Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'LiVOPO₄'

L'elaborato si presenta sotto il profilo si una analisi, principalmente teorica, del servizio di assistenza linguistica fornito agli stranieri non italofoni in seno alla Azienda Sanitaria Locale numero 6 di Livorno. Partendo da una giustificazione di carattere giuridico del diritto all'assistenza da parte dei pazienti stranieri, l'analisi procede a descrivere la mediazione linguistica nell'ambito della ASL6 e dei suoi servizi sociali, lasciando spazio a considerazioni di tipo tecnico sul metodo di interpretazione e mediazione, e sulle scelte dei singoli mediatori. Infine, sono tratte conclusioni di vario carattere sui risultati dello studio. Le informazioni sono state raccolte da sitografia e bibliografia ufficiali, oltre che da interviste svolte sul campo.

La ville portuaire se réinvente dans un processus associant urbanisme, connaissance, communication, tourisme, événements, légitimation, expérimentation, afin de trouver une meilleure articulation entre la présence du port et l’aménagement urbain, leur développement à la fois spatial et économique. Tout en essayant d’éviter toute forme de consommation culturelle et d’uniformisation, ce processus met en exergue le rôle des opérations de connaissance comme étant un levier durable de développement des territoires. Partant de l’hypothèse que le dynamisme culturel, basé sur la connaissance d’un territoire, participe de son dynamisme général et de l’implication de sa population, cette thèse vise à étudier la conception et la réalisation d’un outil innovant de connaissance, le Port Center, dans le cas particulier de la ville de Livourne (Italie), ainsi que sa position stratégique dans la Vieille Forteresse, monument-phare de la ville. L’urbanisme de la connaissance offre ainsi une perspective innovante : combiner en un seul outil le fait de faciliter la légitimation de l’existence du port, tout en participant à la relance touristique de la ville
Port-city reinvents itself in a process that merges urbanism, knowledge, communication, tourism, events, legitimization, experimentation, to find a better connection between the presence of the port and urban planning, their at the same time spatial and economic development. While trying to avoid any form of cultural consumption and standardization, this process highlights the role of the operations of knowledge as being a sustainable lever of the development of the territory. Assuming that the cultural dynamism, based on the knowledge of a territory, contributes to its general dynamism and to the implication of its population, this thesis aims at studying the design and the realization of an innovative knowledge tool, the Port Center, in the particular case of the city of Livorno (Italy), as well as its strategic position in the Old Fortress, the monument-lighthouse of the city. Knowledge urbanism thus offers an innovative perspective : to combine in a single tool the fact of facilitating the legitimization of port’s existence, while participating in the tourist re-launching of the city

Kylätoiminnalla on merkittävä rooli Suomen maaseudulla tapahtuvassa paikallisessa kehittämisessä. Tämä tutkielma tarkastelee paikallisten tapahtumien merkitystä kylätoiminnalle sosiaalisen pääoman ja yhteisöllisyyden teorioiden kautta. Tutkimuskohteena on Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla Pudasjärven kaupunkiin kuuluva Livon kylä, jonka kylätoiminta on palkittu maakunnallisessa ja valtakunnallisessa kyläkilpailussa. Kylätapahtumien osuutta kylien elinvoimaisuuden säilyttämisessä on tutkittu vielä melko vähän, joten koen tutkimusaiheeni olevan ajankohtainen. Tutkimuksessani käytetty aineisto on pääosin kvalitatiivinen, mutta tutkielmassa on käytetty myös kvantitatiivisia menetelmiä. Aineisto koostuu Livon kylällä vakituisesti asuville, entisille asukkaille sekä muille kesävieraille suunnatusta standardoidusta kyselystä ja kyläyhdistys Livokas ry:n laatimista kilpailuhakemuksista Pohjois-Pohjanmaan vuoden kylä 2013 ja Vuoden kylä 2014 -kilpailuihin. Analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin sisällönanalyysia. Aineisto teemoiteltiin tutkielman kannalta merkittävien teemojen mukaan. Tulokset on esitetty tämän teemoittelun pohjalta. Livon kylällä järjestetään tapahtumia säännöllisesti ympäri vuoden. Tapahtumat koetaan tärkeäksi ja niiden sisältöihin ja toteuttamiseen ollaan tyytyväisiä. Kyläsuunnitelmassa kulttuuritapahtumat on kirjattu tärkeäksi tekijäksi