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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithuanian Coins'
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1
Kozubovskyi, G. A. "ABOUT THE COINS WITH LITHUANIAN COUNTERMARKS «COLUMNS»." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.32.
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This paper considers the problem of Golden Horde and Tatar-Genoese coins with Lithuanian countermarks «Columns». These coins occurred in several hoards, mainly in Eastern Podillia and Southern Kyiv lands. The finds of these coins are dated to the 15th century. The exact date of beginning of countermarking is unknown. However, they did not appear there earlier than in 1420s, during the reign of Vytautas as the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1392—1430). In Ukrainian finds the Golden Horde coins with Lithuanian countermarks «Columns» are occurred together with Prague groats of Wenceslaus (1378—1419). Probably, Golden Horde coins continued to be countermarked in Eastern Podillia and Southern Kyiv lands after the death of Vytautas in 1430. But, in the 14th — first part of the 15th century, the sign usually called «Kolumny» (or «Gedyminas Columns») was connected with Grand Duke of Lithuania Kiejstut (1345—1382) and his sons, especially Grand Duke Vytautas. The sign was well known of the steppe peoples of Ukraine as a «tamga». Polish chronicler Jan Długosz testifies it’s use by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas to brand his horses in 1410. In my opinion, Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas has begun re-struck the «Columns» (the «tamga of Vytautas») in the 1420s because of appearance of the low-grade Golden Horde coins with the content of silver 300–600/1000 grades. Numerous groups of silver with different pyrity were used in the circulation of Ukrainian lands as well as silver coins with defferent alloys quality (800—900/1000) of Toqtamish (1380—1399), Shadibek (1399—1407), Pulad (1407—1410) and other Khans of 1410—1420s.
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Dāboliņš, Viktors. "THE FINENESS OF RIGA SCHILLINGS UNDER POLISH RULE (1581-1621)." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2020-4-131-143.
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The aim of study. The paper discusses the change of the silver proof of Riga schillings in the so-called Polish times. According to the Corpus privilegiorum Stepheneum (14 January 1581), Riga was confirmed minting rights, which however prescribed changes in coin design and fineness: on the one side coins had to bear the insignia of the Commonwealth and on the other side the coat of arms of the City; coins had to be of the same fineness and weight as the Polish and Lithuanian coinage so that there were no difference in their usage. Research methodology. Methods of analysis, classification, generalization and statistical methods were used to obtain the tasks set in the work. Riga schillings are arguably among the most widely studied and well-known coinages of the city mint of Riga, the capital of modern Latvia. In 1582 the first Polish style shilling was minted in Riga. Starting with 1588 shillings and 3-groschen coins (dreyer) were produced in the name of Sigismund III. Carrying almost all the same visual attributes as the coins of Stephan Bathory. From the late 16th century until the mid-17th century the production of this northernmost situated mint occupied a dominant role in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth market of small change. This has been suggested by the various archaeological data offered by Polish numismatists. Despite the fact that Riga schillings have been a subject of research over the last century, to this day scholars have not reached common understanding on the quality issue of the schillings. As is evident Baltic and Polish numismatists have disagreements about metrological terms of the early Commonwealth schillings. Scientific novelty. In an attempt to clear up some of the problems, three legislative sources will be paid special attention: ordinances of the Warsaw Sejm 1579/80 and the ordinances of the Monetary Commissions of Warsaw from 1604 and 1616. The Conclusions. This article argues that the Riga schillings were minted accordingly to the mint order, however from 1604 Riga (and Lithuanian) schillings deviated from the Polish schillings as they were minted of higher minting standard..
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Laurinavičius, Kęstutis. "The Legal Nature of Bank Deposits." Review of Central and East European Law 31, no. 3 (2006): 291–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303506x129413.
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AbstractThe author examines the legal nature of rights that a person acquires upon transfer of money to a bank. In particular, a question arises who the owner of money held with a bank is. The author argues that a distinction is to be made between actual banknotes or coins that are transferred and a 'deposit', i.e., personal claim against the bank. The article describes the position of Lithuanian law in relation to the bank deposit and concludes that the main legal features of bank deposit are similar to those of a loan. Upon transfer of banknotes or coins to the bank, the latter normally acquires ownership thereof, and the depositor acquires personal rights against the bank. Although the depositor may also be regarded as the owner of such a claim, the object of such ownership is incorporeal and is not related to the banknotes or coins transferred to the bank.
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Biliaieva, S. O. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SETTLEMENT AND FORTRESS TIAGIN: SOME RESULTS AND PROBLEMS." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.11.
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The article is devoted to the results of the archaeological investigations of the south part of the Lithuanian-Russ frontiers with the Golden Horde possessions. The place of excavation the fortress Tiagin and settlement of the city type nearby it. The fortress was built by prince Vitovt at the end of XIV — at the beginning of XVth century.Besides of fortification there was a very important custom, known from written records. The first works on this monument were provided in 1914 y, by V. I. Goskevich. Then, some archeologists have been working there, but such monument needed in the special attention and long time excavation. In the course of our investigation in the season of 2016—2018 the very interesting results were obtained. For the first time the artifacts of Lithuanian material culture were found. There were bracelet, and decorative details for leather bags. Besides of it, silver, bronze and copper coins of the end of the XIV — of the first quarter of the XVth century were found also. The most of them were Tatar’s coins, and one — Polish. It support the important place of international trade and integration process in the culture of this period from North to south of Europe.
