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Journal articles on the topic 'Live parasites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Harwood, David. "Parasites in the goat." Livestock 19, no. 6 (2014): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2014.19.6.360.

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Combes, C., and S. Morand. "Do parasites live in extreme environments? Constructing hostile niches and living in them." Parasitology 119, S1 (1999): S107—S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000084663.

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SUMMARYWe develop the hypothesis that parasites do not invade extreme environments, i.e. hostile hosts, but rather ‘create’ them. We argue that parasites may have driven the evolution of the constitutive and adaptive immune system. This leads to several implications. First, parasites respond to ‘genes to kill’ by ‘genes to survive’ and this triggers an indefinite selection of measures and counter-measures. Second, these revolutionary arms races may lead to local adaptation, in which parasite populations perform better on local hosts. Third, the evolution of the immune system, whose responses a

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Buckner, Frederick S., Aaron J. Wilson та Wesley C. Van Voorhis. "Detection of Live Trypanosoma cruzi in Tissues of Infected Mice by Using Histochemical Stain for β-Galactosidase". Infection and Immunity 67, № 1 (1999): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.1.403-409.1999.

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ABSTRACT The pathogenesis of tissue damage in chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection has been a subject of long-standing debate. Conventional staining methods reveal a paucity of parasites in tissues from chronically infected individuals, which has led to the theory that the pathologic findings may be primarily autoimmune in origin. Immunostaining for T. cruzi antigens or in situ PCR methods show evidence for parasite components in chronic tissues; however, these methods do not address whether the stained material represents parasite debris or live organisms. An improved method for detecting inta

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Rénia, Laurent, Anne Charlotte Grüner, Marjorie Mauduit, and Georges Snounou. "Vaccination against malaria with live parasites." Expert Review of Vaccines 5, no. 4 (2006): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.5.4.473.

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Tabbara, Khaled S., Nathan C. Peters, Farhat Afrin, et al. "Conditions Influencing the Efficacy of Vaccination with Live Organisms against Leishmania major Infection." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (2005): 4714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.4714-4722.2005.

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ABSTRACT Numerous experimental vaccines have been developed with the goal of generating long-term cell-mediated immunity to the obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania major, yet inoculation with live, wild-type L. major remains the only successful vaccine in humans. We examined the expression of immunity at the site of secondary, low-dose challenge in the ear dermis to determine the kinetics of parasite clearance and the early events associated with the protection conferred by vaccination with live L. major organisms in C57BL/6 mice. Particular attention was given to the route of vaccinati

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Omeji, S., S. G. Solomon, and E. S. Idoga. "A Comparative Study of the Common Protozoan Parasites ofClarias gariepinusfrom the Wild and Cultured Environments in Benue State, Nigeria." Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/916489.

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A total of one hundred and twentyClarias gariepinuscomprising 30 dead and 30 live fishes were examined for protozoan parasites infestation, sixty each from the wild and a pond (cultured environment) over a period of six months.Ichthyophthirius multifiliiswas the most common protozoan parasites found inC. gariepinusfrom the wild (River Benue) and cultured (pond) environments. These protozoan parasites constitute 37.08% of the total parasites encountered for fishes in the pond and 42.51% of fishes in the wild. Among the body parts of the sampled fishes from the pond, the gills had the highest pa

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Bhattacharya, Parna, Ranadhir Dey, Pradeep K. Dagur, et al. "Genetically Modified Live Attenuated Leishmania donovani Parasites Induce Innate Immunity through Classical Activation of Macrophages That Direct the Th1 Response in Mice." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 10 (2015): 3800–3815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00184-15.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes significant mortality and there is no effective vaccine. Previously, we have shown that genetically modifiedLeishmania donovaniparasites, here described as live attenuated parasites, induce a host protective adaptive immune response in various animal models. In this study, we demonstrate an innate immune response upon infection with live attenuated parasites in macrophages from BALB/c mice bothin vitroandin vivo. In vitroinfection of macrophages with live attenuated parasites (compared to that with wild-type [WT]L. donovaniparasites) induced significantly hig

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Chamidah, Dina. "Jenis-jenis Benalu dengan Tanaman Inang Pada Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kota Surabaya." Ibriez : Jurnal Kependidikan Dasar Islam Berbasis Sains 2, no. 2 (2017): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/ibriez.v2i2.38.

