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Books on the topic 'Litige administratif'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Kamto, Maurice. Droit administratif processuel du Cameroun: Que faire en cas de litige avec l'administration : guide pratique. Yaoundé: Presses universitaires du Cameroun, 1990.

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2

Soto, José Joaquín Villalobos. Guia para litigar en el proceso contencioso administrativo. San Jose, Costa Rica: Investigaciones Jurídicas, 2008.

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3

Zeca, Dorina. Daunele morale în litigii de muncă, comerciale și de contencios administrativ: Practică judiciară. București: Editura Hamangiu, 2011.

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4

Thouroude, Jean-Jacques. Pratique du contentieux administratif: Prévention des litiges, action en justice, voies de recours, procédures d'urgence, exemples de lettres et modèles de recours. 2nd ed. Paris: Moniteur, 2002.

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5

Red Participación y Justicia Bolivia. Hacia el litigio predecible: La identificación de líneas jurisprudenciales. La Paz: Red Participación y Justicia, 2009.

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6

UQAM), Journée en droit social et du travail (4e 1993. Nouvelles pratiques de gestion des litiges en droit social et du travail: Actes de la 4e Journée en droit social et du travail. Cowansville, Québec: Éditions Y. Blais, 1994.

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7

Chazareix, Franc ʹois. Concours administratifs, franc ʹais, niveaux B et C: Brevet national. [Paris]: Vuibert, 1987.

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8

Viviani, Alessandro, ed. Firms and System Competitiveness in Italy. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-270-7.

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Recent evolution of the Italian industrial system shows how the concepts of localization/delocalization of economic production processes have very little to do with geographical and administrative borders. In this context, a very important and discussed element of complexity is represented by the evaluation of competitiveness. Problems regarding the concept and its proper measurement require a deep elaboration and regard the context of analysis, the information and the available statistical data sources. This book aims at discussing this complex phenomenon from a critical viewpoint both at a macro (economic systems) and at a micro (firms) level showing that they are intrinsically integrated.
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9

1952-, Murphy Patrick C., ed. Breaking the silence: Little Rock's Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools, 1958-1963. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997.

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10

Project Apollo: The test program. Burlington, Ont: Apogee Books, 2005.

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11

Godwin, Robert. Project Apollo: Exploring the Moon. Burlington, Ont: Apogee Books, 2006.

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12

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the National Fund for Medical Education for 1998. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Division, 2000.

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13

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the Aviation Hall of Fame for 1997 and 1998. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Division, 2000.

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14

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the National Conference on Citizenship for fiscal years 1998 and 1999. Washington, D.C: The Division, 2000.

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15

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the National Society Daughters of the American Colonists for fiscal year 1999. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Division, 2000.

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16

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the National Society Daughters of the American Colonists for fiscal year 1999. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Division, 2000.

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17

Division, United States General Accounting Office Accounting and Information Management. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the Aviation Hall of Fame for 1997 and 1998. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Division, 2000.

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18

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the Non Commissioned Officers Association of the United States of America, Incorporated, for 1997 and 1998. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Division, 2000.

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19

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America, National Memorial, Incorporated, for fiscal year 1997. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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20

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Federally chartered corporation: Review of the financial statement audit report for the National Fund for Medical Education for 1998. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Division, 2000.

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21

Mack, Fundación Myrna, ed. Directrices básicas para la construcción de estrategias de litigio. Guatemala: Fundación Myrna Mack, 2008.

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22

Directrices básicas para la construcción de estrategias de litigio. Guatemala: Fundación Myrna Mack, 2008.

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23

Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (Argentina), ed. La lucha por el derecho: Litigio estratégico y derechos humanos. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Siglo Veintiuno, 2008.

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24

Marc, Vericel, ed. Les juridictions et juges de proximité: Leur rôle concret en matière d'accès à la justice des petits litiges civils. Paris: Harmattan, 2009.

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25

Marc, Vericel, ed. Les juridictions et juges de proximité: Leur rôle concret en matière d'accès à la justice des petits litiges civils. Paris: Harmattan, 2009.

