigmomorpha) and Cryptops (order Scolopendromorpha), three modifications of the accessory claws shared by the two lithobiomorph families, Lithobiidae and Henicopidae, are synapomorphic. The posterior accessory claw has a ventrally expanded base; the ornament of the accessory claws shows an abrupt transition between a pitted proximal part and a striated/ridged distal part; the main claw has groups of rimmed pores concentrated beneath the accessory claws. Claw characters are congruent with other morphological and molecular evidence for monophyly of the Lithobiomorpha.

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20

Stoev, Pavel, Nesrine Akkari, Marzio Zapparoli, et al. "The centipede genus Eupolybothrus Verhoeff, 1907 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) in North Africa, a cybertaxonomic revision, with a key to all species in the genus and the first use of DNA barcoding for the group." ZooKeys 50 (June 30, 2010): 29–77. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.50.504.

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The centipede genus <em>Eupolybothrus</em> Verhoeff, 1907 in North Africa is revised. A new cavernicolous species, <em>E. kahfi</em> Stoev & Akkari, <strong>sp. n.</strong>, is described from a cave in Jebel Zaghouan, northeast Tunisia. Morphologically, it is most closely related to <em>E. nudicornis</em> (Gervais, 1837) from North Africa and Southwest Europe but can be readily distinguished by the long antennae and leg-pair 15, a conical dorso-median protuberance emerging from the posterior part of prefemur 15, and the shape of the male first genital sternite. Molecular sequence data from the cytochrome c oxidase I gene (mtDNA–5’ COI-barcoding fragment) exhibit 19.19% divergence between <em>E. kahfi</em> and <em>E. nudicornis</em>, an interspecific value comparable to those observed among four other species of <em>Eupolybothrus</em> which, combined with a low intraspecific divergence (0.3-1.14%), supports the morphological diagnosis of <em>E. kahfi</em> as a separate species. This is the first troglomorphic myriapod to be found in Tunisia, and the second troglomorph lithobiomorph centipede known from North Africa. <em>E. nudicornis</em> is re-described based on abundant material from Tunisia and its post-embryonic development, distribution and habitat preferences recorded. <em>E. cloudsley-thompsoni</em> Turk, 1955, a nominal species based on Tunisian type material, is placed in synonymy with <em>E. nudicornis</em>. To comply with the latest technological developments in publishing of biological information, the paper implements new approaches in cybertaxonomy, including database and interactive key publishing, georeferencing of all localities via Google Earth, and ZooBank, GenBank and MorphBank registration of datasets. An interactive key to all valid species of <em>Eupolybothrus</em> is made with DELTA software.

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Farzalieva, Gyulli Sh., and Pavel S. Nefediev. "The first record of the anopsobiid genus Shikokuobius Shinohara, 1982 in continental Asia, with the description of a new species from the Altais, southwestern Siberia, Russia (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Anopsobiidae)." ZooKeys 793 (October 29, 2018): 15–28. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.793.29221.

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A new lithobiomorph species, Shikokuobius altaicus sp. n., is described from the Altai Mountains in southwestern Siberia, Russia. This is the first record of the genus Shikokuobius Shinohara, 1982 in continental Asia, all previous reports being from Japan. The distribution of Shikokuobius is mapped.

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LE CADRE, JÉHAN, ROLAND R. MELZER, PATRICK MÜLLER, CAROLIN HAUG, and JOACHIM T. HAUG. "Three new lithobiomorphan centipede specimens from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber, a clue on the geological record of Lithobiomorpha." Mesozoic 1, no. 4 (2024): 493–505. https://doi.org/10.11646/mesozoic.1.4.7.

