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PINCHEIRA-DONOSO, DANIEL. "Debating Liolaemidae diversity and classification, and a bit more: A response to Lobo et al." Zootaxa 2772, no. 1 (February 23, 2011): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2772.1.4.
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The Liolaemidae lizard evolutionary radiation has resulted from active spatial expansions into an extensive territorial area accompanied by active events of cladogenesis that have produced high levels of taxonomic and ecological diversity, especially within the Liolaemus genus. As a result, these lizards have been for decades the subject of intense taxonomic and systematic debates. Here, I provide an analysis of a recent paper where discussions on Liolaemidae diversity and classification involved biased and arbitrary interpretations and observations of two previously published monographs.
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POULIN, BRIGITTE, GAËTAN LEFEBVRE, ROBERTO IBÁÑEZ, CÉSAR JARAMILLO, CARLOS HERNÁNDEZ, and A. STANLEY RAND. "Avian predation upon lizards and frogs in a neotropical forest understorey." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 1 (January 2001): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740100102x.
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Although tropical forest birds are known to prey upon small lizards and frogs, no study has documented the attributes of vertebrate-eating birds or whether birds prey opportunistically on the different elements of the herpetofauna within tropical communities. This study is based on a 14-mo investigation on avian diet, supplemented with a 3-y census of frogs and a 1-y census of lizards in a humid forest of central Panama. From 91 bird species, 1086 regurgitates were collected, in which were found 75 lizards and 53 frogs. Over 50% of the common, primarily insectivorous bird species preyed upon lizards or frogs, with a mean frequency of 0.26 prey/sample. These birds (22 species, nine families) foraged on various substrates from different strata of the forest, fed on invertebrates averaging from 3.3 to 17.2 mm in length, weighed from 11 to 195 g, and had bill lengths that varied from 12.2 to 49.8 mm. Based on a logistic regression analysis, intensity of foraging at army-ant swarms was the variable that best explained the likelihood that a bird species preyed upon lizards, leading to a classification that was 91% correct. In contrast, bill length and body length classified correctly 88% of the frog-eating birds, which showed a fairly constant 1:7 bill length/body length ratio (as opposed to a mean but highly variable 1:10 ratio in other species). A multiple regression analysis showed that seasonal variation in intensity of lizard predation was positively related to arthropod abundance except during the breeding season when lizard intake decreased, presumably because nesting birds did not follow ant swarms. Intensity of frog predation correlated with frog abundance over time, the latter being inversely related to arthropod availability. Ninety-seven per cent of all lizards and frogs identified in the diet samples (n = 105) were from two genera, Anolis and Eleutherodactylus, respectively. Prey size distribution in the regurgitates suggested an optimal prey size of 33.5 mm snout-vent length (SVL) for lizards and 14.5 mm SVL for frogs. Birds preyed opportunistically on the different Anolis species, but almost exclusively upon juvenile individuals. Abundances of the different Eleutherodactylus species correlated with their predation rates, but these frogs represented only 10% of all the frogs observed during the censuses. The two most common local anurans, Colostethus flotator and Bufo typhonius, were not taken by any bird species.
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SCHOOLS, MOLLY, and S. BLAIR HEDGES. "Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae)." Zootaxa 4974, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 201–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1.
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Lizards of the family Diploglossidae occur in moist, tropical forests of Middle America, South America, and Caribbean islands. Our analyses based on new molecular and morphological data indicate that the widely distributed genera Celestus Gray, 1839 and Diploglossus Wiegmann, 1834 are paraphyletic. We restrict the former to Caribbean islands and the latter to South America and Caribbean islands. We assign species in Middle America, formerly placed in Celestus and Diploglossus, to Advenus gen. nov., Mesoamericus gen. nov., and Siderolamprus Cope, 1861. We assign species on Caribbean islands, formerly placed in Celestus, to Caribicus gen. nov., Comptus gen. nov., Celestus, Panolopus Cope, 1862, Sauresia Gray, 1852, and Wetmorena Cochran, 1927. Our phylogenetic tree supports three major clades in the family: Celestinae subfam. nov. (Advenus gen. nov., Caribicus gen. nov., Comptus gen. nov., Celestus, Panolopus, Sauresia, and Wetmorena), Diploglossinae (Diploglossus and Ophiodes Wagler, 1828), and Siderolamprinae subfam. nov. (Mesoamericus gen. nov. and Siderolamprus). Our timetree indicates that the diploglossid lineage originated in the early Cenozoic and established three major centers of diversification in the Americas: Middle America (siderolamprines and one celestine), South America (diploglossines), and Caribbean islands (celestines and diploglossines). The majority of threatened species are on Caribbean islands, with the major threats being deforestation and predation by the introduced mongoose. Molecular and morphological data indicate that there are many undescribed species in this family of lizards.
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Moody, Scott M. "Charles L. Camp and His 1923 Classification of Lizards: An Early Cladist?" Systematic Zoology 34, no. 2 (June 1985): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2413329.