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Tataurov, S. F., and S. S. Tikhonov. "‘Polish-Lithuanian’ archaeological materials from the excavations of the town of Tara." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2(53) (May 28, 2021): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-53-2-7.
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In this article, the authors analyse materials from the excavations of the Tara fortress (Omsk Region, Wes-tern Siberia), founded in 1594 by Prince Andrei Yeletsky and functioned as the main outpost of the Russians in the Middle Irtysh region to counter Khan Kuchum, the Kuchumovichs, and then the newly-arrived population from Dzungaria and Kazakhstan, until construction of the Omsk fortress in 1716. The aim of this research is to identify amongst the finds the articles of Polish-Lithuanian origin, in outward appearance similar to Russian ones. Having studied the collections formed during the excavations of the fortress in 2007–2020, the authors came to the con-clusion that such items are definitely represented by the signet rings with nobility coats of arms, coins, and bap-tismal crosses made according to the Catholic canon. Potentially, Polish-Lithuanian origin could be assigned to some types of fabrics and leather goods, such as a travel compass case with images of French fleur-de-lis, some types of shoes, and handgun holsters. The presence of Venetian glass ware and plinth bricks in the layers of the 17th c., according to the authors, is also associated with the arrival in Tara of the population that had previously resided in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or on the western borders of Muscovy. The owners of these items ended up in Tara (and in Western Siberia) because they were taken prisoners or sided with the Rus-sians during the Russian-Polish wars. Over time, they formed a special category of service people called ‘Lithuania’. This is evidenced by numerous written sources. The basis for this conclusion is given by particular characteristics of Tara's trade relations established, primarily, with China, Lesser and Greater Bukharia, and the Uzbek Khanate, i.e., with the south in the 17th c., from where Chinese porcelain, silk and cotton fabrics, and some types of smo-king pipes came to Tara. At that time, weapons, bread, coarse fabrics, money for salaries of the servicemen of the Siberian garrisons, and cheap beads were imported to Tara from the west through Kazan, Kungur, and Lozva. In the 18th c., the main trade of the Russians began to concentrate in Troitskosavsk (Kyakhta since 1934) on the border with Mongolia, from where tea, silk, and porcelain were exported, whereas a flow of Russian-made goods, as well as European wines, sugar, some species of nuts, and spices, was established through Kazan into Siberia. Instead of ’Lithuania’, Germans started coming to Siberia. In the 19th c., Poles reappeared en masse in Western Siberia. However, those were no longer residents of Lithuania and Western Russian principalities, but ethnic Poles exiled to Siberia for participation in anti-Russian uprisings.
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Khromov, Kostiantyn, and Iryna Khromova. "The local coins-imitations of the second half of the 14th century on the lithuanian-tatars border territory." Ukraina Lithuanica. Studìï z ìstorìï Velikogo knâzìvstva Litovsʹkogo 2015, no. 3 (September 8, 2015): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ul2015.03.191.
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Ūdre, Sandra. "LATGALIAN, LITHUANIAN AND BELORUSIAN LEXICON, CONNECTED WITH TRADE." Via Latgalica, no. 6 (December 31, 2014): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2014.6.1664.
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<p>Market as a cultural and historical social phenomenon enchains researchers in many respects. There must be mentioned significant studies on the market in Latgalian and Lithuanian culture, carried out by Angelika Juško-Štekele, Daina Kraukle and Gintautas Mažeikis, but Sylvia Papaurėlytė has focused on the market in the aspect of language world, particularly paying attention to trade-related Belarusian lexicon in transaction documents of the 15–17th century. The goal of the study is applying linguo-cultural approach to compare contrastively the designation of trading process, the persons, involved in trade, currency, as well as related phraseology parallels in Latgalian, Lithuanian and Belarusian language. The selected sources are most significant lexicography literature, modern electronic dictionaries and contemporary text corpora and Latgalian press.</p><p>The lexeme торгъ ‘market’ frequently used in Belarusian transaction documents of the 15–17th century maintains its topicality in Latgalian and Lithuanian literature.The lexeme of the same root torgi ‘auction’ is frequently used in Latgalian press in the 20s–30s of the 20th century. With the strengthening of Catholicism, in the 17th century market process was related to the church rebate and the Belarusian word кiрмаш ‘market’ (< German Kirchmesse) was introduced into Latgalian language.</p><p>The synonyms of the designation of the person, who is engaged in trading, form several lexical thematic groups (distinguished as a basic occupation, by the sold goods, by trading type, by the function to be performed). Trade-related denotative components do not appear in Latgalian lexicon, but the lexical meaning of Latgalian lexeme žyds ‘Jew’ is associated with the Jewish basic occupation.</p><p>Both in archaeological and ancient texts there can be found the names of the coins, which demonstrate a great diversity of monetary units, but only a few historical monetary unit names are used in the recent time language and are well-established in phraseology. The most popular name in Latgalian, Lithuanian and Belarusian language is grass–grošis–грош ‘groat’.