Academic literature on the topic 'Little Norway'
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Journal articles on the topic "Little Norway"
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Haug, Bente, Graham M. S. Dann, and Mehmet Mehmetoglu. "Little Norway in Spain." Annals of Tourism Research 34, no. 1 (January 2007): 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.011.
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Miller. "Camp Little Norway Club, Chicago." Norwegian-American Studies 38 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/norwamerstud.38.0001.
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Miller, Deborah. "Camp Little Norway Club, Chicago." Norwegian-American Studies 38, no. 1 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nor.2020.a799319.
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Czekirda, Justyna, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, and Florence Magnin. "Post-Little Ice Age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway." Cryosphere 17, no. 7 (July 13, 2023): 2725–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023.
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Abstract. The ground thermal regime and permafrost development have an important influence on geomorphological processes in periglacial regions and ultimately landscape development. About 10 % of unstable rock slopes in Norway are potentially underlain by widespread permafrost. Permafrost thaw and degradation may play a role in slope destabilisation, and more knowledge about rock wall permafrost in Norway is needed to investigate possible links between the ground thermal regime, geomorphological activity and natural hazards. We assess spatio-temporal permafrost variations in selected rock walls in Norway over the last 120 years. Ground temperature is modelled using the two-dimensional ground heat flux model CryoGrid 2D along nine profiles crossing instrumented rock walls in Norway. The simulation results show the distribution of permafrost is sporadic to continuous along the modelled profiles. Results suggest that ground temperature at 20 m depth in steep rock faces increased by 0.2 ∘C per decade on average since the 1980s, and rates of change increase with elevation within a single rock wall section. Heat flow direction is primarily vertical within mountains in Norway. Nevertheless, narrow ridges may still be sensitive to even small differences in ground surface temperature and may have horizontal heat fluxes. This study further demonstrates how rock wall temperature increase rates and rock wall permafrost distribution are influenced by factors such as surface air temperature uncertainties; surface offsets arising from the incoming shortwave solar radiation; snow conditions on, above and below rock walls; and rock wall geometry and size together with adjacent blockfield-covered plateaus or glaciers.
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Rasmussen, L. A., L. M. Andreassen, S. Baumann, and H. Conway. "‘Little Ice Age’ precipitation in Jotunheimen, southern Norway." Holocene 20, no. 7 (July 12, 2010): 1039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683610369510.
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Canova, Emilie. "John F. L. Ross, The Rise of Little Big Norway." European Review of International Studies 9, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-09010001.
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Lewis, Simon G., and Jacky F. Birnie. "Little ice age alluvial fan development in Langedalen, western Norway." Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography 83A, no. 4 (January 2001): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00153.
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Lewis, Simon G., and Jacky F. Birnie. "Little ice age alluvial fan development in langedalen, western norway." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 83, no. 4 (December 2001): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.2001.00153.x.
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Svarva, Helene Løvstrand, Terje Thun, Andreas Joachim Kirchhefer, and Atle Nesje. "Little Ice Age summer temperatures in western Norway from a 700-year tree-ring chronology." Holocene 28, no. 10 (July 11, 2018): 1609–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618782611.
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A ring-width Pinus sylvestris chronology from Sogndal in western Norway was created, covering the period AD 1240–2008 and allowing for reconstruction of monthly mean July temperatures. This reconstruction is the first of its kind from western Norway and it aims to densify the existing network of temperature-sensitive tree-ring proxy series to better understand past temperature variability in the ‘Little Ice Age’ and diminish the spatial uncertainty. Spatial correlation reveals strong agreement with temperatures in southern Norway, especially on the western side of the Scandinavian Mountains. Five prominent cold periods are identified on a decadal timescale, centred on 1480, 1580, 1635, 1709 and 1784 and ‘Little Ice Age’ cooling spanning from 1450 to the early 18th century. High interannual and decadal agreement is found with an independent temperature reconstruction from western Norway, which is based on data from grain harvests and terminal moraines. The reconstructed temperatures also correlate with other tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions from Fennoscandia, most strongly with data from central Sweden. Tree growth in Sogndal is correlated to the Scandinavian teleconnection index in the summer months, at least in the last half of the 20th century, and is positively correlated to the summer expression of the North Atlantic Oscillation in the early half of the 20th century. A significant response to major volcanic forcing in the Northern Hemisphere was found, and extreme years seem to be related to the dominance of high and low geopotential height that in turn represents variability in the path of the storm tracks over Fennoscandia. When compared with the variation in frontal positions with time of Nigardsbreen, an eastern outlet glacier from the Jostedalsbreen glacier in western Norway, cold summers in the early 18th century relates to the culmination of a rapid glacial advance that lead up to the 1748 ‘Little Ice Age’ maximum extent.
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Egeland, Marianne. "Little Women travelling to Scandinavia." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 50, no. 2 (October 25, 2020): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2020-2007.
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AbstractThe publishing history of an American classic in Sweden, Denmark and Norway illustrates how literature travels between countries and how translated books become integrated in the new national cultures. Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women (1868) still figures on lists of the most cherished, translated and influential children’s books. Sweden can probably boast of the longest translation history of all, starting in 1871, the latest translation appearing in 2016. The Danish material more or less replicates the Swedish, whereas data mining of the stacks of Norway’s National Library demonstrates to what extent a national culture is affected by translated foreign literary impulses and the wealth of sources in which canonized authors may leave a mark. “Little Women travelling to Scandinavia” addresses why Alcott’s book did so well there, why it appealed to readers, and in what circumstances it was read.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Little Norway"
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Clarke, Gina Helen. "The relationship between diatoms and climate in a European mountain lake training set : implications for detecting the Little Ice Age in lake sediments from central Norway." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446608/.
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This study evaluates the use of fresh water diatoms, from lacustrine sediments, to infer past changes in climate. The main aim of the thesis is to reconstruct changes in climate over the past 500 years, including the Little Ice Age event, using lake sediments from Central Southern Norway. The relationship between surficial high altitude lake sediment diatom species and measured environmental variables is explored in 80 lakes from Central Southern Norway and North West Scotland through the creation of a 'surface sample training set'. 40 of these lakes have ice-cover duration data and diatom assemblages from these are examined to determine their relationship with measured environmental parameters. Multivariate statistical techniques demonstrate that ice-cover duration accounts for a statistically significant proportion of the diatom variance, and an ice-cover transfer function using weighted- averaging- tolerance- down- weighted (WA(tol)) techniques is developed. Unfortunately, large errors are incurred with the resulting model. For this reason diatom assemblages from all 80 lakes are explored in conjunction with the available environmental parameters. Canonical correspondence analysis with forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests reveal that three environmental variables independently explain significant proportions of the diatom variance. These variables are January temperature, TOC and pH. A January temperature transfer function is produced using weighted- averaging- partial- least- squares (WA-PLS) techniques and a pH transfer function is produced using WA(tol) methods. These quantitative inference models are used to help identify changes in climate for two high altitude Norwegian lakes (Gavalivatnet and Hornsjoen). Few changes occur in the diatom inferred pH reconstructions and few linkages are, therefore, made between pH and climate. The January temperature transfer function was applied and its performance is directly compared with measured values of century- long meteorological records. It appears to perform well at Hornsjoen and infers successfully the recent climatic warming. The reconstruction at Gavalivatnet does not reflect the extent of recent climatic warming suggesting that the method is not so robust for this site. Inferences about the changes in the Norwegian climate during the LIA are made using a combination of diatom inferred reconstructed temperatures, lithostratigraphic changes, chrysophyte cyst production and diatom species shifts. Several trends are evident within the proxy records of the lakes which can be linked with the climatic changes associated with the Little Ice Age and recent climatic warming. It is concluded, however, that although changes in the lake biota could be related to climatic fluctuations the signal is complex and multi-faceted. It is proposed that the two lakes respond individually to climatic changes, due to differing lake chemistry and bathymetry, despite being exposed to similar driving macroclimate variables.
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Allmér, Johan. "Fungal communities in branch litter of Norway spruce : dead wood dynamics, species detection and substrate preferences /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005125.pdf.
