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Academic literature on the topic 'Little 500 (Bicycle race)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Little 500 (Bicycle race)"
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Hall, M. Ann. "Women’s High-Wheel Bicycle Racing in Nineteenth-Century America: More than Salacious Entertainment." Sport History Review 50, no. 2 (2019): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2019-0006.
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During the nineteenth century in North America, a small group of working-class women turned to sport to earn a living. Among them were circus performers, race walkers, wrestlers, boxers, shooters, swimmers, baseball players, and bicycle racers. Through their athleticism, these women contested and challenged the prevailing gender norms, and at the same time expanded notions about Victorian women’s capabilities and appropriate work. This article focuses on one of these professional sports, namely high-wheel bicycle racing. Bicycle historians have mostly dismissed women’s racing during the brief high-wheel era of the 1880s as little more than sensational entertainment, and have not fully understood its importance. I hope to change these perceptions by providing evidence that female high-wheel racers in the United States, who often began as pedestriennes (race walkers), were superb athletes competing in an exciting, well-attended, and profitable sport.
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Shih, Huei Ming, Shieh Liang Chen, and Chih Hung Wang. "Development of Causal Model of Four Parameters upon Statistical and Mathematical Analysis and Management." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.795.
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This study aims to probe into causal relationship among serious leisure traits, leisure internal motivation, leisure benefits and sense of happiness and further examines the moderating roles of leisure internal motivation and leisure benefits. Research design is based on questionnaire survey. Bicyclists of 2009 Giant Cup, 2009 Mountain Tour and Sea Appreciation, Challenge 100 cycling in Miaoli and 2009 Taichung 100K Cycling Race are treated as the subjects. The researcher conducts investigation on the fields by convenience sampling and acquires 500 valid samples. According to research findings, serious leisure traits positively influence leisure internal motivation, leisure benefits and sense of happiness. Leisure internal motivation positively influences leisure benefits and sense of happiness. Leisure benefits positively influence sense of happiness. Leisure internal motivation and leisure benefits play partial moderating roles between serious leisure traits and sense of happiness. Overall explained power of serious leisure traits, leisure internal motivation and leisure benefits on sense of happiness is 88%. Research findings aim to serve as reference for governmental departments in the promotion of bicycle activities, private bicycle groups or firms strategies of bicycle activities and market expansion and future academic studies.
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Jackson, Patricia L., and H. Harvey Cohen. "Safety Considerations in Bicycle Moto-Cross Racing: A Case Study." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 8 (1994): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800803.
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This paper presents a case study and literature review on the subject of bicycle moto-cross racing. The case involves a 17 year old male who was severely injured as a result of crashing into a jump during a BMX race. The young man suffered a broken neck and is now a quadriplegic. The paper examines both medical and popular literature on BMX racing and safety. Questions posed include: why no studies have been done to determine the risk of injury in BMX racing; why there are no national databases on BMX injury statistics; and what role the image of BMX in popular magazines plays in promoting or dismissing safety in BMX racing? We found very little information available on the subject of BMX. What information we did locate was inconsistent regarding rules of safety and sportsmanship, risk of injury, and opinion on the safeness of BMX racing. We recommend the following practices as ways to increase safety in the sport: multiple track levels designed for different skill levels; supervised training programs with practice areas for experimenting with new maneuvers; and lessons in tumbling and falling safely to minimize the risk of injuries. We also suggest that studies and databases need to be compiled to consistently evaluate the risk of serious injury in BMX racing.
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Choi, Seung-won Emily. "Grandparenting and Mortality: How Does Race-Ethnicity Matter?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 61, no. 1 (2020): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146520903282.
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Little is known about whether and how intergenerational relationships influence older adult mortality. This study examines the association between caring for grandchildren (i.e., grandparenting) and mortality and how the link differs by race-ethnicity. Drawing from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2014, N = 13,705), I found different racial-ethnic patterns in the effects of grandparenting on mortality risk. White grandparents who provide intensive noncoresident grandparenting (i.e., over 500 hours of babysitting per two years) and multigenerational household grandparenting have a lower risk of mortality compared to noncaregiving grandparents. In contrast, black grandparents have a higher mortality risk than their noncaregiving counterparts when providing intensive noncoresident, multigenerational household, and skipped-generation household (i.e., grandparent-headed family) grandparenting. Caregiving Hispanic grandparents are not significantly different from their noncaregiving counterparts in mortality risk. These findings suggest that important variations in social and cultural contexts for racial-ethnic groups shape the consequences of grandparenting for older adult mortality.
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Calogiuri, Giovanna, Andi Weydahl, and Eliana Roveda. "Effects of Sleep Loss and Strenuous Physical Activity on the Rest–Activity Circadian Rhythm." Biological Research For Nursing 13, no. 4 (2010): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800410392021.
