Academic literature on the topic 'Littering Behavior'

The unprecedented scale and cumulative impact of individual behaviour on the natural environment threatens the balance of the world’s ecosystem (Milfont & Schultz, 2015; Veiga et al., 2016; Weaver, 2015). Over many centuries human practices have contributed to environmental degradation (Davis, 2011) potentially limiting future growth and wellbeing. While environmental issues and concerns have been understood since the 1970s, the destruction and overuse of environmental resources continues (Mehmetoglu, 2010). One common human behaviour that significantly contributes is littering (Chitotombe, 2014), which can be intentional or accidental, individual or a more complex multi-faceted social problem. Social marketing seeks to motivate people to change their behaviour at the downstream level and/or it seeks to alter the systems and environment surrounding an individual to effect behavioural change for the good of society (Polonsky, Francis, & Renzaho, 2015). Social marketers seek to encourage the target audience to trial a social behaviour and then sustain or maintain that behaviour (Cavill & Bauman, 2004; Evans, Blitstein, Hersey, Renaud, & Yaroch, 2008; Parkinson, Russell-Bennett, & Previte, 2012; Walls, Peeters, Loff, & Crammond, 2009).<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith Business School<br>Griffith Business School<br>Full Text

The growing importance of people’s pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) in relation to reducing their negative impacts and/or increasing their positive impacts in natural areas has attracted considerable research interest. Visitor engagement in pro-environmental activities is one of the key elements in maintaining and improving a national park’s ecological and biological resources. These resources are often the main components of tourism products developed in nature-based destinations. A specific concern for many national park managers is the generation of litter by visitors. A PEB to solve the problem of litter management in national parks is binning i.e. putting litter in a bin. As such, it is essential to identify what leads visitors to bin their litter. Binning is defined in this thesis as a type of private low-cost PEBs where a visitor puts his or her own litter in a bin if provided, otherwise, in a bag or a pocket for placing in a bin later. Based on this definition, this thesis is the first study to explore such behaviour in the context of a national park. Drawing on theories that include self-interest/rational (i.e. theory of planned behaviour) and other-interest/pro-social (i.e. norm-activation model) motives, an integrated structural model of binning behaviour was developed. The proposed model was tested among national park visitors in Iran and Australia. The direct and indirect associations among the proposed model constructs were examined using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLSSEM) approach on a sample of 240 visitors to Sorkh-e-hesar National Park in Iran and 219 visitors to Yanchep National Park in Australia. Multi-group analysis was also employed to explore the differences in binning behaviour between samples. The PLS-SEM results revealed the association between awareness of consequences and personal norms was the strongest, and personal norms was the most influential determinant of pro-environmental binning behaviour. Further, the PLS-SEM results revealed a good fit of the model within each sample, with minimal variations in the measurement parameters across cultures. However, the results of the multi-group analysis show that the relationships between the antecedents of binning behaviour did not differ significantly between the Iranian and Australian groups. This supports the cross-cultural generalisability of the measurement and structural parameters of the theory of planned behaviour and its extension by the norm activation model. From a practical perspective, the results of this doctoral research indicate that national park management agencies should strengthen the saliency of visitors’ personal norms and raise awareness of littering problems and social norms to increase visitors’ bin use while they are visiting a national park. The thesis contributes to the existing theories of PEB and to improving national park managers’ understanding of visitors’ motivations towards PEB in relation to nature-based tourism activities. The thesis concludes with a research agenda, suggesting that PEB research opportunities in the context of nature-based tourism are numerous; however, its specific domains, theoretical advancement, measurability and cultural influences require significant rethinking for future research.

The purpose of this study is to reduce littering in urban environments. This is done by using product design and sustainable development as main directions and thus being able to create a sustainable behavior change that can be used and further developed in the future. During the course of the study, it is found out how product design can contribute to reducing littering. With user-centered design and sustainable development as starting points, littering in urban environments, design for behavior change, nudging and emotional design are examined. This is in order to gain a deeper understanding of where this eind of environmental problem came from and why. Furthermore, a number of observations and interviews are performed that create a stable and clear basis for the final design's needs and requirements. These are tested and developed during the brainstorming process and concept development with the help of sketches and prototypes, which in turn leads to a final design concept. Based on all the research and method implementations, it is concluded that people repeat each other's behaviors (Håll Sverige Rent, etc.) while there is a great lack of communication and guidance to trashcan´s in urban environments. Simplicity, prompts, guidance, colors, entertainment and different concepts are the most important factors that can contribute to a positive behavior change and hopefully a solution to the environmental problem. The final design proposal was therefore developed into a design concept that represents a connection between existing trashcan´s in urban environments and individually designed accessories that can be attached to them, regardless of the shape or size. The purpose of the concept is therefore to guide and inform about the trashcan´s important function regarding the handling of all kinds of rubbish and where these are located in an urban environment.

