Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Littérature anglaise – 20e siècle – Thèmes, motifs'
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Monneyron, Frédéric. "L'imaginaire androgyne d'Honoré de Balzac à Virginia Woolf." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040261.
Full textThe androgyne can be found in the mythologies of many cultural areas. In the western one, plate uses it as an illustration of his theories of love, then it appears as a major element in Judeo-Christian mystical and theosophical systems. If on the one hand the ethno-religious myth can be easily located and if its patterns are clear, on the other hand it takes time for the literary myth to find its way out. At the beginning of the 19th century, the neo-classical aesthetics, the progress of medical research and the increasing interest in mysticism are chances for the literary myth to develop. In France, during the romantic period, Balzac and Gautier with Seraphita and Mademoiselle de Maupin, in two different ways, found a genuine literary myth. The androgyne becomes in the works of the French and English writers at the end of the century an important character of the decadence. But no perfect symmetry is to be seen anymore and the idea takes form as two opposite characters : the effeminate young man and the boyish woman. This decay of the symbol brings along the expression of a "different" sexuality. Recollection of some of the most significant patterns of the myth is allowed from time thanks to the esoteric tradition of the androgyne which is known by some of the novelists. In the other way, the literary imaginary of the time has strong influence on the doctrin itself. Although psychoanalysis is unable to consider bisexuality but as a hypothesis, the androgyne receives at the beginning of the 20th century a psychological integration. Indeed, the will to androgyny can be read in some of the D. H. Lawrence’s works as an attempt to balance heterosexual and homosexual desires and in the feminist way of V. Woolf's Orlande as the search of the truth beyond immediate appearances. These directions, though close to the patterns of the myth, are nevertheless the witnesses of its death. But they show the strength of the archetype and give way to the rich and diverse imaginary of today
Birgy, Philippe. "Les modernistes anglais : du texte litteraire au fait de societe. les mecanismes sacrificiels et les desirs mimetiques dans la societe de l'entre-deux-guerres et leur expression dans la litterature de l'epoque." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20072.
Full textEven more than the turn of the century, the inter-war period has been perceived as a difficult transition from an old world to a new order, when most convictions came under attack of an ambient skepticism. The type of litterature that has been termed "modernist", owing to its often arresting originalty, helps us to account for certain characteristics of the english society over the period. There, we can find the expressions of mimetic conducts (fastly developing at that time), as well as a resistance to their corruptive effects (in the form of a desire to come back to a traditional and strongly hierarchized order partly founded on sacrificial rituals). The study is informed by rene girard's theses. The list of works under study includes thomas sterne eliot ("the waste land", "four quartets", the family reunion), aldous huxley ("the defeat of youth", eyeless in gaza, those barren leaves), james joyce ("couterparts", ulysses), david herbert lawrence (mr noon, lady chatterley, women in love, "the ladybird", the plumed serpent), katherine mansfield ("the garden party" and other short stories), ezra pound (the cantos and some of his early poetry), virginia woolf (orlando a biography, the waves), and william butler yeats
Girard, Estelle. "Le monstre dans la littérature d'horreur anglo-américaine et franco-québécoise du XXe siècle." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10014.
Full textLe, Cam Pierre-Yves. "Peake, Gormenghast et le fantastique." Rennes 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN20022.
Full textBy offering a fantastic syncretism in his Gormenghast trilogy, which is set in an imaginary ritual bound world, the contemporary English writer Mervyn Peake proposes an original definition of the literary fantastic. The literary fantastic is no longer seen as a genre but as a mode, where the sensorial aspect of fantastic realism, which is perceived as dynamic and subjective penetration of reality, helps to harmonize the other traditional gothic, fantastic and fantasy readings. Peake's fantastic embraces any kind of irrational expression which can be visualized, whether it is a metaphor or a monster. The value of this mosaic is first of all artistic. As the pictorial dimension shows, Peake is a formalist who explores the strata of creation from a thematic as well as a stylistic point of view. But he also focuses on his fellow men. The trilogy of Gormenghast is a dystopic mirror of contemporary society and it reflects the difficult condition of man. Who can only find salvation in himself. Peake, however, goes beyond the mere reality of violence and trouble to present an optimistic truth about man and life which is placed under the sign of benevolent comedy
Vuillemin, Alain. "La figure du dictateur ou de dieu truqué dans les romans français et anglais de 1918 à 1984." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040041.
Full textThe dictator's figure has an exceptional plasticity in contemporary literature. The fragmentation of its historical, linguistic and mythical expressions reveals an uncommon power of fascination upon authors, even when they denounce dictators as deceivers, false gods, "sham gods". Are we facing an "archetypal" figure, original and primordial, of sovereignty, more religious than political, and of which the absolute equivocal nature would explain the extraordinary ambiguousness of its literary manifestations? Nevertheless, a vast although very diffuse imaginary "testament" describes the continuously beginning again cycle in the writing works of an imposture which seems inherent in hall dictatorial or totalitarian enterprises, whatever their appearances are in these novels, for the writers studied. Beginnings are insidious, proceedings tortuous, triumphs terrifying, declining misleading and recommencements unceasing. That "archetype" would be eternal. Novelists would do nothing but find a millennial intuition and condemnation again
DJANGONE, BI NGUESSAN. "La problematique de l'independance dans le roman africain d'expression anglaise (1958-1980)." Paris 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA03A008.