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Moody, S. M. "Charles L. Camp and His 1923 Classification of Lizards: An Early Cladist?" Systematic Biology 34, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/34.2.216.
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NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E., BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER, and JAY M. SAVAGE. "It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae)." Zootaxa 3477, no. 1 (September 10, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3477.1.1.
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In this essay, we review concepts of taxonomic categories of anoles, reanalyze accumulated characteristics of these lizards,use these analyses to summarize the topology of the phylogenetic tree for anoles, and use consistent major branches ofthis topology to recommend a classification scheme for this large group of squamates. We then use this new taxonomy todraw inferences about the evolution of habitat use, as well as the geologic ages and geographic distribution of anolelineages. Our taxonomy eliminates problems of paraphyly inherent in previous classifications by elevating eight majorlineages to generic status (Anolis, Audantia, Chamaelinorops, Ctenonotus, Dactyloa, Deiroptyx, Norops, and Xiphosurus), providing diagnoses of those genera, and then doing the same for species groups within each genus. With the exceptionof 19 species, the contents of our generic categories are consistent with all recent phylogenetic reconstructions. Thus, therevised taxonomy appears to provide a stable classification for at least 95% of the 387 species currently recognized andincluded in our treatment of the group. We argue that these lizards originated in South America ~130 ma, where they werelarge in size and occupied niches focused on the canopy of rainforest trees. The radiation diverged into eight genera125–65 ma within a volcanic island arc that connected North and South America. This evolutionary diversificationgenerated three genera (Deiroptyx, Dactyloa, and Xiphosurus) that retained an ancestral large size and canopy niche focusand five genera (Anolis, Audantia, Chamaelinorops, Ctenonotus, and Norops) that became small, with niches focusedtoward the ground. The complicated divergence and accretion events that generated the current conformation of theAntillean islands, and eventually closed the Panamanian Portal, transported six island genera to their current centers ofdiversity (Anolis, Audantia, Chamaelinorops, Ctenonotus, Deiroptyx, and Xiphosurus), leaving two genera on themainland (Dactyloa and Norops). Our historical reconstruction makes Norops a much older radiation than previousreconstructions, allowing basal diversification of this species-rich lineage to occur on mainland terrains that eventuallyseparated from the mainland to become parts of Cuba and Jamaica. This early diversification extended into northern South America, where a basal lineage of Norops coevolved with Dactyloa prior to the mainland-island separation.
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Miles, Donald B. "Can Morphology Predict the Conservation Status of Iguanian Lizards?" Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa074.
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Synopsis The integrity of regional and local biological diversity is under siege as a result of multiple anthropogenic threats. The conversion of habitats, such as rain forests, into agricultural ecosystems, reduces the area available to support species populations. Rising temperatures and altered rainfall patterns lead to additional challenges for species. The ability of conservation biologists to ascertain the threats to a species requires data on changes in distribution, abundance, life history, and ecology. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) uses these data to appraise the extinction risk for a species. However, many species remain data deficient (DD) or unassessed. Here, I use 14 morphological traits related to locomotor function, habitat, and feeding to predict the threat status of over 400 species of lizards in the infraorder Iguania. Morphological traits are an ideal proxy for making inferences about a species’ risk of extinction. Patterns of morphological covariation have a known association with habitat use, foraging behavior, and physiological performance across multiple taxa. Results from phylogenetic general linear models revealed that limb lengths as well as head characters predicted extinction risk. In addition, I used an artificial neural network (ANN) technique to generate a classification function based on the morphological traits of species with an assigned IUCN threat status. The network approach identified eight morphological traits as predictors of extinction risk, which included head and limb characters. The best supported model had a classification accuracy of 87.4%. Moreover, the ANN model predicted >18% of DD/not assessed species were at risk of extinction. The predicted assessments were supported by other sources of threat status, for example, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species appendices. Because of the functional link between morphology, performance, and ecology, an ecomorphological approach may be a useful tool for rapid assessment of DD or poorly known species.
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LOBO, FERNANDO, ROBERT E. ESPINOZA, and SEBASTIAN QUINTEROS. "A critical review and systematic discussion of recent classification proposals for liolaemid lizards." Zootaxa 2549, no. 1 (July 26, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2549.1.1.