</p><p>The word index of the first Latgalian book “Evangelia toto anno 1753”, which is the New Testament excerpta, shows, that the word grass, that is indistinctive to biblical texts, is found 12 times. This lexeme can also be found in Jan Kurmin’s Polish-Latin-Latvian dictionary: Grosz. Nummus. Groszys, v. Dzienuszka (Kurmin 1858: 36). In Latgalian and Lithuanian texts the word grass–grošis is used with the meaning ‘small amount of money’.</p><p>A phraseological component grass–grošis–грош maintains the semantics of a small amount of money and something worthless. There can be found parallels of a variety of phraseological units in all three languages, which most directly shows the common understanding of the value of money. The word skatikas appears in Lithuanian phraseological units as a synonym of the same semantics of worthless money.</p><p>A kopeck–kapeika–капейкa unlike grass–grošis–грош is a small unit, but a ruble, rublis–rublys–рубль is a large monetary unit (sova kapeika lobuoka par cara rubli ‘own kopeck is better than the tsar’s ruble’). In phraseological units with the component kopeck–kapeika–капейкa there appears the motive of saving and earning money, though it is a small amount of money (sova kapeika teik ‘some kopeck is gotten’; kapeika įkrito į delną ‘a little money is earned’; капейкa ў капейку ‘kopeck to kopeck’; жывая капейкa ‘profitable’).</p><p>Historicisms such as červoncs ‘tenner’ and dukats ‘ducat’ are less popular in Latgalian texts.</p><p>There can be concluded, that Latgalian language of three languages discussed above reflects the least trade-related nuances and Latgalians feel themselves as passive victims of transactions done by others.</p>
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Shvets, V. "Accounting book of the Lviv Mint (1656-1657) as a source of accounting and analytical experience in managing business entities in emergencies." Economics, Entrepreneurship, Management 7, no. 2 (November 2020): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/eem2020.02.033.
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Information for the management of economic entities is formed in accounting and does not lose its value in time for research and development of practical recommendations for the future. The Accounting Book of the Lviv Mint of 1656–1657, partially developed by historians, is a unique source of research and analytical experience in the management of public sector economic entities in emergencies, such as the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (1655-1660). Unlike the books of merchants and artisans, keeping the Accounting Book at the Lviv Mint was mandatory, which testifies to the responsibility of its executors, and thus argues the authenticity of the reflected facts. The application of the rotary-historical method of studying the data of the Account Book in comparison with other historical and economic sources allows not only to reconstruct the events surrounding the opening of the Lviv Mint, but also to restore the sequence and targeting of management decisions to establish coin production in Lviv. The value source advantage of the Accounting Book is the use of in-kind, labor and cost measures, which allows to determine with sufficient accuracy all types of costs associated with the operation of the Lviv Mint and coinage. The participation of the king and the most influential elite of the Commonwealth at that time influenced the attraction of church property and private loans in the financing of the Lviv Mint in such an emergency situation as the war. The organization of cost accounting in the Accounting Book is built in chronological form, but characteristic of individual production processes, which is inherent in the minting of coins, which led to the use of cost accounting by places (centers) of their occurrence. Based on the data of the Accounting Book, the issues of payroll accounting, their types and composition of employees of the Lviv Mint were studied. Accounting and analytical data allow to determine the nature of management and logistics decisions for the production process and methods of external settlement operations at the Lviv Mint in emergency situations. Organizational and methodological bases of management decisions and their experience of accounting and analytical support of the Lviv Mint in the conditions of war have the prospect of use in modern emergencies, and in particular pandemics. This will mobilize management capacity and resources to reduce the risk of human losses from the spread of COVID-19 virus worldwide.
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Dubisz, Stanisław. "Tekst Unii lubelskiej jako dokument epoki." Poradnik Językowy 2020, no. 10/2020(779) (December 20, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2020.10.3.
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The union concluded at the Sejm meeting held in Lublin in 1569 established common institutions of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which survived until 1795. Apart from the ruler elected jointly by the nobility of both countries, it established the common Sejm, foreign and defence policies, and the common coin. The army, treasury, legal systems, administration, and judiciary remained separate. From the philological point of view, the following markers are substantial for characterising the Union of Lublin act: the Polish language of the text and its stylistic affi nity, diversity of the forms of the names of the document signatories, text composition and its offi cial and rhetoric style markers determining its informative and persuasive functions.
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Misiūnas, Remigijus. "Lithuanian and Lithuanistic Publications Released in Europe that Appear in the Press of USA Lithuanians (until 1904)." Knygotyra 72 (July 9, 2019): 206–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2019.72.26.
