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Journal articles on the topic 'Lizard tail autotomy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Niewiarowski, P. H., J. D. Congdon, A. E. Dunham, L. J. Vitt, and D. W. Tinkle. "Tales of lizard tails: effects of tail autotomy on subsequent survival and growth of free-ranging hatchling Uta stansburiana." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 4 (1997): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-067.

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Potential costs and benefits of tail autotomy in lizards have been inferred almost exclusively from experimental study in semi-natural enclosures and from indirect comparative evidence from natural populations. We present complementary evidence of the costs of tail autotomy to the lizard Uta stansburiana from detailed demographic study of a natural population. On initial capture, we broke the tails of a large sample of free-ranging hatchlings (560) and left the tails of another large sample (455) intact, and then followed subsequent hatchling growth and survival over a 3-year period. Surprisingly, in 1 out of the 3 years of study, survival of female hatchlings with broken tails exceeded that of female hatchlings with intact tails. Furthermore, no effects of tail loss on survivorship were detected for male hatchlings. However, in 2 years when recaptures were very frequent (1961, 1962), growth rates of hatchlings with broken tails were significantly slower than those of their counterparts with intact tails. We discuss our results in the broader context of estimating the relative costs and benefits of tail autotomy in natural populations, and suggest that long-term demographic studies will provide the best opportunity to assess realized fitness costs and benefits with minimum bias. We also describe how experimentally induced tail autotomy can be used as a technique to complement experimental manipulation of reproductive investment in the study of life-history trade-offs.

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2

Lin, Jhan-Wei, Ying-Rong Chen, Ying-Han Wang, Kuen-Chih Hung, and Si-Min Lin. "Tail regeneration after autotomy revives survival: a case from a long-term monitored lizard population under avian predation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1847 (2017): 20162538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2538.

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Caudal autotomy in lizards has intrigued scientists for more than 100 years. Because of the relative lack of literature under natural conditions, the complicated association among field autotomy rate, real predation pressure, the long-term cost of tail loss, and the benefit of regeneration remains equivocal. In this study, we conducted a 7-year capture–mark–recapture (CMR) programme with a wild population of a sexually dichromatic lizard, Takydromus viridipunctatus . We used autotomy indexes and a contemporary bird census mega-dataset of four predatory birds as predictors to examine the association between tail loss and predation pressure. We further estimated the survival cost of tail loss and alleviation by regeneration under natural conditions through CMR modelling. We found that large and small avian predators affect lizard survival through the following two routes: the larger-sized cattle egret causes direct mortality while the smaller shrikes and kestrels are the major causes of autotomy. Following autotomy, the survival rate of tailless individuals over the next month was significantly lower than that of tailed individuals, especially males during the breeding season, which showed a decline of greater than 30%. This sex-related difference further demonstrated the importance of reproductive costs for males in this sexually dichromatic species. However, the risk of mortality returned to baseline after the tails were fully grown. This study indicates the benefit of tail regeneration under natural conditions, which increases our understanding of the cost–benefit dynamics of caudal autotomy and further explains the maintenance of this trait as an evolutionarily beneficial adaption to long-term predator–prey interactions.

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3

Bateman, P. W., P. A. Fleming, and B. Rolek. "Bite me: Blue tails as a ‘risky-decoy’ defense tactic for lizards." Current Zoology 60, no. 3 (2014): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.3.333.

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Abstract Many lizard species use caudal autotomy to escape entrapment. Conspicuous coloration may increase the likelihood of being attacked, but if that attack can be directed towards the autotomous tail this may ultimately increase the chances of the lizard surviving a predatory attack. We tested the hypothesis that brightly-colored tails function to divert predatory attention away from the head and body using pairs of blue-tailed and all-brown clay model lizards. Predatory bird attacks on the 24 blue-tailed models occurred sooner (P = 0.001) than attacks on the 24 all-brown models, and over 7 days blue-tailed models were attacked more often than all-brown models (P = 0.007). Blue-tailed models were, however, more frequently attacked on the tail than other parts of the body (P &lt; 0.001), while all-brown models were more frequently attacked on the head and body (P = 0.019) which would be more likely to be fatal for a real lizard. Our results suggest that models with a blue tail were more conspicuous than all-brown models, attracting attacks sooner and more often, but that the attacks were predominantly directed at the tail. It is better for individuals to be attacked unsuccessfully many times, than successfully just once. Having a brightly-colored tail may, therefore, act as a ‘risky decoy’. Despite increased conspicuousness, a blue tail increases the likelihood that the lizard would be able to effect escape through caudal autotomy rather than being grabbed by the head or body.

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4

Koca, Yücel, Nazan Üzüm, Mehmet Turgut, et al. "Effects of Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil on tissue regeneration in a lizard tail autotomy model: a biochemical and histological study." Amphibia-Reptilia 28, no. 1 (2007): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853807779798992.