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We provide a critical review of a recent taxonomic revision of Chilean Liolaemus lizards (Iguania: Liolaemidae) by Pincheira-Donoso and Núñez (2005) and a recent paper (PincheiraDonoso et al. 2008), which proposed several new taxonomic and phylogenetic arrangements. We document fundamental problems with many of the proposed taxonomic revisions in both publications, which if followed, could lead to serious taxonomic confusion. In Pincheira-Donoso and Núñez (2005) a subgeneric classification is erected, which was produced by outdated methods (phenetic analyses), cannot be replicated (no matrix is presented), and is taxonomically untenable (some of the subgenera are nested within other subgenera). Most of the taxonomic groups that are proposed have been previously proposed, albeit differently constituted, yet often previous research is not given attribution; when findings are different, the research of others is either overlooked or dismissed without comment. The diagnoses of species and subspecies (including several newly proposed taxa) are often written in an authoritative manner (without supporting data or information), making them insufficient for distinguishing the focal taxon from others belonging to the same group, finally leading to uncertainty regarding the validity of several of the newly proposed taxa, combinations, or synonymies. We also describe less egregious errors of omission and commission. In Pincheira-Donoso et al. (2008), most of the proposals follow the Pincheira-Donoso and Núñez (2005) revisions, some species are allocated to groups without consistent cladistic support and other proposed relationships are based on incomplete evidence from other studies dismissing the limitations of the arrangement. Critical species are not identified in a list of material examined. Finally, Pincheira-Donoso et al. (2008) present a somewhat outdated and biased discussion of the relative value of using molecules or morphology in systematics. In light of these limitations, and in an effort to stabilize and prevent further taxonomic confusion, we provide an updated phylogenetic classification of the currently recognized lizards of the family Liolaemidae (Ctenoblepharys, Liolaemus, and Phymaturus), which is based on a consensus of studies published since the first phylogenetic major revision of the clade in 1995.
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Radder, Rajkumar S., Alexander E. Quinn, Arthur Georges, Stephen D. Sarre, and Richard Shine. "Genetic evidence for co-occurrence of chromosomal and thermal sex-determining systems in a lizard." Biology Letters 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2007): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0583.
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An individual's sex depends upon its genes (genotypic sex determination or GSD) in birds and mammals, but reptiles are more complex: some species have GSD whereas in others, nest temperatures determine offspring sex (temperature-dependent sex determination). Previous studies suggested that montane scincid lizards ( Bassiana duperreyi , Scincidae) possess both of these systems simultaneously: offspring sex is determined by heteromorphic sex chromosomes (XX–XY system) in most natural nests, but sex ratio shifts suggest that temperatures override chromosomal sex in cool nests to generate phenotypically male offspring even from XX eggs. We now provide direct evidence that incubation temperatures can sex-reverse genotypically female offspring, using a DNA sex marker. Application of exogenous hormone to eggs also can sex-reverse offspring (oestradiol application produces XY as well as XX females). In conjunction with recent work on a distantly related lizard taxon, our study challenges the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between genetic and thermally determined sex determination, and hence the validity of current classification schemes for sex-determining systems in reptiles.
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du Toit, Annemarie, P. le Fras Mouton, and Alexander Flemming. "Aseasonal reproduction and high fecundity in the Cape grass lizard, Cordylus anguinus, in a fire-prone habitat." Amphibia-Reptilia 24, no. 4 (2003): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853803322763936.
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AbstractWe investigated life history characters of the Cape grass lizard, Cordylus anguinus, and relate them to survival in the fire-prone habitat in which it occurs. Unlike in other cordylids, reproductive activity was found to be asynchronous among females, with vitellogenic and gravid females encountered virtually throughout the year. Aseasonal breeding will circumvent reduction or complete loss of reproductive effort for any given year due to fire. Female grass-lizards attain significantly larger body sizes than males. Clutch size ranged from three to seventeen and was positively correlated with snout-vent length. Maximum clutch size is more than three times that recorded for any other cordylid. We suggest that high fecundity will allow quick recruitment after a fire. To determine the reproductive cycle exhibited by males, testicular volume and seminiferous tubule diameter were measured, and spermatogenic activity assessed qualitatively, using Licht's classification system. Our data indicate that C. anguinus has a post-nuptial spermatogenic cycle. The species differs from other cordylids having a post-nuptial cycle, in that spermatogenesis already commences in spring.
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Flores-Villela, Oscar, César A. Ríos-Muñoz, Kurt Schwenk, Graciela Zamudio-Varela, and Gloria Magaña-Cota. "An unpublished manuscript of Alfredo Dugès related to the classification of lizards according to tongue morphology, c. 1898." Archives of Natural History 37, no. 2 (October 2010): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2010.0007.
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An unpublished manuscript of Alfredo Dugès was found in Guanajuato, Mexico. This manuscript is interesting in depicting some of the ideas Dugès held about the phylogenetic position of many lizard groups in the nineteenth century, in particular, his conclusion on the phylogenetic position of Heloderma, the only known venomous lizard at that time. Dugès's discussion is important in the context of a science dominated by Europeans and North Americans, putting this lizard in a modern phylogenetic context.
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Pyron, R., Frank T. Burbrink, and John J. Wiens. "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes." BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, no. 1 (2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93.
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Forth, Gregory. "Symbolic Lizards: Forms of Special Purpose Classification of Animals among the Nage of Eastern Indonesia." Anthrozoös 26, no. 3 (September 2013): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175303713x13697429463556.
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Al-Quraishy, Saleh, Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar, Mohamed A. Dkhil, and Rewaida Abdel-Gaber. "Haemogregarines and Criteria for Identification." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010170.
