Academic literature on the topic 'Lithuanian Coins'

This paper considers the problem of Golden Horde and Tatar-Genoese coins with Lithuanian countermarks «Columns». These coins occurred in several hoards, mainly in Eastern Podillia and Southern Kyiv lands. The finds of these coins are dated to the 15th century. The exact date of beginning of countermarking is unknown. However, they did not appear there earlier than in 1420s, during the reign of Vytautas as the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1392—1430). In Ukrainian finds the Golden Horde coins with Lithuanian countermarks «Columns» are occurred together with Prague groats of Wenceslaus (1378—1419). Probably, Golden Horde coins continued to be countermarked in Eastern Podillia and Southern Kyiv lands after the death of Vytautas in 1430. But, in the 14th — first part of the 15th century, the sign usually called «Kolumny» (or «Gedyminas Columns») was connected with Grand Duke of Lithuania Kiejstut (1345—1382) and his sons, especially Grand Duke Vytautas. The sign was well known of the steppe peoples of Ukraine as a «tamga». Polish chronicler Jan Długosz testifies it’s use by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas to brand his horses in 1410. In my opinion, Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas has begun re-struck the «Columns» (the «tamga of Vytautas») in the 1420s because of appearance of the low-grade Golden Horde coins with the content of silver 300–600/1000 grades. Numerous groups of silver with different pyrity were used in the circulation of Ukrainian lands as well as silver coins with defferent alloys quality (800—900/1000) of Toqtamish (1380—1399), Shadibek (1399—1407), Pulad (1407—1410) and other Khans of 1410—1420s.

The aim of study. The paper discusses the change of the silver proof of Riga schillings in the so-called Polish times. According to the Corpus privilegiorum Stepheneum (14 January 1581), Riga was confirmed minting rights, which however prescribed changes in coin design and fineness: on the one side coins had to bear the insignia of the Commonwealth and on the other side the coat of arms of the City; coins had to be of the same fineness and weight as the Polish and Lithuanian coinage so that there were no difference in their usage. Research methodology. Methods of analysis, classification, generalization and statistical methods were used to obtain the tasks set in the work. Riga schillings are arguably among the most widely studied and well-known coinages of the city mint of Riga, the capital of modern Latvia. In 1582 the first Polish style shilling was minted in Riga. Starting with 1588 shillings and 3-groschen coins (dreyer) were produced in the name of Sigismund III. Carrying almost all the same visual attributes as the coins of Stephan Bathory. From the late 16th century until the mid-17th century the production of this northernmost situated mint occupied a dominant role in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth market of small change. This has been suggested by the various archaeological data offered by Polish numismatists. Despite the fact that Riga schillings have been a subject of research over the last century, to this day scholars have not reached common understanding on the quality issue of the schillings. As is evident Baltic and Polish numismatists have disagreements about metrological terms of the early Commonwealth schillings. Scientific novelty. In an attempt to clear up some of the problems, three legislative sources will be paid special attention: ordinances of the Warsaw Sejm 1579/80 and the ordinances of the Monetary Commissions of Warsaw from 1604 and 1616. The Conclusions. This article argues that the Riga schillings were minted accordingly to the mint order, however from 1604 Riga (and Lithuanian) schillings deviated from the Polish schillings as they were minted of higher minting standard..

AbstractThe author examines the legal nature of rights that a person acquires upon transfer of money to a bank. In particular, a question arises who the owner of money held with a bank is. The author argues that a distinction is to be made between actual banknotes or coins that are transferred and a 'deposit', i.e., personal claim against the bank. The article describes the position of Lithuanian law in relation to the bank deposit and concludes that the main legal features of bank deposit are similar to those of a loan. Upon transfer of banknotes or coins to the bank, the latter normally acquires ownership thereof, and the depositor acquires personal rights against the bank. Although the depositor may also be regarded as the owner of such a claim, the object of such ownership is incorporeal and is not related to the banknotes or coins transferred to the bank.