syrjäkylän säilymisessä virkeänä ja elinvoimaisena. Kulttuuritapahtumat vaikuttavat kylätoimintaan yhteisöllisyyden ja kylähengen vahvistajina, jotka puolestaan sitouttavat kylän yhteiseen kehittämiseen. Kyselyn perusteella tapahtumilla on kylällä ympärivuotisesti asuville erityisesti virkistäytymismerkitys sekä rooli yhteisen toiminnan ylläpitämisessä. Entisille asukkaille ja muualta kotoisin oleville vierailijoille kylätapahtumat toimivat paikkana juurien kokemiseen ja yhteydenpitoon sukulaisiin. Kylätapahtumilla on myös matkailullisia mahdollisuuksia. Maaseudulla kohdataan 2010-luvulla monia haasteita väestön ikääntymisestä elinkeinojen heikentymiseen. Kylätoiminnan kehittäminen liittyykin läheisesti yhteiskunnallisesti ajankohtaiseen kysymykseen siitä, onko koko Suomi pidettävä asutettuna. Aktiivinen kylätoiminta on kylien kehittymisen elinehto, eikä se voi toteutua ilman yhteisön osallistumista. Tämän vuoksi yhteisöllisyyttä ylläpitävien toimintojen merkitystä ei voi vähätellä. Kylätapahtumat ovat hyvä esimerkki tällaisesta yhteisön yhteenkuuluvuuden tunnetta ja luottamusta vahvistavasta toiminnasta ja niiden potentiaali maaseudun kehittämisessä tulisi jatkossa ottaa huomioon myös maakunnallisissa ja alueellisissa ohjelmissa ja strategioissa.

MOREIRA, Walace Martins. O conteúdo de polímeros no livro didático do ensino médio, e seu ensino, na perspectiva de uma abordagem contextualizada. 2016. 76 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
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This work had as objective: to analyze the content addressed in the textbooks of Chemistry of High School on the subject of polymers; Prepare a guide of experimental demonstrations on the subject that can be used by high school teachers; And to carry out a pedagogical intervention in a 3rd grade class at a public school. For the analysis of textbooks, volume 3 was chosen, which was proposed by the National Textbook Plan (PNLD / 2015). This was of a quantitative nature and had as reference the proposed model of Bardin. In the same it was evaluated how the books approach the specific content on the subject polymers and as well as the approach through generating themes. After analyzing the textbooks, a guide of experimental demonstrations was prepared, with reference to the contextualization of the subject under study, which can be used by high school teachers when approaching the topic of polymers. Following the elaboration of the material, a pedagogical intervention was carried out in a class of 3rd year of High School, of a public school located in the municipality of Ipu-CE. This intervention was based on the material formulated by the researcher. At the end, a Likert scale questionnaire was applied in order to verify the degree of satisfaction of the students about the intervention performed in the classroom. In general, it was observed that all the textbooks analyzed deal with the topic of polymers in their collections, however they have deficiencies in approaching it in a contextualized way, as in most of the analyzed collections, it was noticed that there is a small number of demonstrations The same. Also, through the application of the pedagogical intervention, it was observed that by working on the theme in a contextualized way, combined with the use of experimentation, teaching-learning becomes more effective, so this combination of methodological practices becomes a potentiator of teacher making.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo: analisar o conteúdo abordado nos livros didáticos de Química do Ensino Médio sobre o tema polímeros; elaborar um guia de demonstrações experimentais sobre o tema que possa ser utilizado por professores do Ensino Médio; e realizar uma intervenção pedagógica em uma turma de 3º ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública. Para a análise dos livros didáticos foi escolhido o volume 3, este que foi proposto pelo Plano Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD/2015). Essa foi de natureza quantitativa e teve como referência o modelo proposto do Bardin. Na mesma avaliou-se como os livros abordam o conteúdo específico sobre o tema polímeros e bem como a abordagem através de temas geradores. Após a análise dos livros didáticos foi elaborado um guia de demonstrações experimentais, com referência a contextualização do tema em estudo, o qual pode ser utilizado por professores do Ensino Médio ao abordarem o tema polímeros. Sequencialmente à elaboração do