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Apicomplexa is a phylum that includes all parasitic protozoa sharing unique ultrastructural features. Haemogregarines are sophisticated apicomplexan blood parasites with an obligatory heteroxenous life cycle and haplohomophasic alternation of generations. Haemogregarines are common blood parasites of fish, amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocodilians, birds, and mammals. Haemogregarine ultrastructure has been so far examined only for stages from the vertebrate host. PCR-based assays and the sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene are helpful methods to further characterize this parasite group. The proper classification for the haemogregarine complex is available with the criteria of generic and unique diagnosis of these parasites.
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Danilov, I. G. "W.A. Lindholm’s contributions to herpetology with an annotated bibliography of his herpetological publications." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 323, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2019.323.3.253.
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This paper presents notes on the herpetological biography of W.A. Lindholm (1874–1935), a Russian-Soviet zoologist known mostly by his contributions to malacology and herpetology. His 15 herpetological publications, which are annotated in this paper, include naturalistic observations of amphibians and reptiles, commentaries on the catalogue of reptiles and amphibians from the collection of the Museum Wiesbaden, descriptions of new taxa of lizards, snakes, and turtles, revision of the classification of Recent turtles and studies on the nomenclature of some amphibians and reptiles. This paper also contains a list of 21 reptilian taxa introduced by Lindholm and a list of four reptilian taxa named in honour of him.
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Busack, Stephen D., and Linda R. Maxson. "Molecular Relationships among Iberian, Moroccan, and South African Lacertid Lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 8, no. 4 (1987): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853887x00153.
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AbstractRelationships among representatives of five genera of lacertid lizards from Iberia, Morocco, and South Africa were studied using quantitative micro-complement fixation analysis of serum albumin evolution. Using the albumin molecular clock to establish divergence times we suggest (1) South African Ichnotropis and North African Psammodromus diverged from the lineage representing Lacerta lepida-L. monticola during the Oligocene, (2) South African Pedioplanis and Heliobolus diverged from this lineage during the late Miocene, and (3) ancestral representatives of L. andreanszkyi, L. perspicillata and Podarcis hispanica diverged from lineages leading to L. monticola and L. lepida during the mid-Miocene. Radiation within the Palearctic Lacertidae has clearly been extensive, yet fewer than twenty percent of the species in this radiation have been examined biochemically. Until additional data can be gathered, the current classification of the Palearctic Lacertidae cannot be much improved and we recommend adherence to the taxonomy proposed by Arnold (1973).
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Nielsen, Stuart V., Juan D. Daza, Brendan J. Pinto, and Tony Gamble. "ZZ/ZW Sex Chromosomes in the Endemic Puerto Rican Leaf-Toed Gecko (Phyllodactylus wirshingi)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 157, no. 1-2 (2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496379.
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Investigating the evolutionary processes influencing the origin, evolution, and turnover of vertebrate sex chromosomes requires the classification of sex chromosome systems in a great diversity of species. Among amniotes, squamates (lizards and snakes) - and gecko lizards in particular - are worthy of additional study. Geckos possess all major vertebrate sex-determining systems, as well as multiple transitions among them, yet we still lack data on the sex-determining systems for the vast majority of species. We here utilize restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to identify the sex chromosome system of the Puerto Rican endemic leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylidae: Phyllodactylus wirshingi), in order to confirm a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system within the genus, as well as to better categorize the diversity within this poorly characterized family. RADseq has proven an effective alternative to cytogenetic methods for determining whether a species has an XX/XY or ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system - particularly in taxa with non-differentiated sex chromosomes - but can also be used to identify which chromosomes in the genome are the sex chromosomes. We here identify a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in P. wirshingi. Furthermore, we show that 4 of the female-specific markers contain fragments of genes found on the avian Z and discuss homology with P. wirshingi sex chromosomes.
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Huie, Jonathan M., Ivan Prates, Rayna C. Bell, and Kevin de Queiroz. "Convergent patterns of adaptive radiation between island and mainland Anolis lizards." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 134, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab072.
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Abstract Uncovering convergent and divergent patterns of diversification is a major goal of evolutionary biology. On four Greater Antillean islands, Anolis lizards have convergently evolved sets of species with similar ecologies and morphologies (ecomorphs). However, it is unclear whether closely related anoles from Central and South America exhibit similar patterns of diversification. We generated an extensive morphological data set to test whether mainland Draconura-clade anoles are assignable to the Caribbean ecomorphs. Based on a new classification framework that accounts for different degrees of morphological support, we found morphological evidence for mainland representatives of all six Caribbean ecomorphs and evidence that many ecomorphs have also evolved repeatedly on the mainland. We also found strong evidence that ground-dwelling anoles from both the Caribbean and the mainland constitute a new and distinct ecomorph class. Beyond the ecomorph concept, we show that the island and mainland anole faunas exhibit exceptional morphological convergence, suggesting that they are more similar than previously understood. However, the island and mainland radiations are not identical, indicating that regional differences and historical contingencies can lead to replicate yet variable radiations. More broadly, our findings suggest that replicated radiations occur beyond island settings more often than previously recognized.
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Alifanov, V. R. "Lizards of the Family Temujiniidae (Iguanomorpha): Finds from the Aptian–Albian of Mongolia, Classification and Geographical Origin." Paleontological Journal 52, no. 6 (November 2018): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030118060023.