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26

Wright, Kathryn, Clare Firth, Lucy Crompton, Helen Fox, Frances Seabridge, Susan Wigglesworth, and Elizabeth Smart. 12. Introduction to wills and administration of estates. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787662.003.0012.

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This chapter provides an overview of Chapters 13 to 15. When a person dies, their relatives or friends usually deal with the most pressing matters—registering the death and arranging the funeral—before consulting a solicitor. In simple cases, or where the deceased has left little property, it may well be that a solicitor is not consulted at all. Commonly, however, the advice of a solicitor will be sought as to who is entitled to the deceased ‘sproperty, as to the liability of the estate to tax, and generally as to’ what has to be done’ in order to pass the deceased’s property to those now entitled to it.
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27

Wright, Kathryn, Clare Firth, Lucy Crompton, Helen Fox, Frances Seabridge, Susan Wigglesworth, and Elizabeth Smart. 12. Introduction to wills and administration of estates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823209.003.0012.

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This chapter provides an overview of Chapters 13 to 15. When a person dies, their relatives or friends usually deal with the most pressing matters—registering the death and arranging the funeral—before consulting a solicitor. In simple cases, or where the deceased has left little property, it may well be that a solicitor is not consulted at all. Commonly, however, the advice of a solicitor will be sought as to who is entitled to the deceased ‘sproperty, as to the liability of the estate to tax, and generally as to’ what has to be done’ in order to pass the deceased’s property to those now entitled to it.
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28

Alexander, Trukhtanov. 14 National Report for the Russian Federation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0014.

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This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Russia. Russia’s principal bankruptcy law is the Federal Insolvency (Bankruptcy) Law 2002. The law sets out a comprehensive regime of submission, priority, and ranking of claims. It is almost entirely mandatory and leaves very little to be governed by pre-insolvency contractual arrangements. Its policies are generally favourable to creditors and are aimed at achieving pari passu distribution, including restriction of administration claims and giving unsecured creditors access to part of the proceeds of sale of security assets. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
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29

Shah, Aali. Hypomagnesemia/Hypermagnesemia. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0039.

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Hypomagnesemia is a relatively common electrolyte abnormality that may produce little to no significant clinical manifestations in patients. Commonly used medications such as proton-pump inhibitors and antidepressants can cause magnesium deficiency. The primary cardiac effect of hypomagnesemia is a prolongation of the Q-T interval. It is exposure to other drugs in the perioperative period and physiologic changes caused by anesthesia and surgery that can further alter cardiac electrophysiology and lead to serious ventricular dysrhythmias. Hypermagnesemia is generally iatrogenic from excessive ingestion, renal failure, or therapeutic administration for preeclampsia. Adverse effects of hypermagnesemia include somnolence, muscle weakness, and slowing of cardiac conduction.
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30

Ganguli, Ina, Ricardo Hausmann, and Martina Viarengo. Career Dynamics and Gender Gaps Among Employees in the Microfinance Sector. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0009.

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Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are commonly identified as empowering women and making them key actors in generating social change and economic development. Yet little is known about the gender parity among employees within the lending institutions themselves and how this can impact development. While MFIs are increasingly important as employers in the developing world, there is little micro-level evidence about gender differences among MFI employees and MFIs’ relation to economic development. We use a unique panel dataset of employees from Latin America’s largest MFI to show that gender gaps favouring men for promotion exist primarily in the sales division, while there is a significant gender wage gap in the administrative division. Among loan officers in the sales division, the gender gap in promotion and wages reverses. Finally, female employees tend to work with clients with better loan terms and a history of loans with the institution.
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31

Pemberton, Hugh. The Civil Service. Edited by David Brown, Gordon Pentland, and Robert Crowcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198714897.013.7.

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Despite current concerns with good governance and policy delivery, little serious attention has been paid to the institution vital to both: the Civil Service. This chapter places present problems in historical context. Starting with the seminal 1854 Northcote–Trevelyan Report, it covers the ‘lost opportunity’ of the 1940s when the Civil Service failed to adapt to rapidly rising demands on the state, as advocated by Beveridge and Keynes. It then examines the belated attempts at modernization in the 1960s, the Service’s vilification in the 1970s, the final destruction of the ‘old order’ during the Thatcher administration, and the subsequent restructuring of the Service and the (highly flawed) embracing of the ‘new public management’ ethos.
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32

Miklitsch, Robert. Kiss Me Deadly. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040689.003.0007.