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Shah, Shagufta Parveen. "Er pakistanske innvandrerkvinner lite integrert i det norske samfunnet? : en kvalitativ studie /." Oslo : Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk, Universitetet i Oslo, 2008. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/IKOS/2008/86495/2MASTEROPPGAVExkorrekturlestxavxTovexxryddetxavxFerozxogxrettetxavxSaraxigjen.pdf.
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Jensen, Alexa Lunt. "Evaluating Nitrogen and Carbon Differences in Standing Litter from Normal and Prematurely Senesced Bromus tectorum Plants." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8265.
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Bromus tectorum, an invasive winter annual, has displaced native vegetation throughout the western United States. Bromus tectorum litter influences nutrient cycling near the soil surface as well as plant establishment. Failed seed production of B. tectorum occasionally occurs in the field, with plants exhibiting weak flowering culms that turn straw-colored in spring when normal plants are green or purple in color. Because annual grasses transport most soluble carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to reproductive organs, seed production failure results in significantly different fates for these nutrients compared with normal plants. As part of larger efforts to understand events leading to large-scale seedling emergence failure (termed die-offs), occasionally observed in near mono-cultures of B. tectorum, we here test the hypothesis that prematurely senesced litter associated with seed production failure has higher soluble C and N than normal litter. C and N concentrations of aboveground biomass were compared for normal and prematurely senesced B. tectorum plants. Two methods were used to cause premature senescence: fungal pathogen infection with Clarireedia capillus-albis and glyphosate herbicide application. In a related experiment, field sampling of normal and prematurely senesced plants under natural conditions was conducted to compare C and N levels in-situ. Herbicide-induced senescence resulted in 1.5 to 2 times greater soluble C concentrations, but fungal infection had no effect on soluble C under experiment conditions. Prematurely senesced litter had increased total N concentrations, resulting in lower C:N ratios. The C:N ratio for prematurely senesced plants (averaged across all studies) was 68:1, whereas mature normal plants averaged 243:1. These findings illustrate failed seed production associated with premature senescence results in B. tectorum litter with significantly higher N concentrations and can result in increased soluble C concentrations. Altered nutrient status may contribute to changes in soil microbial activity, including activity of soilborne pathogens found in die-offs.
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Alves, Ismael Gonçalves. "Faces da assistência social do setor carbonífero catarinense: (Criciúma 1930-1960)." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2009. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1487.
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From the installation of the first coal mine companies at the town of Criciúma, a ample contingent populational, coming mostly from coastal regions migrating to the city and looking for jobs at the coal sector. Between the years 1930 and 1960, the extraction of coal reached a peak, creating a series of problems in the social field. In this same period, they anchor at the citty autarchies governmental, civil entities and religious associations, having as a goal implement with the miner population a series of public policies looking for social assistance. The villages of the coal mine complex it was the principal space of action of these institutions. The village of Próspera was the biggest and more populational village, beeing property of National steel metallurgy Company (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional), became the principal place for inumerous assistance projects, having for objective disciplinary the workers inside and outside the factory. Manager by the coal mine companny and financial by SESI SC. Part of these workers were realized by the assembly from the Congregation of little sisters of divine providence, by series of popular courses,tryed to introduce between the miners families practices and values from bourgeoisie familiar norms
A partir da instalação das primeiras companhias mineradoras na cidade de Criciúma, um grande contingente populacional, oriundo principalmente das regiões litorâneas migrou para o município em busca de empregos no setor carbonífero. Entre os anos de 1930 e 1960, a extração do carvão mineral chegou a seu ápice, gerando uma série de problemas no campo social. Neste mesmo período, instalaram-se na cidade autarquias governamentais, entidades civis e congregações religiosas, com intuito de implementar junto às populações mineiras uma série de políticas públicas voltadas à assistência social. As vilas operárias do complexo carbonífero criciumense foram o principal espaço de atuação destas instituições. Dentre estas, a vila operária Próspera, a maior e mais densamente povoada e de propriedade da Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, tornou-se alvo de inúmeros projetos assistenciais tinham por objetivo disciplinar o operariado dentro e fora da fábrica. Gerenciados pela própria empresa mineradora e financiados pelo SESI-SC parte destes trabalhos foi realizado pela congregação das Pequenas Irmãs da Divina Providência, que através de uma série de cursos populares, tentaram introduzir entre as famílias de mineiros práticas e valores da norma familiar burguesa
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Baumann, Sabine Christine. "Mapping, analysis, and interpretation of the glacier inventory data from Jotunheimen, South Norway, since the maximum of the 'Little Ice Age'." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46320.
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Glacier outlines during the ‘Little Ice Age’ maximum in Jotunheimen were mapped by using remote sensing techniques (vertical aerial photos and satellite imagery), glacier outlines from the 1980s and 2003, a digital terrain model (DTM), geomorphological maps of individual glaciers, and field-GPS measurements. The related inventory data (surface area, minimum and maximum altitude) and several other variables (e.g. slope, range) were calculated automatically by using a geographical information system. The length of the glacier flowline was mapped manually based on the glacier outlines at the maximum of the ‘Little Ice Age’ and the DTM. The glacier data during the maximum of the ‘Little Ice Age’ were compared with the Norwegian glacier inventory of 2003. Based on the glacier inventories during the maximum of the ‘Little Ice Age’, the 1980s and 2003, a simple parameterization after HAEBERLI & HOELZLE (1995) was performed to estimate unmeasured glacier variables, as e.g. surface velocity or mean net mass balance. Input data were composed of surface glacier area, minimum and maximum elevation, and glacier length. The results of the parameterization were compared with the results of previous parameterizations in the European Alps and the Southern Alps of New Zealand (HAEBERLI & HOELZLE 1995; HOELZLE et al. 2007). A relationship between these results of the inventories and of the parameterization and climate and climate changes was madeDie Gletscherumrisse während des Maximalstandes der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ in Jotunheimen wurden unter der Verwendung von Fernerkundungstechniken (vertikale Luftbilder und Satellitenbilder), von Gletscherumrissen aus den 1980er Jahren und von 2003, von einem digitalen Geländemodel (DTM), von geomorphologischen Karten einzelner Gletscher und von GPS-Messungen im Gelände kartiert. Die daraus erzielten Inventardaten (Gletscherfläche, minimale und maximale Höhe) und einige andere Variablen (z.B. Hangneigung, Höhendifferenz) wurden automatisch mit einem geographischen Informationssystem berechnet. Die Länge der Gletscherfließlinie wurde basierend auf den Gletscherumrissen zum Maximum der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ und dem DTM manuell kartiert. Die Gletscherdaten zum Maximalstand der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ wurden mit dem Gletscherinventar von 2003 verglichen. Basierend auf den letscherinventaren zum Maximum der „Kleinen Eiszeit“, von den 1980er Jahren und von 2003 wurde eine einfache Parametrisierung nach HAEBERLI & HOELZLE (1995) durchgeführt, um ungemessene Gletschervariablen, wie z.B. Oberflächengeschwindigkeit oder mittlere Netto-Massenbilanz, abzuschätzen. Eingabedaten bestanden aus Gletscherfläche, minimaler und maximale Höhe und der Gletscherlänge. Die Resultate der Parametrisierung wurden mit den Ergebnissen früherer Parametrisierungen aus den Europäischen Alpen und den Southern Alps auf Neuseeland verglichen (HAEBERLI & HOELZLE 1995; HOELZLE et al. 2007). Eine Verbindung zwischen diesen Ergebnissen aus den Inventaren und der Parametrisierung und dem Klima und der Klimaänderung wurde hergestellt
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Baumann, Sabine Christine [Verfasser]. "Mapping, analysis, and interpretation of the glacier inventory data from Jotunheimen, South Norway, since the maximum of the 'Little Ice Age' / vorgelegt von Sabine Christine Baumann." 2009. http://d-nb.info/1001113055/34.
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Cairns, Allison Mary. "Health in medieval and early modern Norway: a comparative analysis of the impact of social, economic and environmental change on skeletal remains." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/111076.