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Green Open Space serves as a container for human life, both individually and in groups, as well as other creature containers to live and thrive in a sustainable manner. The beauty and value of the benefits of plants in the Green Open Space are often disturbed by the presence of parasites. The presence of parasites often indicates the occurrence of disturbance or damage to host plants that paraded. Benalu has been widely known by the community, but has never received attention in handling it. There has been little research on crop damage or loss caused by parasites. The purpose of this research

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Jarra, William, and Georges Snounou. "Only Viable Parasites Are Detected by PCR following Clearance of Rodent Malarial Infections by Drug Treatment or Immune Responses." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 8 (1998): 3783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.8.3783-3787.1998.

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ABSTRACT Detection and analysis of pathogens by PCR plays an important role in infectious disease research. The value of these studies would be diminished if nuclear material from dead parasites were found to remain in circulation for extended periods and thus result in positive amplification. This possibility was tested in experimental rodent malaria infections. Blood samples were obtained from infected mice during and following drug or immune clearance of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi parasitemias. Detection of parasite DNA by a sensitive Plasmodium-specific PCR amplification assay was associ

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10

Waterfall, Martin, Antony Black та Eleanor Riley. "γδ+ T Cells Preferentially Respond to Live Rather than Killed Malaria Parasites". Infection and Immunity 66, № 5 (1998): 2393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.5.2393-2398.1998.

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ABSTRACT We have compared the in vitro responses of peripheral blood T cells from malaria-unexposed donors to live Plasmodium falciparumschizonts, freeze-thawed schizont extracts (P. falciparumschizont extracts [PfSE]), and parasite culture supernatants. We show that the cells responding to PfSE and parasite culture supernatants are predominantly CD4+ TCRαβ+ while in the presence of live schizonts there is an additional activation of TCRγδ+ cells. Activation of TCRγδ+cells in response to PfSE was seen only when irradiated autologous feeder cells or recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) was added to

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INNES, E. A., and A. N. VERMEULEN. "Vaccination as a control strategy against the coccidial parasitesEimeria,ToxoplasmaandNeospora." Parasitology 133, S2 (2006): S145—S168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006001855.

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The protozoan parasitesEimeriaspp.Toxoplasma gondiiandNeospora caninumare significant causes of disease in livestock worldwide andT. gondiiis also an important human pathogen. Drugs have been used with varying success to help control aspects of these diseases and commercial vaccines are available for all three groups of parasites. However, there are issues with increasing development of resistance to many of the anti-coccidial drugs used to help control avian eimeriosis and public concerns about the use of drugs in food animals. In addition there are no drugs available that can act against the

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BARTLEY, P. M., S. WRIGHT, F. CHIANINI, D. BUXTON, and E. A. INNES. "Inoculation of Balb/c mice with live attenuated tachyzoites protects against a lethal challenge ofNeospora caninum." Parasitology 135, no. 1 (2007): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003526.

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SUMMARYNeospora caninumtachyzoites attenuated through passage in tissue culture were tested for their ability to induce protective immunity against a lethal challenge dose of parasites. Balb/c mice were each inoculated with either 1×106live virulent tachyzoites (Group 1) or 1×106live attenuated tachyzoites (Group 2), while (Group 3) received a control inoculum. All mice were each challenged 28 days later with 5×106virulent parasites. Histopathological lesions in the brains including necrosis and microgliosis were observed following post-mortem on day 28 post-challenge (p.c.) in 71% of Group 1

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Woods, Gregory M., A. Bruce Lyons, and Silvana S. Bettiol. "A Devil of a Transmissible Cancer." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 2 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020050.