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In part because of its pulp fiction, Mickey-Spillane provenance, Kiss Me Deadly (1955) has been widely interpreted as a key text of McCarthyism, yet it’s arguably better interpreted, via the film’s repeated recourse to the X figure, as an apocalyptic one with the proviso that in the 1950s the discourse about the “red menace” is frequently imbricated with the discourse about femininity--about, that is to say, the femme fatale and female sexuality. While censorship in the form of the Production Code Administration (PCA) played a significant part in the production of Kiss Me Deadly, there’s little doubt that Robert Aldrich’s picture is a film noir since it features a private detective who, knee-deep in sex and violence, is ultimately unable to prevent an atomic detonation that can itself be interpreted as both a death and orgasm, cataclysm and resurrection.
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33

Pohl, Walter. Social Cohesion, Breaks, and Transformations in Italy, 535–600. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0004.

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When the Gothic War began in Italy in 535, the country still conserved many features of classical culture and late antique administration. Much of that was lost in the political upheavals of the following decades. Building on Chris Wickham’s work, this contribution sketches an integrated perspective of these changes, attempting to relate the contingency of events to the logic of long-term change, discussing political options in relation to military and economic means, and asking in what ways the erosion of consensus may be understood in a cultural and religious context. What was the role of military entrepreneurs of more or less barbarian or Roman extraction in the distribution or destruction of resources? How did Christianity contribute to the transformation of ancient society? The old model of barbarian invasions can contribute little to understanding this complex process. It is remarkable that for two generations, all political strategies in Italy ultimately failed.
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34

Ferlie, Ewan, Sue Dopson, Chris Bennett, Michael D. Fischer, Jean Ledger, and Gerry McGivern. The Quality, Improvement, Productivity, and Prevention (QIPP) programme in the English National Health Service. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777212.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the importance of the QIPP productivity programme, and the techniques underpinning implementation. It offers a historical analysis of the various phases of QIPP. The chronology indicates that QIPP was originally developed in 2009 under a Labour government following the 2008 global financial crisis. QIPP involved three streams of activity: pay restraint and reduced administration costs; lower national tariffs and increased productivity; and system redesign. We note the involvement of external management consultants brought in to advise government. The chapter reviews existing commentaries on QIPP; however, we note that the nature and effects of QIPP have been badly under-researched, despite its major importance. Think tank-based commentaries suggest QIPP relied on crude cost compression, with little evidence of the productivity-enhancing service transformation initially hoped for. The chapter ends by introducing subsequent chapters that explore the career of QIPP in our case-study sites.
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35

Guiney, Thomas C. Temporal Factors in Early Release Policy and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803683.003.0010.

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The chapter explores how temporal factors have influenced the development of early release in England and Wales. It begins with a number of broad observations upon the everyday business of penal administration and offers a view of policy development that departs from the standard model of the policy-making cycle. It goes on to explore the central role of path dependency in shaping the trajectory of early release policy and practice in England and Wales between 1960 and 1995, before turning to the less well understood catalysing role of ‘timing and sequence’ at key moments of policy reform. The chapter concludes with a critical appraisal of the complex picture of continuity and change that emerges from this book and advances the case for greater use of comparative historical study given how little attention is given to historical lessons in much contemporary public policy debate.
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36

Brandsma, Gijs Jan, and Jens Blom-Hansen. Conclusion and the Way Ahead. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767909.003.0008.