material, realizou-se uma intervenção pedagógica em uma turma de 3º ano do Ensino Médio, de uma escola pública localizada no município de Ipu-CE. Essa intervenção teve como base o material formulado pelo pesquisador. Ao final, foi aplicado um questionário de escala de Likert, a fim de verificar o grau de satisfação dos alunos sobre a intervenção realizada em sala. Em geral, observou-se que todos os livros didáticos analisados abordam o tema polímeros em suas coleções, entretanto apresentam deficiências em abordá-lo de forma contextualizada, como também, na maioria das coleções analisadas, percebeu-se que há um número diminuto de demonstrações experimentais sobre o mesmo. Ainda, mediante a aplicação da intervenção pedagógica observou-se que ao trabalhar o tema de forma contextualizada aliado ao recurso da experimentação permite que o ensino-aprendizagem seja mais efetivo, logo, essa junção de práticas metodológicas torna-se uma potencializadora do fazer docente.

Les glissements de terrain se développent en différents environnements dans le monde. Les mécanismes et les processus qui contrôlent ces mouvements sont les objets des nombreuses études et analyses. Les glissement de terrain se produisent quand les résistances d'un niveau de sol deviennent plus petites que les forces. Différents facteurs peuvent produire ces variations : l'activité fluviale, le changement du niveau des eaux souterraines dû aux précipitations, les tremblements de terre, les activités humaines et aussi la végétation, les failles, la géologie et les propriété des sols. Cette thèse fournit une analyse des processus de versant pour comprendre comme tous ces facteurs géomorphologiques, structuraux et géologiques peuvent être responsables des instabilités. Les bassins versants du Liro et du Livo sont localisés sur le bord nord-occidental du Lac de Côme, dans les Alpes Centrales. De nombreux glissements de terrain sont actifs dans cette zone et leur étude est très importante pour comprendre leur évolution et leur impact sur le territoire. Le marche géologique-structural est très complexe : le lien avec la Ligne Insubrique (en particulier sa partie fragile, nommée Faille du Tonale) et l'influence sur la résistance des roches sont des aspects très importants pour comprendre les raisons de déclenchement des glissement de terrain. En particulier le GSI, une des méthodes d’évaluation de la qualité des roches, a montré comment celles-ci sont influencées par les linéations et comme il peut être utilisé comme indicateur de la tendance à l'instabilité des versants. Les données de précipitation montrent comme le nord du Lac est la zone plus pluvieuse de la Région Lombardie : l'analyse pluviométrique, avec le calcul de les hauteurs de précipitation et des temps de concentration, a soulignée que ce régime pluviométrique peut vraiment être une des principales causes de mouvement du terrain. La végétation peut être un indicateur pour la datation des processus. Une détaillée analyse des trois séries des photos aériennes (1954, 1983 et 1998) a permis de calculer le taux de fréquence et de extinction des glissement terrains dans les bassins versants du Liro et du Livo. La même interprétation, avec les données du terrain, a permis de repérer nombreux glissement terrains classifiés en deux typologies principales: débris flows et débris avalanches. Une analyse statistique des données réunies, en particulier surfaces et volumes, a permis de déterminer des valeurs limite pour comprendre quels phénomènes sont significatifs pour les études d'instabilité. Les volumes mobilisés sont 450. 000 m3 sur une surface totale de 300. 000 m2. Une carte de glissements de terrain a été produite pour montrer la localisation des événements et pour comprendre si ceux-ci sont en relation avec la géologie, avec les dépôts quaternaires ou avec des autres processus. Un inventaire des tous les glissement terrains relevés sur le terrain avec des descriptions est mis dans l'annexe A. Une analyse du débris flow de la Vallée de l'enfer a été faite par un relief morphométrique du chenal, l'étude granulométrique et géotechnique des dépôts. Toutes ces informations donnent la possibilité de caractériser le processus et de souligner l'importance de la zone de source. Elle est caractérisée par des roches très cassées qui garantissent la présence du matériel pour le débris flow. Leurs absence est cause d'extinction du processus. Souvent l'étude des glissement versants n'est pas très facile, surtout pour la difficulté