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The Lithuanian national movement of the 19th c. had mostly manifested itself in the literature, which, under the Lithuanian press ban, was being published both in East Prussia and in Lithuanian communities in the United States, and which was being distributed likewise in Lithuania, East Prussia, and the United States. That same time period saw the forming of a new system designed to inform readers of new releases, which was utilized to help any members of the Lithuanian diaspora to keep updated on the newest literature affairs. This system had encompassed the press of both East Prussia and the United States, and it would inform the readers of the newest publications both from the location of where the newspaper was being released and about the new books and periodicals that were being published in foreign countries; thus, it had created a reflection of Lithuanian literature as a whole. The aim of this article is to analyze the circumstances surrounding the informing of readers about the newest publications as it had occurred in the American Lithuanian press up to 1904; main focus is paid here to the information regarding Lithuanian and Lithuanistic publications released in East Prussia and elsewhere in Europe. The basis of this study is a list of 322 Lithuanian and Lithuanistic publications released in Europe; the list itself took shape after overviewing 11 Lithuanian newspapers published in the United States. The 322 publications had been distributed in Lithuanian communities in the United States and were announced by the local Lithuanian press.This study has showed that the first announcements about the new books appeared in the US Lithuanian press in the late 1890s, and in the early 20th c., designated columns for publishing news became an ordinary practice. Unfortunately, a lack of authors capable of writing critical reviews of the new publications forced the émigré press to be content with mostly annotations and very laconic commentaries about the pros and cons of new publications. The fact that announcements were made about books (mostly publications released in Europe) that were not part of the American salespeople’s repertoire allows us to believe that the editorial boards of the newspapers behaved thus acting upon the informational mission of their newspapers, their societal role, and in seeking to support the national movement and the dissemination of its ideas as well as the mission of its consolidation. In evaluating the repertoire of the introduced publications, we may speak not only of the dissemination of information on these works but also of a particular perspective that the editorial boards of these periodicals had and which was based on a particular set of values. Attention is paid to Lithuanian literature, its growth and place in the society of that time, and how it matches the needs of the readers. The introduced literature repertoire was dominated by secular works that had reflected the growth of Lithuanian literature and answered the demands of education. The books were oftentimes evaluated first and foremost based on the aspect of how much practical information could they provide – this had to do with the restricted possibilities of Lithuanian education; for example, the amount of information these works could give on the topics of farming, medicine, craftsmanship, and the natural sciences was an important aspect. With time, more attention began to be paid to societal-political literature, which was associated to the dissemination of the ideologies of those times, and Lithuanistic works written by foreign (not Lithuanian) authors. The works were also increasingly evaluated based on the political views of the editorial boards, which had also determined the fact that the readers were urged to buy some books while others were introduced as no good. Yet at the same time it may be observed that attention was being paid to publishing culture, the linguistic aspects especially, prompted by the changes that were happening in written Lithuanian. Attempts were made to limit the distribution of books that had not met the standards of the written languages; however, owing to the poorness of literature, the practical value of the book was of the most importance. The perspective regarding the importance of some books can also be seen based on how many newspapers had referenced those books in their news and how well were these works met. In understanding that the system designed to inform the readership of the books did not meet the standards of even its contemporaries, it must still be said that during those times, a tradition had taken shape to introduce publishing news in the periodicals. This tradition was developed and perfected during later times, but its proper evaluation would require the continuation of its study.
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Szczepański, Łukasz. "The late medieval treasure of gold coins from Smolniki near Iława." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 296, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134951.
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The hoard of coins from Smolnik (formerly Alteiche, Kreis Rosenberg) was discovered in the early 1930s. A forestry worker came across the 19 well-preserved gold coins in the sandy soils of the forest. The hoard consisted of a total of 15 nobles and 3 half-nobles of the English King Edward III (1327–1377) and one franc á cheval of the French King John II ‘the Good’ (1350–1364). Based on the work of Prof. Grollmus of Iława, the author aims to carry out an analysis of the structure of the hoard. It is also very important to interpret the phenomenon of the inflow of gold coins to Prussia. The second half of the XIV century until the start of the 15th century was a period of increased trade relations between the Order and England. In addition, there is an increase in crusading, which includes the Teutonic Order’s campaigns into Lithuania. Guests of the Order participated in these, including Eng�lish crusaders.
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Kerremans, Bart, and Edith Drieskens. "Van euro naar uitbreiding : de Europese Unie in 2002." Res Publica 45, no. 2-3 (September 30, 2003): 349–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v45i2-3.18482.
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The European Union stepped into the year 2002 with mixedfeelings. On the one hand, the anthraxcrisis and the war in Afghanistan remembered of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. On the other hand, the introduction of the euro notes and coins created a EU-wide feeling of euphoria. In the following twelve months, EU activity was mainly dominated by the impeding eastern enlargement. Moreover, in 2002, the institutional foundations were laid ofwhat will turn out to be one of the mostfundamental transformations ofthe European construction in EU history. As most of these activities will be settled in the years to come, asfor 2002, especially the starting point - the introduction of the euro coins and notes -and the end point- the decision ofthe Copenhagen European Council to welcome Cyprus, Estonza, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in 2004 into the European family - will remain printed in the European memory.
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Jaržemskis, Andrius, and Vytautas Jaržemskis. "The Differences in Efficiency Measurment: the Case of European Railways." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2014-0014.