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Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) encompasses two independent transmissible cancers that have killed the majority of Tasmanian devils. The cancer cells are derived from Schwann cells and are spread between devils during biting, a common behavior during the mating season. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a parasite as “An organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from, or at, the expense of its host.” Most cancers, including DFTD, live within a host organism and derive resources from its host, and consequently have parasitic-like features. Devil

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Al-Anouti, Fatme, Stanislas Tomavo, Stephen Parmley, and Sirinart Ananvoranich. "The Expression of Lactate Dehydrogenase Is Important for the Cell Cycle ofToxoplasma gondii." Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, no. 50 (2004): 52300–52311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m409175200.

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InToxoplasma gondii, lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by two independent and developmentally regulated genesLDH1andLDH2. These genes and their products have been implicated in the control of a metabolic flux during parasite differentiation. To investigate the significance ofLDH1andLDH2in this process, we generated stable transgenic parasite lines in which the expression of these two expressed isoforms of lactate dehydrogenase was knocked down in a stage-specific manner. TheseLDHknockdown parasites exhibited variable growth rates in either the tachyzoite or the bradyzoite stage, as compared wit

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Nee, S., and J. Maynard Smith. "The evolutionary biology of molecular parasites." Parasitology 100, S1 (1990): S5—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000072978.

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A parasite can be considered to be the device of a nucleic acid which allows it to exploit the gene products of other nucleic acid–the host organisms. In this view, all parasites are ‘molecular parasites’. But it is interesting to restrict our attention to nucleic acids which do not encode organisms, as these live in a purely molecular world which lacks emergent features such as fangs and ovipositors. Viruses and transposons are molecular parasites in this sense. Most viral nucleic acids do code for some proteins, such as replicases and the protein shell in which they travel between their cell

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Soto, Manuel, Laura Ramírez, José Carlos Solana, et al. "Inoculation of the Leishmania infantum HSP70-II Null Mutant Induces Long-Term Protection against L. amazonensis Infection in BALB/c Mice." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020363.

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Leishmania amazonensis parasites are etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. BALB/c mice are highly susceptible to L. amazonensis challenge due to their inability to mount parasite-dependent IFN-γ-mediated responses. Here, we analyzed the capacity of a single administration of the LiΔHSP70-II genetically-modified attenuated L. infantum line in preventing cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice challenged with L. amazonensis virulent parasites. In previous studies, this live attenuated vaccine has demonstrated to induce long-protection against murine leishmaniasis due to Old Wor

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17

Rénia, L. "Protective immunity against malaria liver stage after vaccination with live parasites." Parasite 15, no. 3 (2008): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2008153379.

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Phelps, Eric D., Kristin R. Sweeney, and Ira J. Blader. "Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Discharge Correlates with Activation of the Early Growth Response 2 Host Cell Transcription Factor." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 10 (2008): 4703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01447-07.

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ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite that can cause severe disease in fetuses and immune-compromised patients. Rhoptries, micronemes, and dense granules, which are secretory organelles unique to Toxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites, play critical roles in parasite growth and virulence. To understand how these organelles modulate infected host cells, we sought to identify host cell transcription factors triggered by their release. Early growth response 2 (EGR2) is a host cell transcription factor that is rapidly upregulated and activated in Toxoplasma-infected

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MASEK, K. S., P. ZHU, B. D. FREEDMAN, and C. A. HUNTER. "Toxoplasma gondii induces changes in intracellular calcium in macrophages." Parasitology 134, no. 14 (2007): 1973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003447.