Full text"the problematics of independence in the african novel of english expression" analyses the problems posed by the rupture with the west as weil as the ideological and stylistic implications of such a rupture. In the english colonial novel, africa and africans were most of the time painted in a negative way in accordance with the imperialistic ideology of the time. The african novel rejects such a caricature by laying bare the ugly side of the myth of barbarous and backward africa. The images of independent africa show that the colonist has made a sham exit and that the colonised people have not completely freed themselves. Cultural alienation and economic extraversion are still present. A new form of political dependence is also noticeable. On the level of writing, the african novel has made a judicious synthesis between foreign elements linked to the introduction of the genre in africa and aesthetic elements peculiar to traditional african literature
Latino, Piero. "La Rose initiatique. Des Fidèles d'Amour à la littérature européenne des XIXe et XXe siècles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL150.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the relationship between literature and esoteric currents, through the study of the symbol of the rose in European literature, more specifically in French and English literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This research is based on a transversal and interdisciplinary approach, bringing together different fields of literary and historical study, as well as a variety of literatures and authors from different periods. The initiatory dimension of the rose, coupled with the topos of love, is the basis of my research, whose starting point is a forgotten work from the nineteenth century: Il Mistero dell'Amor Platonico nel Medioevo by Gabriele Rossetti, father of the Pre-Raphaelite painter and poet Dante Gabriele Rossetti. In this work, for the first time Gabriele Rossetti revealed the esoteric dimension of the work of Dante and the Fedeli d’Amore (Faithful of Love) – the Italian love poets of the Middle Ages who, through their poetic compositions, conveyed mystical and initiatory ideas, as well as religious and political ones. According to Rossetti and the critical movement he initiated, this doctrine of esoteric love was also present in the love poets in a number of European contexts, such as the French troubadours and trouvères, the English minstrels, the German Minnesänger and the Scandinavian scaldes, handed down through the centuries until the nineteenth century. This aspect is the focus of my research: transmission of this alleged esoteric knowledge, in the form of love, to later centuries. In his Mistero dell’Amor Platonico, Gabriele Rossetti pointed out that the most important symbol for understanding the esoteric doctrine of love is the rose, and this thesis is devoted to the symbolism of this flower. The study of the initiatory dimension of the rose in literature involves two themes linked to the concept of initiation: one concerns mysticism and the other, initiatory Orders. In the first case, initiation is linked to a mystical dimension involving an ontological transformation of the being, while in the second, the symbolism of the rose refers to esoteric and initiatory Orders which have more or less directly played an important part in the history of ideas. These two themes are often connected and can be found in European writers such as Gérard de Nerval and William Butler Yeats. The first part of this thesis is devoted to Dante and the poets of the Middle Ages, as well as to authors of the Renaissance. I then move on to nineteenth and twentieth century authors, such as Honoré de Balzac, Gérard de Nerval, Joséphin Péladan, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ezra Pound, William Butler Yeats and Umberto Eco. Most of the writers and poets featured in this thesis are directly or indirectly linked to Dante and the love poetry of the Middle Ages, to the Fedeli d’Amore, and even to Gabriele Rossetti. Thus, this research proposes a rethinking of literature – one in which esoteric culture and thought are of particular importance, as many literary works throughout history are imbued with elements and motifs referring to the esoteric tradition. The study of the esoteric and initiatory dimension of the rose symbol provides the opportunity to explore a field of research where literature is closely linked to esoteric currents, particularly in French and English literature (and more generally, in European literature) of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: from the rose of the Fedeli d’Amore in the Middle Ages to the Secret Rose by William Butler Yeats, who affirmed that “no man or woman from the beginning of the world has ever known what love is”
Ogoula, Ndoki Yolande. "De quelques aspects de l'imaginaire à travers l'oeuvre romanesque d'Amos Tutuola." Montpellier 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON30008.
Full textTutuola's work of fiction reveals an abundant imaginary brought up on thecolours of the africain tale or mythology. The analysis af this imaginary universe reveals that its consists in a mingling of utterances by the author as heir to an oral culture, and as creator of images and significances. These images are chiefly steeped in animist symbolism believings. Thanks to them one can see the marvellous and anthropomorphizing aspects of imaginary. In addition, the study of the representation data and structures allows us to state that imaginary is the symbolic display of rites of passage and unconscious desires
Guilhamon, Lise. "Poétiques de la langue autre dans le roman indien d'expression anglaise." Rennes 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN20040.
Full textIndian English novelists frequently call attention, within their fiction, to the relation of otherness that links them to the language of their creative work. These authors write in a language inherited from the colonial process, and with a heterogeneous audience in view, whose references are further complicated by the contemporary phenomena of diaspora, migration and globalisation. This is why these novelists place at the heart of their literary creation the deeply intertwined questions of the Other's tongue, and of the other tongue. The question of the « other tongue » in the Indian English novel has given rise to several critical studies, but it has practically never been examined from the point of view of its poetic specificity: this is precisely what this work sets out to do. Indian English fiction examines the modalities of literary creation: in particular, it investigates the way in which literature invents language, and it explores the idea of literature as alterity at work within language
Conneely-Allain, Bláithín. "Insularité et décolonisation : une étude de la littérature de Liam O'Flaherty." Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20036.
Full textThe literature of Liam O'Flaherty demonstrates the fine relationship that exists between insularity and decolonisation. Born into an insular and peripheral universe (The Aran islands), his work reveals the complexities of a minority culture. The process of decolonisation is "doubled" on account of the geographical dimension : Ireland is an island situated close to a larger colonising island (England). Furthermore, island cultures, aware of their marginality and fragility, tend to invent identities and subsequently share many features of a post-colonial society. However, the process of decolonisation is more lengthy and violent. We study the neglected aspects of O'Flaherty's work : his short stories in gaelic and their modernist dimension. With their basis in realism they expose historical truths, taboo subjects and the hidden aspects f Irish society. The collection Dúil functions as a master narrative for his subsequent writings in english. It describes life in the Aran community at the beginning of the twentieth century. O'Flaherty's english language writing is equally experimental. He uses popular forms of the novel such as the "thriller" to expose the criminal forces that govern post-colonial Ireland. Historical issues such as famine, war and oppression are also evoked. O'Flaherty's work ultimately calls into question the status of a decolonising literature within the central literary canon. Hence the problem of the classification of his work as major or minor literature
Crouan-Veron, Patricia. "L' espace et le temps dans le cycle de Allan Quatermain et de She : une relecture des deux cycles mythiques de H. R. Haggard." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT3017.
Full textMagand, Michelle. "La problématique de la masculinité chez David Lodge." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE2002.
