Journal articles: '(Lithuania and Poland : 1569)'

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Barbara Skinner. "Poland and Lithuania, 1385–1569." Polish Review 62, no. 3 (2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/polishreview.62.3.0091.

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Saviščevas, Eugenijus. "POLKAI REIKIA DVIEJŲ." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 37, no. 37 (September 1, 2016): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2016.37.10062.

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PAWLIKOWSKA-BUTTERWICK, WIOLETTA. "‘Lithuanians’, ‘Foreigners’ and Ecclesiastical Office: Law and Practice in the Sixteenth-Century Grand Duchy Of Lithuania." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 68, no. 2 (February 8, 2017): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046916000646.

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The distinction between ‘Lithuanians’ and ‘foreigners’ made by the law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with regard to eligibility for senior offices was less clear in practice. The protracted dispute, between 1591 and 1600, over the royal nomination of a ‘Pole’ as bishop of Vilna, has traditionally been presented as an expression of Lithuanian particularism after the 1569 union between Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Using neglected capitular sources, this article re-examines the crucial, but underappreciated role played by the Vilna cathedral chapter in this cause célèbre. The motives for the chapter's opposition to the royal nominee cast doubt on the allegedly overwhelming importance of the defence of Lithuanian ‘sovereignty’. Instead, the case demonstrates the significance of material interests in the actions of early modern ecclesiastical corporations.

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Rachuba, Andrzej. "Parlamentaryzm Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego XIV–XVIII w." Przegląd Sejmowy 6(167) (2021): 43–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/ps.2021.74.

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This article aims to present the beginnings and development of the forms of parliamentarism in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania when it was an independently functioning state and after its Union with the Crown of Poland, which gave rise to a new state in Europe called the Commonwealth. Lithuanian parliamentarism developed through a long process of evolution of representative institutions. The most important role was played by a group of magnates (the so-called lords and princes) holding the highest offices in the state and the Church, and appointed by the ruler. This group formed the Council of Lords, an advisory body to the grand dukes; during the Commonwealth ruler’s rare stays in Lithuania, the Council took over many of his prerogatives, becoming the most important legislative, executive, and judicial body of the state, except for the grand duke himself. The strong position of the Council of Lords (and in fact, a few of its most important members holding the most prominent offices) influenced for centuries the political life of Lithuania, dominated by powerful families, almost constantly playing the role of the so-called hegemons, even after they were formally equated in law with the common nobility in 1563. The Lithuanian nobility, on the other hand, was slowly gaining in the sixteenth century the right to participate in the parliamentary life of the state. In principle, however, Lithuanian nobles were deprived of the legislative and control initiative; their role was accepting and executing the ruler’s decisions agreed with the Council of Lords. Thus, they were interested in acquiring the rights of the Polish nobility, and consequently, in the Union with the Polish Crown. The establishment of the Commonwealth resulted in the incorporation of Lithuanian representatives from the senatorial group and poviat (county; Polish: powiat) nobility to the General Sejm of the Crown, in which, however, they could not play a significant role due to their small number compared to their Polish counterparts. In such a situation, it was important for the Lithuanians to maintain the principle of liberum veto, for in this way they could prevent the adoption of constitutions contrary to their interests. Throughout the whole history of the Commonwealth, the Lithuanians made efforts to ensure that their representation corresponded to the popular definition of the state of both nations (Polish and Lithuanian), and not one of its three equal provinces (Greater Poland, Little Poland, Lithuania). However, in the parliamentary system, their only success was the periodic separation of the constitutions for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from those of the whole state. Even so, Lithuania was treated as one of three provinces, which was reflected in the election of a Lithuanian deputy as Sejm marshal every third Sejm, in the composition of Sejm commissions (1/3 of seats for Lithuanians), and finally in holding of every third Sejm in Lithuania (since 1676). While preparing the Lithuanian state for the union with Poland, King Zygmunt II Augustus carried through substantial political and legal reforms in 1564–66. He introduced a new administrative division, a uniform system of parliamentary institutions (district assemblies, bicameral Sejm), and a new code of civil criminal and administrative law (the so-called Second Lithuanian Statute in 1566). This system was much clearer, simpler, and better thought-out than the one in force in the Polish Crown. Each of the poviats of a province (i.e. voivodeship, some being single-poviat ones), was to meet for deliberations in a specific place (in fact, the capital town of this poviat), gathering local senators and the land owners (Latin: possessionati), and deliberate under the direction of the ‘lord’ of a given administrative unit, i.e. a bishop or voivode in poviats, and, from 1764 on, local marshals in non-voivodeship poviats, ex officio. The law stipulated who should attend a given sejmik under pain of penalties, how long a sejmik may be in session, how many deputies could be elected (only two in each poviat for ordinary Sejms), what remuneration each of them was to receive for their function. During parliamentary debates, Lithuanian senators and deputies often debated separately at the so-called provincial sessions (similar to the nobility from Greater and Little Poland) to prepare the constitutions for their own province and, possibly, take a common position on state issues. Since in Lithuanian law, only general sejms existed, for a long time Lithuanians did not recognise convocation and coronation Sejms as such, did not always participate in them, and did not agree to include them among the alternate ones (that is, for the marshal from Lithuania to head). Until the early eighteenth century, there were cases of calling by rulers or by the citizens of the Grand Duchy themselves of the so-called Lithuanian convocations, i.e. quasi-Sejm assemblies of Lithuanian estates, for deliberations to take decisions (mainly taxes) of a comprehensive nature. This process was initiated by Stefan Batory, but Lithuanians did not welcome the convocations as contrary to the provisions of the Union. The so-called general sejmik (held first at Vawkavysk [Wołkowysk] and then Slonim), where a common position was to be agreed on matters important for the entire state and Lithuania itself, soon came to an end. Lithuanian magnates were not interested in such a gathering, and the nobility (despite the occasional attempts to revive the institution) did not have the strength or the willingness to strive for its functioning. The function of the coordinator of common positions was then taken over by the provincial sessions mentioned above. In conclusion, it should be noted that before the union with Poland (Union of Lublin) in 1569, the Lithuanians had their own tradition and solutions of the parliamentary system, clearly different from those of the Crown. Their reforms of 1564–66 prepared the state to function within the Polish parliamentarism, but the 1569 Union did not establish a new Sejm of the Commonwealth – representatives of the Grand Duchy (senators and deputies) were only incorporated into the existing Sejm of the Crown. They functioned within it, but they certainly did not play an important role, most often dominated by the much more numerous, more politically sophisticated, and feeling their political strength deputies of the Crown. For a long time, the deputies from Lithuania were more at the disposal of their magnate patrons. Enjoying temporary successes and failures, they struggled to break free from their political tutelage (especially from the hegemons of the Radziwiłł, Chodkiewicz, Sapieha, Pac, and Czartoryski families) until the collapse of the state. The functioning of the Lithuanians within the parliamentary system (sejmiks, Sejm) shared with the Poles was also one of the most important factors of their linguistic and cultural Polonisation, clearly visible in the resolutions of sejmiks (they started to be written down in Polish) already at the end of the sixteenth century.