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SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that interacts with calcium storage organelles and induces calcium-dependent signalling in macrophages. This study was performed to determine whether Toxoplasma induces changes in intracellular calcium in these cells. Ratiometric imaging of live, Fura-2 loaded macrophages challenged with T. gondii revealed robust elevations in intracellular calcium. These elevations were late in onset, beginning 15–20 min after addition of parasites and occurred in up to 20% of macrophages in an imaging field. Further characterization of these even

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Römisch, Karin. "Diversion at the ER: How Plasmodium falciparum exports proteins into host erythrocytes." F1000Research 1 (December 7, 2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-12.v2.

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Malaria is caused by parasites which live in host erythrocytes and remodel these cells to provide optimally for the parasites’ needs by exporting effector proteins into the host cells. Eight years ago the discovery of a host cell targeting sequence present in both soluble and transmembrane P. falciparum exported proteins generated a starting point for investigating the mechanism of parasite protein transport into infected erythrocytes. Since then many confusing facts about this targeting signal have emerged. In this paper, I try to make sense of them.

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STROHBUSCH, M., N. MÜLLER, A. HEMPHILL, G. GREIF, and B. GOTTSTEIN. "NcGRA2as a molecular target to assess the parasiticidal activity of toltrazuril againstNeospora caninum." Parasitology 135, no. 9 (2008): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004599.

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SUMMARYThe treatment ofNeospora caninuminfection in the bovine host is still at an experimental stage. In contrast to thein vivosituation, a wide range of compounds have been intensively investigated in cell-culture-based assays. Tools to demonstrate efficacy of treatment have remained conventional including morphological and cell biological criteria. In this work, we present a molecular assay that allows the distinction between live and dead parasites. Live parasites can be detected by measuring the mRNA level of specific genes, making use of the specific mRNA available in live cells. TheNcGr

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Veerappan, Annamalai, Jerome H. Siegel, Jiri Podany, Romulo Prudente, and Alvin Gelb. "Fasciola hepatica pancreatitis: endoscopic extraction of live parasites." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 37, no. 4 (1991): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(91)70784-0.

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23

Heil, Martin. "Manipulators live better, but are they always parasites?" Trends in Plant Science 20, no. 9 (2015): 538–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.08.001.

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Zhao, Zhe, Hui Lin Ding, and Liang Jun Wu. "Research on Parasitic Infections in Raw Seafood Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.180.

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Seafood products has a long history and the teachings ‘Raw crabs and shrimp live’ spread among people. This study carrys out an investigation into parasitic infections of raw seafood of Qinhuangdao through sampling, smearing, UV examination and statistical methods. The experimental datas we get tell that there is various kinds of parasite lar-vae in body of shrimp frequently and metacercariae in crabs. The seafood likeoster and clam aren't without parasites also. Experiments show that the lung fl-uke metacercaria could live about 48 hours in Salt solution with concentration-f 10%, 43 hours in

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Torres-Chablé, Oswaldo Margarito, Ricardo Alfonso García-Herrera, Melchor Hernández-Hernández, et al. "Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic dogs in Tabasco, southeastern Mexico." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24, no. 4 (2015): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612015077.

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Abstract The overall goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in dogs in the city of Villahermosa in Tabasco, Mexico. The study population consisted of 302 owned dogs that had limited access to public areas. A fecal sample was collected from each animal and examined for GI parasites by conventional macroscopic analysis and centrifugal flotation. Fecal samples from 80 (26.5%) dogs contained GI parasites. Of these, 58 (19.2%) were positive for helminths and 22 (7.3%) were positive for protozoan parasites. At least seven parasitic species were identifie

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Gascoigne, Emily, and Ben Dustan. "Health planning for goats." Livestock 24, no. 6 (2019): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.6.305.

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There is evidence that goat numbers are increasing in the UK in both pet and commercial settings and with that a demand for health planning and veterinary surgeons who are familiar with and comfortable advising keepers. In this article we consider the main challenges for keepers of herds of all sizes including routine procedures, parasites, lameness and some of the obstacles for veterinary surgeons such as the lack of licensed medicines and limited evidence-based medicine breadth.