Full textThe male character is at the core of David Lodge's fictional works. But the models of manhood analysed within a realistic framework, undermined by metafictional experimentations, provide a protean vision of both the youth and maturity of man. Taking into account the technical innovations and the grating irony of the narrative voice, we have studied the question of masculinity from a psychoanalytical and philosophical point of view
Mackaya, Hubert. "Réalités historiques et univers romanesque dans l'oeuvre de Ngugi Wa Thiong'o." Montpellier 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON30056.
Full textHistory, especially kenyan history is the background of ngugi"s works of fiction. His first two novels the river between and weep not, child deal with the kikuyu way of life before and after 1870, when european first arrived in kenya. In the river between, ngugi is mainly concerned with the bump of civilisations that followed european settlement. Mau-mau war which took place in the 1950's is the main theme of weep not, child land expropriation is the cause ngugi gives to that conflicts. Ngugi's opinions fit with reality. Since 1967, ngugi is mostly concerned with the way kenya took after her uhuru. In his last three novels a grain of wheat, petals of blood and devil on the cross, the author depicts every day life in kenya and describes how problems affect people. To him. Kenyan society consists in two conflicting classes : those who lead the country and the masses. Leaders keep on getting richer and richer, while the masses go on becoming poorer and poorer. Indeed, says ngugi, 1952 revolution was a failure and another mau-mau-like war is unavoidable. In spite, of his concern with kenya's history and with every day life in kenya; ngugi remains a novelist and his work must be regarded as a work of fiction. He is not a historian. This is why in his novels historical facts and fictive situations are placed side by side. The way themes are related is one of the most striking points in ngugi's novels. Stories are often embedded and the novels become a series of "nests" containing one another. The stream of consciousness plays also an important part in his narration. So do symbols. Time is another concern for ngugi. For gim, past, present and future are linked
Le, Gall Claire. "Fictions du posthumain : temporalité, hybridité, écriture(s)." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0064.
Full textPosthuman figures are plentiful in contemporary fictional works. Robots, artificial intelligence, genetically modified or augmented beings, and clones: all find their origins in science fiction, and now abound in mainstream culture. These entities embody humanity’s possible evolutions and trigger both enthusiasm and fear. On the one hand, they offer an optimistic perspective on how current human limits could be overcome (such as old age and death, or more generally biological constraints). On the other hand, they also point out the troubling possibility of humanity’s eradication, to be replaced by radically different “posthuman” beings.This dissertation focuses on the fictional representations of the posthuman in contemporary Anglo-Saxon literature in the following novels: the MaddAddam trilogy (published between 2003 and2013) by Margaret Atwood, Never Let Me Go (2005) by Kazuo Ishiguro, Cloud Atlas (2004) by David Mitchell, Accelerando (2005) and Glasshouse (2006) by Charles Stross, and The Stone Gods (2007) by Jeanette Winterson.While they are sometimes characterized by a break in temporal linearity (in postapocalyptic stories), the fictions of the posthuman are also marked by a form of cyclicity (past, present and future converge).Like the cyborg, the figures of the posthuman are hybrid and combine cybernetic or mechanical machines and biological organisms. They exist in a liminal space, and are able to go beyond the dualisms which permeate our way of thinking (male/female, same/other, natural/artificial).Writing the posthuman means considering its multiplicity, and is based on erasure, repetition and rewriting, following the model of the palimpsest
Cornu, François. "L'Afrique dans l'oeuvre d'Elspeth Huxley." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA1005.
Full textKilgore, Jennifer. "Guerre et témoignage dans la poésie de Geoffrey Hill." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040205.
Full textHita, Michèle. ""The Lord of the rings" : enfance de l'art et grammaire de l'imagination." Montpellier 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON30039.
Full textThis dissertation analyses the games professor tolkien plays at every level of the creation of the lord ot the rings. Those are both a writer's gates and a philologist's play on words, which lend the tale its wealth and its ambiguity. The first part studies the place of children/childhood in the characters" imag- ination and in their author's as well. It focuses on the symbolical meaning of the ring in such a context as freud's family novel. The second part tries to list all the games involved in the narrative process, highlighting the narrative function of the characters' role playing, of the play of light and darkness, and such play on words as proverbs and riddles. The third part intends to show that tolkien's interplay with voices and signs can be read as a real grammar book for fantasy, while it entails a questioning of the genre of the lord of the rings and a reflection on the tension existing between ethics and aethetics in this work of fiction
Hinkson, Warren. "Morrison, Bambara, Silko : fractured and reconstructed mythic patterns in Song of Solomon, The salt eaters, and Ceremony." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27566/27566.pdf.
Full textStephens, Jessica. "Poétisation de l'espace et identité dans l'oeuvre poétique de Seamus Heaney jusqu'en 1987." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040215.
Full textIn Seamus Heaney's poetry, as often in Irish literature, the sense of identity is linked to the sense of place. When the poet depicts Mossbawn, the family farm where he spent his childhood, or his cottage in Glanmore, his various descriptions are necessarily influenced by his imagination; he therefore poeticizes space. However, throughout his work, Seamus Heaney also broaches more theoretical conceptions of space; that is to say he also poeticizes his own personal space, or his relationships to others, thanks to spatial metaphors. His work revolves around the notion of identity which he defines in several ways; in preoccupations, he talks of the "definition of the self" (136-37), or in the government of the tongue he refers to Jung’s theory on individuation (107). Thus we have tried to study this search for identity -which, sometimes, suffers setbacks- in relation to space
Roux, Magali. "D. H. Lawrence et les cinq soleils : voyage d’un écrivain anglais en terres mexicaines." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20114.