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Abstract In the world railways are organized in two ways. In one case, infrastructure management and organization of traffic and commercial activities are integrated at the level of one of the enterprise whereas in the other case the functions of the carrier and the manager of the infrastructure are separated. This article addresses approaches of different scientists and politicians on both forms. The analysis of the case of Lithuania has been carried out. The case of Lithuania is a typical one - historically the railways have had a monopoly with the infrastructure and transportation not separated. This article presents a critical view of theoretical pros and cons of both the models.
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Zaikouski, Edvard. "Regarding a certain type of coin-shaped pendants." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 23 (November 26, 2019): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2019-23-113-125.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the symbolism and sacred content of a special kind of coin-shaped pendants, which are made of non-ferrous metals, decorated with twelve convex dots around the perimeter, and in the center have a hemispherical projection or hexagonal figure. Collection of such pendants is small and consists of single finds, mostly found in barrows and settlements of Early Middle Ages. For the first time, issue of interpretation of coin-shaped pendants was raised more than twenty years ago, after which the number of materials increased substantially due to the finds not only from the lands of Belarus but also from adjacent countries. Territory of their distribution includes southern and central Belarus and northwestern regions of Ukraine. Separate finds have also been made in Polish Podlasze, Eastern Lithuania and Southern Latvia. This area does not coincide with the lands of any particular union of East Slavic tribes, but pendants of this type are often found on sites, materials of which include characteristic temporal jewelry of Dregovichi type, decorated with granulation. Based on nature of associated finds, pendants of this type were in use in XII –first half of XIII century. Therefore, they appeared probably in XI century. Little number of pendants mentioned above for a relatively large area may indicate that these products were aimed for a quantitatively small population. These pendants occurred both in relatively rich burials and in feudal estates, which confirms the high status of their owners. Chronology of pendants is coincides with bi-religion period, and there is no clear evidence of Christian affiliation of persons buried with them. Sites on which pendants were found are examined, if it is possible, ethno-deterministic decorations found there are also emphasized, and the area of distribution of the pendants of mentioned type is outlined at the publication. Find of such pendant in one of the burials in Lithuania, along with coin of the late XIV century is essential for determining of the chronology of the use of these products. The analogies among finds of pre-Christian era are indicated, that witnesses thee origins of mentioned symbolism among the pagan antiquities. Semantics of both number “12” and the hexagon in the center of the pendant are analyzed, and on this basis conclusion is made about astronomical-calendar symbolism of the identified objects. Sites on which pendants were found are examined, if it is possible, ethno-deterministic decorations found there are also emphasized, and the area of distribution of the pendants of mentioned type is outlined at the publication. Find of such pendant in one of the burials in Lithuania, along with coin of the late XIV century is essential for determining of the chronology of the use of these products. The analogies among finds of pre-Christian era are indicated, that witnesses thee origins of mentioned symbolism among the pagan antiquities. Semantics of both number “12” and the hexagon in the center of the pendant are analyzed, and on this basis conclusion is made about astronomical-calendar symbolism of the identified objects. Key words: coin-shaped pendants, Dregovichi type granulated beads, sacral number 12, hexagon symbols.
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Orlyk, V. "NUMISMATIC RELICS OF TRADING AND MILITARY RELATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN LANDS OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA WITH THE STATE OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER IN PRUSSIA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 136 (2018): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.136.1.11.
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The relations of the Ukrainian medieval lands with the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia left the relics in the documentary sources of the second half of the XIII century – beginning of the XVI century. However, the relations of the Ukrainian medieval lands with the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia should have been left not only in written sources. Similar relations, even if they were occasional, left a sufficient number of numismatic sources in the cultural layers of the settlements. In this case, we have the Teutonic coins, lost by their owners.
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Švedas, Pranas. "Blanketinės dispozicijos Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame kodekse." Teisė 77 (January 1, 2010): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2010.0.193.
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Straipsnyje nagrinėjama blanketinės dispozicijos sąvoka ir jos vartojimo teisinėje kalboje ypatumai. Siūlomas baudžiamajame įstatyme esančių straipsnių su blanketinėmis dispozicijomis skirstymas į tam tikras rūšis pagal atitinkamus požymius. Taip pat straipsnyje pateikiami argumentai už ir prieš blanketinių dispozicijų naudojimą baudžiamajame įstatyme. The article discusses relevant aspects regarding definition of blanket dispositions of articles in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The article proposes categorization of blanket dispositions according to respective features thereof. In addition the article discusses pros and cons of usage of blanket dispositions in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania.nbsp;
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Alperytė, Irena, and Margarita Išoraitė. "Developing a City Brand." Journal of Intercultural Management 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2019-0022.