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Dikavičius, Povilas. "Elective monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587." European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 27, no. 1-2 (September 2, 2019): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2019.1659596.

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Parent, Arnaud. "“People”, “Peoples” - How the May 3, 1791 Constitution framers defined what the People is and handled the duality of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0010.

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AbstractIn the Commonwealth of the Two Nations, significant legal texts were implemented under the rule of King Stanislaw August, the most important being the Constitution of May 3, 1791, adopted during the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792). Its framers faced numerous challenges, first, because then only nobles were considered as constituting the Republic, one was to define who should be considered as a member of the People, who could be elected deputy to the Sejm, and at which condition. Second, since the 1569 Union of Lublin the Commonwealth is made of two distinct states: Poland (the Crown) and the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania, drafters had to handle Lithuanian statehood in a Constitution, which was primarily seen as a way to enhance unification of the two nations. Third, the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania having its own legislation, enclosed in the Lithuanian statute, (adopted in 1529, followed with a Second Statute in 1566, and a Third Statute in 1588), the question of its maintaining or not too had to be taken into consideration by framers. We hope that considering how these different issues were handled will shed a new light on the permanence of Lithuanian laws and political tradition in the May 3 Constitution.

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Legvold, Robert, and Timothy Snyder. "The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999." Foreign Affairs 82, no. 3 (2003): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033621.

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Butterwick, R. "The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999." English Historical Review 119, no. 482 (June 1, 2004): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.482.743-a.

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Dini, Pietro U. "The dispute among vilnius humanists regarding Latin, Lithuanian, and Ruthenian." Historiographia Linguistica 26, no. 1-2 (September 10, 1999): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.26.1-2.03din.

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Summary Even before the Lublin Union (1569) between Poland and Lithuania there was an important linguistic controversy among Lithuanian Humanists. In the wider context of a general ‘Latinization’ of the culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the so-called ‘Latinizers’ (Agrippa, Rotundus, Michalo Lituanus) harked back to a classic language such as Latin, the dignitas of which was considered to be undisputed. The Latin language could compete with other languages of culture used inside the Grand Duchy, primarily with Ruski. According to the Latinizers the identity of Latin and Lithuanian was the principal evidence to support the derivation of the Lithuanians as a people from the Romans. Promoting Latin was equivalent to promoting vulgar Lithuanian from the point of view of the Latinizers. In this paper I discuss the textual aspects of the debate about the literae (Latin vs. Muscovite or Ruthenian) exposed in the works of Michalo Lituanus (Tractatus de moribus Tartarorwn, Lithuanorum et Moschorum, 1615[1550]) and Augustinus Rotundus (Preface to the second Lithuanian Statute, 1576). Possible implications of the dispute for the question of the Ruthenian language are investigated, too.

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Murdock, Graeme. "Felicia Roşu, Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587." European History Quarterly 49, no. 1 (January 2019): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691418822189ac.

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Pattenden, Miles. "Felicia Roşu. Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587." American Historical Review 124, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz215.

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Roach, Andrew P. "Oxford history of Poland-Lithuania, vol. 1: the making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569." Slavonica 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13617427.2018.1473105.