Full textThis dissertation has been conceived as a way of travelling throughout D. H. Lawrence’s works and it tries to demonstrate the importance of the “Mexican” years (those spent in New Mexico and Mexico between September 1922 and September 1925) in the process of their creation. Indeed, Lawrence’s writings were shaped by the dynamics of his quest and his travelling around the world. All his life, he has been looking for the ideal place where regenerated human beings, in contact with the cosmos, could escape from the evils of the industrial age and rediscover an authentic relationship with the other. The Mexican period played a significant part in the evolution of Lawrence’s thinking and writing. Indians civilisations in America favour another way of life, another conception of time and of the relationship with the community and the divine, all of which fascinated the artist. The people he met and the things he experienced in Mexican lands stimulated his imagination and inspired many rather disconcerting texts. In order to show how original and relevant they are, this study compares them with three types of sources: the rest of Lawrence’s work – before and after the Mexican years –, other texts by British writers who also travelled to Mexico, and books by Mexican authors. Lawrence’s writing, which leaves a space to the expression of otherness and allows various interpretations, has the readers eventually travel further than the Mexican lands. It brings them towards another world where everything is possible, since its only borders are the shifting, open lines of creation – an artistic and spiritual journey
Bauchart, Hélène. "Approches du négatif dans l'oeuvre romanesque de Virginia Woolf." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0001.
Full textLiotard, Corinne. "Les romans d'Anita Desai : une mosai͏̈que à l'image du monde." Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20044.
Full textFar from having the negative vision that many critics reproach her with, Anita Desai endows her works with a more positive philosophy than one might think at first. Although it is true that her novels are based upon a fragmented and chaotic world which alienates the individual, this thesis nevertheless sets to prove that out of chaos and the desperate quest of the characters, there always emerges a unified and quasi-divine vision of the world -a macroscopic vision which, though short-lived, enables one to have an overall view of all the fragments that make up her world and thus to be able to appreciate its beauty and raison d'être through harmonies, parallelisms, contrasts and counterpoints. The apparent chaos in Anita Desai's novels is conveyed, among other things, by devices borrowed from other literary genres -theatre and poetry especially- and by a multiplicity of languages, wether western or eastern, which led us to draw a parallel with Anita Desai herself, on account of both her western and eastern origins, and her multilingualism. In our quest for the multiform and multicoloured unity that makes up Anita Desai's world, we studied the different facets of that seemingly fragmented universe, as well as the various devices which account for the writers' philosophy, bringing to the forefront Anita Desai's use of symbolism, an essential element in her writing by which means she conveys her vision of the world
Girard, Romain. "Portrait des "professionals" en tant que narrateurs dans la fiction courte victorienne et édouardienne : les discours de pouvoir des médecins, des hommes d’église et des hommes de loi dans les nouvelles de Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, Wilkie Collins et Arthur Conan Doyle." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30044/document.
Full textMembers of the middle class, particularly clergymen, doctors, and lawyers occupy a central place in Victorian literature, both as narrators and characters. However, it seems that this prominent place fosters questioning as much as empowerment. This paradoxical position seems to stem from the recurrent appearance of members of the professions in texts within which the principles of truth and meaning are undermined. Therefore, we will show how members of the professions, both as narrators and characters, put forward discursive strategies which allow them to manipulate the notion of truth and to destabilize meaning. In order to do so, we will study predominantly short stories, as this genre was favoured by Victorian writers as the locus of narrative and literary experimentation. Besides, this genre was widely read by Victorian audiences and can be seen as a privileged media for authors to express their doubts and commentaries on contemporary society. We have chosen to study the works of three authors in particular, who played a vital role in the bringing of the middle classes on the forefront of Victorian literary representation. Indeed, we will focus on Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, the son of a clergyman and a man fascinated by the arcana of theology, Arthur Conan Doyle, a doctor himself, before he became a writer and William Wilkie Collins, who had a passion for science and the transformations its growing influence imposed on Victorian society. What is more, these three writers' active role in the establishment of the most popular Victorian periodicals attests to their vast contribution to the development of Victorian values
Fortin-Tournès, Anne-Laure. "Les figures de la violence dans la littérature britannique contemporaine : Martin Amis, Ian McEwan, Graham Swift." Paris 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA030197.
Full textThe representation of violence in novels by Martin Amis, Ian McEwan and Graham Swift exemplifies two major trends in postmodern British writing. McEwan and Swift incorporate the horror of the Second World War into their texts by means of the representation of a semiotized body that makes violence present through its consequences for the subject and the linguistic sign. This iconic body sets discourse into motion, because it endows language with the power to point to the very presence of its object. Amis denounces this economy of representation as prone to the logic of the simulacrum, by staging its consequences in the guise of a carnivalesque revolution, and revealing that the postmodern novel is haunted by nothingness. Henceforth, since writing appears as a mere simulacrum, only reading seems to retain the shaping power of imagination on the emptied stage of contemporary fiction. But even the reader fails to save the text from the wreckage of the collusion between words and things, since he is himself riddled with the hollows of desire. He can only attempt to relish the violent play of language that takes place before his eyes
Corriou, Nolwenn. "Le retour de la momie : du gothique impérial au roman archéologique britannique, 1885 - 1937." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA137.
Full textTaking Patrick Brantlinger’s definition of late-Victorian imperial Gothic as a starting point, this dissertation considers how Egypt became a literary object in the late nineteenth century through the prism of archaeology. Pertaining as much to science as to imperial adventure, archaeology – and Egyptology in particular – soon entered fiction as a Gothic trope, as is evinced by the great number of novels and short stories that form the genre of mummy fiction. By focussing on texts by Bram Stoker, Henry Rider Haggard, Arthur Conan Doyle and Sax Rohmer, among others, this work examines how the archaeological motif travelled through various popular genres, from the adventure novel to the fantastic, before being taken up by writers of detective fiction. The study of these texts reveals that Egypt’s ancient history, full of magical potential, was an object of fascination as well as fear insofar as it seemed to shatter the certainties of modern science. Meanwhile, the modern political history of Egypt – and its ambiguous position within the British Empire – also engendered a certain anxiety, fuelled by a more general concern about the decline and degeneration of the Empire and British civilisation. The depiction of Egyptian antiquity in fiction – and the figure of the mummy in particular – conveys the growing unease with which the British viewed an Empire which, quite like Egyptian mummies, threatened to rise and wreak its revenge upon the coloniser. Thus, archaeology came to stand for a metaphor of imperial relations and anxieties while the mummy embodied what can be read as an imperial repressed excavated from the depths of the collective British subconscious at the time when Freud was developing the method of psychoanalysis
Bine-Bine, Sebban Laïla. "L'oeuvre romanesque de Beryl Bainbridge." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040144.