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AbstractCa2+ ions have been reported to augment the activities of many cell types including cellular proliferation and tissue regeneration. Moreover, it is well known that verapamil is a L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ antagonist with important clinical implications. To evaluate the role of Ca2+ ions in the regeneration of tail in lizards, verapamil was used in vivo to modulate the activity of intracellular Ca2+ in a lizard tail autotomy model. A total of 35 adult lizards were divided into three groups: lightness control group (n = 11), darkness group (n = 11) and verapamil treatment group (n = 13). The tails of adult lizards were amputated by pinching off the tail at the 15th segment from the vent to induce tail regeneration. The first two groups served as untreated constant lightness and darkness groups as controls, but the remaining group received intraperitoneally 1 mg/kg of verapamil. Following autotomy, the length of regenerating tails was measured at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days post-amputation. At the end of the study, the regenerating tails from animals from each group were removed for collagen assay procedure and histological examination. We found that verapamil produced a reduction in the length of the regenerated tail compared to untreated lightness group and the percentage of tail replaced in verapamil treatment group was lower than those in lightness control group. Total collagen contents were found to be higher in lightness control group in comparison with darkness and verapamil treatment groups. Accordingly, a quantitative stereological evaluation showed a higher percentage of neural tissue and a lower percentage of connective tissue, as well as vascular tissue, in the cross-sections of the regenerated tails taken from Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil-treated lizards, as compared to other groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that verapamil influences a variety of processes including fibroblast collagen production, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis during tail regeneration in lizard, possibly due to inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ ion by verapamil.

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5

Sanggaard, Kristian W., Carl Chr Danielsen, Lise Wogensen, et al. "Unique Structural Features Facilitate Lizard Tail Autotomy." PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (2012): e51803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051803.

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6

Galdino, Conrado, Stefânia Ventura, and Gladston Moreira. "Unveiling a spatial tail breakage outbreak in a lizard population." Amphibia-Reptilia 38, no. 2 (2017): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003094.

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Many ecological attributes of organisms vary spatially. This strict dependency upon space generally arises by individuals occupying places with the necessary resources and conditions for survival. For lizards, losing the tail is an evolved mechanism that allows them to escape predators or to avoid aggressive intraspecific agonistic interactions. We evaluated the spatial relation of tail loss in a population of the lizard Tropidurus montanus. Our results support the occurrence of a spatial cluster of autotomized lizards. However, we cannot relate the cluster formation to the crowding of neighbouring lizards nor to individuals’ body size. Tail loss in lizards is known to be related to predatory attacks or intraspecific aggression, and we now show that tail autotomy occurs in a non-random way regarding space, and thus is also related to the space occupied by individuals in populations.

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7

Argaez, Víctor, Israel Solano-Zavaleta, and J. Jaime Zúñiga-Vega. "Another potential cost of tail autotomy: tail loss may result in high ectoparasite loads in Sceloporus lizards." Amphibia-Reptilia 39, no. 2 (2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-17000156.

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Abstract Tail autotomy is a common phenomenon in lizards that increases the chances of immediate survival during a predation event or agonistic encounter. However, despite short-term benefits, tail regeneration may also impose costs. Several studies have demonstrated that tail loss compromises other vital functions such as lipid storage, reproduction, and the immune system. Several lizard species are hosts of mites and ticks. Here we evaluated in three lizard species from the genus Sceloporus, whether individuals that have lost their tails and invested energy in tail regeneration are more susceptible to ectoparasites. Using a multimodel inference framework, we examined if tail loss and regeneration, as well as sex, body condition, and season (dry or rainy) predict ectoparasite load. Our results indicate that investing energy and resources in tail regeneration compromises defence against ectoparasites. These costs differed between sexes and among species. Overall, ectoparasite load increases during the rainy season and is on average higher in males. In S. grammicus, during the rainy season, males with regenerated tails and in poor body condition had more ectoparasites than males with intact tails in good body condition. In S. megalepidurus, we observed the same effect during the rainy season but in females rather than males. In S. torquatus, we found no effect of tail loss on ectoparasite load. We discuss the possibility that differences observed among species reflect differences in both species-specific physiological trade-offs and local environmental conditions.

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Vervust, Bart, Hans Loy, and Raoul Damme. "Seeing through the lizard’s trick: do avian predators avoid autotomous tails?" Open Life Sciences 6, no. 2 (2011): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-010-0119-9.

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AbstractCounter-adaptations of predators towards their prey are a far less investigated phenomenon in predator-prey interactions. Caudal autotomy is generally considered an effective last-resort mechanism for evading predators. However, in victim-exploiter relationships, the efficacy of a strategy will obviously depend on the antagonist’s ability to counter it. In the logic of the predator-prey arms race, one would expect predators to develop attack strategies that minimize the chance of autotomy of the prey and damage on the predator. We tested whether avian predators preferred grasping lizards by their head. We constructed plasticine models of the Italian wall lizard (Podarcis sicula) and placed them in natural habitat of the species. Judging from counts of beak marks on the models, birds preferentially attack the head and might also avoid the tail and limb regions. While a preference for the head might not necessarily demonstrate tail and limb avoidance, this topic needs further exploration because it suggests that even unspecialised avian predators may see through the lizard’s trick-of-the-tail. This result may have implications for our understanding of the evolution of this peculiar defensive system and the loss or decreased tendency to shed the tail on island systems with the absence of terrestrial predators.