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Gromelski, Tomasz W. "Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587, by Felicia Roşu." English Historical Review 135, no. 572 (December 13, 2019): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez391.

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Kalinowska, Anna. "Through a Glass Darkly: British Representations of the Polish-Lithuanian Union in the Late-16th and 17th Centuries." Lithuanian Historical Studies 25, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02501001.

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The article discusses how post-1569 relations between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were presented in various written materials produced in Britain in the late-16th and 17th centuries. It analyses both the materials produced by and for the court or professional elites, and widely circulating publications (books and newspapers) which were readily available to the general reading public. It argues that there is strong evidence that British readers were aware of the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, although the union itself was rarely presented either accurately or in any detail. They therefore had a very blurred conception of how it functioned in practice, as can be illustrated, for example, by British authors downplaying or simply denying the fact that after the Union of Lublin Lithuania became a constituent part of the Commonwealth with a status equal to that of Poland. Moreover, few writers and editors considered it necessary to provide readers with a proper explanation of the union’s basic ‘rules of engagement’, or any reflections on how it functioned on an organisational level.

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Rutz, Marion. "(Noch) Identitätslos." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 64, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 520–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2019-0030.

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Summary The full-time jurist and gifted Neo-Latin poet Petrus Royzius, born in Spain, came to Cracow in 1541/1542 to teach Roman law at the university. He left for Vilnius in 1551 and died in the Lithuanian capital in 1571. Several scholars have collected observations about Lithuania and the Lithuanians that are scattered over Royzius’s more than one thousand verse texts. This article goes further in closely analysing and interpreting well-known texts, such as the macaronic poem about travelling through the Lithuanian province (In Lituanicam peregrinationem). It also adds new material that has not yet been considered from this point of view, such as Royzius’s poems in favour of the Union of Lublin in 1569. I further analyse the contextual meaning of the terms Sarmatia/n and Lithuania/n. Although the latter is often replaced or subsumed by the superordinate terms Sarmatia/n or Poland/Polish, it occurs frequently in the corpus of Royzius’s writing. However, Royzius’s texts feature little information about a specific Lithuanian historical or cultural identity. Likewise, there is hardly any information about smaller entities such as Samogitia or Russia (Ruthenia). Unlike his contemporary Augustinus Rotundus or later poets like Ioannes Radvanus, Royzius still belongs to a ‘pre-Lublin’ cultural paradigm in which literary representations of regional, non-Polish identity were of little significance.

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Choińska-Mika, Jolanta. "The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569." Parliaments, Estates and Representation 39, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02606755.2016.1239716.

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Halubovich, V. V. "Lublin Union in the context of narrative minimalism and legal historical contents in the end of 16th – the first half of 17th century." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-2-22-30.

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The article analyzes the information about Lublin 1569 Union from the narrative and documentary sources that date back to the reign of the first monarchs of Vasa dynasty. The author defines main contexts of the term «union» use in the sejm constitutions and documentation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania congresses. The direct correlation between the estimates of the Union at different levels of state representative institutions of the Commonwealth is revealed. The Lublin Sejm of 1569 was a key event in the history of Eastern Europe, but in the historical works (chronicles and annals) of the second half of 16th – early 17th century information about it and its decisions are concise and general. At the end of 16th – the first half of 17th century the memory of Lublin Union was not mainly broadcast by narrative channels. In keeping the memory about 1569 events legal deeds and state institutions decisions were of considerable importance. The result of the state union with Poland was the approval of the public law standards that could not be ignored by any representative of the so-called political people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the following centuries. The author maintains that as a whole the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gentry did not question the correctness of the 1569 choice, took and defended «Lublin myth», as under those conditions it had more benefits than losses.

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Кирчанов, Максим. "The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 by Timothy Snyder." Ab Imperio 2004, no. 4 (2004): 694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2004.0089.

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Mulyk-Lutsyk, Yuriy. "Brest Union in its prehistory and the beginnings of history." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 81-82 (December 13, 2016): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2017.81-82.744.

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Among the first Orthodox hierarchs who bestowed the greatest benefit on the defense of the Ukrainian Church before the oppression of its Polish authorities (which further believed that the Orthodox Ukrainians and Belarusians were "bound by the Florentine Union") was Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia, Joseph II Soltan 62 (1507-1522) . But his successes in this matter could not have a look for the further purpose, because the fate of the Orthodox Church under the Catholic power of the kings of Poland, which at the same time was the rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was predetermined by the Catholic interests of Poland. When the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (and with it all the Ukrainian and Byelorussian lands) was an act of the Union of Lublin Poland (1569) incorporated into the Polish state, the implementation of the plan for the abolition of the Orthodox Church in this Catholic state was already a matter of the near-time.

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Guzowski, Piotr. "Military revolution and state capacity of Jagiellonian states at the turn of the Middle Ages in European context." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (30) (2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.202.