Full textThe novels of Beryl Bainbridge are very close to her own life. Influences on her writing are essentially her theatrical experience, the city of Liverpool where she was born, and the works of Charles Dickens her father read to her when she was very young writing for Beryl Bainbridge was a way to exorcise the neuroses caused by her early suffering from her parents' ill-fitted and unhappy marriage. All these tensions are symbolized by the author through the theme of the war; theme of war that is transformed into other more personal conflicts involving the war between adolescents and their parents, the war inside marital or extra-marital couples, to narrow through the conflicts individuals have to go through facing a society they no longer understand, their environment made of danger and ruins, their own impossible wishes and impulses in their quest for happiness. Loss, failure, loneliness, death, violence, danger, exclusion, racism, neuroses and desperate attempts to escape unbearable situations characterize all Bainbridge’s characters who all belong to the working or lower middle classes. These are the main themes this thesis examines. Beryl Bainbridge’s art of writing, her surreal black humor, her ironic treatment of the facts of life, her disconcerting laying bare of man's most intimate thoughts and behavior, show a writer of great talent and originality. It is the juxtaposition of banality and menace that gives her writing its characteristic tone. Deliberately chocking with a "sharp focus realism" and unbearable descriptions of misery, poverty, ruins, death and violence, Beryl Bainbridge seems to have declared war on the reader. If we take into account this idea of Renan claiming that "war is one of the conditions to ensure progress, the necessary stimulation to stop a nation from falling asleep", then all Bainbridge’s description of chaos and misery would make sense and hope could come back
Izarra, Salomon de. "L'écriture de l'enfermement : de la narration de de l'incarcération aux perspectives et illusions d'évasion et de métamorphose." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2020/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to analyze caracteristics of a metamorphosis in the prison literature, by the analysis of works by Jean Genet, Victor Hugo, Jack London and Oscar Wilde. Therefore, it consists in highlighting the different stages of this processus, of understanding its causes and consequences. We focus on the history of prison systems in California, England and France, then to the clichés, which are numerous into the prison literature. Then we look at the causes of the metamorphosis through the mischiefs of prison and the answer accordingly of the detainees. Finally, our last part concerns the unexpected aspects of the imprisonment, and the difficult return to civil life
Annoussamy, Christophe. "Charles Dickens et le monde victorien dans l'oeuvre de Julien Green." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040149.
Full textThis work attempts to define the presence of both Charles Dickens and the Victorian world in Julien Green's works as well as pointing to its eventual manifestations, specificities, and limits. The first part shows us how the Victorian world prevails in Green's readings and how in the Journal, Dickens indeed appears as a privileged character. This analysis enables us to validate the reliability of the "comparative link" that we want to establish between the works of Green and those of Dickens. It is from such a relationship that we are able to define the elements that are similar in the two works in the second part. The female portraits found in Dickens'works are actually quite similar to those found in Green's, whose humour also evokes the grotesque and theatrical aspects of Dickens' characters, witnessing opposing tonalities found in both works. In this context, the more "serious" figures turn their gaze towards the Invisible : to go back to the words of the Bleak House foreword, the novelist insists on the "romantic side of familiar things". This longing towards the "nowhere" can be found especially in Le Visionnaire and Minuit - which will be studied in the third part - at a time when Dickens appears as the model of the "visionary" novelist. There, the teenager and the child are the actors still in search of their identities, which at the same time names them as the possessors of the gift of "vision". Eventually, considering the issue of the social world representations as well as the Victorian aspect of the Pays lointains trilogy, the fourth part of the work allows us to define the boundaries and also the posterity of the connection that we suggest exists between the two novelists
Rabin, Jacques. "De l'absurde dans les romans de Muriel Spark." Rennes 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN20017.
Full textMrs Spark's novels present the reader with a paradox: her stories focus on the absurdities of life, and yet many of her characters proclaim their christian - i. E. Roman catholic - beliefs. Her plots centre around the irrationality of human behaviour as men and women, apparently oblivious to their ineluctable ultimate fate, let themselves be driven by their passions. They live routine, empty lives dominated by sex in an imperfect world amidst uncomprehending, and as often as not hostile, fellow human beings. They spend much time and energy trying to avoid their fate or grappling with the problem of truth: meanwhile, the world is prey to suffering, social evils, war and death. Evil is the work of the devil acting under the guise of men, and increasingly of men alone. Indeed, at first imbued with religiosity and the uncanny, her fiction, which ranges from comedy to tragedy and even accommodates the gothic, has gradually become less christian and more absurd. Her novels reflect a deeply fractured world and stand in their unmistakable terse style as stark statements of the human condition. Art, a central theme in the novelist's work, has replaced religion as a transcendental value and as an antidote to the absurd
Magnan-Park, Anne. "Les marges opérantes : les poèmes de Malcolm Lowry." Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20015.
Full textWhen Earle Birney published "Selected poems of Malcolm Lowry" in 1962, both critics and scholars greeted it with reservation due to the fragmentary status of the poems. They were thus promptly set aside. However, I reassess them as coherent literary endeavors in their own right in keeping with the artist's aspiration to become a poet rather than a novelist. Since the author himself considered his poems to embody the essence of his prose, the poems then serve as both the threshold of his writing as well as his ideal mode of expression. I suggest that his poetry is not an incomplete corpus but rather a series of unexpected reflections on the workings of language. Chapter I : I analyze the critical marginalization of Lowry's poems along with Lowry's own marginalization of his poetry within his oeuvre ; Chapter II : I position his poems as marginal challenges to language that ultimately fail to tame it. This parallels Lowry's vision of the poet's battle with form as a lighthouse inviting a storm and collapsing under its violence ; Chapter III : Lowry's poetic relation to space suggests that poetry is a utopian phenomenon that positions the poem as that which should fill the margin between the real and the assertion of the real ; Chapter IV : As Orpheus, Lowry interrupts his attempt to bring the poem to the surface while running the risk of receiving the marginal status of a poet without a poem ; Chapter V : on the issues of plagiarism and lyricism, Lowry portrays the poet as forever standing in the margin of his own expression ; Chapter VI : Lowry's awareness of the impossibility of writing a poem solidifies but this does not end his pursuit of writing that poem which is ultimately unachievable
Townend, Alice. "La trace dans l’oeuvre poétique de John Montague : modes d’inscription du sujet." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040171.