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This chapter concludes the book by putting the findings in perspective. It considers three issues. First, it discusses the book’s findings in a little more detail and specifies how they advance the understanding of EU rule-making, of the EU administrative space, and of delegation in the EU more generally. However, while the book advances the understanding of these topics, it by no means answers all relevant questions in these debates. As a second issue, the chapter therefore reflects on the questions the book raises for future research in the area of delegated rule-making in the EU. Finally, the chapter reflects on the normative implications of the book’s findings. The arena of executive rule-making and its associated control systems are often said to represent one of the most opaque and least legitimate sides of the EU political system. The chapter argues that this critique is to a large degree unwarranted.
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37

Amenta, Edwin, and Amber Celina Tierney. Political Institutions and U.S. Social Policy. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.004.

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United States political institutions provide a compelling account of American exceptionalism in social policy: why the United States has a social insurance system that was late to develop and remains incomplete; spends relatively little on direct social policy; and relies on indirect and private social policy that is relatively ineffective in addressing poverty, insecurity, and inequality. Formal political institutions—including the tardiness of universal suffrage, many institutional veto points, federalism, the underdevelopment of domestic administrative authority, and a political party system founded on patronage and skewed to the right—go far to explain the formation of this unusual welfare state. Feedbacks from policies, political institutions themselves, help to explain why a few U.S. social programs, notably Social Security, remain strong, and why the U.S welfare state generally remains mired in the residual liberal model and is subject to drift. Feedbacks related to the world’s most extensive military and imprisonment policies also harm social policy.
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38

Maffini, Maricel V., and Sarah Vogel. Food Additives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0011.

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The American diet is dramatically different today than in 1958, when Congress passed the Food Additives Amendment. Innovations in processing, preserving, and packaging have made food more affordable and convenient but added thousands of new chemicals to our diet. More than 10,000 additives are allowed in food, but most have not been tested, and their long-term, chronic effects have rarely been studied. The regulatory system has fallen short of being fully implemented and has been weakened by decades of limited resources. A legal loophole allows new chemicals in food without notice to or review by the Food and Drug Administration, and the outdated safety assessment process fails to adequately address public health concerns. The result is that consumers bear the burden of deciding what is safe to eat, with limited information to do so. Without robust review of the safety of chemicals in food, there is little insight into the extent to which they may be contributing to chronic diseases.
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39

Franzen, Trisha. Compromised Leadership. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038150.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the early years of Anna Howard Shaw's National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) presidency. With little scholarship on Shaw's leadership, most historians follow the position originated by Eleanor Flexner that Shaw's tenure was chaotic and that Shaw an ineffective administrator. The only major challenge to this view comes from the late Sarah Hunter Graham and her argument that these were the years of a suffrage renaissance. The tensions and conflicts under Shaw's leadership were essential for the change that revitalized the NAWSA. Key challenges involved economic and racial issues, the focus on the federal amendment, and what the move to New York and the professionalization of the staff meant. Feminist suffrage scholarship generally has concluded that a conservative and racist NAWSA and Shaw were finally challenged by younger, more radical leaders. However, a close examination of Shaw's presidency finds that the dynamics within the NAWSA and the suffrage struggle to be far more complex.
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40

Fluke, John D., Mónica López López, Rami Benbenishty, Erik J. Knorth, and Donald J. Baumann, eds. Decision-Making and Judgment in Child Welfare and Protection. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190059538.001.0001.

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Professionals working in child welfare and child protection are making decisions with crucial implications for children and families on a daily basis. The types of judgements and decisions they make vary and include decisions such as whether a child is at risk of significant harm by parents, whether to remove a child from home or to reunify a child with parents after some time in care. These decisions are intended to help achieve the best interests of the child. Unfortunately, they can sometimes also doom children and families unnecessarily to many years of pain and suffering. Surprisingly, despite the central role of judgments and decision making in professional practice and its deep impact on children and families, child welfare and protection training and research programs have paid little attention to this crucial aspect of practice. Furthermore, although extensive knowledge about professional judgment and decision making has been accumulated in relevant areas, such as medicine, business administration, and economics, little has been done to help transfer and translate this knowledge to the child welfare and protection areas. This book represents our aspiration to fill this critical gap in the child welfare and protection research agenda, while providing an up-to-date resource for practitioners and policy makers. It is our purpose to provide the reader with the ideas, methods and tools to improve their understanding of how context and decision-maker behaviors affect child welfare and protection decision making, and how such knowledge might lead to improvements in decision-making.
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41

Swann, Julian. Parlements and Provincial Estates. Edited by William Doyle. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.013.0006.