The article is devoted to the results of the archaeological investigations of the south part of the Lithuanian-Russ frontiers with the Golden Horde possessions. The place of excavation the fortress Tiagin and settlement of the city type nearby it. The fortress was built by prince Vitovt at the end of XIV — at the beginning of XVth century.Besides of fortification there was a very important custom, known from written records. The first works on this monument were provided in 1914 y, by V. I. Goskevich. Then, some archeologists have been working there, but such monument needed in the special attention and long time excavation. In the course of our investigation in the season of 2016—2018 the very interesting results were obtained. For the first time the artifacts of Lithuanian material culture were found. There were bracelet, and decorative details for leather bags. Besides of it, silver, bronze and copper coins of the end of the XIV — of the first quarter of the XVth century were found also. The most of them were Tatar’s coins, and one — Polish. It support the important place of international trade and integration process in the culture of this period from North to south of Europe.

In this article, the authors analyse materials from the excavations of the Tara fortress (Omsk Region, Wes-tern Siberia), founded in 1594 by Prince Andrei Yeletsky and functioned as the main outpost of the Russians in the Middle Irtysh region to counter Khan Kuchum, the Kuchumovichs, and then the newly-arrived population from Dzungaria and Kazakhstan, until construction of the Omsk fortress in 1716. The aim of this research is to identify amongst the finds the articles of Polish-Lithuanian origin, in outward appearance similar to Russian ones. Having studied the collections formed during the excavations of the fortress in 2007–2020, the authors came to the con-clusion that such items are definitely represented by the signet rings with nobility coats of arms, coins, and bap-tismal crosses made according to the Catholic canon. Potentially, Polish-Lithuanian origin could be assigned to some types of fabrics and leather goods, such as a travel compass case with images of French fleur-de-lis, some types of shoes, and handgun holsters. The presence of Venetian glass ware and plinth bricks in the layers of the 17th c., according to the authors, is also associated with the arrival in Tara of the population that had previously resided in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or on the western borders of Muscovy. The owners of these items ended up in Tara (and in Western Siberia) because they were taken prisoners or sided with the Rus-sians during the Russian-Polish wars. Over time, they formed a special category of service people called ‘Lithuania’. This is evidenced by numerous written sources. The basis for this conclusion is given by particular characteristics of Tara's trade relations established, primarily, with China, Lesser and Greater Bukharia, and the Uzbek Khanate, i.e., with the south in the 17th c., from where Chinese porcelain, silk and cotton fabrics, and some types of smo-king pipes came to Tara. At that time, weapons, bread, coarse fabrics, money for salaries of the servicemen of the Siberian garrisons, and cheap beads were imported to Tara from the west through Kazan, Kungur, and Lozva. In the 18th c., the main trade of the Russians began to concentrate in Troitskosavsk (Kyakhta since 1934) on the border with Mongolia, from where tea, silk, and porcelain were exported, whereas a flow of Russian-made goods, as well as European wines, sugar, some species of nuts, and spices, was established through Kazan into Siberia. Instead of ’Lithuania’, Germans started coming to Siberia. In the 19th c., Poles reappeared en masse in Western Siberia. However, those were no longer residents of Lithuania and Western Russian principalities, but ethnic Poles exiled to Siberia for participation in anti-Russian uprisings.