Full textConsidering the notion of tracks in John Montague’s poetry implies the assertion of a paradox : it is true that tracks proliferate in his work in the polysemous form of footprints, scars, cuts, shards, remnants, inscriptions, memories, engravings, aura, absence and even spectres. Moreover each of these occurrences is reflected in by Montague’smeticulous attention to form through the typography and layout of his texts and the use of margins and illustrations, designating the very poem as an instance of track. Yet tracks are bound to fade and disappear because it is necessary condition of their appearence, and they consequently seem a rather inappropriate designation for a poetic work whose ai mis to perpetuate the poet’s style and signature. This contradiction is the nexus of Montague’s autobiographical project : because tracks denote a subjectifwho can only be apprehended by modern thought as elliptic, incomplete, cleaved and changing, they ultimately offer a relevant metaphor for the process of inscription of the subject as a simultaneous writing of and writing off the self
Joseph-Vilain, Mélanie. "Filiation et écriture dans cinq romans d'André Brink : "Looking and Darkness"Rumours of Rains" "An Act of Terror" "Imaginings of Sand" et "Devil's Valley"." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10066.
Full textVan, Horne Mary. "CARVING A PLACE IN THE CANADIAN IMAGINATION: (RE)WRITING CANADA'S FORGOTTEN HISTORY IN A SELECTION OF CHINESE CANADIAN HISTORICAL FICTION." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27668/27668.pdf.
Full textPiat, Emilie. "L’humour dans la poésie féminine britannique contemporaine (1945-2000) : stratégies et figures." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA046.
Full textThe only consensus around the question of contemporary women poetry is that of its diversity: the themes and forms of the poems written by women are almost as varied as the origins of the poets themselves. Diversity is also one of the aspects underlined by most of the publications on the subject of humour. The term applies to so many phenomena that it is virtually impossible to reduce it to a final definition. Yet it is precisely because humour is so difficult to define that it constitutes a particularly appropriate prism to approach contemporary women poetry. Humour is by essence “transgender”. It subverts social order as well as instances of real or symbolical power, and challenges sexual and generic identities. Unsurprisingly, women poets have seen it as a choice weapon to attack received opinions and stereotypes, especially when those aim at defining femininity. Humour should therefore be considered as a form of writing, or rather a set of forms, expressing a specific positioning and operating on the level of enunciation, reception, rhetoric and prosody. This posture, which can be interpreted as irreverence, incongruity or difference, testifies of the complex ties women have established with the poetic tradition. But to do so, women have also developed strategies which enable them to explore common knowledge and accepted truths, and thus redefine the contours of contemporary poetry
Hourmant-Le, Bever Nathalie. "Le théâtre de Steven Berkoff : une esthétique de la rupture." Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20043.
Full textThe @theatre of Steven Berkoff is based on a central notion that of rupture, this distinctive feature is certainly one of the most remarkable staples of his theatre. Moreover the playwright was once quoted as saying " art should not ever begin to express some balanced thing, art is schizophrenic ". This statement legitimates and justifies this attempt at defining his theatre according to this principle. The similarities between schizophrenia and Berkoff's theatrical world are striking and numerous. Thanks to several immutable theatrical and linguistic rules Steven Berkoff has elaborated an aesthetics of rupture. His theatre is a portrait of the world of the schizophrenic along with a provocative commentary on modernist and postmodernist culture. A threefold approach has been chosen in this work. First we will study the different influences which have shaped Berkoff's theatre. Then we shall focus attention on the notion of world catastrophe which is of primary importance in his plays. A second part will deal with language and its main features. In the last part we will first survey the way in which Steven Berkoff treats sexuality and violence and then concentrate on Steven Berkoff himself and his ambivalent relationships with the journalists
Chemmachery, Michaux Jaine. "Modernité et colonisation : les nouvelles sur l’empire de Rudyard Kipling et de Somerset Maugham." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN20026/document.
Full textKipling’s and Maugham’s short stories respectively stage Anglo-Indian society during the Raj and English and Dutch colonial societies in interwar South-East Asia. In spite of contextual differences and the two specific moments when the authors wrote their short stories, the latter invariably deal with a problematic colonisation seen as a crisis while the genre of the short story formally conveys the notion of crisis. By using the relation between modernity and colonisation as it was conceptualised by the Postcolonial studies as a paradigm, this dissertation shows how short stories can operate a specific take on this relation and be considered as a site of disturbance. In this reflection on the propensity of short stories to destabilise political and philosophical modernity and the various ideologies it is associated with – such as the promotion of reason, of knowledge, of progress – Kipling’s and Maugham’s colonial short fictions seem to operate in different ways. Kipling’s short stories poetically question the “political” and modernity as they appear in the colonial paradigm through awriting that operates from a marginal position moving away from the domestic novel. By focusing on colonial society, itself being located on the margins of English metropolitan society, the writers’ works practise a decentering form of writing. Maugham’s short stories partake more of a general feeling about the decline of European civilisation in the interwar period but also reflect on the location of the writer who faces various centres which produce knowledge and cultural authority. The destabilising effect of the short story is certainly linked to its position as a “lonely voice” but above all to its marginal position
Rannou, Isabelle. "Vers le visible : écritures de l'image dans trois romans de E.M. Forster." Rennes 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN20055.