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Abshire, James R., Christopher J. Rowlands, Suresh M. Ganesan, Peter T. C. So, and Jacquin C. Niles. "Quantification of labile heme in live malaria parasites using a genetically encoded biosensor." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 11 (2017): E2068—E2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615195114.

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Heme is ubiquitous, yet relatively little is known about the maintenance of labile pools of this cofactor, which likely ensures its timely bioavailability for proper cellular function. Quantitative analysis of labile heme is of fundamental importance to understanding how nature preserves access to the diverse chemistry heme enables, while minimizing cellular damage caused by its redox activity. Here, we have developed and characterized a protein-based sensor that undergoes fluorescence quenching upon heme binding. By genetically encoding this sensor in the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium f

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Hart, Benjamin L., and Lynette A. Hart. "How mammals stay healthy in nature: the evolution of behaviours to avoid parasites and pathogens." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (2018): 20170205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0205.

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Mammals live and thrive in environments presenting ongoing threats from parasites in the form of biting flies, ticks and intestinal worms and from pathogens as wound contaminants and agents of infectious disease. Several strategies have evolved that enable animals to deal with parasites and pathogens, including eliminating away from the sleeping–resting areas, use of an array of grooming techniques, use of saliva in licking, and consuming medicinal plant-based compounds. These strategies all are species-specific and reflect the particular environment that the animal inhabits. This article is p

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OURA, C. A. L., R. BISHOP, B. B. ASIIMWE, P. SPOONER, G. W. LUBEGA, and A. TAIT. "Theileria parva live vaccination: parasite transmission, persistence and heterologous challenge in the field." Parasitology 134, no. 9 (2007): 1205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007002557.

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SUMMARYThe ‘Muguga cocktail’ live vaccine, delivered by an infection and treatment protocol, has been widely deployed in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa to protect cattle against East Coast fever, caused by Theileria parva. The vaccine contains 3 component stocks (Muguga, Serengeti-transformed and Kiambu 5). In a previous study, parasites from vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were genotyped with a panel of micro- and minisatellite markers (Oura et al.2004a) and it was shown that only the Kiambu 5 stock establishes a long-term carrier state but there was no evidence for the transmission

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Stoldt, Marah, Linda Klein, Sara Beros, et al. "Parasite Presence Induces Gene Expression Changes in an Ant Host Related to Immunity and Longevity." Genes 12, no. 1 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010095.

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Most species are either parasites or exploited by parasites, making parasite–host interactions a driver of evolution. Parasites with complex life cycles often evolve strategies to facilitate transmission to the definitive host by manipulating their intermediate host. Such manipulations could explain phenotypic changes in the ant Temnothorax nylanderi, the intermediate host of the cestode Anomotaenia brevis. In addition to behavioral and morphological alterations, infected workers exhibit prolonged lifespans, comparable to that of queens, which live up to two decades. We used transcriptomic dat

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Morrill, A., J. J. Mlynarek, and M. R. Forbes. "Explaining covariation between endo- and ecto-parasites in spreadwing damselflies (Zygoptera: Lestidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 10 (2013): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0096.

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Host individuals and populations are commonly infected by more than one type of parasite, yet studies examining parasite effects on host fitness often limit observations or experiments to only a single parasite taxon or to a narrow subset of potential parasite taxa. Addressing covariation between parasite taxa is important for determining the potential for misattributing effects caused by one parasite species to another parasite species, and also for testing more broadly whether host attributes relate to exposure or susceptibility to infection. In this study, parasitism by ectoparasitic water

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Mauduit, Marjorie, Rita Tewari, Nadya Depinay, et al. "Minimal Role for the Circumsporozoite Protein in the Induction of Sterile Immunity by Vaccination with Live Rodent Malaria Sporozoites." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 5 (2010): 2182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01415-09.