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Köhler, Jörn, Miguel Vences, Martina Erbacher, and Frank Glaw. "Systematics of limbless scincid lizards from northern Madagascar: morphology, phylogenetic relationships and implications for classification (Squamata: Scincidae)." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 10, no. 2 (March 10, 2010): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-010-0011-5.
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PELLEGRINO, KATIA C. M., MIGUEL T. RODRIGUES, Y. YONENAGA-YASSUDA, and JACK W. SITES. "A molecular perspective on the evolution of microteiid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), and a new classification for the family." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74, no. 3 (November 2001): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01395.x.
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PELLEGRINO, K. "A molecular perspective on the evolution of microteiid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), and a new classification for the family." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74, no. 3 (November 2001): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bijl.2001.0580.
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HAN, DEMIN, KAIYA ZHOU, and AARON M. BAUER. "Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from C-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83, no. 3 (October 20, 2004): 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00393.x.
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Parra, Vanessa, Pedro M. Sales Nunes, and Omar Torres-Carvajal. "Systematics of Pholidobolus lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new species." ZooKeys 954 (July 29, 2020): 109–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.954.50667.
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Four new species of Pholidobolus lizards are described from poorly explored areas in the Andes of southern Ecuador based on morphological and genetic evidence. Among other morphological characters, Pholidobolus sameksp. nov. and P. condorsp. nov. differ from their congeners in having green dorsolateral stripes on head. Males of P. condorsp. nov. differ from those of P. sameksp. nov. in having reddish flanks and venter. P. dolichoderessp. nov. is distinguished by having a long neck, with more scales between orbit and tympanum, whereas P. fascinatussp. nov. is distinguished by lacking enlarged medial scales on collar and a conspicuous vertebral stripe. In addition, the phylogenetic position of the new species is inferred using DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The phylogeny supports strongly monophyly of each of the new species and renders P. macbrydei paraphyletic and split into six subclades. Available data suggest that the new species have restricted distribution ranges (< 100 km2 each), and it is proposed that their classification be as Data Deficient or Critically Endangered species. The results reveal unexpected levels of diversity within Pholidobolus in the Andes of southern Ecuador and highlight the importance of improving scientific collections and conservation efforts in this area.
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Blackburn, Daniel G. "Evolutionary Origins of Viviparity in the Reptilia. II. Serpentes, Amphisbaenia, and Ichthyosauria." Amphibia-Reptilia 6, no. 3 (1985): 259–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853885x00290.
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AbstractSuperimposition of reproductive mode data from the literature over phylogenetic classification systems reveals that viviparity (live-bearing reproduction) has evolved on at least 35 independent occasions among the Serpentes, once in the Amphisbaenia, and once in the Ichthyosauria. Of the ophidian origins of the live-bearing mode, at least fourteen have occurred in the Colubridae, twelve in the Viperidae, three in the Hydrophiidae (used in the sense of Smith et al., 1977), and one in each of the following groups: Boidae, Acrochordidae, Tropidophiidae, Uropeltidae, Typhlopidae, and Elapidae. Previous analysis has distinguished and defined 45 origins of viviparity among the lizards. Here, ten additional saurian origins are recognized on the basis of unpublished and recently published evidence, three in the Iguanidae, two in the Scincidae, and one in each of the following groups: Agamidae, Chamaeleontidae, Anguidae, Xenosauridae, and Anniellidae. As phylogenetic relationships are clarified, further origins seem likely to be detected, particularly in the Colubridae, Hydrophiidae, Scincidae, and Iguanidae. At present, however, at least 92 origins of viviparity can be recognized within the class Reptilia. Reptilian viviparity has arisen on multiple occasions in each of the six major biogeographic regions, with a majority of the origins having occurred in the Old World. Nearly 19% of the extant reptile species are probably live-bearers, including more than 20% of the snakes and over 19% of the lizards. About 71 % of the viviparous species belong to either the Scincidae, Colubridae, Viperidae, or Iguanidae. The discontinuous distribution of the origins of viviparity among the reptilian families supports the hypothesis that selective pressures, preadaptations, and constraints vary at high taxonomic levels.
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Blouin-Demers, Gabriel, Olivier Lourdais, Abdellah Bouazza, Catherine Verreault, Hassan El Mouden, and Tahar Slimani. "Patterns of throat colour variation in Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus, a high-altitude gecko endemic to the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 4 (2013): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002900.
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The persistence of marked phenotypic variation within species is evolutionarily puzzling. We uncovered remarkable variation in throat colouration in a high-altitude gecko (Atlas Day Gecko, Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus) endemic to the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Orange, yellow, and white variants were found in approximately equal proportions in both sexes, and in juveniles and adults. The colour variants did not differ in body size or in body condition, but there was some indication that orange males have relatively longer jaws than white or yellow males. The number of mites harboured by an individual was not a function of its sex or of its throat colouration, but larger lizards did harbour more mites. Our data do not support the hypotheses that throat colour variation is due to selection pressures differing between the sexes or through ontogeny, or signals immunocompetence, but offer some support for the hypothesis that throat colour variation signals dominance. Future investigations on the evolution of throat colour variation in this species should use spectrophotometry to obtain finer colour classification and incorporate measures of fitness.