Full textMany readings of E. M. Forster’s novels agree on the “visual” quality of his writing, using words borrowed from painting to describe it. However, critics have rarely concentrated on the complex nature of its appearance within the text of the novels which, as many have claimed, tend to reject painting in favour of music. Analysing the pictorial images in three key novels addressing the connection between the verbal and the visual (A Room with a View, Howards End, A Passage to India) highlights the progression of a text wavering between convention and the search for new forms. While the critical treatment of the “interpictorial” reference reveals that some images fail to achieve visibility in the text, some descriptions displaying a more allusive pictorial dimension demonstrates that the text can renew its methods and exceed the imposed frame of reference to “paint” in its own terms. Such variations echo the Forsterian concept of rhythm and allow the consideration of the image beyond the sole reference to art. This progression further discloses a questioning of representation in the texts, when the destructive effects of modernity that are displayed in the later novels challenge its very standards. The writing of E. M. Forster, which increasingly values the invisible and the unspeakable, finds new ways of producing the visible in the very modes of modern visibility offered by the photographic and the negative description, through the gaps and fissures of the text. More than the sign of a failure of the literary to write the visible, the image reveals the Forsterian novel as the testing ground for its own modernity
Daneshvar, Negin. "Narcisse et narcissisme dans la littérature fin de siècle française et anglaise." Paris 4, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040118.
Full textAmong all the mythical figures that adorn and reveal the "fin de siècle" literature and mentality in France and Great Britain, Narcissus in favor of its affinities with the essence, the logic and the structure of eschatological phenomenons, set himself apart. Narcissus, the central figure of transition periods, or moments of pre-metamorphosis, thanks to his metaphysical fertility, divided and unified self being exhibited in his complexity, makes it possible a better knowledge of man and the universe. Narcissus, an identifical myth, brings a new enlightenment not only to the discomfort, anguish and question of man but also to the problematic ambiguity of the "fin de siècle". Therefore, a detailed study of the narcissus myth evolution leads thus, to recognize in this figure, then in narcissism, an answer to the human condition on the threshold of modernity
Maudet, Cécile. "L'autre, l'autrefois et l'ailleurs : poétique de la rupture dans l'oeuvre littéraire de Colum McCann." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20037/document.
Full textColum McCann started his career as a writer in the 1990s, a period that was characterized by drastic social and economic changes in Ireland. Although he left Ireland for the United-States by the end of the 1980s, he did not lose touch with the social questions of his native country, which is emphasized in his literary texts and his numerous articles in the Irishpress. It seems that his immersion into another environment enabled him to enlarge the geographical and cultural scopes of his texts. The author’s work is neither rooted in any defined space, nor limited to any historical period, and it is not predefined by sets of literary movements or modes. McCann is guided by his curiosity instead, and always writes to fulfilhis interest in alterity. In this doctoral thesis, we highlight the modalities of rupture in his work, as well as their functions. Paradoxically, the treatment of rupture is precisely what allows the reader into the text, as well as what allows the text onto national and transnational literary and political scenes. The author’s production is constlantly redefined by his engagement as a citizen. This is particularly conveyed by the importance he grants to the marginal voices usually eclipsed by metahistorical texts
McCready, II Robert A. "L'avion comme dispositif dans la littérature du 20e siècle." Toulouse 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU20102.
Full textChiari-Lasserre, Sophie. "L'image du labyrinthe dans la culture et la littérature de la Renaissance anglaise : origines, diffusion, appropriations et interprétations." Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30086.
Full textIn the Elizabethan period, the image of the labyrinth was being re-appropriated in several ways, all based on an ideal first championed by Horace : discordia concors. Throughout Antiquity, the story related to Theseus and the Minotaur had been retold many times, by authors such as Pliny, Ovid, Plutarch, whose texts were to be digested by translators. Renaissance England could boast, too, of an impressive medieval heritage, which favoured the didactic transmission of the myth : the influence of clerical writings linked to the idea of the unicursal maze, one way leading to God, contributed to the popularization of the legend. Gradually, the symbol was secularized during the sixteenth century. Although mythic multicursal paths proliferated in gardens, representations, danse and poetry, they reached their climax on stage. As an obsessional motif, the labyrinth is a hermeneutic key revealing new interpretative tracks exploring a multisemic theatre, whose possibilities remain to be exploited
Trobat, Yolanda. "Figures de l'inceste dans le roman hispano-américain du XXe siècle." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040114.
Full textThis research in contemporary literature studies South American narratives written in Spanish. After assessing various aspects of incest in novels and short stories, the ultimate aim of this investigation is to demonstrate that today's novelists criticize humanism, which they carry out a “disconstruction”, that they express the wrill think the relationship between man and interdict, disorder and inhumanity. Two main lines of deconstruction have been set up : the questioning both of moral schemes and of political concepts (such as “the individual”, “the social body”, “freedom”. . . ). Novels and short stories of : Allende, Arenas, Benedetti, Bioy Casares, Cortazar, Garcia Marquez, Eltit, Esquivel, Fuentes, Mastretta, Puig, Sabato, Vargas Llosa, Ocampo. The different aspects of incest demonstrate that all novelists worry about "struggle for recognizability" (Hegel). And, last but not least, that all novels and short stories point out a state of anxiety, of apprehension about identity, in south American Spanish countries and a mental inclination to question identity
Berec, Laurent. "Fête et métamorphose dans la littérature pastorale anglaise de 1579 à 1642." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030165.
Full textFrom Spencer's Shepherd's Calendar (1579) to Milton's Comus (1637), English pastoral literature is marked by a deep tension between an intellectual adherence to Christian orthodoxy and an instinctive attachment to a metamorphic conception of being which manifested itself in a vast number of archaic rituals and festivals. Nevertheless it seems that the ancestral outlook -a mixture of paganism and mediaeval catholicism- was rather on the wane in early modern England so that Protestant, even Puritan beliefs, were more widespread in the years preceding the Civil War. . .
Eissen, Ariane. "La figure d'Hercule dans les littératures anglaise et française à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle et au début du vingtième siècle." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040265.