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ABSTRACT Immunization with live Plasmodium sporozoites under chloroquine prophylaxis (Spz plus CQ) induces sterile immunity against sporozoite challenge in rodents and, more importantly, in humans. Full protection is obtained with substantially fewer parasites than with the classic immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites. The sterile protection observed comprised a massive reduction in the hepatic parasite load and an additional effect at the blood stage level. Differences in the immune responses induced by the two protocols occur but are as yet little characterized. We have previou

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Selvapandiyan, Angamuthu, Ranadhir Dey, Sreenivas Gannavaram, et al. "Immunity to Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Genetically Defined Live-Attenuated Parasites." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/631460.

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Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic disease endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with three major clinical forms, self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Drug treatments are expensive and often result in the development of drug resistance. No vaccine is available against leishmaniasis. SubunitLeishmaniavaccine immunization in animal models has shown some efficacy but little or none in humans. However, individuals who recover from natural infection are protected from reinfection and develop life-l

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Magoulas, Charalampos. "Democracy, Polis and Parasite in Communication." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 5, no. 1 (2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v5n1p1.

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Communication, as a social activity existing in and comprising almost any human action, cannot take place but as a mediated performance, given that it consists in the triadic relation between transmitter, message and receiver. Its goal is always the transmission of a message with the highest possible coherence and, at the same time, its simultaneous comprehension with the less possible deterioration of its original meaning. A basic assumption is that a potential difficulty in everyday communication is due for the most part to the existence of one or more parasites, which could be detected eith

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Dorin-Semblat, Dominique, Audrey Sicard, Caroline Doerig, Lisa Ranford-Cartwright, and Christian Doerig. "Disruption of the PfPK7 Gene Impairs Schizogony and Sporogony in the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 2 (2007): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00245-07.

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ABSTRACT PfPK7 is an orphan protein kinase of Plasmodium falciparum with maximal homology to MEK3/6 and to fungal protein kinase A proteins in its C-terminal and N-terminal regions, respectively. We showed previously that recombinant PfPK7 is active on various substrates but is unable to phosphorylate the Plasmodium falciparum mitogen-activated protein kinase homologues, suggesting that it is not a MEK functional homologue. Using a reverse genetics approach to investigate the function of this enzyme in live parasites, we now show that PfPK7 − parasite clones display phenotypes at two stages of

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Gray, J., R. Langley, P. Brophy, and P. Gannon. "Vaccination against bovine babesiosis with drug-controlled live parasites." Veterinary Record 125, no. 14 (1989): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.125.14.369.

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LUONG, LIEN T., TAYLOR BROPHY, EMILY STOLZ, and SOLOMON J. CHAN. "State-dependent parasitism by a facultative parasite of fruit flies." Parasitology 144, no. 11 (2017): 1468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000890.

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SUMMARYParasites can evolve phenotypically plastic strategies for transmission such that a single genotype can give rise to a range of phenotypes depending on the environmental condition. State-dependent plasticity in particular can arise from individual differences in the parasite's internal state or the condition of the host. Facultative parasites serve as ideal model systems for investigating state-dependent plasticity because individuals can exhibit two life history strategies (free-living or parasitic) depending on the environment. Here, we experimentally show that the ectoparasitic mite

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Petersen, J. J., and B. M. Pawson. "Discrimination by the Pupal Parasite Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Between Live and Freeze Killed House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 1 (1993): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.1.120.

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Live house fly pupae were suitable as hosts for Spalangia cameroni Perkins at all age classes tested. However, no parasite emergence occurred from house fly pupae freeze-killed when 12 h old and very limited emergence occurred for pupae freeze-killed when 132 h old. Furthermore, significantly more parasites emerged from hosts that were alive when parasitized when compared with freeze-killed hosts parasitized under similar conditions. In choice experiments, S. cameroni exhibited a strong preference for live hosts over freeze-killed hosts at all parasite-to-host ratios. It does not appear that f

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BURET, A. G., K. MITCHELL, D. G. MUENCH, and K. G. E. SCOTT. "Giardia lamblia disrupts tight junctional ZO-1 and increases permeability in non-transformed human small intestinal epithelial monolayers: effects of epidermal growth factor." Parasitology 125, no. 1 (2002): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002001853.