de reconstruire la condition initial du phénomène et trouver les liaisons entre les paramètres qui le caractérisent. De plus un glissement est un événement unique et le répéter plusieurs fois pour l'étudié est impossible dans la réalité : on peut le faire en laboratoire. Les analogies qu'on a entre l'événement naturel et les épreuves expérimentales ont été les raisons de créer un nouveau protocole pour l'analyse des flux granulaires. Cette analyse expérimentale a permis de trouver de relations entre les principaux paramètres du glissement simulé, en particulier entre runout et épaisseur initial, entre pente initiale et pente critique et entre L/H0 (où L est le runout et H0 l'épaisseur initial) et la pente critique. Les résultats sont prometteurs: la relation entre l'épaisseur d'escarpement et sa longueur, obtenus par les expériences, est confirmée aussi par les données relevées en Valcirga. Cette étude géologique et géomorphologique a donc permis de comprendre la nature des phénomènes et leurs évolutions dans un environnement beaucoup influencé par la tectonique, le climat, la géologie et il représente une importante source d'information sur les glissements de terrain du bord nord-occidental du Lac de Côme
Landslides involve many different geological materials around the world. The mechanics and processes controlling mass movements in mountain environment are object of studies and analyses. Landslides occur when the shear strength of a layer in a slope becomes smaller than the shear stress. Various kind of factors can induce this strength variation for example: fluvial action, changes in groundwater level, earthquakes, human activity and also vegetation effects, fault influence, rock and soil properties. This thesis gives an analysis of slope processes to understand how geological, structural, climatic and geomorphological factors are responsibles for instabilities. Liro and Livo catchment basins are the object of this study. They are located in the north-western side of Como Lake, in Lepontine Alps. Several landslides occur in this area. Their study is fundamental to understand the landscape evolution and their impact on the territory. Geological and structural setting of this area is very complex: its relationship with the Insubric Line (and in particular with its brittle branch, the Tonale Line) and the influence on rocks strength are important data to know the triggering area of debris flows and debris avalanches. In particular the Geological Strength Index (GSI) analysis has demonstrated how rock mass behaviour is influenced by presence of structural lineaments more or less conjugated with the Tonale Fault and how this method could be utilized as an indicator of natural failure. The rainfall data show that this area is one of the most rainy zones of the Lombardia Region: the pluviometric analysis involving the calculation of height of rainfall and time of concentration (Tc), have underlined that this regime could induce mobilization of incoherent quaternary cover and trigger landslides. The slope vegetation recovery is an other important indicator for the landslide monitoring because it can give information about the age of the erosive processes. A detailed analysis of three series of aerial photos (1954, 1983 and 1998) have allowed the calculation of extinction and occurrence rates for the analysis of Liro and Livo catchment basins. This aerial analysis and interpretation, in addition to field survey, has shown a high number of landslides classified as debris flows and debris avalanches. A statistical analysis of the Liro and Livo areas and volumes has given the respective limits to understand the potential risk of the area and to estimate the general instability. In fact the volumes mobilized are approximately 450. 000 m3 for an area of 300. 000 m2. A landslide map of Liro and Livo basins has been therefore realized landslide in relation to the lithology (gneiss, limestone, granodiorite, micaschist), deposits (glacial, eluvial, alluvial and paleo-landslides) and erosion processes (debris flow and stream erosion). A landslide inventory is also reported with a brief analysis of the main events divided for sectors (Enclosure A). An analysis of the debris flow in the Inferno Valley, in order to investigate and comprehend the evolution of this process, carried out a topographic survey finalized to morphometric channel measurements, granulometric and geotechnical analyses of the deposits. The study of landslides is not