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9

Ramachandran, A. V., and P. I. Ndukuba. "Parachlorophenylalanine retards tail regeneration in the gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis exposed to continuous light." Journal of Experimental Biology 143, no. 1 (1989): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143.1.235.

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Parachlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) was used for chemical pinealectomy in a study of tail regeneration in the gekkonid lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Two doses of p-CPA (200 or 400 micrograms kg-1 body mass) were injected into two groups of lizards (5 days prior to and 30 days after caudal autotomy) exposed to continuous light of 2500 lx intensity during the summer season (March-May). Our observations show that the initiation of regeneration, the daily growth rate, the total length of new growth (regenerate) produced, and the total percentage replacement of the lost (autotomized) tails 30 days after autotomy were all significantly less with 400 micrograms kg-1 and insignificantly less with 200 micrograms kg-1 of p-CPA than in the control group of animals. The results may indicate that the effect of the drug p-CPA, an agent employed for chemical pinealectomy, on tail regeneration in H. flaviviridis is dose-dependent and that p-CPA at the high dose of 400 micrograms kg-1 has a similar retardation effect to that of complete pineal ablation. The role of the pineal in photoperiodic photoreception, and the effect of p-CPA on serotonin-melatonin biosynthesis and the consequent effects on tail regeneration, are discussed.

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10

Swamy, M. S., S. Abraham, and A. V. Ramachandran. "Serum T3 and T4 levels during tail regeneration in the gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis." Amphibia-Reptilia 14, no. 2 (1993): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853893x00318.

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AbstractCirculating levels of serum T3 and T4 have been assayed by radioimmunoassay during tail regeneration in the gekkonid lizard Hernidacylus flaviviridis. In general the level of serum T3 was lower than that of T4; both hormones showed phase-specific alterations. The immediate post-autotomy periods (first week) were marked by elevated T4 levels; the later phases of regeneration, corresponding to peak histodifferentiation (15-40 days), were marked by elevated T3 levels. These changes in serum T3 and T4 indicate the participation of the thyroid gland in lizard tail regeneration and are discussed in relation to changes in systemic, metabolic and haematologic variables characteristic of lizard tail regeneration.

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11

Daniels, Christopher B., Sean P. Flaherty, and Malumo P. Simbotwe. "Tail Size and Effectiveness of Autotomy in a Lizard." Journal of Herpetology 20, no. 1 (1986): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564134.

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12

Tsasi, Gerasimia, Efstratios Valakos, Chrysi Simou, and Panayiotis Pafilis. "Predation pressure, density-induced stress and tail regeneration: a casual-nexus situation or a bunch of independent factors?" Amphibia-Reptilia 30, no. 4 (2009): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853809789647022.

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AbstractCaudal autotomy, the self-induced tail shedding from the body, is a common defensive strategy in lizards. Tail loss is followed rapidly by regeneration, revealing the importance of a fully functional tail. Predation pressure has been traditionally correlated with autotomy performance. However there is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of predation regime on tail regeneration. Another important factor that has been neglected is the population density. Though it is well established that crowding alters various life-history traits, the impact of density on caudal regeneration remains understudied. In this paper we compared three island populations of the Aegean Wall Lizard (Podarcis erhardii) that have evolved under different levels of predation pressure: whereas the Naxos population is exposed to numerous predators the Kopries and Daskalio islet populations experience low predation pressure. To evaluate the effect of density-induced stress on caudal regeneration, lizards were treated under two conditions of housing, in single and crowded (six individuals) terraria. Tail sheding occurred prior to this treatment following a standardised method. The length of regenerated tail was recorded weekly. Regeneration rate was higher in single terraria when compared to crowded, reflecting the negative impact of crowding. However we failed to detect any statistically significant difference between single and crowded terraria in the case of Naxos. We believe that the underlying reason must be the heavy predation pressure under which rapid tail regeneration, even under unfavourable conditions, is crucial for survival. It seems that the imperious need for regeneration counteracts density-induced stress.

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13

Fitzpatrick, L. J., M. Olsson, L. M. Parsley, A. Pauliny, G. M. While, and E. Wapstra. "Tail loss and telomeres: consequences of large-scale tissue regeneration in a terrestrial ectotherm." Biology Letters 15, no. 7 (2019): 20190151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0151.