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In order to improve our understanding of the host cell–parasite interactions in giardiasis, this study assessed the effects of Giardia lamblia on epithelial permeability and tight junctional ZO-1, determined whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) may affect Giardia-induced epithelial injury, and evaluated if EGF modulates epithelial colonization by live G. lamblia trophozoites. Permeability was assessed in assays of trans-epithelial fluxes of FITC-dextran, and ZO-1 integrity was characterized by confocal laser immunofluorescence microscopy in confluent epithelial cell monolayers. G. lamblia sig

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Papadopoulou, Barbara, Martin Olivier, and Marc Ouellette. "Recent Progress in Vaccine Development againstLeishmaniaSpecies Infections." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 10, suppl c (1999): 9C—15C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/168108.

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The understanding of the immunobiology of infections caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania is now extensive and has pinpointed the importance of T cell-mediated immunity. Several vaccination strategies using either killed parasites, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines or live attenuated strains have been used successfully with and without adjuvants to induce cellular immunity and protect against leishmania infections. The most recent progress in leishmania vaccine development is described.

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Wetzel, D. M., S. Håkansson, K. Hu, D. Roos, and L. D. Sibley. "Actin Filament Polymerization Regulates Gliding Motility by Apicomplexan Parasites." Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, no. 2 (2003): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-08-0458.

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Host cell entry by Toxoplasma gondii depends critically on actin filaments in the parasite, yet paradoxically, its actin is almost exclusively monomeric. In contrast to the absence of stable filaments in conventional samples, rapid-freeze electron microscopy revealed that actin filaments were formed beneath the plasma membrane of gliding parasites. To investigate the role of actin filaments in motility, we treated parasites with the filament-stabilizing drug jasplakinolide (JAS) and monitored the distribution of actin in live and fixed cells using yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-actin. JAS tr

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Barbero, F., D. Patricelli, M. Witek, et al. "MyrmicaAnts and Their Butterfly Parasites with Special Focus on the Acoustic Communication." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/725237.

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About 10,000 arthropod species live as ants' social parasites and have evolved a number of mechanisms allowing them to penetrate and survive inside the ant nests.Myrmicacolonies, in particular, are exploited by numerous social parasites, and the presence of their overwintering brood, as well as of their polygyny, contributes to make them more vulnerable to infestation. Butterflies of the genusMaculineaare among the most investigatedMyrmicainquilines. These lycaenids are known for their very complex biological cycles.Maculineaspecies are obligated parasites that depend on a particular food plan

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MORIN-ADELINE, VICTORIA, and JAN ŠLAPETA. "The past, present and future of fluorescent protein tags in anaerobic protozoan parasites." Parasitology 143, no. 3 (2015): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015001663.

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SUMMARYThe world health organization currently recognizes diarrhoeal diseases as a significant cause of death in children globally. Protozoan parasites such asGiardiaandEntamoebathat thrive in the oxygen-deprived environment of the human gut are common etiological agents of diarrhoea. In the urogenital tract of humans, the anaerobic protozoan parasiteTrichomonas vaginalisis notorious as the most common non-viral, sexually transmitted pathogen. Even with high medical impact, our understanding of anaerobic parasite physiology is scarce and as a result, treatment choices are limited. Fluorescent

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Dailey, D. C., C. Te-Hung, and J. F. Alderete. "Characterization ofTrichomonas vaginalishaemolysis." Parasitology 101, no. 2 (1990): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000063204.