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Warner, Daniel A., Matthew B. Lovern, and Richard Shine. "Maternal nutrition affects reproductive output and sex allocation in a lizard with environmental sex determination." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1611 (January 9, 2007): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0105.
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Life-history traits such as offspring size, number and sex ratio are affected by maternal feeding rates in many kinds of animals, but the consequences of variation in maternal diet quality (rather than quantity) are poorly understood. We manipulated dietary quality of reproducing female lizards ( Amphibolurus muricatus ; Agamidae), a species with temperature-dependent sex determination, to examine strategies of reproductive allocation. Females maintained on a poor-quality diet produced fewer clutches but massively (twofold) larger eggs with lower concentrations of yolk testosterone than did conspecific females given a high-quality diet. Although all eggs were incubated at the same temperature, and yolk steroid hormone levels were not correlated with offspring sex, the nutrient-deprived females produced highly male-biased sex ratios among their offspring. These responses to maternal nutrition generate a link between sex and offspring size, in a direction likely to enhance maternal fitness if large body size enhances reproductive success more in sons than in daughters (as seems plausible, given the mating system of this species). Overall, our results show that sex determination in these animals is more complex, and responsive to a wider range of environmental cues, than that suggested by the classification of ‘environmental sex determination’.
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Łojszczyk-Szczepaniak, Anna, Anna Śmiech, Nadia Chlebicka, Klaudiusz O. Szczepaniak, and Paweł Klimiuk. "First case of intestinal leiomyosarcoma in a bearded dragon: Ultrasonographic findings." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 5 (2016): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5507.
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The paper presents a case of leiomyosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) with an ultrasound and histopathological description of pathological changes. According to our knowledge, leiomyosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and its ultrasound features have not been reported in lizards yet. A male bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), aged 4 years, was referred for radiological and ultrasound examination with a history of apathy and loss of appetite. A preliminary diagnosis of an advanced neoplasia process in the caudal coelomic cavity was established by diagnostic imaging methods. The owner decided to euthanize the animal and agreed to a post-mortem examination. After euthanasia, a histopathological examination was performed. In a radiological examination, an irregularly marginated radiopacity measuring 5.8 x 4.0 cm was visible in the central part of the coelom. Serosal margin details in the coelomic cavity were decreased, and differentiation of coelomic organs was impossible. An ultrasound examination confirmed a large amount of free echogenic fluid in the coelomic cavity. The liver had increased echogenicity, and a hypoechoic focal lesion was found in the right lobe. Mixed echogenicity masses were visible in the caudal coelom adjacent to the small intestinal loops. In one of the adjacent intestinal loops, a focal thickening of the small intestinal wall was observed with loss of the normal layered architecture. The mass had complex and mostly low echogenicity with a cystic lesion present in the centre. Necropsy confirmed the presence of proliferative lesions in the body cavity, originating from the intestine and infiltrating the mesentery and the lumbar spine area as well as the gonads located at this site. On the basis of the histological structure of the intestinal tumour, the neoplastic proliferation was classified, according to the WHO classification, to a group of malignant tumours with characteristics of leiomyosarcoma and arising from the smooth muscles. The ultrasonographic features of gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma in that lizard corresponded to features found in dogs, in which such tumours occur as eccentric, poorly echogenic masses with anechoic cavities in large changes. Leiomyosarcoma in reptiles can be locally invasive as well. Metastatic foci are also possible, especially in the liver.
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Shchukina, Daria A., and Lyubov Yu Stepanova. "Ways to nominate characters in the tales of P.P. Bazhov." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 4 (July 2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.4-21.070.
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This article discusses a question of nomination characters in the tales of P.P. Bazhov. Character’s names in tales are studied from the point of view of etymology, symbolism and mythology. The aim of the research is to analyze the semantics of the character’s names in Bazhov’s tales. The hypothesis of the study is the following statement: symbolic and mythological conceptions about the named character, together with the context and meaning of the lexemes that make up the name, form the semantics of the name of one or another character. The analysis was based on the texts of Bazhov’s tales, included in collection works of the writer in 3 books (“The Mistress of the Copper Mountain”, “The Malachite Box”, “The Stone flowe”, “The Mountain master”, “A Fragile twig”, “Zhelezko’s covers”, “Two lizards”, “Sochen’s gems”, “Grass trap”, “Old mountains gift”, "Ivanko Krylatko", "Ognevushka-Poskakushka", "Blue snake", etc.). The article identifies the features of the onomastic space of P.P. Bazhov's tales. This article considers ways to designate characters in tales, which are studied in the framework of onomastics. In this study, it was used a descriptive method (when generalizing theoretical knowledge on the subject under study), a method of component analysis (in interpretation of the semantics of a character’s name), a comparative method (when comparing characters to identify their common characteristics), and a classification method (in the classification of the names of the characters). Character’s names of Bazhov’s tales were divided on two groups and several subgroups depending on the character's belonging to the world of people or to the world of fantastic creatures. The results of the research can be used to further study the specifics of nomination characters in the tales of P.P. Bazhov.