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This article provides an overview of financial situation in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the early modern era when both states entered the period of military revolution. Military conflicts engaging the Kingdom and the Duchy in the 15th and especially in the 16th century were a catalyst for institutional and treasury reforms affecting crown/ducal domains and fiscal systems in both states. The reforms were aimed primarily at increasing the royal and ducal revenues, but in the long run they were conducive to political changes, the most important of which was the parliamentary union in 1569 and establishment of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although revenues increased and foreign policies of Jagiellonian states proved successful, their treasury systems were never fully modernized. Fixed taxes played a minimal role and allowed the state apparatuses to function relatively efficiently only during periods of peace. The crises, in turn, showed that the Jagiellons’ credit capacity was very limited. Compared to the most developed European countries, the revenue and financial capacity of the Kingdom of Poland, and even more so of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, can be considered very modest.

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Dubisz, Stanisław. "Tekst Unii lubelskiej jako dokument epoki." Poradnik Językowy 2020, no. 10/2020(779) (December 20, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2020.10.3.

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The union concluded at the Sejm meeting held in Lublin in 1569 established common institutions of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which survived until 1795. Apart from the ruler elected jointly by the nobility of both countries, it established the common Sejm, foreign and defence policies, and the common coin. The army, treasury, legal systems, administration, and judiciary remained separate. From the philological point of view, the following markers are substantial for characterising the Union of Lublin act: the Polish language of the text and its stylistic affi nity, diversity of the forms of the names of the document signatories, text composition and its offi cial and rhetoric style markers determining its informative and persuasive functions.

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Himka, John-Paul. "Reviews of Books:The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 Timothy Snyder." American Historical Review 109, no. 1 (February 2004): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/530310.

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Rogulski, Jakub. "‘Gutullae sanguinis Iagellonici’." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 52, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-05204007.

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AbstractIn the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and (after 1569) the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth there lived many princely families who originated (or were supposed to have originated) from the House of Gediminas, the Gediminids. Their descent from this house linked them with the Jagiellonians, who were also Gediminids and who had become the powerful royal dynasty in Poland and Lithuania until 1572 (and other European countries). Using written and visual evidence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, this article argues that real and claimed Jagiellonian descent played a crucial role in the social and political lives of many prominent Lithuanian princely families. Consequently, the princes sought to commemorate their relationship with the dynasty by exploiting forms both of “memory storage” (that is to say documents, genealogies or panegyrics that presented irrefutable information about their Jagiellonian kinship links), and “functional memory” (which included family symbols strongly identified with the Jagiellonians). In this way the princes created their identity as members of the “royal kin of Lithuanian princes” and presented themselves as the junior collateral of the powerful dynasty. This image of the origins of these princely families was in turn transmitted to the future generations, reinforcing their collective identity and their sense of status, and promoting variously their political ambitions.

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Gromelski, Tomasz W. "The Oxford History of Poland–Lithuania, I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569, by Robert Frost." English Historical Review 132, no. 559 (September 23, 2017): 1565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cex295.

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Wiszewski, Przemysław. "Robert Frost. The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume 1: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569." American Historical Review 122, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/122.1.242.

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Tricoire, Damien. "To Fight, or Not to Fight: Piotr Skarga, the Catholic Ideal of Christian Soldier, and the Reformation of Polish Nobility (around 1600)." Journal of Jesuit Studies 4, no. 4 (August 8, 2017): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00404005.

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Piotr Skarga was the leading Jesuit in Poland–Lithuania around 1600. In 1606, he published a catechism for soldiers: Żołnierskie nabożeństwo (The soldier’s piety), a book which is commonly said to have been inspired by a catechism by another Jesuit, Antonio Possevino’s Il soldato christiano (1569). The aim of this article is to compare the two books and to address the following questions: to what extent and in what way was Possevino’s view of soldiers adaptable to Polish-Lithuanian realities? Can we identify a common discourse on soldiers and war in both texts, although they were not written at the same time nor in the same cultural and social context? Or did the strategy of accommodation lead to major differences between the texts, making it difficult to speak of a common Jesuit view on soldiers and war?

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Fordoński, Krzysztof, and Piotr Urbański. "Jesuit Culture in Poland and Lithuania, 1564–1773." Journal of Jesuit Studies 5, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00503001.

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The presence of the Society of Jesus in the culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the period 1564–1773 was certainly one of the most important elements in the process of building the religious, cultural, and political identity of this multinational and multiconfessional state, one of the largest in Europe at the time. The authors sketch the most important trends in research on this subject matter and present the leading authors and their studies. They point out the recent departure from the historiography produced within the Society and the remnants of earlier, largely apologetic writings, towards the “hermeneutic turn” taking place at the moment. They explain their decisions concerning the contents of the present issue of JJS , aimed at filling gaps in the knowledge of English-speaking scholars caused by the fact that the majority of studies concerning the activities of Jesuits in the Commonwealth are published in Polish and Lithuanian.

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Kholmogorova, L. "Opening of legal proceedings in civil proceedings on Ukrainian lands as part of Poland and Lithuania (middle of the 14th – middle of the 17th centuries)." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 73 (December 9, 2022): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.60.