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Large-scale tissue regeneration has potential consequences for telomere length through increases in cell division and changes in metabolism which increase the potential for oxidative stress damage to telomeres. The effects of regeneration on telomere dynamics have been studied in fish and marine invertebrates, but the literature is scarce for terrestrial species. We experimentally induced tail autotomy in a lizard ( Niveoscincus ocellatus ) and assessed relative telomere length (RTL) in blood samples before and after partial tail regeneration while concurrently measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The change in ROS levels was a significant explanatory variable for the change in RTL over the 60-day experiment. At the average value of ROS change, the mean RTL increased significantly in the control group (intact tails), but there was no such evidence in the regenerating group. By contrast, ROS levels decreased significantly in the regenerating group, but there was no such evidence in the control group. Combined, these results suggest that tail regeneration following autotomy involves a response to oxidative stress and this potentially comes at a cost to telomere repair. This change in telomere maintenance demonstrates a potential long-term cost of tail regeneration beyond the regrowth of tissue itself.

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Ramachandran, A. V., R. V. Shah, and E. P. Valsamma. "In loco and systematic alteration in vitamin A content during tail regeneration in the gekkonid lizard, Hemidactylus,flaviviridis." Amphibia-Reptilia 13, no. 3 (1992): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853892x00490.

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AbstractA quantitative evaluation was made of the levels of vitamin A in the liver, kidney and tail regenerate during tail regeneration in H. flaviviridis. Vitamin A in the liver increased on the first three days and decreased on the 5th day post-autotomy; a second increase was noted on the 7th day. Thereafter a subnormal level was noted on the 10th, 15th and 25th days. Vitamin A levels in the tail remained raised throughout regeneration except on the 7th and 60th days when the levels were in the normal (pre-autotomy) range. Kidney vitamin A content showed a steep increase on the 10th day while at other periods it remained in the normal range. The depletion in hepatic vitamin A content corresponded with high vitamin content in the regenerate, indicating the mobilization of this vitamin to the site of regeneration. The decreased level during dedifferentiation indicates greater utilisation of this vitamin. Supra normal levels of vitamin A in the regenerate during the blastemic and differentiation phases suggest an intimate association of this vitamin with the many events characteristic of these phases of regeneration.

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Lu, Hong-Liang, Xiang Ji, and Wei-Guo Du. "Tail loss reduces locomotor ability but not metabolic rate in a viviparous skink, Sphenomorphus indicus." Animal Biology 63, no. 3 (2013): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002419.

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Tail autotomy is an efficient predator escape form, but imposes locomotor costs in many lizard species. It has been hypothesized that locomotor impairment following tail autotomy results from the altered running dynamics or loss of energy available for locomotion, but there is a paucity of data available to demonstrate such effects. We evaluated the locomotor costs of tail loss in a viviparous skink, Sphenomorphus indicus, and examined whether locomotor costs were related to changes in gait characteristics and metabolic rate. Of 24 field-captured adult males with original intact tails, 12 individuals were used as experimental animals, and the remaining 12 as controls. Locomotor performance and CO2 production were measured for the experimental skinks before and after tail removal; the same parameters were measured at the same time for the control skinks. Compared with tailed skinks, the mean locomotor speed and stamina of tailless skinks was reduced by approximately 26% and 17%, respectively. At any given speed, tailless skinks had a shorter stride length for hindlimbs (but not for forelimbs) and a greater stride frequency than did tailed skinks. In S. indicus, locomotor impairment may be a result of the reduced stride length, and energetic constraints on stride frequency. We found no significant change in standard metabolic rate after the skinks underwent tail removal, which may reflect a minor effect on energy expenditure for maintenance. Although the reduction in metabolically active tissue might cause a lower metabolic rate, tail regeneration counteracted such an effect because it was energetically expensive.

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Medel, Rodrigo G., Jaime E. Jiménez, Stanley F. Fox, Fabian M. Jaksić, Jaime E. Jimenez, and Fabian M. Jaksic. "Experimental Evidence That High Population Frequencies of Lizard Tail Autotomy Indicate Inefficient Predation." Oikos 53, no. 3 (1988): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3565531.

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17

McConnachie, Suzanne, and Martin J. Whiting. "Costs associated with tail autotomy in an ambush foraging lizard, Cordylus melanotus melanotus." African Zoology 38, no. 1 (2003): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2003.11657194.

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18

Mushinsky, Henry R., and Carl Gans. "The role of the tail in channel passage by the sand skink, Neoseps reynoldsi." Amphibia-Reptilia 13, no. 4 (1992): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853892x00085.