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NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E., BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER, and JAY M. SAVAGE. "Translating a clade based classification into one that is valid under the international code of zoological nomenclature: the case of the lizards of the family Dactyloidae (Order Squamata)." Zootaxa 4461, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.7.
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In a tour-de-force for anole biology, Poe et al. (2017) provide the most complete phylogenetic analysis of members of the family Dactyloidae yet attempted. The contribution is remarkable in the completeness of sampled taxa and breath of included characters. It is equally remarkable in the concordance of their consensus tree with the topology of previous phylogenetic inferences. Thus, the creation of a near-complete data matrix of extant taxa demonstrates that an asymptote in tree topological stability likely was reached in previous studies with more limited sampling (e.g. Alfoldi 2011, Jackman et al. 1999, Nicholson et al. 2012). Such a result provides hope that major lineages within the anole radiation can be examined consistently by scientists interested in parsing evolutionary patterns emerging within and among them.
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Rezende, Enrico L., and Francisco Bozinovic. "Thermal performance across levels of biological organization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1778 (June 17, 2019): 20180549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0549.
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Thermal performance curves are widely used to describe how ambient temperature impacts different attributes of ectothermic organisms, from protein function to life-history traits, and to predict the potential effects of global warming on ecological systems. Nonetheless, from an analytical standpoint, they remain primarily heuristic and few attempts have been made to develop a formal framework to characterize these curves and disentangle which factors contribute to their variation. Here we employ a nonlinear regression approach to assess if they vary systematically in shape depending on the performance proxy of choice. We compare curves at contrasting levels of organization, namely photosynthetic rates in plants ( n = 43), running speeds in lizards ( n = 51) and intrinsic rates of population increase in insects ( n = 47), and show with discriminant analyses that differences lie in a single dimension accounting for 99.1% of the variation, resulting in 75.8% of classification accuracy. Differences revolve primarily around the thermal range for elevated performance (greater than or equal to 50% of maximum performance), which is broader for photosynthetic rates (median of 26.4°C), intermediate for running speeds (19.5°C) and narrower for intrinsic rates of increase (12.5°C). We contend, confounding taxonomic factors aside, that these differences reflect contrasting levels of biological organization, and hypothesize that the thermal range for elevated performance should decrease at higher organization levels. In this scenario, instantaneous or short-term measures of performance may grossly overestimate the thermal safety margins for population growth and reproduction. Taken together, our analyses suggest that descriptors of the curve are highly correlated and respond in tandem, potentially resulting in systematic variation in shape across organization levels. Future studies should take into consideration this potential bias, address if it constitutes a general pattern and, if so, explain why and how it emerges. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen’.
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Oktavia, Wahyu. "Metaphor and Interpretation of Social Criticism of Community in Iwan Fals Albums." Jurnal KATA 3, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/kata.v3i1.3882.
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<p><em><span lang="EN-US">This research aims to describe the metaphor and interpretation of social criticism in Iwan Fals song albums. The use of qualitative descriptive method leads the result of the research to elaborate the data by words rather than numbers. The data of the research was taken from the lyrics of Iwan Fals’ songs; “Opiniku”, “Sumbang”, “Tikus-Tikus Kantor”, “Besar Kecil”, “Dunia Binatang”, “17 Juli 1996”, “Buktikan”, dan “Kuda Lumping”. Then, the researcher observed and marked the lyrics as the technique in collecting the data. By the results, it can be concluded four metaphorical classifications; animal metaphor, anthropomorphic, from concrete to abstract, and sinaesthetics, the results of the study show that Iwan Fals uses many metaphors of animals such as tigers, snakes, elephants, rats, cats, shrimp, dogs, crocodiles, dinosaurs, lizards, lizards, ducks, parrots and lizards.</span></em></p>
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Sereno, Paul C. "Evolution of Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs (Ornithischia)." Short Courses in Paleontology 2 (1989): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000000842.
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By the end of the last century, the assortment of dinosaur skeletons that had already accumulated were classified into two groups of approximately equal size based on the divergent plan of their hip bones: Saurischia, the “lizard-hipped” dinosaurs, and Ornithischia, the “bird-hipped” dinosaurs (Seeley, 1888). Today we continue to follow this early dinosaur classification, albeit for somewhat different reasons, and consider that it captures a fundamental, ancient bifurcation in dinosaur evolutionary history.
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Forth, Gregory. "Nage Lizard Classification: Free-Listing and Other Evidence for a Covert Life-Form." Anthropological Linguistics 53, no. 4 (2011): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anl.2011.0020.
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Fridman, Lex, Joonbum Lee, Bryan Reimer, and Trent Victor. "‘Owl’ and ‘Lizard’: patterns of head pose and eye pose in driver gaze classification." IET Computer Vision 10, no. 4 (April 19, 2016): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cvi.2015.0296.