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The article examines the peculiarities of opening proceedings in a lawsuit based on the analysis of medieval Polish-Lithuanian legislation, which maintained its influence in Ukraine for almost half a millennium. The author conducts an analysis of the system of courts that operated at that time, as their status had a significant impact on the particularity of the exercise of the right to sue. It is noted that the feudal legislation was very careful to ensure that the claim was not filed in the wrong court contrary to the established rules of judicial jurisdiction. To a certain extent, this was connected with the presence in some states of the privilege to try in a court where representatives of their state tried (state courts). Attention is drawn to preserving the heredity of opening proceedings in the case from the «princely era» at the initial stages of the occupation of the territory of Ukraine by Poland and Lithuania. But in the future, such a procedure for opening proceedings on the basis of a claim is formed, which in some ways resembles a modern civil process. The author examines the written form of the claim and analyzes its details, indicating their significance. A comparison of Polish and Lithuanian legislation on this issue is carried out. In particular, the Complete Code of Laws of Casimir the Great of 1347 and the Formula processus of 1523 and the three Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of 1529, 1566 and 1588 are compared on the other, respectively. It is noted that at the first stages, the Lithuanian legislation more succinctly defined the details of the claim, but later they were almost the same, which is explained by the rapprochement of Poland and Lithuania and the formation of the single state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569. However, both states did not compactly contain thesedetails of the claim in one article , and were scattered not only on different articles, but sometimes also on different chapters of feudal codes. The existence of strict rules for preserving the authenticity of the text of the lawsuit is noted, which should guarantee not only the interests of the parties to fair justice, but also the authority of the judiciary, since the lawsuit was issued on behalf of the sovereign, that is, it was a judicial procedural document. It indicates various types of payments and property penalties that could take place at the initial stage of proceedings in a civil case. First of all, they were directed to official earning of money by court employees and prevention of abuse of procedural rights by the parties. Compared to the previous period, the role of the state in opening legal proceedings is growing significantly. She, with the help of various officials, helps the plaintiff bring his dispute to an official hearing before the court, so that he can claim what is rightfully his. The stage of opening proceedings in a civil case ends with the registration of a lawsuit in government books (for example, Zemstvo books).

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Uruszczak, Wacław. "Unions in Medieval Church Law as the Basis for Description of the Legal Nature of the Polish-Lithuanian Union." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 13, no. 3 (2020): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.20.019.12515.

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In church law, the union of churches (unio ecclesiarum) concerned the merger of two and more dioceses under the same bishop. In the Middle Ages, canonists were already pointing to three types of union: 1) aeque principalis; 2) unio per subiectionem, when one of the churches was subject to the other and thus the episcopal dignity remained only in that one, and finally, the third kind, called 3) unio per extinctionem, when two particular churches, usually dioceses, were merged into a single new one. The canonical achievements in the field of union of churches and benefices were collected and summarized, among others, in the treatise De unionibus ecclesiarum atque beneficiorum by Nicolaus Thilen, and in the work of Anaclet Reiffenstuel entitled Ius canonicum universum. The three types of union of churches and benefices presented above, distinguished by their mergers, were adopted into the Code of Canon Law of 1917 (canons 1419 and 1420). The 450th anniversary of the union concluded on July 1, 1569 in Lublin was celebrated in 2019. As a result of this union the Kingdom of Poland, called the Crown, merged with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The canonical models of the union of churches and benefices, developed in medieval canon law, are important for a closer description of the essence of this relationship, starting with the first of them, i.e. the union concluded in 1385 in Krevo. The political relationships established between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania largely corresponded to the three canonical models of the church union indicated above, i.e. unio aeque principalis (1385), unio per subiectionem (1413) and unio per extinctionem seu translationem (1569).

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Korzinin, Alexander. "The Court of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania and Queen of Poland Elena Ivanovna." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 667–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.301.

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The article is a comprehensive study of the composition of the court of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania Elena Ivanovna, daughter of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and Sophia Paleologina. The author comes to the conclusion that initially Ivan III tried to surround his daughter with Moscow noblemen and Russian servants in a foreign land However, by September 1495, almost the entire retinue of Elena was sent to Moscow on the orders of Alexander Kazimirovich, her husband. The court of the Grand Duchess was re-formed on the model of the court of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania and the Queens of Poland. All key positions in it (court-master, chancellor, сook, carver) were occupied by Lithuanian Catholic noblemen. The female court of Elena Ivanovna was headed by the court-master who supervised ladies-in-waiting (all of them were of Lithuanian origin and, probably, Catholics, with the exception of one lady of the Orthodox faith who came with the princess from Moscow). Only by 1511, the Orthodox princess became the court-master. Few Orthodox service people who arrived in Lithuania from Russia held administrative positions in the princess’s domain. In 1509, after the rebellion of Prince M. L. Glinskii and his departure to Moscow, a number of key figures (I. S. Sapega, M. Iundilovich) left the court of the Grand Duchess. The remaining courtiers (Mitia Ivanovich, Kgetovt Kalinikovich, and others), although formally in her service, in fact followed the instructions of the Lithuanian lords and were loyal to king Sigismund the Old.

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Worthington, David. "‘Unfinished work and damaged materials’: historians and the Scots in the Commonwealth of Poland–Lithuania (1569–1795)." Immigrants & Minorities 34, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619288.2015.1063812.

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Makilla, Dariusz. "Constitutional law-making process in Polish Commonwealth between the 16th-18th Centuries." Historia Constitucional, no. 23 (September 14, 2022): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/hc.v0i23.788.