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Chilopoda, part of Myriapoda, is a species-rich group of ~3300 formally described species. Yet, the phylogenetic relationship of centipedes is not fully clear, and the scarceness of their fossil record, compared to the closely related Diplopoda, is a major challenge for understanding their evolutionary history. Within Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha is one of the most problematic concerning its fossil record, so far restricted to the Cenozoic (~40 mya) and with a single lithobiomorphan-like specimen from Kachin amber (~100 mya). Here, we report three new exceptionally well-preserved lithobiomorphan specimens from Myanmar amber (~100 mya). These represent the first report of oldest representatives of Henicopidae from the Cretaceous, and with this the oldest definite record of Lithobiomorpha. Two specimens have ten pairs of walking legs (stage IV), and one has a fully developed trunk. These specimens are similar in many aspects to the extant group of Henicopidae and, more precisely, to Lamyctes Meinert, 1868. The specimens seemingly lack ocelli, exhibit ~14 (stage IV) and 24 antenna articles, have 2+2 coxosternite teeth, and present tooth-like setae on their coxosternite margins (=porodont). The fully developed specimen possesses a tibial spinose projection on each tibia of legs 1–11, a blunt projection on the tibia of leg 12, and undivided tarsi on their legs 1–12. With the finding of these specimens, we expand the fossil record of Lithobiomorpha significantly.

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Nefediev, P. S., G. Sh Farzalieva, and D. A. Efimov. "New data on lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) from anthropogenic habitats of Siberia." Far Eastern entomologist 418 (November 2, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.418.2.

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An annotated list of nine species of centipedes found in the urban, suburban, agricultural and anthropogenic habitats of Siberia is given. Lamyctes africanus (Porath, 1871) is recorded from Russia for the first time. Lamyctes emarginatus (Newport, 1844) is new for the fauna of the Republic of Altai, Lithobius nordenskioeldii Stuxberg, 1876 is new for Irkutskaya Oblast, and Lithobius lucifugus L. Koch, 1862 is newly reported from Kras¬noyarskii Krai and the Republic of Khakassia.

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Dyachkov, Yu V. "New data on lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpa: Anopsobiidae, Henicopidae, Lithobiidae) from Kazakhstan." Arthropoda Selecta 28, no. 1 (2019): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.28.1.02.

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Stojanović, Z. Dalibor. "New data on the poorly-known Dinaric cave-dwelling species Lithobius remyi Jawłowski, 1933 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae)." Biologia Serbica 46, no. 1 (2024): 34–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13925806.

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<strong>Summary</strong>. The endemic Dinaric centipede <em>Lithobius remyi</em> Jawłowski, 1933, one of the rarest cave-dwelling centipedes in the Balkan Peninsula, is recorded for the first time in Serbia. An adult male from Karamakaz Cave in the Serbian Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija was discovered in a private collection. The specimen is briefly described and illustrated with all taxonomically important morphological features. The currently known geographical distribution of the species is shown on the map.

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Nefediev, P. S., I. H. Tuf, and G. Sh Farzalieva. "Lithobiomorph centipedes from urban areas in southwestern Siberia, Russia (Chilopoda). Part 1. Lithobiomorpha." rej 25, no. 1 (2016): 257266–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.25.3.04.

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Zapparoli, Marzio, and Etienne Iorio. "The centipedes (Chilopoda) of Corsica: catalogue of species with faunistic, zoogeographical and ecological remarks." International Journal of Myriapodology 7 (June 5, 2012): 15–68. https://doi.org/10.3897/ijm.7.3110.

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Published and unpublished data on the centipedes of Corsica (France) is summarised and critically reviewed in this paper. Thirty-three species are listed and discussed (1 Scutigeromorpha, 11 Lithobiomorpha, 4 Scolopendromorpha, 17 Geophilomorpha), one of which is new to the island: <i>Henia </i>(<i>Pseudochaetechelyne</i>)<i> brevis</i> (Silvestri, 1896). General geographical distribution, chorotype, exact localities and ecological notes (altitudinal range, habitats) are given for each species. Eight species are Corsican endemics. Taxonomic remarks are given for some species. General notes on the composition of the centipede fauna of Corsica and its zoogeographic affinities as well as remarks on the ecology of the species and their assemblages are also included.

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Nefediev, P. S., S. L. Luzyanin, and G. Sh Farzalieva. "New data on lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) of the Kemerovo Oblast, southwestern Siberia, Russia." Invertebrate Zoology 21, no. 4 (2024): 515–25. https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.21.4.07.

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Jenner, Ronald A., Bjoern M. von Reumont, Lahcen I. Campbell, and Eivind A. B. Undheim. "Parallel Evolution of Complex Centipede Venoms Revealed by Comparative Proteotranscriptomic Analyses." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 12 (2019): 2748–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz181.