very easy, due to the difficulty in the reconstruction of the topography before the instability. It also hard to determine a relationship between the parameters that characterize a landslide. Analogies between lab-scale experiments and natural events are the input for the creation of a new protocol of analysis of granular mass movement. This experimental investigation has allowed to find out a correlation between principal parameters of a simulated landslide, in particular between runout and the initial slide thickness, initial and critical slopes and between the ratio L/H0 (where L is the runout and H0 the initial thickness) and critical slope. The results promise good evolution: the relationship between zscarp and Lscarp in the experiments is confirmed in Valcirga measures. This geological and geomorphological study has therefore allowed to understand the natural phenomena and the evolution of the mountain landscape strongly affected by tectonic deformation, in relation to the climate change, to acquire ability to analyse these extreme geological events. This study aims to explain if the general assessment of the area can be responsible of instabilities and which factors are involved and their consequences. Ail gathered information will become an important database for further works in the study area

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’analyse des différentes manières d’exercer une «emprise», une «souveraineté» et une «juridiction» sur les mers à l’époque moderne. Centrée sur la Méditerranée d’un long XVIIe siècle, elle commence par présenter les différents terrains et les multiples soubassements théoriques d’une controverse à la fois juridique, politique et diplomatique. Du Golfe de Venise aux mers du Levant, de la mer Tyrrhénienne à la mer Égée, il s’agit de réfléchir aux frontières et aux limites maritimes au prisme de notions très débattues, telles que «propriété», «occupation» et «possession». On utilise pour cela une variété de documents, qui vont des textes théoriques aux libelles manuscrits, des traités de paix aux productions cartographiques, des Capitulations avec la Porte ottomane aux gravures et aux dépêches diplomatiques. Une seconde partie concerne la juridiction fiscale, à travers l’histoire du port toscan de Livourne : l’enjeu est ici de montrer que la franchise portuaire dessine l’espace d’une juridiction et d’une souveraineté en Méditerranée. Escale ouverte aux marchands et aux marins étrangers, port neutre, Livourne offre un exemple paradigmatique de « port franc », tour à tour imité, concurrencé et jalousé en Méditerranée. Le présent travail cherche à décliner tout l’éventail de cette « franchise », depuis les exemptions douanières et les immunités personnelles jusqu’aux conditions socio-juridiques d’accueil des étrangers. Par l’étude détaillée des litiges maritimes et des suppliques, il propose enfin d’analyser le « port franc » comme un catalyseur du contentieux, propice à l’observation d’expérimentations juridiques et procédurales
This PhD thesis analyses the many ways of exercising «control», «sovereignty» and a «jurisdiction» on the seas in the Early modern period. Focusing on the Mediterranean sea during a long XVIIth century, it first introduces the different fields and the numerous theoretical bases of an altogether legal, political and diplomatic controversy. From the Gulf of Venice to the Levant seas, from the Tyrrhenian to the Aegean Sea, it examines borders and maritime boundaries in the light of much-debated notions, such as « property », «occupation» and «possession». To this purpose, a variety of documents is used, from theoretical texts to handwritten pamphlets, from peace treatises to cartographic productions, and from Capitulations with the Ottoman Empire to engravings and diplomatic dispatches. A second part deals with tax jurisdiction, using as a case study the history of the Tuscan port city of Livorno : what is at stake here is how the system of tax exemptions in a harbour delineates a space of jurisdiction and sovereignty in the Mediterranean. Livorno, a port of call welcoming merchants and foreign sailors and a neutral harbour, is an emblematic example of « free port », alternately imitated, challenged and envied in the Mediterranean. The present research scrutinizes a whole range of tax exemptions, from customs release to individual immunity and up to the socio-legal conditions of welcome for foreigners. Through a detailed study of maritime litigations and of petitions, the free port is defined, as a conclusion, as a catalyst for maritime litigations, suited for an accurate observation of legal and procedural experiments