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After the King and his councils, the French parlements and provincial estates stood out as two of the most prestigious political, legal, and administrative institutions in the kingdom. By the eighteenth century, there were no fewer than thirteen parlements, proudly dominating the social, cultural, and even economic lives of cities such as Aixen-Provence, Besancon, Rennes, and Toulouse. It was, however, the Parlement of Paris that was generally recognized as the senior court, with a jurisdiction covering approximately one-third of France, including provinces such as Auvergne, Champagne, and Poitou as well as the major cities of Orleans and Lyon. The Paris Parlement and its many ardent apologists frequently claimed that it “was as old as the monarchy” and a direct descendant of the Frankish assemblies that had once met on the Champs de Mars. It was an argument that placed the Parlement above the Estates-General as the French national representative body, but it was, in reality, little more than antiquarian wishful thinking and the Parlement was of more recent vintage, having been founded during the fourteenth century. The various provincial parlements had been established later, often when formerly independent provinces had been absorbed into France.
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42

Welsh, Mary Sue. A Silent Exit. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037368.003.0013.

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This chapter describes Stoki's All-American Youth Orchestra. As the war began to overtake Europe in 1939, and German and Italian influence threatened to take hold in South America, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and performers from La Scala made tours through South America, winning friends for their respective countries. Alarmed, the Roosevelt administration wanted to counter those successes by sending U.S. cultural emissaries to Latin America. However, little government money was available to finance such projects. Stokowski stepped up to offer one solution to the dilemma. What better way to challenge the cultural impact that the Berlin Philharmonic and La Scala made on South America and counter the propaganda then circulating about the Hitler Youth Movement than by forming an orchestra of fresh-faced and highly talented young Americans as goodwill emissaries? To do this, he proposed to form an orchestra of young people from all over the United States. It would forge cultural ties with South Americans through the universal language of music and the charm of youth. Stoki also chose thirteen players from the Philadelphia Orchestra and set them strategically within his new ensemble to provide a backbone of expertise for the final product so that it could be brought together quickly. One of them was harpist Edna Phillips.
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43

Borron, Stephen W. Management of cyanide poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0326.

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Acute cyanide poisoning poses vital diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for emergency physicians and intensivists. While it presents certain unique clinical features, cyanide poisoning may be confused with other entities. Definitive, contemporaneous diagnosis at the bedside is impossible in most hospitals. A thorough anamnesis, rapid physical assessment, and evaluation of key laboratory indicators often point the clinician in the right direction. Smoke inhalation from structure fires represents the most frequent source of cyanide poisoning. Symptom onset may be gradual in the case of skin exposures to cyanide or ingestion of compounds that are metabolized to cyanide. However, acute cyanide poisoning presents as a syndrome of rapidly evolving and deteriorating vital signs, profound neurological and cardiovascular dysfunction, and if therapeutic interventions are not timely and adapted, death. There is little time for diagnostic testing: one must act! The sine qua non of treatment is excellent supportive care, with aggressive airway management, support of blood pressure, and correction of acidosis. Treatment of acidosis is particularly relevant in the case of cyanide. Rapid administration of specific cyanide antidotes may be lifesaving. While geographic variations exist in antidote availability, most commercially available antidotes have been demonstrated to be effective. Hydroxocobalamin and sodium thiosulphate, both safe in the setting of smoke inhalation, offer the highest therapeutic index, a critical consideration when the diagnosis is uncertain.
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44

Toniolo, Gianni, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy Since Unification. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.001.0001.