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Abstract Centipedes are among the most ancient groups of venomous predatory arthropods. Extant species belong to five orders, but our understanding of the composition and evolution of centipede venoms is based almost exclusively on one order, Scolopendromorpha. To gain a broader and less biased understanding we performed a comparative proteotranscriptomic analysis of centipede venoms from all five orders, including the first venom profiles for the orders Lithobiomorpha, Craterostigmomorpha, and Geophilomorpha. Our results reveal an astonishing structural diversity of venom components, with 93 phylogenetically distinct protein and peptide families. Proteomically-annotated gene trees of these putative toxin families show that centipede venom composition is highly dynamic across macroevolutionary timescales, with numerous gene duplications as well as functional recruitments and losses of toxin gene families. Strikingly, not a single family is found in the venoms of representatives of all five orders, with 67 families being unique for single orders. Ancestral state reconstructions reveal that centipede venom originated as a simple cocktail comprising just four toxin families, with very little compositional evolution happening during the approximately 50 My before the living orders had diverged. Venom complexity then increased in parallel within the orders, with scolopendromorphs evolving particularly complex venoms. Our results show that even venoms composed of toxins evolving under the strong constraint of negative selection can have striking evolutionary plasticity on the compositional level. We show that the functional recruitments and losses of toxin families that shape centipede venom arsenals are not concentrated early in their evolutionary history, but happen frequently throughout.

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Hu, Chaoyi, Shuaibin Wang, Bisheng Huang, et al. "The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Scolopendra mutilans L. Koch, 1878 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), with a comparative analysis of other centipede genomes." ZooKeys 925 (April 8, 2020): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.47820.

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Scolopendra mutilans L. Koch, 1878 is an important Chinese animal with thousands of years of medicinal history. However, the genomic information of this species is limited, which hinders its further application. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of S. mutilans was sequenced and assembled by next-generation sequencing. The genome is 15,011 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 14 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Most PCGs start with the ATN initiation codon, and all PCGs have the conventional stop codons TAA and TAG. The S. mutilans mitogenome revealed nine simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and an obviously lower GC content compared with other seven centipede mitogenomes previously sequenced. After analysis of homologous regions between the eight centipede mitogenomes, the S. mutilans mitogenome further showed clear genomic rearrangements. The phylogenetic analysis of eight centipedes using 13 conserved PCG genes was finally performed. The phylogenetic reconstructions showed Scutigeromorpha as a separate group, and Scolopendromorpha in a sister-group relationship with Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha. Collectively, the S. mutilans mitogenome provided new genomic resources, which will improve its medicinal research and applications in the future.

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Hu, Chaoyi, Shuaibin Wang, Bisheng Huang, et al. "The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Scolopendra mutilans L. Koch, 1878 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), with a comparative analysis of other centipede genomes." ZooKeys 925 (April 8, 2020): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.47820.

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Scolopendra mutilans L. Koch, 1878 is an important Chinese animal with thousands of years of medicinal history. However, the genomic information of this species is limited, which hinders its further application. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of S. mutilans was sequenced and assembled by next-generation sequencing. The genome is 15,011 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 14 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Most PCGs start with the ATN initiation codon, and all PCGs have the conventional stop codons TAA and TAG. The S. mutilans mitogenome revealed nine simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and an obviously lower GC content compared with other seven centipede mitogenomes previously sequenced. After analysis of homologous regions between the eight centipede mitogenomes, the S. mutilans mitogenome further showed clear genomic rearrangements. The phylogenetic analysis of eight centipedes using 13 conserved PCG genes was finally performed. The phylogenetic reconstructions showed Scutigeromorpha as a separate group, and Scolopendromorpha in a sister-group relationship with Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha. Collectively, the S. mutilans mitogenome provided new genomic resources, which will improve its medicinal research and applications in the future.

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Edgecombe, Gregory D. "Remylamyctes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha), a henicopid centipede from Madagascar and Réunion." Zootaxa 686 (December 31, 2004): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.158560.

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Hassan, Shaymaa Hussein, and Hayder Badri Ali. "MOLECULAR STUDY OF SOME SPECIES OF CENTIPEDES IN IRAQ WITH NEW RECORD OF LITHOBIUS CRASSIPES L. KOCH, 1862 (CHILOPODA, LITHOBIOMORPHA, LITHOBIIDAE)." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 18, no. 1 (2024): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.1.0105.