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The medieval and early modern periods in Norway and Europe were
characterised by economic, social and environmental change. In
particular, famines, epidemics, economic decline and climate
change had effects on agriculture, population size, subsistence
and health. The impact of environmental and social variables on
human health has become increasingly prominent in the research
literature. This research contributes to a broader understanding
of the interactions between human health and our environment by
studying a skeletal sample from 12th-17th century Norway and
comparing it to a number of other skeletal samples from medieval
and early modern Europe.
Utilising a sample of human skeletal remains from the Library
site in Trondheim (Norway), and data on pathological lesions
from 38 European sites, this thesis quantifies the effects of
these factors. The Library site sample was assessed for sex; age;
stature; a number of pathological lesions and abnormalities,
including dental caries, alveolar defects of pathological origin
(ADP), ante-mortem tooth loss (AMTL), cribra orbitalia (CO),
linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), and non-specific signs of
infection (NSI); and evidence for specific infectious diseases,
such as syphilis and leprosy. The impacts of sex, phase and age
on the frequencies of pathological lesions in the Library site
sample were analysed and compared to those frequencies from the
other European samples.
Examinations revealed a complex picture of health and wellbeing
during this period. Results indicated significant differences
between the sexes in a number of instances, with higher
frequencies of dental caries, LEH and NSI in males, and
significantly higher frequencies of AMTL and CO in females.
Prominent differences in frequencies of dental caries and LEH
were also observed across the phases. It is likely that the
majority of these differences were linked to social or biological
factors, such as diet, which may be indirectly linked to
environmental factors. Examinations also found evidence for
endemic syphilis and probable leprosy in the Library site sample.
Comparisons of the skeletons from the Library site to the others
from Europe demonstrated that the health of the population from
Trondheim was comparatively good, with the exception of high
levels of NSI. Groupings of the skeletal samples in clusters by
site were also apparent, probably influenced by common economic,
social and dietary pressures.
Finally, statistical modelling of the data from all the samples
revealed significant relationships between pathological lesions
and social and environmental variables. In particular, diet and
settlement type were found to have a number of significant
relationships with pathological lesions. Specific diets and
settlement types were also associated with significantly higher
frequencies of certain lesions. Modelling relative to latitude
resulted in a single significant relationship with stature,
whilst analysis of other environmental variables resulted in few
significant relationships with pathological lesions. Further
statistical modelling with a greater sample size, the inclusion
of more variables and known data from historical documentation
could produce a greater number of significant results when
assessing these relationships. However, the complexities of these
relationships are perhaps better served by a multi-disciplinary
approach like the one taken here, rather than statistical
modelling in isolation.
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Pontes, Sérgio Leonel Pinto da Costa. "Relato financeiro diferenciado: determinantes e a necessidade de normalização internacional." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/8412.
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As PME não cotadas não são versões diminuídas das empresas cotadas. Inseridas em contextos distintos, apresentam caraterísticas próprias. A adequabilidade às primeiras, de normativos contabilísticos desenvolvidos para as segundas, foi definida como o problema de investigação, que se decompõe em duas questões. Deve o relato financeiro das PME não cotadas divergir do relato financeiro das empresas cotadas e, deve este resultar de normalização internacional?
Com base nos dados obtidos através de um questionário a gestores e preparadores das demonstrações financeiras de PME não cotadas, definiu-se um modelo conceptual de interpretação de utilização dessas demonstrações, suportado na teoria das partes interessadas-agência. O modelo evidencia um restrito número de utilizadores, os quais são pouco heterógenos e estabelecem, de forma a minimizar a assimetria de informação, canais diretos de obtenção de informação.
Adicionalmente, a reduzida dispersão da propriedade, a gestão pelo proprietário, o nível de conhecimentos de contabilidade dos gestores e preparadores, a fixidez dos custos gerais de preparação das demonstrações financeiras, a sua utilização internacional, ainda que reduzida, a necessidade de comparabilidade internacional e a sensibilidade destas caraterísticas à dimensão das PME não cotadas sustentam normas diferenciadas para estas empresas, de âmbito internacional, e com diferentes patamares de exigência informativa consoante a dimensão.
A sistematização da literatura, a definição de um modelo conceptual e a corroboração de resultados previamente obtidos em contexto de common law, contribuem para o enriquecimento do conhecimento científico, proporcionam inputs aos organismos normalizadores e, ao arguir a diferenciação e consequente simplificação, contribui-se para o ajustamento do trabalho dos preparadores às necessidades dos utilizadores.Unlisted SMEs are not diminished versions of listed companies. Inserted in different contexts, they have their own characteristics. The suitability of accounting standards developed for listed companies to unlisted SMEs, was defined as the research problem, which subdivides into two questions. Should the financial reporting of unlisted SMEs differ from financial reporting of listed companies, and should the financial reporting of unlisted SMEs result from international standards? It was defined a conceptual model of interpretation supported on the stakeholder-agency theory based on data obtained from a questionnaire to managers and preparers of financial statements of unlisted SMEs. The model shows a limited number of users somewhat heterogeneous who minimizes information asymmetry establishing direct channels to obtain information. Additionally, the reduced dispersion of property, the owner’s management, the level of accounting knowledge of the managers and preparers, the fixity of the overall costs of preparing financial statements, its international use, although reduced, the need for international comparability and sensitivity of these characteristics to the size of unlisted SMEs support differential financial reporting of international scope for these companies as well as different levels of information demand, depending on the size. The literature systematization, the definition of a conceptual model and the corroboration of results previously obtained in common law context, contributes to the enrichment of scientific knowledge, provides inputs to standard setting bodies and by pleading the differentiation and consequent simplification, contributes to adjusting the work of preparers to the users' needs.
Books on the topic "Little Norway"
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Omholt-Jensen, Edvard. Ole Reistad, "The Spirit of Little Norway": Biografi. [Oslo]: Atheneum, 1986.
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A separate little war: The Banff Coastal Command strike wing versus the Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe in Norway, September 1944-May 1945. London: Grub Street, 2008.
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Berg, Björn, and Carl Olof Tamm. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of Norway spruce needle litter in a long-term optimum nutrition experiment. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för ekologi och miljövård, 1991.
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Gruselle, Marie-Cécile. Litter decomposition in mixed spruce-beech stands. Freiburg (Breisgau): Waldbau-Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 2010.
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Kovacs-Eichner, Gh. "Appreciated" but too little followed posthumously: Max Nordau, a pioneer of modern Zionism. [Tel Aviv?]: Gh. Kovacs-Eichner, 2008.
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Ailor, Osceola Savage. Little England Chapel: A Black landmark in Hampton, Virginia. [Hampton, Va.]: Newton Improvement & Civic Club, 1993.
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Nida, Norman Von. The Von: Stories and suggestions from Australian golf's little master. Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1999.
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Curtis, Barry, Paula Curtis, and Gina Frisby. Little Trolls from Norway. Tellwell Talent, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Little Norway"
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Moe, Espen. "Norway: A Petro-Industrial Complex Leaving Little Room for Structural Change?" In Renewable Energy Transformation or Fossil Fuel Backlash, 186–209. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137298799_7.
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Nordli, P. Ø. "Reconstruction of Nineteenth Century Summer Temperatures in Norway by Proxy Data from Farmers’ Diaries." In The Iceberg in the Mist: Northern Research in pursuit of a “Little Ice Age”, 201–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3352-6_10.
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Bjørkøy, Aasta Marie Bjorvand, and Janicke S. Kaasa. "Chapter 7. The journey of “Lille Alvilde”." In Children’s Literature, Culture, and Cognition, 157–75. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/clcc.15.07bjo.
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Maurits Hansen’s short story “Lille Alvilde” (Little Alvilde, 1829), about a small girl’s idyllic encounter with a bear, is considered a Norwegian classic. Since it was first published, it has been reprinted numerous times in several Norwegian publications. Its extensive publishing history made it available to a large readership and ensured its canonization. Moreover, Hansen’s story was distributed abroad, and translated versions were printed in England and the United States. In this chapter, we present the journey of “Lille Alvilde”, from Norway to England and the United States, and back again. By tracing the transnational publishing and translation history of the original text into the different English versions, we unpack the distribution, translation, and transformation of Hansen’s canonized story.