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AbstractThirteen sand skinks, Neoseps reynoldsi, were observed and videotaped traversing variously spaced plexiglass channels and spacings of pins to investigate locomotory patterns of a slender elongate lizard, with reduced limbs. Five individuals were recorded both before and after tail autotomy. Neoseps moves its limbs in locomotion on a flat surface; the hindlimbs participate in propulsion and their position, relative to their body, reflects the curvature of the trunk. Distance between pins, width of the plexiglass channel, and surface texture influence locomotory patterns. Individuals move more rapidly in wide channels, and movement is most irregular in channels with sandpaper floors. Whether on a plexiglass or a sandpaper floor, individuals travel more rapidly down the 2cm wide channel than the 1 cm channel. Fewer bends in the trunk in the wider channels may allow for more rapid movement. Autotomy of the tail slows movement on a plexiglass or sandpaper floor. The anterior portion of the tail contributes to the establishment of a static friction site that is jerked toward the head during locomotion, advancing the center of gravity in that direction. From the new site the trunk can be straightened by pushing against the friction site. The posterior portion of a tailless individual slides backward as the trunk is straightened, slowing their forward movement. The backward slide may reflect the lower mass and reduced static friction of the partial tail. In channels, Neoseps uses limbed concertina rather than simple concertina to generate a propulsive force. Evolutionarily, it appears that elongation of the tail and trunk did not incorporate the capacity for lateral undulation; as the curves of the trunk and tail seem preprogrammed and do not adjust to local points of contact.

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Araújo, Tomaz Henrique, Flavio Pavla de Faria, Eduardo Katchburian, and Edna Freymüller Haapalainen. "Ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle of the tail of the lizard Hemidactylus mabouia immediately following autotomy." Acta Zoologica 91, no. 4 (2010): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00432.x.

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20

Zamora-Camacho, F. J., S. Reguera, and G. Moreno-Rueda. "Does tail autotomy affect thermoregulation in an accurately thermoregulating lizard? Lessons from a 2200-m elevational gradient." Journal of Zoology 297, no. 3 (2015): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12266.

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Sousa, H. C., B. M. Costa, C. J. S. Morais, et al. "Blue tales of a blue-tailed lizard: ecological correlates of tail autotomy inMicrablepharus atticolus(Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) in a Neotropical savannah." Journal of Zoology 299, no. 3 (2016): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12335.

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Bateman, P. W., and P. A. Fleming. "To cut a long tail short: a review of lizard caudal autotomy studies carried out over the last 20 years." Journal of Zoology 277, no. 1 (2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00484.x.

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Ardiana, Ardiana, Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi, Nyoman Puniawati Soesilo, Laila Ainun Nisa, and Risti Widyaningsih. "Macro and Microanatomical Structures of Lizard’s Regenerate Tail (Mabouya multifasciata Kuhl, 1820)." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 2 (March 1, 2019): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v2.49.

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Lizards are animals that can do autotomy. Research on the autotomy of lizard’s tail has been carried out, but few have examined about axial skeletons that focus on vertebrae caudales or arranged muscles. That is the background of this research. This research is expected to be a database for further research and as a comparison between animals that can perform other autotomies. This research intend to determine the macro and micro structures of the anatomical axial skeleton lizard’s regenerate tail and to know the micro structures of anatomy muscular segmentation lizard’s regenerate tail. The used methods are X-Ray, Alizarin Red S and Alcian Blue, Paraffin method with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Mallory Triple Strain staining. The result showed that the lizard's regenerate tail was darker than the original. On observations using X-Ray and Alizarin staining showed that the original tail is seen broad and have a Processus. The original lizard's tail is composed of bones, because it is red which shows perfectly calcified bones. While the regenerate of the lizard's tail is composed of bones in the form of long pipes which are red-colored because they have calcified from outside. Muscular segmentation of the original lizard's tail when viewed transversely has irregular segments. While the lizard's regenerate tail has 15 muscle segments. Muscles are composed of a collection of myotubes that become myotomes, each of myotomes confined by the myoseptum.

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Corti, Claudia, Marta Biaggini, and Roberto Berti. "Different habitats, different pressures? Analysis of escape behaviour and ectoparasite load in Podarcis sicula (Lacertidae) populations in different agricultural habitats." Amphibia-Reptilia 30, no. 4 (2009): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853809789647068.

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AbstractHuman agricultural activities can deeply alter the environment thus provoking major impacts on a variety of organisms. Agricultural habitats however can be very different from one another in terms of habitat structure and management intensity, presenting varying pressures and/or benefits for different species. Agro-ecosystems can have opposing effects on reptiles and in some circumstances the presence of a species can even been enhanced by agricultural practices. We focused our study on Podarcis sicula, a relatively widespread lacertid lizard commonly present in agro-environments in Italy. We examined escape behaviour, caudal autotomy rates and ectoparasite load (tick infestation) in populations living in two different land uses, olive tree plantations and vineyards. All three aspects seemed to be deeply influenced by habitat structure. Predation pressure, as evaluated by tail break frequency, was lower in olive tree plantations, the most structurally complex habitats. In this type of habitat lizard escape behaviour was characterised by a clear preference for olive trees as refuges: individuals ran farther distances on average to reach the trees and hid inside them for a relatively long time. In vineyards, on the contrary, a less clear escape strategy was observed, showing a use of more temporary refuges. Also tick (Ixodes ricinus) infestation differed among land uses, being higher in olive tree plantations, probably in relation to vegetation cover features. Differences were found also between managements (with a higher tick load in traditional cultivations) and sexes, with males being more parasitized.