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The aim of this work is to present the constitutional law-making process in the Commonwealth of Poland, which was established as a merger of Poland and Lithuania in 1569. The system of the state was defined in the constitution of the Coronation Sejm of King Stefan Batory in 1576, adopted on the basis of a resolution prepared during the Election Sejm of the first elected king, Henry de Valois, 1573. The provisions of the resolution were called Articuli Henriciani after the king. The constitution provided for a hierarchy of norms determining the position of the organs: the King, the Sejm and the Council of the Kingdom, which were united in one supreme sovereign state organ with the power to make law achieved by consensus. Fecha de envío / Submission date: 9/07/2021Fecha de aceptación / Acceptance date: 9/09/2021

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Stancelis, Vigintas. "The Annexation of Livonia to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Historiographical Controversies." Lithuanian Historical Studies 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2000): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00501002.

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The aim of this study is to present the most characteristic scholarly evaluations of Livonia’s annexation to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [GDL] and to discuss the most controversial issues and different interpretations of Lithuanian intentions in Livonia, contradictory opinions about the extent of influence in the country, the assumptions about the existence of the Lithuanian and Russian spheres of interest in Livonia, etc. Various causes, which determined the tactics of the political activities of the GDL in 1558-1561 as well as the factors, conditioning Livonia’s decision to submit to the ruler of Lithuania-Poland, are discussed, too. The significance of Livonia’s annexation to the GDL was treated variously by different investigators depending on their competence, engagement to particular conceptions and the methods used by them, as well as on their nationality or citizenship and other alternatives.

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Dziarnovich, A. I. "The Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands of the 10–13th centuries: from Krevа to Kernavė." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 64, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2020-64-5-632-640.

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Traditional notions on the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands and the earlier Lithuania of the 10-13th c. are quite sketchy. In the public consciousness of a population of the historical Lithuania (“Lithuania in the narrow sense”) is significantly inferior in terms of its civilization development of neighboring Rus' and Poland. But already in the 13th century new impulses of state formation began from Lithuania at a time when the entire of the East Slavic region of Europe was in a deep crisis. The article analyzes the results of the latest archaeological and historical research of the four centers of the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands and the historical Lithuania in the 10-13th c.: Kreva, Halsany, Kemaй (Kernave), Vilnia (Vilnius). The significant presence of Slavic settlers influenced the existence of urban settlements with a clear administrative and sacred function among the Baltic pagan population of Lithuania in the 12th-14th centuries. On the example of Kreva and Kernave we can see the emergence of regional centers of Lithuania, the first of which is already in the 14th century it will be the domain of Alhierd (Olgierd) and Jagiello, and the second in the late 13th - early 14th centuries it will be the main residence of the Duke Trojdzien and perhaps of Vicien. Halsany become generic possession of the Halsanski princes and early modern town as and Kreva will develop in accordance with the process of urbanization (16-18th cc.). Kreva, Kernave and Vilnius can be described as the sacred center of the Balts. These observations allow us to consider the emergence of a new state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as a result of the influence of the Slavic ethnos on the corresponding development of political and economic interests of Lithuanian elites, as well as ethno-cultural interaction.

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Chrzanowski, Tadeusz. "A Variety of Religious Architecture in Poland." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 6 (1990): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900001253.

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Before I attempt a brief survey of the numerous and varied examples of religious architecture in Poland let me mention a few well-known facts. Poland, having grown out of a tribal community, and having early developed a national character, after the Union with Lithuania (first a personal union in 1386 and then a State union in 1569) began expanding rapidly. At the turn of the fifteenth century a new model of parliamentary monarchy was established, a model functioning in an already multinational, federal state, which ceased to be the ‘Republic of Two Nations’ and became instead the ‘Republic of Many Nations’. I do not intend to analyse here all the achievements, changes, and mistakes of Poland, but I would like to stress that between the fifteenth century and the eighteenth century the Poles were in a minority. This minority, however, decided the country’s fate, as it was Polish noblemen (szlachta) who set the political and cultural pace. It has never been accurately assessed what percentage of the whole society the noblemen were, but it must have been high, probably the highest in Europe. According to some sources, the Poles who felt themselves free and regarded Poland as their commonwealth formed ten per cent of the whole population. We should also note that at that time the process of Polonization took place mainly among the nobility, and that the Poles who were in a minority in the Polish-Lithuanian State were at the same time a majority among those who ruled that State. I am not saying that as a Polish nationalist, but as an historian who has a deep respect and friendly feeling for all the nations and denominations which once inhabited this large and unique country. The Union of Lublin put the final touches to this distinctive commonwealth, which appeared too early in the Europe of nationalism and absolutism to survive.

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FROST, ROBERT. "Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569-1587. By Felicia Rosu. Oxford University Press. 2017. xvii + 221pp. £60.00." History 103, no. 358 (December 2018): 872–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.12704.

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NOWAKOWSKA, NATALIA. "The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569. By Robert Frost. Oxford University Press. 2015. xxiii + 564pp. £85.00." History 101, no. 347 (April 29, 2016): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.12187.

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Mukhetdinov, D. V. "The Slavic Qur’an Translation of the 16th–18th Centuries: Poland and Russia." Islam in the modern world 17, no. 3 (November 11, 2021): 45–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2021-45-82.