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Dalehefte, Inger Marie, and Esther Tamara Canrinus. "Fostering Pupils’ Deep Learning and Motivation in the Norwegian Context: A Study of Pupils’ Perceptions of Mathematics Instruction and the Link to Their Learning Outcomes." In Effective Teaching Around the World, 619–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31678-4_27.
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AbstractRecent international research has highlighted deep learning as an essential prerequisite for pupils to meet the global challenges of the future. This focus has drawn attention to Norwegian challenges, indicating that instruction leaves little room for pupils to engage intensively in tasks over time and to foster deep-learning processes. Thus, a new curriculum was implemented in the Norwegian educational system in the autumn of 2020 to emphasize deep learning throughout all content areas.This study investigates how teachers provide learning conditions fostering learning and motivation processes to support pupils’ learning during mathematics lessons. After their mathematics lesson, 144 pupils from 9 classes (grades 7–9) in seven schools in Norway completed a questionnaire. It consisted of items measuring their perception of the relevance of the content taught, the quality of the instruction given, the teacher’s interest and enthusiasm, and the extent to which the instruction fulfilled their psychological needs for social relation, autonomy, and feeling competent.On average, the pupils reported that they applied surface-level learning strategies rather than deep-level strategies in their mathematics lessons. They also lacked intrinsic motivation. To a large degree, pupils reported that they hardly recognised the content’s relevance. The results support the focus on deep learning in the 2020 curriculum reform in Norway. Additionally, they reveal conditions worth investigating when aiming to foster pupils’ deep learning and motivation.
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Trocin, Cristina, Jan Gunnar Skogås, Thomas Langø, and Gabriel Hanssen Kiss. "Operating Room of the Future (FOR) Digital Healthcare Transformation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence." In Digital Transformation in Norwegian Enterprises, 151–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05276-7_9.
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AbstractNew technologies are emerging under the umbrella of digital transformation in healthcare such as artificial intelligence (AI) and medical analytics to provide insights beyond the abilities of human experts. Because AI is increasingly used to support doctors in decision-making, pattern recognition, and risk assessment, it will most likely transform healthcare services and the way doctors deliver those services. However, little is known about what triggers such transformation and how the European Union (EU) and Norway launch new initiatives to foster the development of such technologies. We present the case of Operating Room of the Future (FOR), a research infrastructure and an integrated university clinic which investigates most modern technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) to support the analysis of medical images. Practitioners can benefit from strategies related to AI development in multiple health fields to best combine medical expertise with AI-enabled computational rationality.
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Løland, Ingrid. "Time and Topos in Migratory Trajectories: Mapping Memory and Lived Experiences of Religion Among Syrian Refugees in Norway." In Politics of Citizenship and Migration, 67–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23379-1_4.
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AbstractThis chapter addresses the interconnection of religion and displacement in a conflict-induced Syrian refugee context. After more than a decade of bloodshed and undissolved war, an unprecedented displacement crisis has led Syrians to comprise one of the largest refugee populations in Europe and elsewhere. Little research has discerned the complex role that religion, identity, and belonging play in shaping migratory patterns and experiences among Syrian refugees. Not least have these dimensions been absent concerning the ways in which lived experiences of religion inform both real and imaginary forms of temporal and spatial displacement contexts. In order to adequately capture the multidimensional and (dis)empowering aspects of religion in Syrians’ migratory experiences, this chapter argues for applying a dynamic trajectory lens in which the parameters of time and space are both experientially and existentially acknowledged. The research shows how trajectories embrace pivotal experiences spanning flight, refugeehood, and exile as multiple and overlapping migratory paths and horizons. Furthermore, it explores trajectories as mirroring a hybrid assemblage of memory practices through which the symbolic language of metaphors is narratively conveyed. By focusing on the spatiotemporal metaphors of utopia, dystopia, and heterotopia, this research thus attempts to map the storied landscape of Syrian refugee trajectories; an ambiguous realm in which religion, identity, and belonging fluctuate between both backward-looking as well as future-oriented processes.
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Brataas, Gunnar, Geir Kjetil Hanssen, Xinlu Qiu, and Lisa S. Græslie. "Requirements Engineering in the Market Dialogue Phase of Public Procurement: A Case Study of an Innovation Partnership for Medical Technology." In Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality, 159–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98464-9_13.
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AbstractContext and Motivation: In 2016, the European Union introduced ‘innovation partnerships’ to facilitate innovative development of the EU through public procurement. Requirements engineering is one of the main challenges in the public procurement of innovative products. Nevertheless, there is little empirical research on public procurement, particularly managing requirements in the pre-tender dialogue phase between potential suppliers and problem owners.Question/Problem: This paper investigates the market dialogue phase of an innovation partnership project in Norway. We aim to understand critical factors of the dialogue phase that clarify and focus needs and requirements. This leads to the research question: How can we clarify and focus needs and requirements for a new solution in the market dialogue phase?Principal Ideas/Results: We have conducted a case study at a major Norwegian hospital. The objective of this innovation partnership is to make the emergency room in a Norwegian hospital more efficient. The case study illustrates how requirements have been developed by the joint effort of the procurement team, the active engagement of potential suppliers, and the learning and mutual trust between them. By discussing the vision and getting feedback on opportunities and limitations in existing and projected technologies, the procurement team has refined their ambition and focused on the core of the innovation.Contribution: This paper contributes to the literature on requirement engineering in public procurement by describing how requirements are focused during the dialogue phase of an innovation partnership facilitated by a cross-functional procurement team with sufficient competencies, resources, and trust.
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Matusz, Pamela Jean. "If You're Not a Little Weird, You're Not Normal." In Tenaciously Teaching Teenagers, 68–71. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003370161-18.
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Gotoh, Reiko. "Conclusion: Could We Reciprocate to the Wounded Little Bird?" In Dignity, Freedom and Justice, 259–77. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0519-1_13.
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AbstractBuilding on Rawls’s philosophy of contingency and Sen’s normative economics, this chapter seeks a theory of justice that incorporates the hard cases from the beginning. Furthermore, it tries to reconstruct the value assumptions of liberalism, taking the concept of dignity as a clue. The disparity in status between the right to work and the right to well-being and the disregard of the utilization ability to use the rights to liberties are criticized. Furthermore, based on Rawls’ philosophy of contingency and Sen's normative economics, the logic of “public reciprocity,” which incorporates both hard and normal cases, will be explored. Finally, while standing on the inviolability and incomparability of the dignity inherent in the individual, this chapter sought a logic in the capability approach to denounce actions that violate the obligation to respect dignity and to measure the damage for compensations. The discussion here indicates the possibility of a contribution of economics to the theory of value in a new way completely different from the price theory, which helps us to envision the future of the welfare state.
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"Little Big Country." In The Rise of Little Big Norway, 3–30. Anthem Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvs32t4t.4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Little Norway"
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Volpi, L. P., E. Cayeux, and R. W. Time. "Numerical Estimation of Hydraulic Forces on a Three-Dimensional Moving Tool-Joint Through a Coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction Model." In SPE Norway Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218431-ms.
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Abstract Drill-string vibration is an important source of issues during drilling operations. Although much research has been done in the last decades, little is known about the interaction between the drill-string vibration and the fluid flow. Most of the models consider only simplified solutions therefore limiting the applicability of the results. Often, those tackle neither the complex rheological behavior of the drilling fluid nor the fluid velocity field itself. In this work, the fluid movement around a moving tool-joint is solved through the Navier-Stokes equation and the forces at the tool-joint is directly estimated from the mesoscopic properties of the fluid flow, without resorting to simplifications, e.g.: drag and lift models. To do so, a tool-joint is assumed to rotate at constant velocity, while moving with a prescribed dynamic, while the flow dynamics is obtained with the lattice-Boltzmann method. Then, the forces and torques at the structure are estimated and evaluated. The simulation results indicate that axial and lateral forces can often be uncoupled, whereas torques are dependent on the dynamics. Finally, they are compared with a reduced order method. It is found that the latter can represent the dynamic accurately for the simplest cases.
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Angga, I. Gusti Agung Gede, Handita Reksi Dwitantra Sutoyo, Mathias Bellout, Per Eirik Strand Bergmo, Per Arne Slotte, and Carl Fredrik Berg. "Effects of Well Placement on CO2 Emissions from Waterflooding Operation." In SPE Norway Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209565-ms.