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Cooper, Jr., William E., and Chad S. Smith. "Costs and economy of autotomy for tail movement and running speed in the skink Trachylepis maculilabris." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 5 (2009): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-024.

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Economy of autotomy (shedding less than complete tails) is advantageous via retention of ability to autotomize and reduction of costs, including lipid loss, regeneration, and decreased social status. We studied its effects on predator-distracting tail movements and running speed in the speckle-lipped mabuya ( Trachylepis maculilabris (Boettger, 1913)) by removing fractions of the autotomizable portion. Distance moved was shorter for autotomized tail segments one third of the total tail length than for longer segments. Movement duration did not vary with proportion removed. Longer movement suggests that shedding longer segments improves ability to distract predators, enhances difficulty of capturing a tail, and may require longer handling time. Tails were difficult to break in regenerated sections and did not move when broken. The lack of movement of regenerated portions after separation suggests permanent loss of capacity to distract predators. Decreased speed was confirmed as a cost of autotomy in lizards that lost at least two thirds of their tail. In lizards that lost one third of tails speed was intermediate to that of intact lizards and those that lost more. Graded decrease in speed as proportional loss increases is consistent with progressive loss of a counterweight that reduces lateral motion while running. Economy of autotomy entails trade-offs between immediate and long-term escape ability.

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Gordeev, D. A. "CASES OF INCOMPLETE AUTOTOMY AND TAIL REGENERATION ABNORMALITY OF THE STEPPE-RUNNER (EREMIAS ARGUTA (PALLAS, 1773)) AND SAND LIZARD (LACERTA AGILIS LINNAEUS, 1758) IN THE VOLGOGRAD REGION." Current Studies in Herpetology 17, no. 1-2 (2017): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1814-6090-2017-17-1-2-3-9.

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Higham, Timothy E., and Anthony P. Russell. "Flip, flop and fly: modulated motor control and highly variable movement patterns of autotomized gecko tails." Biology Letters 6, no. 1 (2009): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0577.

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Many animals lose and regenerate appendages, and tail autotomy in lizards is an extremely well-studied example of this. Whereas the energetic, ecological and functional ramifications of tail loss for many lizards have been extensively documented, little is known about the behaviour and neuromuscular control of the autotomized tail. We used electromyography and high-speed video to quantify the motor control and movement patterns of autotomized tails of leopard geckos ( Eublepharis macularius ). In addition to rhythmic swinging, we show that they exhibit extremely complex movement patterns for up to 30 min following autotomy, including acrobatic flips up to 3 cm in height. Unlike the output of most central pattern generators (CPGs), muscular control of the tail is variable and can be arrhythmic. We suggest that the gecko tail is well suited for studies involving CPGs, given that this spinal preparation is naturally occurring, requires no surgery and exhibits complex modulation.

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Vollin, Marina F., and Timothy E. Higham. "Tail Autotomy Alters Prey Capture Performance and Kinematics, but not Success, in Banded Geckos." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 2 (2021): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab076.

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Abstract Tails are versatile structures with diverse forms and functions across vertebrates. They are involved in almost all behaviors critical to survival including locomotion, feeding, and predator avoidance. Although the tail’s role in locomotion and stability has been widely studied, its role in prey capture is relatively unknown. Lizards are an ideal system to examine the tail’s impact on prey capture as most are capable of autotomizing, or dropping, their tail in response to predation and intraspecific competition. Tail autotomy can lower reproduction, decrease locomotor performance, impart instability during jumping, and decrease social status. Desert banded geckos (Coleonyx variegatus) frequently capture evasive prey in nature and appear to use their tail during strikes. However, it is unclear if these tail movements are important for the strike itself, or if they simply draw attention to that part of the body. We used high-speed 3D videography to quantify prey capture performance and kinematics of C. variegatus striking at crickets before and after total caudal autotomy. Trials were conducted within 2 h of autotomy and then repeatedly over a 2-week period. Overall, prey capture success was unaffected by caudal autotomy. However, maximum strike velocity decreased significantly after autotomy, highlighting the importance of the tail during prey capture. Strike kinematics were altered after autotomy in several ways, including geckos adopting a more sprawled posture. Maximum pectoral girdle and mid-back height were significantly lower during post-autotomy strikes, whereas maximum pelvic girdle height was unaffected. However, individual variation was considerable. This downward pitching of the body after tail loss suggests that the tail is necessary for counterbalancing the anterior portion of the body and resisting the rotational inertia incurred after pushing off with the hindlimbs. Utilizing autotomy to test tail function in prey capture can provide valuable insight into how the tail is used in terrestrial predation across a wide variety of species and ecological niches.

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McElroy, Eric J., and Philip J. Bergmann. "Tail Autotomy, Tail Size, and Locomotor Performance in Lizards." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86, no. 6 (2013): 669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673890.