L’objet de la recherche est l’institution des ports francs à l’époque moderne dans un cadre comparatif. J’ai choisi Livourne, Gênes et Marseille, les trois principaux ports francs de l’époque. Avec l’étude de la législation et des débats autour de l’application des franchises, je veux confronter ces villes entres elles et les placer dans le débat très vif en état moderne sur le port franc. Pour cette raison j'ai réservé une partie du travail à la comparaison avec des autres ports francs et avec des villes sans cette franchise, comme Naples, où le débat a été très vif
The aim of this research is investigating on the institution of the free ports in Modern age, following a comparative scheme. I've chosen Livorno, Genoa and Marseille because they were three of the main free ports at the time. I want to compare those port-cities studying their legislation and the free port's edict application. They all have had an important role in the debates around the economical institution of the free port itself. For this reason I've written on the comparison about different free ports and also on a port-city without such a tax exemption like Naples. Here there has been a long and harsh debate about the possibility of introducing the free port, which I tracked down

Objective: to comparing the analgesic effect of nitrous oxide at 50% oxygen (Livopan®) and the eutectic mixture of local anesthetic lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA®) and synergism between the operations before, during and after lumbar puncture for chemotherapy in pediatric patients hematology. Methods: randomized, controlled triple blinding. We studied 52 patients in the treatment of acute leukemia (myeloid and lymphoid) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, aged four to 16 years and clinical indication for lumbar puncture for chemotherapy. The study was conducted in three centers of Hematology (Hospital das Clínicas, Hospital Emygdio Germano - Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte and Benjamin Guimarães Foundation - Whale Hospital) from May 2009 to August 2011. Patients were randomized into three treatment groups using a random number table: group 1: EMLA® associated with Livopan® (n=16), group 2: EMLA® associated with O2 (placebo of Livopan®) (n=19) and group 3: Livopan® associated with placebo cream EMLA® (n=17). Pain-related response to lumbar puncture was evaluated using the Wong Baker faces scale and the visual numeric scale and six distinct stages of the procedure were considered. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters like heart rate, blood oxygen saturation and mean arterial pressure were also evaluated. Results: there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups (p = 0.0001), whereas the median pain scores during the first attempt at lumbar puncture. Group 2 had the highest pain score (median 4.00) while groups 1 and 3 had the lowest scores (median 0.00). There was no statistically significant difference between the study groups in relation to hemodynamic and respiratory parameters in any of the evaluation period, except for mean arterial pressure (p = 0.002) after three minutes of interruption of gas. When a second attempt to puncture was necessary, there was a difference between pain scores only between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.013) but not between groups 1 and 3 or 2 and 3 (p> 0.05). Adverse effects related to the use of the interventions studied were considered mild and transient, including an episode of vomiting, and between patients using five Livopan® euphoria and three had had some degree of dissociation (dreams). Conclusions: the use of EMLA® associated to Livopan® or Livopan® alone showed to be a better choice considering their efficacy of pain control for lumbar puncture in children with cancer than the isolated use of EMLA® cream. The synergic effect of the drugs could be shown mainly when a second attempt to successful puncture was necessary justifying the use of EMLA® associated to Livopan®. The safety profile of Livopan® is also an interesting point that makes the analgesia and sedation for lumbar puncture feasible in the ambulatory set without the separation of the children from the parents, the necessity of fasting and also less expensive than procedures in the operating room.