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Abstract The article analyses theoretical aspects of a city brand definition, applying cases of various brands of Lithuanian cities. A brand is any sign or symbol which helps to distinguish goods or services for one person from the goods or services of another, and which may be represented graphically. The brand can be a variety of symbols, their combination, and other visual manifestations of information, such as words, names, slogans, letters, numbers, drawings, emblems; or spatial characteristics of the product itself – its image, packaging, shape, color, color combination or a combination of all these. City development usually includes an image dimension. The common ground for this is that a well-known toponym often generates events, investments, etc. Many cities are actively positioning and promoting their strategic intentions. Often times a city brand is associated with its fight for investment, tourist numbers, or successful businesses. Objective: To scrutinize relevant theories applicable to city visual branding; to look through various definitions of the city branding and envisage some advantages and disadvantages they might pose; and to analyze various case studies so that we could summarize the methodologies of why and how we could better position our local products globally. Methodology: The case study methods were used as part of a complex study and combined with in-depth interviews as well as benchmarking methods from various sources. In-depth interview method was used to obtain expert opinions on the subject. The in-depth interview method helped to analyze logo usage, goals, define pros and cons, and evaluate the results of logo design in urban development. This method was chosen to collect detailed and authentic material based on the attitudes and experiences of those involved in such a creative process. Findings: The conclusion was reached that since a place prompts a lot of variables, in the future we need to consider more numerous components, such as population, industries, landscape, economies or history, etc. The hypothesis was confirmed about the variables of the city to be further considered for (re)branding, such as the cost, semantic complexity, societal charge, and the dynamics (changeability, or rigidity). As for the methodologies, we arrived at the conclusion that the best way to create a viable city brand is a collaboration between different stakeholders. Value Added: The article adds to European experts’ suggestion of rethinking the concept of design itself, as until now a one-sided approach to design as a means of schematizing a product has prevailed. This approach, even regulated by Lithuanian law, does not cover the whole process of creating and implementing an idea. “Design is a problem-solving approach that focuses on the user during its development. It can be applied in both the public and private sectors to promote innovation in products, services, processes and even legislation,” says Dr Anna Whicher, expert on design policy and strategy of the European Commission. In other words, design has been increasingly integrated into the science, business, social and service sectors to maximize innovation. As many as 63 percent of Lithuanian businesses do not use design solutions (product design, stylization or business strategy development) at any stage of production. This figure is below the EU average, where almost half of all businesses already integrate design solutions into their operations. Lithuania is also one of the 13 countries in Europe (out of 28) that does not have design policy documents or a community uniting organization, such as design centers in Great Britain, Denmark, Estonia or other countries. The paper invites Lithuania to re-think its design development policies at large, paying attention to urban design solutions in particular. Recommendations: In further research, while selecting potential expert for city logo development, it is recommended that priority should be given to (a) responsible experts in strategic / territorial and national policy making or related activities, (b) experts with knowledge of sustainable development, (c) independent sustainable development analysts / consultants / private and academic or who have implemented specific project-based SDs both nationally and internationally. The stakeholders in this process should be representing: 1) Public Sector, 2) NGOs, 3) Private Sector, 4) Academy and 5) Independent Experts.
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Čibiras, Sigitas, Rita Sudikienė, Lina Gumbienė, and Eugenijus Kosinskas. "Atviro arterinio latako perkateterinis uždarymas atsiskiriančiomis COOK spiralėmis – septynerių metų patirtis." Lietuvos chirurgija 5, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lietchirur.2007.3.2210.
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Sigitas Čibiras1, Rita Sudikienė2, Lina Gumbienė1, Eugenijus Kosinskas11 Vilniaus universiteto Širdies ir kraujagyslių ligų klinika, Santariškių g. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius2 Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikų Širdies chirurgijos centras,Santariškių g. 2, LT-08661 VilniusEl paštas: sigitas.cibiras@santa.lt Įvadas / tikslas Apžvelgiama klinikoje atliktų atviro arterinio latako (AAL) perkateterinio uždarymo naudojant COOK atsiskiriančias spirales septynerių metų patirtis, vertinami rezultatai įvairaus dydžio ir anatominio tipo latakų grupėse. Ligoniai ir metodai Išanalizuoti 75 ligonių, kuriems Vilniaus universiteto Širdies ir kraujagyslių ligų klinikoje nuo 1999 iki 2006 metų atliktas perkateterinis AAL uždarymas penkių apvijų COOK atsiskiriančiomis spiralėmis, duomenys. Procedūrai echokardiografijos metu atrinkti ligoniai, kurių nedidelis AAL (skersmuo < 3 mm). Aprašyta klinikoje naudota AAL uždarymo metodika. Priklausomai nuo AAL dydžio ligoniai suskirstyti į tris grupes, o pagal AAL anatomiją į penkias grupes. Palyginti skirtingų grupių rezultatai. Vertintas nuosrūvis per lataką, jį uždarius iškart po procedūros, po 24 valandų, po vieno, šešių ir dvylikos mėnesių. Rezultatai Pagal AAL anatomiją 59 ligoniai buvo A tipo, aštuoni – C tipo, penki – D tipo, trys – E tipo. Vertinti trijose ligonių grupėse priklausomai nuo AAL dydžio (iki 2 mm, 2–3 mm, > 3 mm). Geriausi rezultatai buvo pirmos ligonių grupės, kai operacinėje AAL užsikimšo 80% atvejų, po 6 mėn. – 87,5%, po vienų metų – 100%. Antros grupės ligonių AAL operacinėje užsikimšo 69%, po vienų metų – 96,6% atvejų. Trečios grupės 50% ligonių AAL užsikimšo operacinėje, 83,3% – po vienerių metų. Išvados Perkateterinis AAL uždarymo COOK spiralėmis būdas laikomas saugia chirurginio gydymo alternatyva, mažiau invazyvus, saugus, ekonomiškas, veiksmingas gydymo metodas. Procedūra yra trumpesnė, greitesnis pasveikimo laikotarpis, yra kosmetinis efektas. Metodas veiksmingas uždarant mažus ir vidutinius AAL (iki 3 mm). Pagrindiniai žodžiai: atviras arterinis latakas, įgimtos širdies ydos, intervencinis perkateterinis gydymas, COOK atsiskiriančios spiralės Patent ductus arteriosus occlusion with detachable COOK coils – seven years of experience Sigitas Čibiras1, Rita Sudikienė2, Lina Gumbienė1, Eugenijus Kosinskas11 Vilnius University, Clinic of Heart and Cardiovascular Diseases,Santariškių str. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania2 Vilnius University Hospital „Santariškių klinikos“, Cardiac Surgery Centre,Santariškių str. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius, LithuaniaE-mail: sigitas.cibiras@santa.lt Background / objective Seven years of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) transcatheter occlusion experience in clinic is reviewed, evaluating results in different PDA size and anatomical type groups. Patients and methods Data of 75 patients that underwent PDA closure with COOK detachable coils at the Vilnius Heart Disease Clinic from 1999 to 2006 were analysed. Patients with a moderate PDA diameter (< 3 mm) were echoscopy-selected for the procedure. The PDA closure method, applied in the clinic is described. According to PDA size, the patients were divided into three groups and according to anatomy into 5 groups. The results in different groups were compared. The shunt was evaluated immediately after closure, after 24 hours, and after 1, 6 and 12 months. Results The angiographic appearance of the ductus was type A in 59, type C in 8, type D in 5, type E in 3 patients. Depending on the PDA diameter, there were three groups of the patients (< 2 mm, 2–3 mm, > 3 mm). The best results were observed in the first group: immediate complete closure was achieved in 80% of cases, after six months in 87.5% and after 1 year in 100%. Conclusions Transcatheter coil occlusion of PDA with COOK detachable coils is a safe alternative to surgical treatment. It is less a invasive and economical method of treatment. The procedure itself is shorter, its results in a shorter convalescence period and has a good cosmetic effect. This technique is effective for small and moderate PDA (to 3 mm). Key words: patent ductus arteriosus, congenital heart diseases, interventional transcatheter therapy, COOK detachable coils
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Stončiuvienė, Neringa, and Danutė Zinkevičienė. "Comparative analysis of company performance result financial statements." Buhalterinės apskaitos teorija ir praktika, no. 15 (April 10, 2014): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/batp.2014.15.3.
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In the scientific literature there are researches presenting the comparison of the form of financial statements of business and public sector and non-profit organizations, however in Lithuania these issues have not been performed. Cross-cultural differences in national accounting and reporting create preconditions for a more detailed research in Lithuania. All this presupposes the need to evaluate pros and cons of different organizations, provides to look for commonalities between different sectorial reports. Proposals for presentation alignment of results of corporate and public sector and non-profit organizations are encountered in the literature, as well as proposals for application of different reporting formats. Detailed analysis of accounting and presentation of performance results in financial statements of business and public sector and non-profit organizations was carried out in this research. At first, it showed that all organizations prepare their performance reports on an accrual basis. The reports contain information both on results of organization's operating activity, and on financial and investment activities. Only the business organizations present information about special items. However, specifics of activities and aim to meet the different information needs of users determine that it is not appropriate to align the organization's performance reports.
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Grudzien, Ania. "Miłosz the Visionary: His American experience in Visions from San Francisco Bay." Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal 17, no. 1 (August 2020): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj/17.1.5.
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Nobel Prize winner Czesław Miłosz is one of the most influential poets, prosiest, philosophers, and diplomats, his works spanning two centuries and multiple continents. Born in 1911, in what is now modern-day Lithuania, Miłosz spent most of his professional life in Europe including Poland and France. In 1960, fleeing the power of the communist regime, he found political asylum in California, teaching in the Slavic languages department at the University of California Berkley. The following paper examines Czesław Miłosz’s perspective on the radical West culture of the 1960s and ‘70s in his book Visions from San Francisco Bay. This work brings attention to previously unnoticed English mistranslations. I propose a new translation to reflect Miłosz’s original meaning, which changes the way English readers interpret his American experience as well as his book Visions from San Francisco Bay. Specifically, I consider two sets of Miłosz’s pros and cons which he crafted to describe the essence of his American experience, and one set of pros and cons I crafted from his writing to frame his experience. These juxtaposing pros and cons ultimately led him to the conclusion of the importance of richly interpreting one’s reality, especially in a time of change and uncertainty. By way of comparative literary analysis of Miłosz’s Visions and selected poems, we change the way we traditionally think of the ‘60s and ‘70s, realizing that instead of being a time of explosive interpretive energy, this was a time when Americans fell away from rich interpretation of their metaphysical realities.