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Objective. Rest–activity circadian rhythm is strongly linked to an organism’s entrainment. Sleep loss and prolonged fatigue could affect the circadian system, inducing neurobehavioral deficits. The Finnmarksløpet is Europe’s longest dogsled race. In this competition, lasting up to 7 days, participants (mushers) are physically active most of the time, having little and fragmented rest. Therefore, the race provides an opportunity to investigate the effects of prolonged fatigue and sleep loss. Methods. Ten mushers, participating in the 500 km and 1,000 km categories, underwent continuous actigraph monitoring (5 days) before and after the race. During the competition, heart rate (HR) was recorded by an HR monitor. Results. There was a reduction in the average activity values during the 24-hr cycle after the race. Although there were signs of a forward phase shift, these were weak and unstable. Nonparametric circadian rhythm analysis (NPCRA) showed reductions in interdaily stability (IS) and relative amplitude (RA). 1,000 km mushers also showed sleep disturbances. Conclusion. A period of 3 days of little and fragmented sleep (3–4 hr of total rest per day), in which subjects were engaged in a prolonged physical effort, was enough to significantly affect the rest–activity rhythm. A longer period (5 days) in such a condition induced even more accentuated alterations, with a disturbance in nocturnal sleep. Disrupted sleep is common among hospitalized patients and those working long shifts. This study demonstrates changes in the structure of the rest–activity circadian rhythm that can result and may suggest opportunities for intervention.
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Hoffman, Martin D., and Kevin Fogard. "Factors Related to Successful Completion of a 161-km Ultramarathon." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6, no. 1 (2011): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.1.25.
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Purpose:Despite increased 161-km ultramarathon participation in recent years, little is known about those who pursue such an activity. This study surveyed entrants in two of the largest 161-km trail ultramarathon runs in North America to explore demographic characteristics and issues that affected race performance.Methods:All entries of the 2009 Western States Endurance Run and the Vermont 100 Endurance Race were invited to complete a postrace questionnaire.Results:There were 500 respondents among the 701 race entries (71.3% response). Finish time was found to have a significant (P <.01) negative association with training volume and was generally directly associated with body mass index. Among nonfinishers, the primary reason for dropping out was nausea and/or vomiting (23.0%). Finishers compared with nonfinishers were more likely (P <.02) to report blisters (40.1% vs 17.3%), muscle pain (36.5% vs 20.1%), and exhaustion (23.1% vs 13.7%) as adversely affecting race performance, but nausea and/or vomiting was similar between groups (36.8% vs 39.6%). Nausea and/or vomiting was no more common among those using nonsteroidal anti-infammatory drugs (NS AIDs), those participating in the event with higher ambient temperatures, those with a lower training volume, or those with less experience at finishing 161-km races. Overall use of NSAIDs was high, and greater (P = .006) among finishers (60.5%) than nonfinishers (46.4%).Conclusions:From this study, we conclude that primary performance-limiting issues in 161 -km ultramarathons include nausea and/or vomiting, blisters, and muscle pain, and there is a disturbingly high use of NSAIDs in these events.
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Tai, D. F., P. Kulkarni, Y. Wang, J. Gill, and C. Obasaju. "Effect of race on the safety and efficacy of pemetrexed (P) therapy in locally advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (2007): 18082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.18082.
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18082 Background: P is a multitargeted antifolate active in NSCLC. While a number of clinical trials have evaluated P safety and efficacy in general patient populations, little is known of the possible impact of race on the utility of P therapy in NSCLC. The objective of this post-hoc analysis was to evaluate the effect of race on the safety and efficacy of P (single-agent or in combination) in patients with locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC. Methods: Data from 6 trials with at least 5% non-Caucasian patients were pooled for analyses. One Phase III trial evaluated P in a second-line setting. All other trials used P in Phase II first-line settings. Patients were given at least one dose of P (single-agent or in combination) at 600 mg/m2 (59 patients) or 500 mg/m2 (469 patients) every 21 days. Demographic, safety, and efficacy data were stratified broadly by race, to either Caucasian or non-Caucasian groups. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate median survival. The Cox model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) for survival, adjusting for significant prognostic factors, including disease stage, performance status, gender, and line of treatment. Results: Results are summarized in the data table below. The adjusted HR for survival (non-Caucasian versus Caucasian) was 0.89 (p=0.365). Conclusions: In this post-hoc analysis of results from clinical trials using P therapy in NSCLC, race did not have a statistically significant impact on response rate, disease control rate, or survival. However, P therapy appeared to be better tolerated by non-Caucasian patients. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Thorpe, Jr., Roland J., Eleanor Simonsick, Alan Zonderman, and Michelle K. Evans. "Association between Race, Poverty Status and Grip Strength in Middle to Old Age Adults." Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 4 (2016): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.4.493.