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Higham, Timothy E., Anthony P. Russell, and Peter A. Zani. "Integrative Biology of Tail Autotomy in Lizards." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86, no. 6 (2013): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673875.

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Bestion, Elvire, Aimeric Teyssier, Fabien Aubret, Jean Clobert, and Julien Cote. "Maternal exposure to predator scents: offspring phenotypic adjustment and dispersal." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1792 (2014): 20140701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0701.

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Predation is a strong selective pressure generating morphological, physiological and behavioural responses in organisms. As predation risk is often higher during juvenile stages, antipredator defences expressed early in life are paramount to survival. Maternal effects are an efficient pathway to produce such defences. We investigated whether maternal exposure to predator cues during gestation affected juvenile morphology, behaviour and dispersal in common lizards ( Zootoca vivipara ). We exposed 21 gravid females to saurophagous snake cues for one month while 21 females remained unexposed (i.e. control). We measured body size, preferred temperature and activity level for each neonate, and released them into semi-natural enclosures connected to corridors in order to measure dispersal. Offspring from exposed mothers grew longer tails, selected lower temperatures and dispersed thrice more than offspring from unexposed mothers. Because both tail autotomy and altered thermoregulatory behaviour are common antipredator tactics in lizards, these results suggest that mothers adjusted offspring phenotype to risky natal environments (tail length) or increased risk avoidance (dispersal). Although maternal effects can be passive consequences of maternal stress, our results strongly militate for them to be an adaptive antipredator response that may increase offspring survival prospects.

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Cooper Jr., William E., and Laurie J. Vitt. "Influence of detectability and ability to escape on natural selection of conspicuous autotomous defenses." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 3 (1991): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-109.

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Antipredatory adaptations in which a predator's attack is diverted to body parts that may be sacrificed or are less vulnerable sometimes depend upon the conspicuousness of the body part attacked. The predator's attention is drawn to the emphasized part, which serves as a decoy. Such defenses appear paradoxical in that they increase the probability of detection. However, they simultaneously increase the probability of postdetectional escape enough to decrease the overall probability of being killed. Based on probabilities of detection and of escape following detection, a simple model predicts the conditions in which autotomy and related defenses are favored. For a conspicuous decoy, equilibrium values of the increases in probabilities of detection and of escape following detection are given. Data on the conditional probability of escape after detection are discussed for the scincid lizards Eumeces fasciatus and E. laticeps, which have brightly colored autotomous tails. Versions of the model that split the predator–prey encounter into several successive stages are outlined briefly and illustrated by the data for the two lizard species. Strategies for measuring the probabilities and testing the model's predictions are considered.

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Jagnandan, K., A. P. Russell, and T. E. Higham. "Tail autotomy and subsequent regeneration alter the mechanics of locomotion in lizards." Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 21 (2014): 3891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.110916.

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Naya, Daniel E., Claudio Veloso, José L. P. Muñoz, and Francisco Bozinovic. "Some vaguely explored (but not trivial) costs of tail autotomy in lizards." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146, no. 2 (2007): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.10.014.

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Cooper Jr, William E., Dawn S. Wilson, and Geoffrey R. Smith. "Sex, Reproductive Status, and Cost of Tail Autotomy via Decreased Running Speed in Lizards." Ethology 115, no. 1 (2009): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01575.x.

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BARBADILLO, L. J., D. BAUWENS, F. BARAHONA, and M. J. SANCHEZ-HERRÁIZ. "Sexual differences in caudal morphology and its relation to tail autotomy in lacertid lizards." Journal of Zoology 236, no. 1 (1995): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb01786.x.

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Pérez-Mellado, V., C. Corti, and P. Lo Cascioa. "Tail autotomy and extinction in Mediterranean lizards. A preliminary study of continental and insular populations." Journal of Zoology 243, no. 3 (1997): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb02799.x.

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Murali, Gopal, and Ullasa Kodandaramaiah. "Deceived by stripes: conspicuous patterning on vital anterior body parts can redirect predatory strikes to expendable posterior organs." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 6 (2016): 160057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160057.

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Conspicuous coloration, which presumably makes prey more visible to predators, has intrigued researchers for long. Contrastingly coloured, conspicuous striped patterns are common among lizards and other animals, but their function is not well known. We propose and test a novel hypothesis, the ‘redirection hypothesis’, wherein longitudinal striped patterns, such as those found on the anterior body parts of most lacertilians, redirect attacks away from themselves during motion towards less vulnerable posterior parts, for example, the autotomous tail. In experiments employing human ‘predators’ attacking virtual prey on a touchscreen, we show that longitudinal striped patterns on the anterior half of prey decreased attacks to the anterior and increased attacks to the posterior. The position of stripes mattered—they worked best when they were at the anterior. By employing an adaptive psychophysical procedure, we show that prey with striped patterning are perceived to move slower, offering a mechanistic explanation for the redirective effect. In summary, our results suggest that the presence of stripes on the body (i.e. head and trunk) of lizards in combination with caudal autotomy can work as an effective anti-predator strategy during motion.