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Abstract Water injection provides efficient pressure support and increases oil recovery in field developments worldwide. The success of water injection comes from its cheap and simple application. However, waterflooding is an energy intensive operation. Typically, more than one third of total energy use in offshore platforms is allocated for water injection. Since many offshore platforms still rely on gas turbines as their main energy source, waterflooding thus accounts for a substantial portion of total CO2 emissions. The quantity of CO2 emitted depends on the injection strategy being adopted; both on the well placement and on the injection rates and pressures during production life. Traditional optimization of drainage strategies has given little heed to the cost of emissions. In this work this emission cost will be an integral part of the injection strategy optimization, as we will include the cost of emissions into our optimization objective. We formulate the optimization objective (net present value) so that it incorporates the cost of CO2 emission: Our augmented objective function includes not only revenue and cost of production, but also carbon tax proportional to CO2 emitted. Moreover, we introduce a scheme for quantifying CO2 emissions corresponding to a particular injection strategy. This scheme is based on an integrated subsurface-topside model and utilizes reservoir simulation results for calculating the energy spent by the water pump and treatment systems. This energy is then used to estimate the fuel consumption for water injection and the corresponding CO2 emissions. We conduct the optimization study using a two-dimensional numerical reservoir simulation model. In addition, we optimize over a range of CO2 tax rates and investigate how the different tax regimes affect the optimal solution and associated carbon emissions. Our results indicate that the optimal well placement is dependent on the CO2 tax rate. A higher CO2 tax rate moves the optimal injection location towards higher permeable zones. This leads to lower oil production and lower emissions. However, the relative reduction in emissions is larger than the relative reduction in oil production.
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Dalland, Cecilie. "Homeschooling in Norway During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Unequal Opportunities and Little Digital Innovation." In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1881826.
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Nes, O. M., D. Maksimov, A. Guida, V. Jambunathan, R. Engelman, and M. Evans. "Wireline Formation Stress Testing – Successful Implementation of a New Controlled Rate Bleed Off Design for Caprock and Reservoir Stress Testing on the Norwegian Continental Shelf." In SPE Norway Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218432-ms.
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Abstract While drilling a well, extended leak off tests (XLOT) can be conducted after drilling a short openhole section below the casing/liner shoe to obtain the minimum principal stress. Alternatively, the data may be obtained during plugging and abandonment (P&A) of the well. The data is used for well design, drilling, completion, abandonment, and injection optimization. The XLOT is the industry standard to obtain minimum stress data. Although it is possible to conduct more than one XLOT per section in a well cemented and perforated casing/liner, the XLOT is typically conducted just below a casing/liner shoe so only one minimum stress data point is acquired per well section. For minimum principal stress profiling over a well section, there is now an option to use wireline (WL) formation testing tools such as the Reservoir Description Tool (RDT) configured with a Straddle Packer Section (SPS). For WL stress testing, the packers are set at the desired depth and inflated to isolate approximately 1 m of formation. Filtered mud is then pumped into the packed-off interval to increase the interval pressure until the rock breaks down. Pumping is continued to propagate the fracture beyond the near wellbore stress region. The pumps are then shut down to monitor the pressure falloff which is analyzed to estimate the minimum principal stress as given by the fracture closure pressure (FCP). The volume of fluid injected in an XLOT is typically two orders of magnitude higher than the injected volume in a WL stress test, and consequently the induced fracture extends about 10-15 m from the wellbore as compared to 1-3 m for a WL stress test. This microfrac technique is applied to rocks with some permeability for fluids to naturally leak off into the formation. For very low permeability rocks like shales where there is little to no leakoff, a recent technology development provides a controlled flowback option to depressurize the packed-off interval and enable the fracture to close for minimum principal stress determination. This involves a modification of the existing injection pump design and moves the fluid from the high pressure inside the packed-off interval to the hydrostatic pressure at a controlled rate, enabling full volume control during the flowback phase. The controlled flowback pump was successfully used for the first time in a Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) well in 2021 and has since then been used in several wells on the NCS and other parts of the world. One of the NCS wells provided a unique opportunity to compare the results from WL microfrac with XLOT to verify its performance relative to the industry standard. There was good agreement in the estimated minimum stress from both measurements. This paper provides details on the design of the new flowback pump, operational details, and field results when applied in four wells at the NCS, summarizing the experience with the new WL tool.
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Lwiwa, Casiana Blasius, and Ole jørgen Nydal. "A Ray Tracer for optimizing solar concentrating systems: The case of discretized Compound Parabolic Concentrator." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192003.
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Concentrating solar systems use reflective surfaces to concentrate sunlight onto a small area, where it is absorbed and converted to heat. Many classes of concentrating collectors such as Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPCs), parabolic dish and parabolic trough are available, each with different concentrating ratio and maximum absorber temperature, depending on the type of applications. A simplified 3D Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) with 2 rings and 4 sectors has been designed. The designed CPC is cost effective as it requires only 8 mirrors to cover the reflector surface. It does not require sun tracking, but have capability to accept incoming solar radiation over a relatively wide range of angles. For further capturing of the solar radiations, tilting of the CPC during a day can be made a few times. This study aims to model the discretized 3D CPC using the ray tracing, to optimize the CPC for achieving optimal interceptions on a 0.2 m diameter cylindrical absorber, placed inside the CPC. The ray tracing methodology is presented together with the results of the interceptions on the cylindrical absorber using the discretized CPC. Results show the effect of tilting the discretized CPC is not very strong as the interception values are slightly reduced and the curves a little bit not symmetric around the normal sun angles.
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Acilar, Ali, and Øystein Sæbø. "Why do Students not Choose to Study Information Systems? A Survey Study in Norway." In InSITE 2022: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4990.
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Aim/Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore why students do not choose to study In-formation Systems. Background Demand for information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) employees and managers has been increased, with the widespread use of information technologies. IT skills shortage is a concern for industries and higher education institutions. The findings of this study can help understanding why students do not choose to study Information Systems. Methodology: This study used an online survey for data collection. The survey link was emailed to 609 undergraduate students at the University of Agder in Kristian-sand, Norway. 62 useable responses were used for analysis. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test were used for data analysis. Contribution: This study provides the results of a survey exploring why students do not choose to study Information Systems at a Norwegian university. Findings: The most indicated reason by the respondents for not choosing to study Information Systems was “little or no knowledge about IS”, followed by “lack of interest in the IS field.” Job availability was identified as the most motivating factor for the participant students in choosing to study their pro-grams at the university. The participants of this study did not consider In-formation Systems as easy to study. Recommendations for Practitioners: Candidate students should be given sufficient information about Information Systems study program and how it differs from other IT-related study pro-grams should be explained well. There is a need to better promote Information Systems study programs to candidate students. Future Research: Future studies should explore the factors impacting enrolment to Information Systems study programs with larger sample sizes and in different universities. Qualitative studies can help a deeper understanding of students’ career decisions. Future studies can also consider comparative studies in different countries.
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Wu, Hong. "Web Based vs. Web Supported Learning Environment - A Distinction of Course Organizing or Learning Style?" In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2836.
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This paper describes an online course “Construction Engineering and Project Calculations”, conducted by 0stfold University College of Norway in 2002. The course was targeted to the college’s engineering students, mainly on campus, with a possibility for off-campus course participants. It was intended to introduce online courseware (LearningSpace) as a learning tool for the course, and the students were encouraged to use LearningSpace as their basic learning tool. The course analysis indicated, however, their use of this courseware, only limited as a supportive tool, but not as a basic learning tool. The course observation also shows a factor that even for student online activities, the majority of online activities were concentrated on campus, within normal working days. Their main online activities are also categorized for assignments (duty based) with very little discussions (voluntary based). As a result, the course instructor had to conduct face-to-face lectures fully as an ordinary teaching plan. The course conducting was rather defined as a web supported, not a web based learning environment.
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Weber, Lucas Eduardo, and Débora de Gois Santos. "Lean construction e obras públicas: um mapeamento sistemático na literatura." In XI SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE GESTÃO E ECONOMIA DA CONSTRUÇÃO. Antac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/sibragec.v11i00.13.