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A new economic history of Italy since the country's political unification in 1861. New data and interpretations by leading international economic historians and brilliant young Italian economists to reconsider the relatively little-known story of a latecomer to "modern economic growth", who rapidly caught up with the advanced Western countries. Fresh research includes: a new set of national accounts covering the entire period 1861-2011, standard of living indicators (including income distribution from the late nineteenth century onward), productivity levels and growth rates, human and social capital, migrations, real exchange rates and changes in comparative advantages, firm size, patents, the evolution of public debt, measures and explanations of the regional divide, the allocation of credit, and data on the changing efficiency of the administrative system. The book takes a strong comparative stance to illuminate the traits of Italy's growth pattern that are common to the Western experience of "modern economic growth" and those that are idiosyncratic to the Peninsula, as well as to see how and when this medium-sized open economy successfully rode the expansionary waves of the world economy. In this vein, the book explains the rapid catch-up growth during both the pre-1914 first globalization and the second post-war "golden age" of Western capitalism, as well as the less satisfactory performances in the first decades after unification and during the recent "second globalization".
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45

Bar, Joanna. Burundi: Państwo i społeczeństwo (od kolonializmu do współczesności). Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381384131.

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BURUNDI: THE STATE AND SOCIETY (FROM THE COLONIAL PERIOD UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY) Burundi, a small country located in east-central Africa, is one of the most unstable countries on the continent. Similarly to the neighbouring Rwanda, over the last 50 years, the country has suffered tragic consequences of a civil war resulting from the conflict between politicians from the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups. The presented monograph covers a period of 130 years in a chronological manner, starting from the establishment of the foundations of the European colonial administration in the 1890s; however, the main emphasis is placed on the problems connected with the development of an independent country and strengthening (or even establishing) the national identity of its citizens. Burundi gained independence in 1962; the existing time gap allows for drawing certain conclusions and conducting an evaluation of the first 50 years of the independent existence of the country, which has little prospect of really changing the unfavorable development trends of, at least, the last three decades. At the moment, there are still no positive indications of a possible stable development of the country in the future, and the relatively stable years of the first half of the 20th century have been overshadowed by the subsequent decades of coups, genocides, and the governments’ lack of will to effectively establish peace and the rule of law.
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46

McDonnell, Erin Metz. Patchwork Leviathan. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197364.001.0001.

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Corruption and ineffectiveness are often expected of public servants in developing countries. However, some groups within these states are distinctly more effective and public oriented than the rest. Why? This book explains how a few spectacularly effective state organizations manage to thrive amid general institutional weakness and succeed against impressive odds. Drawing on the Hobbesian image of the state as Leviathan, the book argues that many seemingly weak states actually have a wide range of administrative capacities. Such states are in fact patchworks sewn loosely together from scarce resources into the semblance of unity. The book demonstrates that when the human, cognitive, and material resources of bureaucracy are rare, it is critically important how they are distributed. Too often, scarce bureaucratic resources are scattered throughout the state, yielding little effect. The book reveals how a sufficient concentration of resources clustered within particular pockets of a state can be transformative, enabling distinctively effective organizations to emerge from a sea of ineffectiveness. The book offers a comprehensive analysis of successful statecraft in institutionally challenging environments, drawing on cases from contemporary Ghana and Nigeria, mid-twentieth-century Kenya and Brazil, and China in the early twentieth century. The book explains how these highly effective pockets differ from the Western bureaucracies on which so much state and organizational theory is based, providing a fresh answer to why well-funded global capacity-building reforms fail—and how they can do better.
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47

Hutchings, Robert, and Gregory F. Treverton, eds. Truth to Power. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190940003.001.0001.

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This first-ever history of the US National Intelligence Council (NIC) is told through the reflections of its eight chairs in the period from the end of the Cold War until 2017. Coeditors Robert Hutchings and Gregory Treverton add a substantial introduction placing the NIC in its historical context going all the way back to the Board of National Estimates in the 1940s, as well as a concluding chapter that highlights key themes and judgments. The historic mission of this remarkable but little-understood organization is strategic intelligence assessment in service of senior American foreign policymakers. It has been at the center of every critical foreign policy issue during the period covered by this volume: helping shape America’s post–Cold War strategies, confronting sectarian conflicts around the world, meeting the new challenge of international terrorism, and now assessing the radical restructuring of the global order. Each chapter places its particular period of the NIC’s history in context (the global situation, the administration, the intelligence community) and assesses the most important issues with which the NIC grappled during the period, acknowledging failures as well as claiming successes. With the creation of the director of national intelligence in 2005, the NIC’s mission mushroomed to include direct intelligence support to the main policymaking committees in the government. The mission shift took the NIC directly into the thick of the action but may have come at the expense of weakening its historic role of providing over-the horizon strategic analysis.
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48

Guiney, Thomas. Getting Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803683.001.0001.