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Ribeiro, Leonardo B., Samuel C. Gomides, and Henrique C. Costa. "A New Worm Lizard Species (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae: Amphisbaena) with Non-autotomic Tail, from Northeastern Brazil." Journal of Herpetology 54, no. 1 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/19-043.

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FERNÁNDEZ‐RODRÍGUEZ, Irene, and Florentino BRAÑA. "The movement dynamics of autotomized lizards and their tails reveal functional costs of caudal autotomy." Integrative Zoology 15, no. 6 (2020): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12443.

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Fernández-Rodríguez, Irene, Frederico M. Barroso, and Miguel A. Carretero. "An integrative analysis of the short-term effects of tail autotomy on thermoregulation and dehydration rates in wall lizards." Journal of Thermal Biology 99 (July 2021): 102976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102976.

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Kuo, Chi‐Yun, Duncan J. Irschick, and Simon P. Lailvaux. "Trait compensation between boldness and the propensity for tail autotomy under different food availabilities in similarly aged brown anole lizards." Functional Ecology 29, no. 3 (2014): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12324.

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Tyler, R. Kirsten, Kristin M. Winchell, and Liam J. Revell. "Tails of the City: Caudal Autotomy in the Tropical Lizard,Anolis cristatellus, in Urban and Natural Areas of Puerto Rico." Journal of Herpetology 50, no. 3 (2016): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/15-039.

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Barr, James I., Catherine A. Boisvert, Ruchira Somaweera, Kate Trinajstic, and Philip W. Bateman. "Re-regeneration to reduce negative effects associated with tail loss in lizards." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55231-6.

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AbstractMany species of lizard use caudal autotomy, the ability to self-amputate a portion of their tail, regenerated over time, as an effective anti-predation mechanism. The importance of this tactic for survival depends on the degree of predation risk. There are, however, negative trade-offs to losing a tail, such as loss of further autotomy opportunities with the regenerated tail vertebrae being replaced by a continuous cartilaginous rod. The common consensus has been that once a tail has been autotomised and regenerated it can only be autotomised proximal to the last vertebral autotomy point, as the cartilage rod lacks autotomy planes. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that although the regenerated portion of the tail is unable to autotomise, it can re-regenerate following a physical shearing event. We assessed re-regeneration in three populations of the King’s skink (Egernia kingii), a large lizard endemic to south-west Western Australia and surrounding islands. We show that re-regeneration is present at an average of 17.2% across the three populations, and re-regenerated tissue can comprise up to 23.3% of an individual’s total tail length. The ability to re-regenerate may minimise the costs to an individual’s fitness associated with tail loss, efficiently restoring ecological functions of the tail.

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Wuthrich, Kelly Lin, Derek Stock, Janelle B. Talavera, Breanna J. Putman, and Lindsey Swierk. "Sexual signal conspicuity is correlated with tail autotomy in an anoline lizard." Current Zoology, July 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoab064.

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Savvides, Pantelis, Maria Stavrou, Panayiotis Pafilis, and Spyros Sfenthourakis. "Tail autotomy affects bipedalism but not sprint performance in a cursorial Mediterranean lizard." Science of Nature 104, no. 1-2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-016-1425-5.

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Domínguez-López, Moisés E., Ángela M. Ortega-león, and Gastón J. Zamora-abrego. "Tail autotomy effects on the escape behavior of the lizard Gonatodes albogularis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae), from Córdoba, Colombia." Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 88, no. 1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40693-014-0010-6.

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Bradley, Stefanie S., Erika Howe, Leah R. Bent, and Matthew K. Vickaryous. "Cutaneous tactile sensitivity before and after tail loss and regeneration in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)." Journal of Experimental Biology 224, no. 5 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.234054.

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ABSTRACT Amongst tetrapods, mechanoreceptors on the feet establish a sense of body placement and help to facilitate posture and biomechanics. Mechanoreceptors are necessary for stabilizing the body while navigating through changing terrains or responding to a sudden change in body mass and orientation. Lizards such as the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) employ autotomy – a voluntary detachment of a portion of the tail – to escape predation. Tail autotomy represents a natural form of significant (and localized) mass loss. Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments were used to investigate the effect of tail autotomy (and subsequent tail regeneration) on tactile sensitivity of each appendage of the leopard gecko. Prior to autotomy, we identified site-specific differences in tactile sensitivity across the ventral surfaces of the hindlimbs, forelimbs and tail. Repeated monofilament testing of both control (tail-intact) and tail-loss geckos had a significant sensitization effect (i.e. decrease in tactile threshold, maintained over time) in all regions of interest except the palmar surfaces of the forelimbs in post-autotomy geckos, compared with baseline testing. Although the regenerated tail is not an exact replica of the original, tactile sensitivity is shown to be effectively restored at this site. Re-establishment of tactile sensitivity on the ventral surface of the regenerate tail points towards a (continued) role in predator detection.

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