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Public enterprises are of utmost importance for the development of a nation. However, its construction is usually characterized by several problems such as non-compliance with the deadline, the value and the poor quality presented. Thus, the applicability of the principles of Lean Construction in the public sector comes with the objective of mitigating these problems. The objective of this research was to provide an overview of research involving the themes of Lean Construction and Public Works through a Systematic Mapping Study. As a result, it was evidenced that there is little research that addresses the two themes simultaneously, but with growth of publications in recent years. Research focuses on publications in the International Group for Lean Construction, the countries with the most publications located in the Northern Hemisphere such as the United States, Norway and the United Kingdom, and the vast majority of studies are based on case studies. Thus, the need to disseminate Lean Construction and its applications in the public sector remains proven.
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Mauleón, Begoña Sáiz, Lenin Guillermo Lemus Zuñiga, Jorge E. Luzuriaga, Miguel Angel Mateo Pla, Jose Vicente Benlloch Dualde, Olga Ampuero Canellas, Jimena González-del Río Cogorno, and Nereida Tarazona Berenguer. "Empowering Youth Employment through European Digital Bootcamps (EDIBO)." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10207.
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Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are transforming every area of economic and social life all around the world. New types of jobs different from the traditional ones are created rapidly. The demand for highly skilled staff who uses technology effectively has become a requirement for success of companies and the growing industry. However, the number of IT graduates is not keeping up with the current demand. In addition, companies have little or no training programs to develop ICT skills. Initiatives from the European Economic Area (EEA) and Norway Grants to support transnational projects for Youth Employment including European Digital Bootcamps (EDIBO) contribute to increase the job opportunities for young people outside of the labour market. In this way the Sustainable Development Goal 8 which aims to “promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all” could be fulfilled. Nowadays, EDIBO is developing different training labs in order to achieve a success model of all processes involved with the organization, execution and evaluation. The goal of this document is to allow a rapid replication of the intensive ICT training among the partners of the project as well to the social innovation community in general.
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Arason, Magnús, Guðmundur Ragnarsson, Peter Collin, and Robert Hällmark. "Strengthening of steel girder bridges using coiled pins." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0038.
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<p>A requirement for heavier vehicular transport on the Norwegian road network has resulted in a demand for increased bearing capacity for many of the older bridges in the country. Many of the bridges that have been found to have insufficient capacity against present-day demands are steel girder bridges with concrete slabs without a shear connection between steel and concrete. There is a large number of bridges of this type in Norway and the paper presents strengthening of two of those, in Aust-Agder county in the south of the country. These bridges are approximately 30 m long, single span. The bearing capacity has been upgraded by installing composite action between the steel girders and the concrete slab using coiled pins, in conjunction with thickening of the bottom flange of the steel girders. To obtain composite action, the pins are fitted to tightly drilled holes through the top flange of girders up into the concrete slab. Coiled pins have not been used much for bridge applications. In the work presented, the method has been found to have advantages in terms of cost and workability. Furthermore, the method has benefits when viewed from an environmental standpoint, since it allows strengthening of existing non-composite bridges using relatively little new material, and minimizes traffic disruptions.</p>
Reports on the topic "Little Norway"
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Tyson, Paul. Australia: Pioneering the New Post-Political Normal in the Bio-Security State. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp10en.
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This paper argues that liberal democratic politics in Australia is in a life-threatening crisis. Australia is on the verge of slipping into a techno-feudal (post-capitalist) and post-political (new Centrist) state of perpetual emergency. Citizens in Australia, be they of the Left or Right, must make an urgent attempt to wrest power from an increasingly non-political Centrism. Within this Centrism, government is deeply captured by the international corporate interests of Big Tech, Big Natural Resources, Big Media, and Big Pharma, as beholden to the economic necessities of the neoliberal world order (Big Finance). Australia now illustrates what the post-political ‘new normal’ of a high-tech enabled bio-security state actually looks like. It may even be that the liberal democratic state is now little more than a legal fiction in Australia. This did not happen over-night, but Australia has been sliding in this direction for the past three decades. The paper outlines that slide and shows how the final bump down (covid) has now positioned Australia as a world leader among post-political bio-security states.
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Pichersky, Eran, Alexander Vainstein, and Natalia Dudareva. Scent biosynthesis in petunia flowers under normal and adverse environmental conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699859.bard.
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The ability of flowering plants to prosper throughout evolution, and for many crop plants to set fruit, is strongly dependent on their ability to attract pollinators. To that end many plants synthesize a spectrum of volatile compounds in their flowers. Scent is a highly dynamic trait that is strongly influenced by the environment. However, with high temperature conditions becoming more common, the molecular interplay between this type of stress and scent biosynthesis need to be investigated. Using petunia as a model system, our project had three objectives: (1) Determine the expression patterns of genes encoding biosynthetic scent genes (BSGs) and of several genes previously identified as encoding transcription factors involved in scent regulation under normal and elevated temperature conditions. (2) Examine the function of petunia transcription factors and a heterologous transcription factor, PAPl, in regulating genes of the phenylpropanoid/benzenoid scent pathway. (3) Study the mechanism of transcriptional regulation by several petunia transcription factors and PAPl of scent genes under normal and elevated temperature conditions by examining the interactions between these transcription factors and the promoters of target genes. Our work accomplished the first two goals but was unable to complete the third goal because of lack of time and resources. Our general finding was that when plants grew at higher temperatures (28C day/22C night, vs. 22C/16C), their scent emission decreased in general, with the exception of a few volatiles such as vanillin. To understand why, we looked at gene transcription levels, and saw that generally there was a good correlation between levels of transcriptions of gene specifying enzymes for specific scent compounds and levels of emission of the corresponding scent compounds. Enzyme activity levels, however, showed little difference between plants growing at different temperature regimes. Plants expressing the heterologous gene PAPl showed general increase in scent emission in control temperature conditions but emission decreased at the higher temperature conditions, as seen for control plants. Finally, expression of several transcription factor genes decreased at high temperature, but expression of new transcription factor, EOB-V, increased, implicating it in the decrease of transcription of BSGs. The major conclusion of this work is that high temperature conditions negatively affect scent emission from plants, but that some genetic engineering approaches could ameliorate this problem.
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Brenan, J. M., K. Woods, J. E. Mungall, and R. Weston. Origin of chromitites in the Esker Intrusive Complex, Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite, as revealed by chromite trace element chemistry and simple crystallization models. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328981.
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To better constrain the origin of the chromitites associated with the Esker Intrusive Complex (EIC) of the Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite (RoFIS), a total of 50 chromite-bearing samples from the Black Thor, Big Daddy, Blackbird, and Black Label chromite deposits have been analysed for major and trace elements. The samples represent three textural groups, as defined by the relative abundance of cumulate silicate phases and chromite. To provide deposit-specific partition coefficients for modeling, we also report on the results of laboratory experiments to measure olivine- and chromite-melt partitioning of V and Ga, which are two elements readily detectable in the chromites analysed. Comparison of the Cr/Cr+Al and Fe/Fe+Mg of the EIC chromites and compositions from previous experimental studies indicates overlap in Cr/Cr+Al between the natural samples and experiments done at &gt;1400oC, but significant offset of the natural samples to higher Fe/Fe+Mg. This is interpreted to be the result of subsolidus Fe-Mg exchange between chromite and the silicate matrix. However, little change in Cr/Cr+Al from magmatic values, owing to the lack of an exchangeable reservoir for these elements. A comparison of the composition of the EIC chromites and a subset of samples from other tectonic settings reveals a strong similarity to chromites from the similarly-aged Munro Township komatiites. Partition coefficients for V and Ga are consistent with past results in that both elements are compatible in chromite (DV = 2-4; DGa ~ 3), and incompatible in olivine (DV = 0.01-0.14; DGa ~ 0.02), with values for V increasing with decreasing fO2. Simple fractional crystallization models that use these partition coefficients are developed that monitor the change in element behaviour based on the relative proportions of olivine to chromite in the crystallizing assemblage; from 'normal' cotectic proportions involving predominantly olivine, to chromite-only crystallization. Comparison of models to the natural chromite V-Ga array suggests that the overall positive correlation between these two elements is consistent with chromite formed from a Munro Township-like komatiitic magma crystallizing olivine and chromite in 'normal' cotectic proportions, with no evidence of the strong depletion in these elements expected for chromite-only crystallization. The V-Ga array can be explained if the initial magma responsible for chromite formation is slightly reduced with respect to the FMQ oxygen buffer (~FMQ- 0.5), and has assimilated up to ~20% of wall-rock banded iron formation or granodiorite. Despite the evidence for contamination, results indicate that the EIC chromitites crystallized from 'normal' cotectic proportions of olivine to chromite, and therefore no specific causative link is made between contamination and chromitite formation. Instead, the development of near- monomineralic chromite layers likely involves the preferential removal of olivine relative to chromite by physical segregation during magma flow. As suggested for some other chromitite-forming systems, the specific fluid dynamic regime during magma emplacement may therefore be responsible for crystal sorting and chromite accumulation.