<p>Market as a cultural and historical social phenomenon enchains researchers in many respects. There must be mentioned significant studies on the market in Latgalian and Lithuanian culture, carried out by Angelika Juško-Štekele, Daina Kraukle and Gintautas Mažeikis, but Sylvia Papaurėlytė has focused on the market in the aspect of language world, particularly paying attention to trade-related Belarusian lexicon in transaction documents of the 15–17th century. The goal of the study is applying linguo-cultural approach to compare contrastively the designation of trading process, the persons, involved in trade, currency, as well as related phraseology parallels in Latgalian, Lithuanian and Belarusian language. The selected sources are most significant lexicography literature, modern electronic dictionaries and contemporary text corpora and Latgalian press.</p><p>The lexeme торгъ ‘market’ frequently used in Belarusian transaction documents of the 15–17th century maintains its topicality in Latgalian and Lithuanian literature.The lexeme of the same root torgi ‘auction’ is frequently used in Latgalian press in the 20s–30s of the 20th century. With the strengthening of Catholicism, in the 17th century market process was related to the church rebate and the Belarusian word кiрмаш ‘market’ (&lt; German Kirchmesse) was introduced into Latgalian language.</p><p>The synonyms of the designation of the person, who is engaged in trading, form several lexical thematic groups (distinguished as a basic occupation, by the sold goods, by trading type, by the function to be performed). Trade-related denotative components do not appear in Latgalian lexicon, but the lexical meaning of Latgalian lexeme žyds ‘Jew’ is associated with the Jewish basic occupation.</p><p>Both in archaeological and ancient texts there can be found the names of the coins, which demonstrate a great diversity of monetary units, but only a few historical monetary unit names are used in the recent time language and are well-established in phraseology. The most popular name in Latgalian, Lithuanian and Belarusian language is grass–grošis–грош ‘groat’.</p><p>The word index of the first Latgalian book “Evangelia toto anno 1753”, which is the New Testament excerpta, shows, that the word grass, that is indistinctive to biblical texts, is found 12 times. This lexeme can also be found in Jan Kurmin’s Polish-Latin-Latvian dictionary: Grosz. Nummus. Groszys, v. Dzienuszka (Kurmin 1858: 36). In Latgalian and Lithuanian texts the word grass–grošis is used with the meaning ‘small amount of money’.</p><p>A phraseological component grass–grošis–грош maintains the semantics of a small amount of money and something worthless. There can be found parallels of a variety of phraseological units in all three languages, which most directly shows the common understanding of the value of money. The word skatikas appears in Lithuanian phraseological units as a synonym of the same semantics of worthless money.</p><p>A kopeck–kapeika–капейкa unlike grass–grošis–грош is a small unit, but a ruble, rublis–rublys–рубль is a large monetary unit (sova kapeika lobuoka par cara rubli ‘own kopeck is better than the tsar’s ruble’). In phraseological units with the component kopeck–kapeika–капейкa there appears the motive of saving and earning money, though it is a small amount of money (sova kapeika teik ‘some kopeck is gotten’; kapeika įkrito į delną ‘a little money is earned’; капейкa ў капейку ‘kopeck to kopeck’; жывая капейкa ‘profitable’).</p><p>Historicisms such as červoncs ‘tenner’ and dukats ‘ducat’ are less popular in Latgalian texts.</p><p>There can be concluded, that Latgalian language of three languages discussed above reflects the least trade-related nuances and Latgalians feel themselves as passive victims of transactions done by others.</p>

Information for the management of economic entities is formed in accounting and does not lose its value in time for research and development of practical recommendations for the future. The Accounting Book of the Lviv Mint of 1656–1657, partially developed by historians, is a unique source of research and analytical experience in the management of public sector economic entities in emergencies, such as the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (1655-1660). Unlike the books of merchants and artisans, keeping the Accounting Book at the Lviv Mint was mandatory, which testifies to the responsibility of its executors, and thus argues the authenticity of the reflected facts. The application of the rotary-historical method of studying the data of the Account Book in comparison with other historical and economic sources allows not only to reconstruct the events surrounding the opening of the Lviv Mint, but also to restore the sequence and targeting of management decisions to establish coin production in Lviv. The value source advantage of the Accounting Book is the use of in-kind, labor and cost measures, which allows to determine with sufficient accuracy all types of costs associated with the operation of the Lviv Mint and coinage. The participation of the king and the most influential elite of the Commonwealth at that time influenced the attraction of church property and private loans in the financing of the Lviv Mint in such an emergency situation as the war. The organization of cost accounting in the Accounting Book is built in chronological form, but characteristic of individual production processes, which is inherent in the minting of coins, which led to the use of cost accounting by places (centers) of their occurrence. Based on the data of the Accounting Book, the issues of payroll accounting, their types and composition of employees of the Lviv Mint were studied. Accounting and analytical data allow to determine the nature of management and logistics decisions for the production process and methods of external settlement operations at the Lviv Mint in emergency situations. Organizational and methodological bases of management decisions and their experience of accounting and analytical support of the Lviv Mint in the conditions of war have the prospect of use in modern emergencies, and in particular pandemics. This will mobilize management capacity and resources to reduce the risk of human losses from the spread of COVID-19 virus worldwide.

The union concluded at the Sejm meeting held in Lublin in 1569 established common institutions of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which survived until 1795. Apart from the ruler elected jointly by the nobility of both countries, it established the common Sejm, foreign and defence policies, and the common coin. The army, treasury, legal systems, administration, and judiciary remained separate. From the philological point of view, the following markers are substantial for characterising the Union of Lublin act: the Polish language of the text and its stylistic affi nity, diversity of the forms of the names of the document signatories, text composition and its offi cial and rhetoric style markers determining its informative and persuasive functions.