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Getting Out explores the evolution of early release in England and Wales between 1960 and 1995. In the past three decades crime has become a highly contested political issue with implications for the humanity, fairness, and effectiveness of the criminal justice system. This book seeks to turn current crime debate on its head and examine the circumstances in which politicians and policy-makers have found it desirable to reduce the custodial element of a prison sentence and encourage the rehabilitation offenders in the community. Drawing upon a period of detailed archival research this book considers three critical moments of reform which have helped to shape the historical evolution of this secretive and little understood area of public policy. It argues that early release has always been bound up with prevailing societal justifications for punishment and the appropriate use of imprisonment within our liberal democratic system. It draws attention to the uneasy constitutional balance of power between the judiciary and the executive, and reflects upon the administrative task of governing large captive populations where the hopes and expectations of inmates do not always align with the interests of prison authorities or the community at large. This book challenges widespread assumptions about policy change and shows how the historical evolution of parole in England and Wales was shaped, to a significant degree, by the legacy of past political choices and the fluid balance of power within government.
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Blevins, Cameron. Paper Trails. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053673.001.0001.

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Paper Trails presents a new history of the American state and its efforts to conquer, occupy, and integrate the western United States between the 1860s and early 1900s. The success of this project depended on an unassuming government institution: the US Post. As millions of settlers rushed into remote corners of the region, they relied on the mail to stay connected to the wider world. Letters and newspapers, magazines and pamphlets, petitions and money orders, all traveled across the most expansive communications network on earth. Paper Trails maps the year-by-year spread of this infrastructure using a dataset of more than one hundred thousand post offices, revealing a new and unfamiliar picture of the federal government in the West. Despite its size, the US Post was both nimble and ephemeral, rapidly spinning out its infrastructure to distant places before melting away at a moment’s notice. The administration of this network bore little resemblance to the civil service bureaucracies typically associated with government institutions today. Instead, the US Post grafted public mail service onto the private operations of thousands of local businesses, contracting with stagecoach companies to carry bags of mail and paying local merchants to distribute letters from their stores. The postal network’s sprawling geography and localized operations force a reconsideration of the American state, its history, and the ways in which it exercised power. This book tells the story of one of the most dramatic reorganizations of people, land, and resources in American history and the underlying spatial circuitry that wove this project together.
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Rippon, Stephen. Kingdom, Civitas, and County. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759379.001.0001.

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This book explores the development of territorial identity in the late prehistoric, Roman, and early medieval periods. Over the course of the Iron Age, a series of marked regional variations in material culture and landscape character emerged across eastern England that reflect the development of discrete zones of social and economic interaction. The boundaries between these zones appear to have run through sparsely settled areas of the landscape on high ground, and corresponded to a series of kingdoms that emerged during the Late Iron Age. In eastern England at least, these pre-Roman socio-economic territories appear to have survived throughout the Roman period despite a trend towards cultural homogenization brought about by Romanization. Although there is no direct evidence for the relationship between these socio-economic zones and the Roman administrative territories known as civitates, they probably corresponded very closely. The fifth century saw some Anglo-Saxon immigration but whereas in East Anglia these communities spread out across much of the landscape, in the Northern Thames Basin they appear to have been restricted to certain coastal and estuarine districts. The remaining areas continued to be occupied by a substantial native British population, including much of the East Saxon kingdom (very little of which appears to have been 'Saxon'). By the sixth century a series of regionally distinct identities - that can be regarded as separate ethnic groups - had developed which corresponded very closely to those that had emerged during the late prehistoric and Roman periods. These ancient regional identities survived through to the Viking incursions, whereafter they were swept away following the English re-conquest and replaced with the counties with which we are familiar today.
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