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This paper aims to continue and develop the research cycle on history of Qur’an translations in Europe. The paper deals with rethinking of possible background of Russian Qur’an translations, commonly traced back up to the first half of the 19th century. Ca. 1800 the tradition of Qur’an translating in Russia was already rich and varied in its scientific, literary and religious contexts. However, its origin could be found in the earlier similar tradition of Lithuanian Tatars, which was developed at least from the 16th century in intellectual space of the three states, namely Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rzeczpospolita and Tsardom of Russia. This Muslim ethnocultural group shaped their own Qur’an translation school in the West Russian (Ruthenian, Old Belorusian) language closely related to modern Russian.

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Nikolchenko, Yuzef, and Tamara Nikolchenko. "Retrospective of understanding Volyn’s history and culture in the chronicles of Theodosiy Sofonovych." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: Philosophy, culture studies, sociology 9, no. 18 (2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2849-2019-9-18-63-71.

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The «Chronicles of Ancient Chronographers» Theodosius Sofonovich is a unique monument of Ukrainian history and culture, the creation of which coincides with the period of the National Liberation War of the Ukrainian people of 1648-1658 when political reality contributed to the development of Ukrainian national education and culture, headed by Kyiv Mohyla Collegium and patriotic Orthodox clergy. «Chronicles ...» consists of three parts: «About Russia», «The beginning and the name of Lithuania», «About the land of Poland». The first part covers the history of Kievan Rus, the second and third – the history of Ukraine XIV–XVII centuries. on the background of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland (after 1569 – the Commonwealth). In the «Chronicles ...»Theodosius Sofonovich contains twenty messages on the problem being investigated, in particular: «Volyn» – 18; «Volyn lands» – 1; «Volyn» (city) – 1. With the help of the messages «Chronicles ...», an important role played by Volyn and Volyn lands in national history and culture from the time of the settlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe to the events of the initial period of the National Liberation War in June 1648 was determined. Considering only one particular issue in the pages of «The Chronicles of the Chroniclers of the Ancients» Theodosius Sofonovich, the authors of the article came to the conclusion that this work not only greatly represents the bright national historiography of the New time, but also gives the opportunity to a modern researcher to find out the features of the historical, socio-political, social, economic and cultural development of Ukraine and its separate lands from ancient times to the last quarter of the XVII century.

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Filyushkin, Alexander. "Conquest, Borders, Geopolitics." Russian History 43, no. 1 (March 23, 2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04301004.

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Livonian War (1558–83) was not a local Baltic war, but a European conflict. What was the place of Livonian War in the context of European wars of the 16th century? Europe in this era experienced colonial wars, wars of independence, religious wars, Turkish wars etc. The Livonian War bears the strongest resemblance to Italian wars of 1494–1559. Those were wars about tying microstates to new monarchies. In part, a similar process took place in Livonia. It was a microstate with an obsolete socio-political hierarchy unable to fight back (the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order). Several new European monarchies, including Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, Denmark, and Russia, sought to divide it. Russia’s participation in the conflict set it apart from the Italian Wars. Europe immediately and unconditionally recognized the right of the Jagiellon, Oldenburg, and Vasa dynasties (but not that of the Rurikide dynasty) to divide the Baltic. Livonian War was also a more complex multi-faceted phenomenon for new European monarchies (especially for Sweden and Denmark), than it was a war similar to Italian wars of the first half of the sixteenth century (that is, a war for the takeover of microstates by stronger and more modern kingdoms going through a phase of active development). The same can be said of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in that it went through this active phase during the Livonian War and formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland also positioned itself as a state whose higher mission was to act as a shield protecting the “Christendom” from “Eastern barbarians,” among whom Russians were numbered, portrayed in a similar fashion to Turks. For Russia, this war evolved from a local border conflict to a war for the annexation of the Baltic States, and finally, for Russians, the war became a holy war against a foreign foe.

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STOLARSKI, P. T. "Dominican-Jesuit Rivalry and the Politics of Catholic Renewal in Poland 1564–1648." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 62, no. 2 (March 4, 2011): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046909991400.

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Highlighting some of the tensions within Catholicism in Poland-Lithuania after the Council of Trent, this article offers a corrective to the traditional Jesuit-centred paradigm of Catholic renewal. While long held to be central to the successes of the Counter-Reformation, the Jesuits were opposed by large sections of the Catholic nobility, a paradox that has never been adequately explained. By exploring the conflicts between the Jesuits and the more established Dominican order, the phenomenon of Catholic anticlericalism can be understood as part of a wider dissonance in Catholic culture, and integral to the accommodation of noble and Catholic culture after Trent.

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Konoplyanko, Konstantin. "Social-Ethic Views of Polish-Lithuanian Reformer Symon Budny in Historical Retrospective." Slavianovedenie, no. 4 (2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869544x0021051-9.