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<p class="Pa7"><strong>Background: </strong>Poor grip strength is an indicator of frailty and a precursor to functional limitations. Although poor grip strength is more prevalent in older disabled African American women, little is known about the association between race and poverty-related disparities and grip strength in middle-aged men and women.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the cross-sectional relationship between race, socioeconomic status as assessed by household income, and hand grip strength in men and women in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study. General linear models examined grip strength (maximum of two trials on both sides) by race and household income adjusted for age, weight, height, hand pain, education, insurance status, family income, and two or more chronic conditions.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Results: </strong>Of 2,091 adults, 422(45.4%) were male, 509(54.8%) were African American, and 320 (34.5%) were living in households with incomes below 125% of the federal poverty level (low SES). In adjusted models, African American women had greater grip strength than White women independent of SES (low income household: 29.3 vs 26.9 kg and high income household: 30.5 vs. 28.3kg; P&lt;.05 for both); whereas in men, only African Americans in the high income household group had better grip strength than Whites (46.3 vs. 43.2; P&lt;.05).</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The relationship between grip strength, race and SES as assessed by household income varied in this cohort. Efforts to develop grip strength norms and cut points that indicate frailty and sarcopenia may need to be race- and income-specific.</p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(4):493-500; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.493</p>
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Everson, R. B., D. Bangsi, L. L. Darga, M. R. Bell, V. P. Pidlaoan, and D. Kanakapalli. "High throughput, highly multiplexed transcriptional profiling of cytologic preparations from buccal mucosa." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (2007): 14104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.14104.
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14104 Background: Alterations in gene expression can be sensitive and informative indicators that a biologically effective exposure occurred. For example, serial specimens could provide evidence that a dose with a biological effect was reached in Phase I testing. Sampling buccal mucosal can provide epithelial cell specimens rapidly with little discomfort. However, ribonucleases in saliva rapidly degrade epithelial cell RNA, prohibiting analysis by standard array techniques. Using buccal cells, we conducted a pilot study to optimize procedures for RNA isolation and analysis and determined influences of gender, race, and cigarette smoking on gene expression. Methods: Buccal cells were collected by scraping the inner cheek with a previously described standardized plastic tool (BioTechniques. 2004;36:484–487) made available Avrum Spira of Boston University. Preliminary experiments compared RNA extraction procedures, including methods based on trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), RNeasy columns (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and the High Pure RNA Paraffin Kit (Roche, Indiana, USA). After standardization of the method, specimens were obtained from 64 subjects using a blocked design sampling equal numbers of subjects by gender, African American and white race, and smoking status. Gene expression levels were determined using the cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and ligation assay (Illumina, Inc.), which measures expression of over 500 genes per analysis. Results: The Roche extraction method provided the highest yield of RNA and was used for subsequent assays. Technical replicates were highly reproducible. Preliminary analyses revealed that using P=0.05, 38 genes were expressed differentially by gender, 20 by race, and 10 by smoking status. The genes most differentially expressed by gender included IRF1, MET, STAT1, RAP1GDS1; race CD9, CCNA2, CEACAM1, FVT1; smoking CD44, NQO1, SKI, SRC. Conclusions: Highly multiplexed gene expression analysis of buccal cells are feasible. Demographic characteristics of study subjects can be important, but they do not heavily influence levels for many genes. Results indicate the assays could be provide useful information in cross-sectional or serial studies of the impact of molecular therapeutics. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Hirsh, Elizabeth, and Youngjoo Cha. "Mandating Change." ILR Review 70, no. 1 (2016): 42–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793916668880.
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Although complying with and monitoring court-mandated changes in organizations’ policies following employment discrimination lawsuits can be costly to both employers and taxpayers, little is known about the impact of such mandates on increasing sex and race managerial diversity in organizations. Using data on approximately 500 high-profile employment discrimination lawsuits resolved in U.S. federal courts between 1996 and 2008, the authors estimate the impact of court-mandated policy changes on shifts in the presence of white women, black women, and black men in managerial positions. Policies designed to reduce bias expand opportunities for white women but not for other demographic groups. By contrast, opportunities in management for all groups expand when policies are designed to increase organizational accountability by establishing specific recruitment, hiring, or promotion plans and monitoring arrangements. Policies designed to increase rights’ awareness are associated with declines in managerial diversity. Notably, compared with verdicts and settlements with modest penalties, those with the most costly monetary payouts do not expand managerial diversity; and in fact, they can backfire.
Books on the topic "Little 500 (Bicycle race)"
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Schwarb, John. The Little 500: The Story of the World's Greatest College Weekend. Indiana University Press, 1999.
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