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The haemolytic activity of liveTrichomonas vaginalisorganisms was investigated. Optimal haemolysis of human erythrocytes was observed at a parasite to erythrocyte ratio of 1:5 during a 2 h incubation period. No haemolytic activity was detected in concentrated culture supernatants after overnight growth of trichomonads or when parasites were separated from erythrocytes by a 3 μm filter, suggesting a contact-dependent mechanism for haemolysis. The haemolytic activity was temperature-dependent and maximal haemolysis occurred at 37 °C. Treatment of trichomonads with metronidazole reduced levels of

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Clarêncio, Jorge, Camila I. de Oliveira, Glória Bomfim та ін. "Characterization of the T-Cell Receptor Vβ Repertoire in the Human Immune Response against Leishmania Parasites". Infection and Immunity 74, № 8 (2006): 4757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00265-06.

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ABSTRACT In order to explore a possible presence of hyperreactive T-cell clones in human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), we have investigated, by flow cytometry, the expression of Vβ chains of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the following types of cells: (i) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CL patients, which were then compared to those from normal volunteers; (ii) unstimulated and soluble Leishmania antigen-stimulated draining lymph node cells from CL patients; (iii) PBMCs from volunteers before versus after Leishmania immunization; and (iv) PBMCs from healthy volunteers that were pri

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Kuhnen, VV, ME Graipel, and CJC Pinto. "Differences in richness and composition of gastrointestinal parasites of small rodents (Cricetidae, Rodentia) in a continental and insular area of the Atlantic Forest in Santa Catarina state, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 72, no. 3 (2012): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842012000300019.

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The first and only study on gastrointestinal parasites of wild rodents in the Island of Santa Catarina was done in 1987. The aim of this study was to identify intestinal parasites from wild rodents in Santo Amaro da Imperatriz and Santa Catariana Island, and to compare the richness and composition of the gastrointestinal parasite community of both areas. Rodents were captured with live traps, and feces were screened using the sedimentation method and optical microscopy. The following species of rodents were captured in the two areas: Akodon montensis, Euryoryzomys russatus, Oligoryzomys nigrip

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Faulkes, Zen. "Filtering out parasites: sand crabs (Lepidopa benedicti) are infected by more parasites than sympatric mole crabs (Emerita benedicti)." PeerJ 5 (September 22, 2017): e3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3852.

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Two digging decapod crustaceans, the sand crab speciesLepidopa benedictiand the mole crab speciesEmerita benedicti, both live in the swash zone of fine sand beaches. They were examined for two parasites that infect decapod crustaceans in the region, an unidentified nematode previously shown to infectL. benedicti, and cestode tapeworm larvae,Polypocephalussp., previously shown to infect shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus).Lepidopa benedictiwere almost always infected with both parasite species, whileE. benedictiwere rarely infected with either parasite species. This difference in infection pattern s

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Waap, H., J. Gomes, and T. Nunes. "Parasite communities in stray cat populations from Lisbon, Portugal." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 4 (2013): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x1300031x.

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AbstractStray cats live in high-density colonies in urban areas and pose a health hazard to household cats and humans. In Portugal, information on the parasitic fauna of stray cats is limited and relies mostly on results from faecal analysis. The present survey aimed to determine the prevalence, diversity and intensity of parasites in stray cats from the urban area of Lisbon by means of parasitological necropsy. Internal organs were collected from 162 cats captured in different areas of the city and systematically subjected to parasitological dissection. Helminths were identified by macro- and

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Råberg, Lars. "How to Live with the Enemy: Understanding Tolerance to Parasites." PLoS Biology 12, no. 11 (2014): e1001989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001989.

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Forbes, Andrew. "Refugia: what are they and how can they be managed?" Livestock 24, no. 3 (2019): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.3.144.

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The word refugia appears commonly in the veterinary literature in relation to anthelmintic resistance, however it has its origins in ecology and crop protection. In the context of veterinary therapeutics, the reduction in exposure of target parasites, essentially through fewer treatments, can have bystander benefits too for non-target organisms, thus reducing the potential for environmental impact. Large refugia are intrinsic features of some livestock systems, for example extensive beef suckler farms, where treatments are typically infrequent, however on lowland sheep farms for instance, para

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