Full textThis thesis investigates the different ways in which a mythological character, Hercules, was understood in English and French literature at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. Even though there are many classical texts about Hercules, none of them tells his whole life, nor is considered as the chief reference of the literary myth which is peculiar to Hercules. Therefore the idea people at the turn of the century had about Hercules depended upon classical literature, but also on a common representation, different in each country, which built up the full story of his life ; it also tended to merge with the image conjured up by the expressions of the everyday language. The first chapter presents the classical texts about Hercules, and shows that they are interrelated and are themselves organized into a system. In the second chapter, an inquiry using different databases, sets out the accepted ideas about Hercules, which acknowledge him as a hero, or not (third chapter). The last two chapters research the average representation of Hercules in France and Great-Britain in dictionaries, encyclopedias and handbooks of mythology, found most frequently. Then is presented an analysis of the moral and religious aspects of the myth of Hercules, very frequent in Great Britain, and the political and social ones, crucial in France. Then one may conclude that the Hercules theme is less inherited from classical literature than endowed with meaning by the standards of each period and country
Soulillou, Jacques. "La représentation du crime dans l'art aux 19ème et 20ème siècles." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010631.
Full textBaudon, Laurence. "Des enfances meurtries : le personnage d'enfant en Angleterre et en France dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20066.
Full text"Bruised children" call to mind the glance about a new character into novels in the nineteenth century : the character of suffering children in France and in England. This study approachs literary movments (realism, naturalism, popular literature) and sets the child's statuts up according to a double viewpoint : the child in society, the child as a person. Child working, stray child along the roads and into the towns are representations of a new glance of novelists about a social class which was not, until now, approached in fiction : the ordinary people. Social structures and family life allows novelists to write about the personal statut of the child, wether he maintains himself against exploitation, wether he becomes a victim of social or family opression. The study is ending with personality of children who are daring to refuse social or family exploitation, children we'll find again in the fiction of the twentieth century
Mauré, Cécile. "Héritages et réappropriations du mythe d'Écho dans la littérature élisabéthaine." Montpellier 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON30027.
Full textAt one and the same time an acoustical phenomenon, a mythological figure and a literary device, Echo offers Elizabethan artists many outlets. The Ovidian myth has been adulterated, moralised, synthesised, and appears in a hybrid form in the 1550's and 1560's. Echo captivates and puzzles artists because it involves representing what cannot in fact be represented. Poets and dramatists find their own way round this paradox. Under French and Italian influence, they follow the pastoral trend and place Echo in a new Arcadia where joy and melancholy are mingled. Frequently quoted in elegies and complaints, Echo is also a tragic figure associated with suffering and lamentation, who no longer praises the gods, but bewails the dead. Hidden in the shade, her voice becomes suspect, leading men on false trails, blurring signs in woods which are suddenly transformed into dangerous labyrinths. In Shakespeare's plays and poems, she stands for disorder, bearing witness to a changing world. Echo is considered a minor figure, yet she incarnates the different aspects of a rich and complex style of writing which delights in taking the reader on roundabout detours
Bertrand, Lucie. "Écritures de l'indicible aux XIXe et XXE siècles : élaboration et mise à l'épreuve d'un outil d'investigation littéraire." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE2026.
Full textDurand, Isabelle. "Aspects de la représentation du Moyen Age dans la littérature romantique : domaines français, anglais, allemand." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT3010.
Full textThe romantic period is regarded as the moment of renewed interest for the Middle-Ages, a time the Age of Enlightenment had neglected. This revival can be witnessed in such various fields as history, architecture, musci or literature, which convergence leads us to consider the return to the Middle-Ages as a basic element of rmantic thought. As it is, its presence within new genres that regained favour thanks to rmanticism (the tale, the ballad, the romantic drama, the historic novel) induces us to measure the essential role of the return to the Middle-Ages in the coming out of a new conception of lietrature breaking off with classical rules. These various genres enable to emphasize the image of a largely fantasmatic Middle-Ages period reflecting the romantic expectations and dreams. Its high plasticity also enables it to be emodied in major characters the romantic thought tens to build up into myths (Charlemagne, Louis XI th. , Joan of ARc or Faustus). Containing typical medieval perceptions, they gather the main aesthetic and ideological issues associated with the Middle-Ages. It becomes possible then to put forwards a typology of the various romantic Middle-Ages, underlining the perceptions pertaining to the grotesque aspect of the period, those associating it to the fabulous and the terrifying, and those building it up into a golden age. Yet, difficult to reconcile as they are, these perceptions, seemingly ascribable to a common feature, tend to put forwards the original and the primitive. Thus, the Middle-Ages give birth to a myth, a myth of a primitive time hal-way between history and legend. This mythified past in which romanticism looks both foran an utterly remote otherness and its own identify proves to be a way to escape a devalued present. As a source of new inspiration, the return to medieval past is paradoxically one of the best means of expression of the modernity of the romantic movement
Bahuet-Gachet, Delphine. "L'espace dans les nouvelles fantastiques françaises et italiennes du XXe siècle : 1940-1960." Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30003.
Full textThe space delineated by the texts of the corpus is discontinuous, heteregeneous, it is structured by the opposition between daily space and "different space" : the latter can be an "unusual space" (becoming strangely disquieting) or a fantastic space (belonging to an other universe). The protagonist can enter "different space" as the result of a physical movement (travelling, getting over boundaries) or a lapse of consciousness (sleep, fainting fits): it often happens at a guide's instigation. Coming back into the daily world is impossible or difficult. The new space unveils its difference. A particular light is necessary : the quality of the light and also the symbolic value of the moments play a part in the creation of the fantastic. "different space" causes a sense of anguish which can take two shapes. The fantastic of emptiness is linked to spaces excessively vast, hostile to man or deserted by him : space seems to be dilating. In the fantastic of confinement, on the contrary, space seems to be contracting : the part of the boundary (particularly the walls of the house) is then essential. Very often, "different space" undergoing a metamorphosis reveals a labyrinthine structure, but in fantastic the initiatic progression through the maze is conducive to dysphoria. Fantastic spaces strictly speaking presuppose the existence of a distinct universe, but the latter encroaches upon ours : these spaces can be be enclaves in our three-dimensional space but often their very localization is a supernatural phenomenon