Objetivo: comparar o efeito analgésico do óxido nitroso a 50% em oxigênio (Livopan®) e da mistura eutética de anestésicos locais lidocaína e prilocaína (EMLA®) bem como o sinergismo entre as intervenções antes, durante e após a punção lombar para quimioterapia em pacientes pediátricos hematológicos. Método: ensaio clínico aleatorizado, controlado com triplo mascaramento. Foram estudados 52 pacientes, em tratamento de leucemia aguda (linfoide e mieloide) ou linfoma não-Hodgkin, com idade de quatro a 16 anos e indicação clínica de punção lombar para quimioterapia. O estudo ocorreu em três centros de hematologia (Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Hospital Emídio Germano - Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte e Fundação Benjamim Guimarães - Hospital da Baleia) no período de maio de 2009 a agosto de 2011. Os pacientes foram aleatorizados em três grupos de tratamento utilizando uma tabela de números aleatórios: grupo 1: EMLA® associado ao Livopan® (n=16); grupo 2: EMLA® associado ao O2 (placebo de Livopan®) (n=19) e grupo 3: Livopan® associado ao creme placebo do EMLA® (n=17). A resposta dolorosa relacionada à punção lombar foi avaliada utilizando a escala de dor de faces descrita por Wong Baker ou a escala numérica visual e seis etapas distintas do procedimento foram consideradas. Parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios como a frequência cardíaca, saturação da hemoglobina pelo oxigênio e pressão arterial média também foram avaliados. Resultados: houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos estudados (p=0,0001), considerando a mediana dos escores de dor durante a primeira tentativa de punção lombar. O grupo 2 teve a maior pontuação de dor (mediana 4,00) enquanto os grupos 1 e 3 tiveram as pontuações mais baixas (mediana 0,00). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos do estudo em relação aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios em nenhum dos períodos de avaliação, exceto para a pressão arterial média (p=0,002) após três minutos de interrupção do gás. Quando uma segunda tentativa de punção foi necessária, houve uma diferença entre os escores de dor apenas entre os grupos 1 e 2 (p=0.013) mas não entre os grupos 1 e 3 ou 2 e 3 (p>0.05). Os efeitos adversos relacionados ao uso das intervenções estudadas foram considerados leves e transitórios, entre eles um episódio de vômito, e entre pacientes que usaram Livopan®, cinco apresentaram euforia e três apresentaram algum grau de dissociação (sonhos). Conclusão: o uso do EMLA® associado a Livopan® ou o uso do Livopan® isoladamente no tratamento da dor secundária à punção lombar para quimioterapia em crianças com câncer mostrou-se uma melhor opção terapêutica que o uso isolado do EMLA®. O sinergismo dos medicamentos foi evidenciado principalmente quando uma segunda tentativa punção foi necessária. O perfil de segurança do Livopan® torna possível a realização de analgesia e sedação para punção lombar em nível ambulatorial evitando ainda a separação da criança dos pais, a necessidade de jejum e diminuindo gastos relacionados ao uso do centro cirúrgico.