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Bolton, Laura. Donor Support for the Human Rights of LGBT+. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.100.
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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the bilateral and multilateral donors promoting and protecting the human rights of LGBT+ people on a global scale. It focusses on those donors that have policies, implementation plans and programmes on LGBT+ rights. This review also examines the evidence on the impact of their work. The bilateral donors providing the most support for LGBT+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, +) communities in 2017-18 are the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), UK Department for International Development (DFID), The Netherlands Development Cooperation, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), and the European Commission (EC). Whilst the multilateral donors providing the most support for LGBT+ are the UN and World Bank. The United Nations (UN) is doing a huge amount of work on LGBT+ rights across the organisation which there was not scope to fully explore in this report. The UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (UNOCHR) in particular is doing a lot on this theme. They publish legal obligation information, call attention to rights abuses through general assembly resolutions. The dialogue with governments, monitor violations and support human rights treaties bodies. The work of the World Bank in this area focuses on inclusion rather than rights. A small number of projects were identified which receive funding from bilateral and multilateral donors. These were AMSHeR, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), and Stonewall. This rapid review focused on identifying donor support for LGBT+ rights, therefore, searches were limited to general databases and donor websites, utilising non-academic and donor literature. Much of the information comes directly from websites and these are footnoted throughout the report. Little was identified in the way of impact evaluation within the scope of this report. The majority of projects found through searches were non-governmental and so not the focus of this report.
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Chen, Junping, Zach Adam, and Arie Admon. The Role of FtsH11 Protease in Chloroplast Biogenesis and Maintenance at Elevated Temperatures in Model and Crop Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699845.bard.
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specific objectives of this proposal were to: 1) determine the location, topology, and oligomerization of FtsH11 protease; 2) identify the substrate/s of FtsH11 and the downstream components involved in maintaining thermostability of chloroplasts; 3) identify new elements involved in FtsH11 protease regulatory network related to HT adaptation processes in chloroplast; 4) Study the role of FtsH11 homologs from crop species in HT tolerance. Background to the topic: HT-tolerant varieties that maintain high photosynthetic efficiency at HT, and cope better with daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations are in great need to alleviate the effect of global warming on food production. Photosynthesis is a very complex process requiring accurate coordination of many complex systems and constant adjustments to the changing environments. Proteolytic activities mediated by various proteases in chloroplast are essential part of this process and critical for maintaining normal chloroplast functions under HT. However, little is known about mechanisms that contribute to adaptation of photosynthetic processes to HT. Our study has shown that a chloroplast-targeted Arabidopsis FtsH11 protease plays an essential and specific role in maintaining thermostability of thylakoids and normal photosynthesis at moderate HT. We hypothesized that FtsH11 homologs recently identified in other plant species might have roles similarly to that of AtFtsH1. Thus, dissecting the underlying mechanisms of FtsH11 in the adaptation mechanisms in chloroplasts to HT stress and other elements involved will aid our effort to produce more agricultural products in less favorable environments. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements - Identified the chloroplast inner envelope membrane localization of FtsH11. - Revealed a specific association of FtsH11 with the a and b subunits of CPN60. - Identified the involvement of ARC6, a protein coordinates chloroplast division machineries in plants, in FtsH11 mediated HT adaptation process in chloroplast. -Reveal possible association of a polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (cpPNPase), coded by At3G03710, with FtsH11 mediated HT adaptation process in chloroplast. - Mapped 4 additional loci in FtsH11 mediated HT adaptation network in chloroplast. - Demonstrated importance of the proteolytic activity of FtsH11 for thermotolerance, in addition to the ATPase activity. - Demonstrated a conserved role of plant FtsH11 proteases in chloroplast biogenesis and in maintaining structural and functional thermostability of chloroplast at elevated temperatures. Implications, both scientific and agricultural:Three different components interacting with FtsH11 were identified during the course of this study. At present, it is not known whether these proteins are directly involved in FtsH11mediated thermotolerance network in chloroplast and/or how these elements are interrelated. Studies aiming to connect the dot among biological functions of these networks are underway in both labs. Nevertheless, in bacteria where it was first studied, FtsH functions in heat shock response by regulating transcription level of σ32, a heat chock factor regulates HSPsexpression. FtsH also involves in control of biosynthesis of membrane components and quality control of membrane proteins etc. In plants, both Arc 6 and CPN60 identified in this study are essential in chloroplast division and developments as mutation of either one impairs chloroplast division in Arabidopsis. The facts that we have found the specific association of both α and β CPN60 with FtsH11 protein biochemically, the suppression/ enhancement of ftsh11 thermosensitive phenotype by arc6 /pnp allele genetically, implicate inter-connection of these networks via FtsH11 mediated network(s) in regulating the dynamic adaptation processes of chloroplast to temperature increases at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The conserved role of FtsH11 proteases in maintaining thermostability of chloroplast at HT demonstrated here provides a foundation for improving crop photosynthetic performance at high temperatures.
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Pesis, Edna, and Mikal Saltveit. Postharvest Delay of Fruit Ripening by Metabolites of Anaerobic Respiration: Acetaldehyde and Ethanol. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604923.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The use of pretreatments for 24 h prior to storage, under anaerobic condtions, or in the presence of the natural metabolic products, acetaldehyde (AA) and ethanol, to delay fruit ripening, was found to be effective with several climacteric fruits, among them avocado, mango, peach and tomato. The delay in ripening of avocado, peach and tomato was accompanied by inhibition of ethylene production and of fruit softening. The maintenance of fruit firmness was associated with a decrease in the activities of cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including endoglucanases (Cx), polygalacturonases (PG) and b-galactosidases. In peaches the AA- and N2-treated fruits were firmer after 3 weeks storage and contained higher amount of insoluble pectin than untreated controls. We showed that AA vapors are able to inhibit ripening, ethylene production and ethylene induction in the presence of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ADD) in avocado and mango tissue. Ethylene induced by ACC is taken as an indicator of ACC oxidase activity. ACC oxidase activity in AA-treated avocado fruit was much lower than in the untreated fruit. In carnation flowers very little ethylene was produced by ethanol-treated flowers, and the normal increases in ACC content and ACC oxidase activity were also suppressed. Using kinetic studies and inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), we showed that AA, not ethanol, was the active molecule in inhibiting ripening of tomato fruit. Application of anaerobiosis or anaerobic metabolites was effective in reduction of chilling injury (CI) in various plant tissues. Pretreatment with a low-O2 atmosphere reduced CI symptoms in avocado; this effect was associated with higher content of the free sylfhydryl (SH) group, and induction of the detoxification enzymes, catalase and peroxidase. Application of AA maintained firmer and brighter pulp tissue (non-oxidative), which was associated with higher free SH content, lower ethylene and ACC oxidase activities, and higher activities of catalase and peroxidase. Ethanol was found to reduce CI in other plant tissue. In roots of 24-h-old germinated cucumber seeds, exposure to 0.4-M ethanol shock for 4 h reduced chilling-induced ion leakage. In cucumber cotyledons it appears that alcohols may reduce CI by inducing stomata closure. In cotyledon discs held in N2 at 10C for 1 day, there accumulated sufficient endogenously synthesized ethanol to confer tolerance to chilling at 2.5C for 5 days.
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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.