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Shtalenkova, K. I. "THE GOLDEN STANDARD OF THE NATION: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PERSONIFICATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF NATIONAL CURRENCIES IN EASTERN EUROPE." UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 2 (7) (2020): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2020.2(7).15.
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This article investigates the significance of personifications depicted on national currencies of Eastern Europe in the 19th – 21st cent. Eastern Europe is considered as a region of high research potential due to its status of borderland space with active symbolic struggle on political, socioeconomic and cultural levels. Currency design is an ideological tool that defines collective cultural tradition and historical memory, while national narratives vary in their response to the conditions of their formation. Basing on the visual analysis of money that circulated on the territories of Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and the Ukraine, the author outlines main categories of human depictions used in the currency design of the states that emerged in the region during the mentioned period. In the 19th cent., most widespread were money of the Russian Empire featuring the emperors and state representation Mother Russia. After the October Revolution in 1917, new states emerged in the region, but no personifications were used in their currency design. Human depictions of that time featured either ordinary people correlating with socialist movements or notable persons denoting political and cultural authenticity of certain state. Another category of human depictions was allegorical feminine figures representing patriarchal values and reproductive resources. Most remarkable examples of this type are Polish coins depicting state representation Polonia (or queen Jadwiga) as well as Polish banknotes with Mother Poland and national heroine Emilia Plater, both issued during the dictatorship of Jósef Piłsudski. Contemporary issues of money use no state representations, preferring instead either notable people, mostly men among them, or introducing other means of cultural representations not related to human depictions. Thus state representations used in the designs of national currencies become less popular in the 21st cent. due to globalisation and de-materialisation of money.
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Čaplinskas, Albertas, Audronė Lupeikienė, and Laima Paliulionienė. "Internetinių paslaugų paieškos technologijų vertinimas jų tinkamumo internetinei prekybai požiūriu." Informacijos mokslai 56 (January 1, 2011): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2011.0.3148.
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Straipsnyje analizuojamos internetines paslaugas teikiančios sistemos, turinčios skirtingą architektūrą, akcentuojant prekių ir paslaugų reklamavimo ir radimo mechanizmus, įvertinami jų pranašumai ir trūkumai mažų ir vidutinių Lietuvos įmonių, norinčių pradėti teikti tokias paslaugas, požiūriu. Šiuo aspektu išnagrinėti paslaugų paieškos portalai ir pirkimų robotai, paslaugų paieška sistemose, veikiančiose atvirose išskirstytose aplinkose (SLP protokolas, CORBA, Jini technologija), paslaugųpaieškos internete technologijos (UDDI, DNS, X.500, Ninja, P2P internetinės failų apsikeitimo technologijos), saityno paslaugų ir lokalizuotų paslaugų paieškos technologijos, pateiktas kiekvienos ekspertinis vertinimas balais pagal adekvatumo, universalumo, paprastumo, brandos, sąnaudų ir kitus kriterijus.Evaluation of Suitability of Internet Service searchTechnologies for E-CommerceAlbertas Čaplinskas, Audronė Lupeikienė, Laima Paliulionienė SummaryThe paper analyzes Internet service systems of different architecture, paying special attention to the mechanisms of advertizing and finding services. Their pros and cons are discussed in the context of small and medium enterprises (SME) that want to use the technology for e-commerce in Lithuania. The paper overviews the technologies of online shops, shopbots, service search in open distributed processing (SLP protocol, CORBA, Jini), search in the Internet (UDDI, DNS, X.500, Ninja, peer-to-peer file sharing services), web services, and nomadic computing. A quantitative expert evaluation of each technology is performed taking into account its adequacy for the task under consideration, universality, simplicity, maturity, cost and other criteria.ne-height: 18px;">
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Rutkauskas, Aurimas, Džigita Nagrockienė, Gintautas Skripkiūnas, Asta Kičaitė, and Giedrius Girskas. "Identification of Reactivity Level in Aggregates from Lithuanian Gravel Quarry." Construction Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cons-2017-0008.
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Rak, Karolina. "The Story of Polish “Orientalness” – Researching Islam in Poland." KnE Social Sciences, July 3, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i18.4761.
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Polish academia has a long tradition of studies on the Middle East, Islam and its heritage. Oriental studies have been part of university curricula in Kraków, Lvov (today in Ukraine) and Vilno (today Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania), later expanding also in such cities as today’s capital Warsaw [1]. The Oriental studies concentrated on the MiddleEastduetocontactsPolandhashadwiththeregion.Oneofthemostinteresting ideas brought up by researchers is based on the observations of cultural encounters throughout the turbulent history of the country leading some to coin terms such as Polish “Orientalness”. This term denotes a set of identity and cultural characteristics and can beopposed to the widely debated “Orientalism”, as defined by the renowned Palestinian intellectual and academic Edward Said in his seminal book from 1979, due to different experiences of relations with Muslim communities. Today’s Poland due to several, mainly historical factors, is one of the most homogenous nations of the entire world so it seems crucial to look upon patterns of multicultural existence which were once experienced on a daily basis.