The Lithuanian national movement of the 19th c. had mostly manifested itself in the literature, which, under the Lithuanian press ban, was being published both in East Prussia and in Lithuanian communities in the United States, and which was being distributed likewise in Lithuania, East Prussia, and the United States. That same time period saw the forming of a new system designed to inform readers of new releases, which was utilized to help any members of the Lithuanian diaspora to keep updated on the newest literature affairs. This system had encompassed the press of both East Prussia and the United States, and it would inform the readers of the newest publications both from the location of where the newspaper was being released and about the new books and periodicals that were being published in foreign countries; thus, it had created a reflection of Lithuanian literature as a whole. The aim of this article is to analyze the circumstances surrounding the informing of readers about the newest publications as it had occurred in the American Lithuanian press up to 1904; main focus is paid here to the information regarding Lithuanian and Lithuanistic publications released in East Prussia and elsewhere in Europe. The basis of this study is a list of 322 Lithuanian and Lithuanistic publications released in Europe; the list itself took shape after overviewing 11 Lithuanian newspapers published in the United States. The 322 publications had been distributed in Lithuanian communities in the United States and were announced by the local Lithuanian press.This study has showed that the first announcements about the new books appeared in the US Lithuanian press in the late 1890s, and in the early 20th c., designated columns for publishing news became an ordinary practice. Unfortunately, a lack of authors capable of writing critical reviews of the new publications forced the émigré press to be content with mostly annotations and very laconic commentaries about the pros and cons of new publications. The fact that announcements were made about books (mostly publications released in Europe) that were not part of the American salespeople’s repertoire allows us to believe that the editorial boards of the newspapers behaved thus acting upon the informational mission of their newspapers, their societal role, and in seeking to support the national movement and the dissemination of its ideas as well as the mission of its consolidation. In evaluating the repertoire of the introduced publications, we may speak not only of the dissemination of information on these works but also of a particular perspective that the editorial boards of these periodicals had and which was based on a particular set of values. Attention is paid to Lithuanian literature, its growth and place in the society of that time, and how it matches the needs of the readers. The introduced literature repertoire was dominated by secular works that had reflected the growth of Lithuanian literature and answered the demands of education. The books were oftentimes evaluated first and foremost based on the aspect of how much practical information could they provide – this had to do with the restricted possibilities of Lithuanian education; for example, the amount of information these works could give on the topics of farming, medicine, craftsmanship, and the natural sciences was an important aspect. With time, more attention began to be paid to societal-political literature, which was associated to the dissemination of the ideologies of those times, and Lithuanistic works written by foreign (not Lithuanian) authors. The works were also increasingly evaluated based on the political views of the editorial boards, which had also determined the fact that the readers were urged to buy some books while others were introduced as no good. Yet at the same time it may be observed that attention was being paid to publishing culture, the linguistic aspects especially, prompted by the changes that were happening in written Lithuanian. Attempts were made to limit the distribution of books that had not met the standards of the written languages; however, owing to the poorness of literature, the practical value of the book was of the most importance. The perspective regarding the importance of some books can also be seen based on how many newspapers had referenced those books in their news and how well were these works met. In understanding that the system designed to inform the readership of the books did not meet the standards of even its contemporaries, it must still be said that during those times, a tradition had taken shape to introduce publishing news in the periodicals. This tradition was developed and perfected during later times, but its proper evaluation would require the continuation of its study.

Motivated by practice of other schools, Europe Union policies, and The Republic of Lithuania's laws, Lithuanian schools are introducing e-journal systems to support pupils' learning, schools' administrative processes, as well as communication with parents and between different stakeholders of the schools' educational and administrative processes. In production-oriented firms, efficiency gains stemming from the introduction of Information Systems (IS) and Technologies (IT) to support the main functions of the firm can be estimated based on resource consumption and production volumes. In a learning- or knowledge-oriented organization, however, efficiency gains are difficult to estimate for a variety of reasons. Some reasons are a lack of previous research on the topic as well as a lack of practice among schools to monitor the effects of e-learning systems. In this chapter, the authors set the method for assessing changes in performance resulting from the introduction of an e-journal system in a secondary school. Following the theoretical model developed by Gaskin, the authors measure process changes using dimensions of productivity, efficiency, quality, and consistency. Besides describing methods for performance assessment, the study helps better understand the pros and cons of computerization of learning-oriented organizations and suggests venues for improvement in pursuing further computerization of schools in Lithuania.