Full textAbstract:
Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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Wagner, D. Ry, Eliezer Lifschitz, and Steve A. Kay. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Flowering in Arabidopsis and Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585198.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The primary objectives for the US lab included: the characterization of ELF3 transcription and translation; the creation and characterization of various transgenic lines that misexpress ELF3; defining genetic pathways related to ELF3 function regulating floral initiation in Arabidopsis; and the identification of genes that either interact with or are regulated by ELF3. Light quality, photoperiod, and temperature often act as important and, for some species, essential environmental cues for the initiation of flowering. However, there is relatively little information on the molecular mechanisms that directly regulate the developmental pathway from the reception of the inductive light signals to the onset of flowering and the initiation of floral meristems. The ELF3 gene was identified as possibly having a role in light-mediated floral regulation since elj3 mutants not only flower early, but exhibit light-dependent circadian defects. We began investigating ELF3's role in light signalling and flowering by cloning the ELF3 gene. ELF3 is a novel gene only present in plant species; however, there is an ELF3 homolog within Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis elj3 mutation causes arrhythmic circadian output in continuous light; however, we show conclusively normal circadian function with no alteration of period length in elj3 mutants in dark conditions and that the light-dependent arrhythmia observed in elj3 mutants is pleiotropic on multiple outputs regardless of phase. Plants overexpressing ELF3 have an increased period length in constant light and flower late in long-days; furthermore, etiolated ELF3-overexpressing seedlings exhibit a decreased acute CAB2 response after a red light pulse, whereas the null mutant is hypersensitive to acute induction. This finding suggests that ELF3 negatively regulates light input to both the clock and its outputs. To determine whether ELF3's action is phase dependent, we examined clock resetting by light pulses and constructed phase response curves. Absence of ELF3 activity causes a significant alteration of the phase response curve during the subjective night, and overexpression of ELF3 results in decreased sensitivity to the resetting stimulus, suggesting that ELF3 antagonizes light input to the clock during the night. Indeed, the ELF3 protein interacts with the photoreceptor PHYB in the yeast two-hybrid assay and in vitro. The phase ofELF3 function correlates with its peak expression levels of transcript and protein in the subjective night. ELF3 action, therefore, represents a mechanism by which the oscillator modulates light resetting. Furthermore, flowering time is dependent upon proper expression ofELF3. Scientifically, we've made a big leap in the understanding of the circadian system and how it is coupled so tightly with light reception in terms of period length and clock resetting. Agriculturally, understanding more about the way in which the clock perceives and relays temporal information to pathways such as those involved in the floral transition can lead to increased crop yields by enabling plants to be grown in suboptimal conditions.
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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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Ficht, Thomas, Gary Splitter, Menachem Banai, and Menachem Davidson. Characterization of B. Melinensis REV 1 Attenuated Mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580667.bard.
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Brucella Mutagenesis (TAMU) The working hypothesis for this study was that survival of Brucella vaccines was directly related to their persistence in the host. This premise is based on previously published work detailing the survival of the currently employed vaccine strains S19 and Rev 1. The approach employed signature-tagged mutagenesis to construct mutants interrupted in individual genes, and the mouse model to identify mutants with attenuated virulence/survival. Intracellular survival in macrophages is the key to both reproductive disease in ruminants and reticuloendothelial disease observed in most other species. Therefore, the mouse model permitted selection of mutants of reduced intracellular survival that would limit their ability to cause reproductive disease in ruminants. Several classes of mutants were expected. Colonization/invasion requires gene products that enhance host-agent interaction or increase resistance to antibacterial activity in macrophages. The establishment of chronic infection requires gene products necessary for intracellular bacterial growth. Maintenance of chronic infection requires gene products that sustain a low-level metabolism during periods characterized little or no growth (1, 2). Of these mutants, the latter group was of greatest interest with regard to our originally stated premise. However, the results obtained do not necessarily support a simplistic model of vaccine efficacy, i.e., long-survival of vaccine strains provides better immunity. Our conclusion can only be that optimal vaccines will only be developed with a thorough understanding of host agent interaction, and will be preferable to the use of fortuitous isolates of unknown genetic background. Each mutant could be distinguished from among a group of mutants by PCR amplification of the signature tag (5). This approach permitted infection of mice with pools of different mutants (including the parental wild-type as a control) and identified 40 mutants with apparently defective survival characteristics that were tentatively assigned to three distinct classes or groups. Group I (n=13) contained organisms that exhibited reduced survival at two weeks post-infection. Organisms in this group were recovered at normal levels by eight weeks and were not studied further, since they may persist in the host. Group II (n=11) contained organisms that were reduced by 2 weeks post infection and remained at reduced levels at eight weeks post-infection. Group III (n=16) contained mutants that were normal at two weeks, but recovered at reduced levels at eight weeks. A subset of these mutants (n= 15) was confirmed to be attenuated in mixed infections (1:1) with the parental wild-type. One of these mutants was eliminated from consideration due to a reduced growth rate in vitro that may account for its apparent growth defect in the mouse model. Although the original plan involved construction of the mutant bank in B. melitensis Rev 1 the low transformability of this strain, prevented accumulation of the necessary number of mutants. In addition, the probability that Rev 1 already carries one genetic defect increases the likelihood that a second defect will severely compromise the survival of this organism. Once key genes have been identified, it is relatively easy to prepare the appropriate genetic constructs (knockouts) lacking these genes in B. melitensis Rev 1 or any other genetic background. The construction of "designer" vaccines is expected to improve immune protection resulting from minor sequence variation corresponding to geographically distinct isolates or to design vaccines for use in specific hosts. A.2 Mouse Model of Brucella Infection (UWISC) Interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient (IRF-1-/- mice have diverse immunodeficient phenotypes that are necessary for conferring proper immune protection to intracellular bacterial infection, such as a 90% reduction of CD8+ T cells, functionally impaired NK cells, as well as a deficiency in iNOS and IL-12p40 induction. Interestingly, IRF-1-/- mice infected with diverse Brucella abortus strains reacted differently in a death and survival manner depending on the dose of injection and the level of virulence. Notably, 50% of IRF-1-/- mice intraperitoneally infected with a sublethal dose in C57BL/6 mice, i.e., 5 x 105 CFU of virulent S2308 or the attenuated vaccine S19, died at 10 and 20 days post-infection, respectively. Interestingly, the same dose of RB51, an attenuated new vaccine strain, did not induce the death of IRF-1-/- mice for the 4 weeks of infection. IRF-1-/- mice infected with four more other genetically manipulated S2308 mutants at 5 x 105 CFU also reacted in a death or survival manner depending on the level of virulence. Splenic CFU from C57BL/6 mice infected with 5 x 105 CFU of S2308, S19, or RB51, as well as four different S2308 mutants supports the finding that reduced virulence correlates with survival Of IRF-1-/- mice. Therefore, these results suggest that IRF-1 regulation of multi-gene transcription plays a crucial role in controlling B. abortus infection, and IRF-1 mice could be used as an animal model to determine the degree of B. abortus virulence by examining death or survival. A3 Diagnostic Tests for Detection of B. melitensis Rev 1 (Kimron) In this project we developed an effective PCR tool that can distinguish between Rev1 field isolates and B. melitensis virulent field strains. This has allowed, for the first time, to monitor epidemiological outbreaks of Rev1 infection in vaccinated flocks and to clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of the strain from vaccinated ewes to unvaccinated ones. Moreover, two human isolates were characterized as Rev1 isolates implying the risk of use of improperly controlled lots of the vaccine in the national campaign. Since atypical B. melitensis biotype 1 strains have been characterized in Israel, the PCR technique has unequivocally demonstrated that strain Rev1 has not diverted into a virulent mutant. In addition, we could demonstrate that very likely a new prototype biotype 1 strain has evolved in the Middle East compared to the classical strain 16M. All the Israeli field strains have been shown to differ from strain 16M in the PstI digestion profile of the omp2a gene sequence suggesting that the local strains were possibly developed as a separate branch of B. melitensis. Should this be confirmed these data suggest that the Rev1 vaccine may not be an optimal vaccine strain for the Israeli flocks as it shares the same omp2 PstI digestion profile as strain 16M.