Plastmaterial har sedan 1950-talet orsakat problem i naturen på grund av materialets slitstarka och svårnedbrytbara egenskaper. Dessa egenskaper är också en anledning till dess popularitet, och varje år tillförs ungefär 100 miljarder plastbärkassar bara till den europeiska marknaden. En stor del av dessa hamnar i hav och andra vattendrag där de påverkar biodiversiteten genom att plastpartiklar förtärs av marina varelser och sedan transporteras upp i näringskedjan. För att minska problemet med marin nedskräpning har Europeiska unionens medlemsstater i en gemensam ansträngning satt ett mål att till år 2025 reducera antalet plastbärkassar som förbrukas per person och år till 40 stycken. För att uppnå detta mål infördes den 1 maj i Sverige en skatt på plastbärkassar som för konsumenter innebär en prishöjning i butiker med 3 SEK per påse. Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera hur konsumenter kan förväntas svara på denna prishöjning, och vilka faktorer som förhindrar en möjlig beteendeförändring. För att få en bättre förståelse för detta intervjuades sju konsumenter från olika typer av hushåll, som ombads redogöra för sina konsumtionsrutiner och förväntade reaktion på införandet av skatten. Resultaten visade att majoriteten av informanterna trots en positiv attityd till införandet av skatten inte har för avsikt att minska den egna konsumtionen av plastbärkassar, och att den främsta anledningen till detta är de många funktioner som materialet möjliggör.<br>Plastic pollution has been a problem since the 1950s due to the material’s durable and persistant characteristics and slow degradability, and these characteristics are also the reason for the material’s popularity. An estimated 100 billion plastic bags are introduced to the european markets every year, with a significant amount of these ending up in oceans and other bodies of water. Plastic pollution harms biodiversity as marine species consume plastic particles which are then transported through the food chain. To counteract this problem, the European Union member states strive to limit the amount of plastic carrier bags being used to 40 per person and year, by 2025. As a means to achieve this goal, the Swedish government introduced a tax which increased the retail price of plastic carrier bags by 3 SEK as of May 1st 2020. This study aims to identify consumers intended response to this tax, and what factors might prevent a possible change of behaviour. To better understand this, seven interviews were carried out with consumers from different households, in which they were asked to share their shopping routines and expected response to the tax. The results showed that while the majority of the consumers expressed a positive attitude towards the tax, few had any intention of reducing their own consumption of the plastic carrier bag, primarily due to the many irreplacable functions provided by the material.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>土地管理研究所<br>86<br>The littering problem existing in parks and recreation areas not only costsmanagers lots of budget and working-hour; but also results in a low levelof recreation quality in Taiwan. It is an important which and should beconcerned by both managers and visitors. Although some articles haveanalyzed the factors which affect littering behavior and have proposed somesuggestions for management, how effective these suggestion are has not been tested yet. Based on this concern, this research was focused on the issues ofvisitors'' littering behaviors and their management. Data were collected bymeans of on-site observation, visitor questionnaire survey and quasi-experimenton littering treatment. The purpose of this sudy was to develop an applicable management model for visitors'' littering behaviors.The results of this study have shown that visitors, in general, have a senseof environmental conservation. They basically support treatments for littering problem, and did not litter on purpose. Litters all over the park or recreation area were due to the inappropriate measurements or facilities to deal with the litters and, consequently, caused inconvenience, carelessness,or indifference of the visitors to treat their trash.Furthermore, visitors should be reminded to avoid littering, and the physicalmanagement treatment was called a "reminder". This research has found thatreminder could be more effective when it cooperated whith the pressure of public supervision, and the more frequent the reminder shows up, the more effective it could be.By comparing three management treatment in this research, in application,it shows that the management treatment of "a poster with slogan on the picnictable" was the most effective one on Saturday and weekdays, but "providinggarbage bags" was the most effective management treatment on Sunday. In order to maintain the cleanness of a recreation area, managers could take mixedmanagement treatment to deal with littering problem, depends on the quantityof visitors and the differences of their duration.