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The first molecular research on Iraqi centipede fauna is presented in this article. Between October 2022 and May 2023, during various climatic circumstances, centipedes were collected from several locations in four provinces of Iraq. Three families, represented by four genera, underwent molecular identification, and five species were found. From the order Scolopendromorpha family Scolopendridae, two species were recorded, Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758, and S. cingulata Latreille, 1829, Cormocephalus sp.; while from the order Lithobiomorpha, family Lithobiidae, one species was recorded for first time in Iraq; Lithobius crassipes L. Koch, 1862 from the order Geophilomorpha family Himantariidae, one species Bothriogaster Signata Kessler, 1874. DNA was extracted from the specimens, the mtDNA fragment from the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene was amplified by using the PCR technique with appropriate primers, and subsequently, the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) tool, which is accessible at the NCBI, was used. Additionally, a phylogenetic tree was built, and a distant comparison was shown.

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Edgecombe, Gregory D. "A new species of the Gondwanan centipede Anopsobius (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) from New South Wales, Australia." Zootaxa 204 (December 31, 2003): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.156359.

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35

THOFERN, DETLEF, NADINE DUPÉRRÉ, and DANILO HARMS. "An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg." Zootaxa 4977, no. 1 (2021): 1–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1.

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Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) are carnivorous arthropods that live in leaf litter and soil habitats on all continents except Antarctica. Roughly 3,300 species have been described to date but the taxonomy is still progressing and requires a thorough documentation of type material and type deposits. In this paper we provide an annotated catalogue of the centipede type collection at the Zoological Museum (ZMH) in Hamburg. This collection comprises 490 type specimens belonging to 141 taxa originally described as species, subspecies and varieties. More than half of these taxa were described by the pioneering myriapodologists Carl Graf Attems (Vienna) and Karl Kraepelin (Hamburg). The collection includes material representing 93 valid species or subspecies and contains specimens predominantly from Australia (33%), Asia (22%), Africa (20%) and South America (20%). Taxonomically, the focus is on the centipede orders Scolopendromorpha (56 valid species) and Geophilomorpha (28 valid species) with fewer types for the Lithobiomorpha (8 species). A total of 48 taxa (34% of type species) have been synonymized since they were originally described and the type material for 12 additional species at the ZMH is lost. We provide a brief historical overview of this collection from its origin at the Museum Godeffroy and the Johanneum in Hamburg, including the most relevant taxonomists and collectors, followed by an annotated taxonomic catalogue with details on all species that are or were represented by type material.

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MA, HUIQIN, SUJIAN PEI, YAYING LI, and BAOJUN SHI. "Discovery of the subgenus Lithobius (Sigibius) Chamberlin, 1913 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) in East Asia: A review the Chinese species." Zootaxa 3348, no. 1 (2012): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3348.1.4.

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The present paper reviews the centipede species of the subgenus Lithobius (Sigibius) Chamberlin, 1913 (Lithobiomorpha: Lith-obiidae) of the Chinese fauna, including a new species Lithobius (Sigibius) trichinocaput sp. n. recently discovered from HebeiProvince, the only East Asian record of this otherwise Central and North America subgenus of Lithobiomorpha. Diagnoses ofthe subgenus and the species, detailed account on species distribution and a key to the Chinese Lithobius (Sigibius) species are presented.

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Farzalieva, Gyulli Sh., Pavel S. Nefediev, and Ivan H. Tuf. "Revision of Disphaerobius Attems, 1926 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae: Pterygoterginae), a centipede genus with remarkable sexual dimorphism." Zootaxa 4258, no. 2 (2017): 121–37. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4258.2.2.

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Farzalieva, Gyulli Sh., Nefediev, Pavel S., Tuf, Ivan H. (2017): Revision of Disphaerobius Attems, 1926 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae: Pterygoterginae), a centipede genus with remarkable sexual dimorphism. Zootaxa 4258 (2): 121-137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4258.2.2

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Edgecombe, Gregory D. "The henicopid centipede Haasiella (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): new species from Australia, with a morphology-based phylogeny of Henicopidae." Journal of Natural History 38, no. 1 (2004): 37–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022293021000007552.