Two novel lithium host materials were investigated using structural and electrochemical analysis; the cathode material Li₂CoSiO₄ and the LiMO₂ class of anodes (where M is a transition metal ion). Li₂CoSiO₄ materials were produced utilising a combination of solid state and hydrothermal synthesis conditions. Three Li₂CoSiO₄ polymorphs were synthesised; β[subscript(I)], β[subscript(II)] and γ₀. The Li₂CoSiO₄ polymorphs formed structures based around a distorted Li₃PO₄ structure. The β[subscript(II)] material was indexed to a Pmn2₁ space group, the β[subscript(I)] polymorph to Pbn2₁ and the γ₀ material was indexed to the P2₁/n space group. A varying degree of cation mixing between lithium and cobalt sites was observed across the polymorphs. The β[subscript(II)] polymorph produced 210mAh/g of capacity on first charge, with a first discharge capacity of 67mAh/g. It was found that the β[subscript(I)] material converted to the β[subscript(II)] polymorph during first charge. The γ₀ polymorph showed almost negligible electrochemical performance. Capacity retention of all polymorphs was poor, diminishing significantly by the tenth cycle. The effect of mechanical milling and carbon coating upon β[subscript(II)], β[subscript(I)] and γ₀ materials was also investigated. Various Li[subscript(1+x)]V[subscript(1-x)]O₂ materials (where 0≤X≤0.2) were produced through solid state synthesis. LiVO₂ was found to convert to Li₂VO₂ on discharge, this process was found to be strongly dependent on the amount of excess lithium in the system. The Li₁.₀₈V₀.₉₂O₂ material had the highest first discharge capacity at 310mAh/g. It was found that the initial discharge consisted of several distinct electrochemical processes, connected by a complicated relationship, with significant irreversible capacity on first discharge. Several other LiMO₂ systems were investigated for their ability to convert to layered Li₂MO₂ structures on low voltage discharge. While LiCoO₂ failed to convert to a Li₂CoO₂ structure, LiMn₀.₅Ni₀.₅O₂ underwent an addition type reaction to form Li₂Mn₀.₅Ni₀.₅O₂. A previously unknown Li₂Ni[subscript(X)]Co[subscript(1-X)]O₂ structure was observed, identified during the discharge of LiNi₀.₃₃Co₀.₆₆O₂.

Lithium-ion batteries play a crucial role in portable electronics, but require further innovation for electric vehicle and grid storage applications. To meet this demand, significant emphasis has been placed on developing safe, inexpensive, high energy density cathode materials. LiFePO₄ is a candidate cathode material for electric vehicle and grid storage applications. Vanadium-doped LiFePO₄ cathodes of the form [chemical formula] (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) were synthesized here by a facile, low-temperature microwave-assisted solvothermal (MW-ST) method. Such an approach offers manufacturing-energy and cost savings compared to conventional synthesis. Additionally, although [chemical formula] has been synthesized previously by conventional methods, it is shown here that the MW-ST method allows much higher doping levels than can be achieved at conventional temperatures, indicating that metastable phases can be isolated through the low-temperature microwave-assisted synthesis. LiFePO₄ suffers from poor ionic conductivity, but this limitation can be minimized by microwave-assisted synthesis through a tuning of the particle size, allowing for decreased Li⁺ diffusion paths. LiVOPO₄ is another polyanion material with higher energy density than LiFePO₄, but similar ionic conductivity limitations. It has not been previously synthesized by MW-ST. Thus, a MW-ST method was developed here to prepare LiVOPO₄. By varying reaction conditions, three polymorphic modifications of LiVOPO₄ were accessed and the electrochemical performance was optimized. LiVOPO₄ can be further discharged to Li₂VOPO₄, which has been suggested in the literature, but the structural transformation that accompanies this process has not been detailed. To this end, the delithiation process was studied by ex situ XRD measurements to better understand how the second lithium is accommodated. Finally, MW-ST has also been exploited to grow thin films of anatase TiO₂ phase on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates. The microwave field is selectively absorbed by the conductive ITO layer on the glass substrates, leading to ohmic heating. The resulting heated ITO layer acts as a favorable site for nucleation and growth. TiO₂ thin films have widespread applications in the energy and electronics sectors. Such selective microwave-assisted ohmic heating of solid materials within a growth solution represents a promising new avenue for microwave synthesis, which has been minimally explored in the literature.
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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
化學工程研究所
99
In this study, Cathode materials lithium vanadyl phosphates (LiVOPO4) were synthesized by sol–gel method, with LiCO3, LiOH, V2O5, NH4H2PO4 and oxalic acid as the raw material. The effects of reaction conditions, synthesis temperature, reaction time, on the crystalling phase composition of sample. By the experimental result, we obtained product was sintered at 500℃for 4h in air. The structural, morphological were investigated by mean of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), The results showed that the sample is β-phase. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) employed in research and testing, to determine characteristics of materials to determine degradation temperatures.