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The article analyses the views of Symon Budny about the interaction between Christians and the society, revealed in his two works – «Catechism of Niasvizh» (printed in 1562) and tractate «About the magistrate, using a sword» (1583). The characteristic of Budny as a Polish-Lithuanian reformer reflects his regional not ethnic origin, because all his activity is connected with The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The author of the article shows that Budny’s view on collaboration between Christians and the society, which appeared for the first time in Cathechism written by Budny-calvinist, did not change after Budny had become a strict antitrinitarian. Therefore, during the whole time of activity, Budny defended the thesis that Christians have the right to be soldiers, magistrates, to have servants, manors, and to participate in defensive war, based on Old Testament’s Law (Dekalog).

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Zhuk, Sergei I. "Timothy Snyder. The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2003. xv, 367 pp. $ 35.00." Canadian American Slavic Studies 42, no. 4 (August 27, 2008): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-042-04-18.

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Marples, David R. "Timothy Snyder (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003), The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, xv, 367pp + maps, illustrations." Nationalities Papers 32, no. 1 (March 2004): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0090599200009570.

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Ramasheuskaya, Inna, and Pawel Zajac. "The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, Timothy Snyder, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003), xiv, 367 pp. + maps, illustrations." Nationalities Papers 32, no. 2 (June 2004): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0090599200013507.

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Kiaupienė, Jūratė. "Robert Frost, The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569, Oxford University Press, 2015. 564 p. ISBN 978-0-19-8208-69-3." Lithuanian Historical Studies 20, no. 1 (February 20, 2016): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02001013.

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Brock, Peter. "Dilemmas of a Socinian Pacifist in Seventeenth-Century Poland." Church History 63, no. 2 (June 1994): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168587.

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The antitrinitarian Polish Brethren, from the inception of their denomination as a breakaway from the Calvinist Reformed Church in 1565, had earnestly debated the issue of whether a “true Christian” might collaborate in the workof the sword-bearing magistracy, take part in war, or kill a fellow human being in self-defense. Whereas the brotherhood in the militarily exposed Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with a few exceptions, gave a positive answer, the congregational leaders in the more secure kingdom of Poland for the most part said no. To do any of these things, the latterargued, entailed disobedience to Jesus’ commandments as expressed in the Sermon on the Mount and elsewhere in the New Testament. For Christ replaced the laws of the Old Testament, which had allowed the ancient Israelites to wage just wars and wield the sword for good cause, with a gospel of love and defenselessness. This doctrine of nonresistance the pacifist Brethren, of course, had taken over from the Anabaptists of central Europe, whose insistence on adult baptism they also adopted.

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Antanavičius, Darius. "Nežinomos XVI a. vidurio Kauno miestiečių apeliacijos valdovo teismui, įrašytos Lietuvos Metrikos Palenkės vaivadijos knygose." Istorijos šaltinių tyrimai T. 6 (December 31, 2018): 173–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/20290705-06005.

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The Unknown Appeals of the mid-16th Century Kaunas Citizens to the Assessors’ Court and the Court in Relationibus in the So-called Voivodeship of Podlachia Books of the Lithuanian Metrica The aim of the article is to present the hitherto unknown facts relating to the appeals of Kaunas citizens filed with the assessors’ court and the court in relationibus of the GDL in the first half of the 16th-mid-17th century. The assessors’ court was the main instance of appeal in the GDL which on the sovereign’s behalf, alongside other cases, dealt with the complaints of the citizens of state or royal cities that were granted Magdeburg rights with regard to the rulings of the courts of the first instance, namely the courts of the council, voigt (vaitas), and benchers (suolininkai), in the said cities. The court in relationibus was a higher level of the assessors’ court. These courts would mostly hear cases forwarded from the assessor’s and other courts. The Lithuanian Metrica is a block of the GDL chancellery books. The Voivodeship of Podlachia is a territory comprising mostly the lands of Drohiczin, Bielsk, and Mielnik which from 1513 was administered by the Voivode of Podlachia, was part of the GDL until 1569 but, following the Union of Lublin of 1569, was handed over to Poland. Out of 12 Voivodeship of Podlachia books at the moment 8 are available for the use of researchers.

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Niedźwiedź, Jakub. "Jesuit Education in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1565–1773)." Journal of Jesuit Studies 5, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00503006.

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This article examines the impact of the Jesuit educational system on the culture of the multi-religious and multi-ethnic federation, through four problems. The first part of the paper presents the beginnings and development of the educational network and the Jesuit monopoly of education in the country. In the second part, it is shown how the Ratio studiorum was adapted to local conditions and how Latin culture was promoted in the Orthodox provinces of eastern Poland and Lithuania. One of the major consequences of these processes was the unification of a literary language and literature in Polish (Polish became the second language of Latinitas). The third part raises the question of the impact of rhetorical studies on political activity of the gentry, through the formation of the citizen-orator ideal. The development of literature, theatre, music, and the sciences forms the subject of the fourth part, which also lists the main achievements of Jesuit scholars and alumni. In conclusion, some observations are offered on the specific nature of Jesuit education in this part of Europe and its legacy after the dissolution of the Society of Jesus.

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Butterwick-Pawlikowski, Richard. "Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587. By Felicia Roşu. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. xviii, 221 pp. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Illustrations. Maps. $78.00, hard bound." Slavic Review 78, no. 01 (2019): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2019.30.

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Journal articles on the topic '(Lithuania and Poland : 1569)'

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