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Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2004): The henicopid centipede Haasiella (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): new species from Australia, with a morphology-based phylogeny of Henicopidae. Journal of Natural History 38 (1): 37-76, DOI: 10.1080/0022293021000007552, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0022293021000007552

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39

Pugazenthi, Sangami, Phoebe White, Aakash Basu, Anoop Chandrashekar, and Dylan Shropshire. "Survey of Wolbachia frequency in Nashville, Tennessee Reveals Novel Infections." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 17, no. 1 (2020): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2020.013.

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Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) are maternally transmitted intracellular bacteria that infect approximately half of all insect species. These bacteria commonly act as reproductive parasites or mutualists to enhance their transmission from mother to offspring, resulting in high prevalence among some species. Despite decades of research on Wolbachia’s global frequency, there are many arthropod families and geographic regions that have not been tested for Wolbachia. Here, arthropods were collected on the Vanderbilt University campus in Nashville, Tennessee, where Wolbachia frequency has not been previously studied. The dataset consists of 220 samples spanning 34 unique arthropod families collected on the Vanderbilt University campus. The majority of our samples were from the families Blattidae (Blattodea), Pulicidae (Siphonaptera), Dryinidae (Hymenoptera), Aphididae (Hemiptera), Paronellidae (Entomobryomorpha), Formicidae (Hymenoptera), Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera), Sphaeroceridae (Diptera), and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). PCR-based techniques were used to assign infection states and, from these data, the first cases of Wolbachia in the Paronellidae springtails, Lithobiidae (Lithobiomorpha) centipedes, Lonchopteridae (Diptera) spear-winged flies, Sepsidae (Diptera) black scavenger flies, Cryptocercidae (Blattodea) wood roaches, and Lauxaniidae (Diptera) acalyptrate flies were identified. Within-family infection frequencies ranged from 17-100% when Wolbachia was observed; however, numerous families tested did not reveal evidence of infection. These results expand on the field’s understanding of Wolbachia’sfrequencyin Nashville, Tennessee, and among arthropod families broadly, and is the first report of Wolbachia in centipedes. KEYWORDS: Wolbachia; Infection Frequency; Endosymbiont; Tennessee; Centipede; Arthropod; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nashville

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Stoev, Pavel. "On the identity of some poorly known lithobiid centipedes described by Karl Verhoeff (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)." Zootaxa 796 (January 5, 2004): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.170548.

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41

Shear, William A. "The centipede family Anopsobiidae new to North America, with the description of a new genus and species and notes on the Henicopidae of North America and the Anopsobiidae of the Northern Hemisphere (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha)." Zootaxa 4422, no. 2 (2018): 259–83. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4422.2.6.

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Shear, William A. (2018): The centipede family Anopsobiidae new to North America, with the description of a new genus and species and notes on the Henicopidae of North America and the Anopsobiidae of the Northern Hemisphere (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha). Zootaxa 4422 (2): 259-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4422.2.6

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Dyachkov, Yu.V. "New records of lithobiid centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) from Western Mongolia." Far Eastern Entomologist 345 (October 23, 2017): 34–36. https://doi.org/10.25221/fee.345.2.

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Dyachkov, Yu.V. (2017): New records of lithobiid centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) from Western Mongolia. Far Eastern Entomologist 345: 34-36, DOI: 10.25221/fee.345.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.345.2

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Dyachkov, Yurii V., Gyulli Sh. Farzalieva, and Ivan H. Tuf. "An annotated checklist of centipedes (Chilopoda) of Middle Asian countries, part 1. Lithobiomorpha." Zootaxa 5100, no. 2 (2022): 151–88. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5100.2.1.

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Dyachkov, Yurii V., Farzalieva, Gyulli Sh., Tuf, Ivan H. (2022): An annotated checklist of centipedes (Chilopoda) of Middle Asian countries, part 1. Lithobiomorpha. Zootaxa 5100 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5100.2.1

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Song, Hui-Qin Ma Da-Xiang, and Ming-Sheng Zhu. "A new genus and two new species of Lithobiid Centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) from China." Zootaxa 1460 (December 31, 2007): 25–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.176418.

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45

Chagas-Jr, Amazonas, and Maria Elina Bichuette. "A synopsis of centipedes in Brazilian caves: hidden species diversity that needs conservation (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)." ZooKeys 737 (February 12, 2018): 13–56. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.737.20307.

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This study revises centipede fauna found in Brazilian caves, focusing on troglomorphic taxa and emphasizing conservation status. We present 563 centipede specimens from 274 caves across eleven Brazilian states. Of these, 22 records were derived from existing literature and 252 are newly collected. Specimens represent four orders, ten families, 18 genera, and 47 morphospecies. Together, the cave records represent 21 % of Brazil's centipede fauna. Scolopendromorpha was the most representative order (41 %), followed by Geophilomorpha (26 %), Scutigeromorpha (23 %), and Lithobiomorpha (10 %). Six species were found only in caves, with four considered troglobitic. The distribution of Cryptops iporangensis, the first Brazilian troglobitic centipede species to be discovered, was expanded to other three caves. Cryptops spelaeoraptor and Cryptops iporangensis are two troglobitic species considered Vulnerable and Endangered, respectively, according to the IUCN Red List. Main threats to Brazilian caves are mining, hydroelectric projects, water pollution, and unregulated tourism.

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MA, HUI-QIN, DA-XIANG SONG, and MING-SHENG ZHU. "A review of the Chinese species of Bothropolys Wood, 1862 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae)." Zootaxa 1786, no. 1 (2008): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1786.1.3.

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The present paper reviews the centipede species of the genus Bothropolys Wood, 1862 (Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) of the Chinese fauna, including two species recorded from China for the first time. Diagnoses of the genus and the species, detailed account on species distribution and a key to the Chinese Bothropolys species are included.

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Penghai, Qiao, Qin Wen, Ma Huiqin, and Zhang Tongzuo. "Two new species of lithobiid centipedes and the first record of Lamyctes africanus Porath (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) in China." Journal of Natural History 53, no. 15 (2019): 897–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2019.1606355.

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Penghai Qiao, Wen Qin, Huiqin Ma, Tongzuo Zhang (2019): Two new species of lithobiid centipedes and the first record of Lamyctes africanus Porath (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) in China. Journal of Natural History 53 (15): 897-921, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1606355

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Dyachkov, Yu. V., G. Sh. Farzalieva, and L. Dányi. "On the centipede genus Schizotergitius Verhoeff, 1930, with a redescription of Schizotergitius altajicus Loksa, 1978 and a key to the genera of the family Lithobiidae in Central Asia (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)." Russian Entomological Journal 30, no. 3 (2021): 361–71. https://doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.30.3.16.

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Dyachkov, Yu. V., Farzalieva, G. Sh., Dányi, L. (2021): On the centipede genus Schizotergitius Verhoeff, 1930, with a redescription of Schizotergitius altajicus Loksa, 1978 and a key to the genera of the family Lithobiidae in Central Asia (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha). Russian Entomological Journal 30 (3): 361-371, DOI: 10.15298/rusentj.30.3.16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.30.3.16

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Nefediev, P.S., G.Sh. Farzalieva, I.H. Tuf, and D.A. Efimov. "The first records of lithobiid centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) from the Kemerovo Area, southwestern Siberia, Russia." Invertebrate Zoology 17, no. 1 (2020): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.17.1.04.

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Nefediev, P.S., Farzalieva, G.Sh., Tuf, I.H., Efimov, D.A. (2020): The first records of lithobiid centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) from the Kemerovo Area, southwestern Siberia, Russia. Invertebrate Zoology 17 (1): 36-43, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.17.1.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.17.1.04

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Edgecombe, Gregory D., Liam M. Crowley, Mark G. Telfer, and Lauren Hughes. "The genome sequence of the banded centipede, Lithobius variegatus Leach, 1814." Wellcome Open Research 10 (June 2, 2025): 285. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.24329.1.

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We present a genome assembly from a female specimen of Lithobius variegatus (banded centipede; Arthropoda; Chilopoda; Lithobiomorpha; Lithobiidae). The assembly contains two haplotypes with total lengths of 1,766.49 megabases and 1,768.00 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (97.68%) is scaffolded into 23 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled, with a length of 17.44 kilobases.

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