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Kasatkin, Anatoly V., Jakub Plášil, Radek Škoda, Dmitriy I. Belakovskiy, Joe Marty, Nicolas Meisser, and Igor V. Pekov. "Redefinition of thérèsemagnanite, NaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl·6H2O: new data and relationship to ‘cobaltogordaite’." Mineralogical Magazine 82, no. 1 (February 2018): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.030.
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ABSTRACTThérèsemagnanite was originally described from the Cap Garonne mine, Var, France. Its ideal formula was reported as (Co,Zn,Ni)6(SO4)(OH,Cl)10·8H2O; without crystal structure data, only the powder X-ray diffraction pattern was given. Revision of the holotype material revealed that thérèsemagnanite is identical to ‘cobaltogordaite’ (IMA2014-043), recently described from the Blue Lizard mine, Utah, USA. Thérèsemagnanite is thus redefined in accordance with the new data obtained for the neotype specimen from Blue Lizard (formerly the holotype specimen of ‘cobaltogordaite’) and ‘cobaltogordaite’ has been discredited by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Mineral Nomenclature and Classification (IMA CNMNC). Thérèsemagnanite has the ideal, end-member formula NaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl·6H2O. The empirical formulae of the holotype (Cap Garonne) and the neotype (Blue Lizard), both based on microprobe analyses and calculated on the basis of 17 O + Cl atoms per formula unit (with fixed 6 OH groups and 6 H2O molecules; H content is calculated by stoichiometry) are (Na0.64K0.09)Σ0.73(Co2.35Zn1.22Ni0.50)Σ4.07S1.02O3.98(OH)6Cl1.02·6H2O and Na1.01(Co1.90Zn1.37Ni0.48Cu0.15Mn0.05)Σ3.95S1.03O4.09(OH)6Cl0.91·6H2O, respectively. Thérèsemagnanite is trigonal,P$\overline 3 $,a= 8.349(3),c= 13.031(2) Å,V= 786.6(4) Å3and Z = 2 (neotype). The strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobsin Å (hkl) (Irel)]: 13.10 (001)(100), 6.53 (002)(8), 4.173 (110)(4), 3.517 (112)(5), 2.975 (104, 10$\overline 4 $)(4), 2.676 (211)(5) and 2.520 (12$\bar 2$)(5) (neotype). Thérèsemagnanite is a cobalt analogue of gordaite, NaZn4(SO4)(OH)6Cl·6H2O. These minerals represent the gordaite group, accepted by the IMA CNMNC.
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Beraldo, Flávio H., and Célia RS Garcia. "Divergent calcium signaling in RBCs from Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata – Tropiduridae) strengthen classification in lizard evolution." BMC Physiology 7, no. 1 (2007): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6793-7-7.
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Liu, Ake, Yong Wang, Debao Zhang, Xuhua Wang, Huifang Song, Chunwang Dang, Qin Yao, and Keping Chen. "Classification and evolutionary analysis of the basic helix-loop-helix gene family in the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 288, no. 7-8 (June 12, 2013): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-013-0755-7.
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ABDALA, CRISTIAN SIMÓN. "Phylogeny of the boulengeri group (Iguania: Liolaemidae, Liolaemus) based on morphological and molecular characters." Zootaxa 1538, no. 1 (July 30, 2007): 1–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1538.1.1.
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The genus Liolaemus belongs to the family Liolaemidae, together with the genera Phvmaturus and Ctenoblepharys, and for its diversity, it can only be compared with the genus Anolis among the iguanians because at the present, about 200 species are recognized in the literature and almost every year new taxa are described. Also, this genus is diverse and is widely distributed from central Peru to Tierra del Fuego at the southern end of the continent and lizards of this genus live in a variety of habitats in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Paraguay, the Uruguay coasts and southeastern Brazil. Due to the great morphological diversity and to their extensive distribution, many authors have divided and classified species of the genus in different ways, describing other genera, subgenera, groups and complexes of species that, in turn, have changed through the time. One of the groups now recognized is the boulengeri group, also called ''the patch group," because it is characterized by the presence of a group of enlarged scales on the posterior surface of the thigh. This group has also been under continuous taxonomic modifications, mainly about the number of species that form part of it, since new species are continually described inside the group. In the last two years nine species were described, and apparently it might include up to 60 taxa in total and not only the 46 that are recognized now. The boulengeri group is widely distributed in Argentina, and is also found in Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil. Several species of the group are endemic, while others have a wide distribution. The species of the group have a great variety of characteristics, in reference to their “life histories:" oviparous and viviparous, insectivorous, omnivorous and herbivorous species, saxicolous and psammophilous, with and without sexual dichromatism, etc. In this work the phylogeny of the boulengeri group was recovered, using the approach of parsimony, combining morphological and molecular characters. The morphological phylogeny is also presented using the method of implied weights. Several morphological characters used, mainly referred to color pattern, are original in this work. Also provided is the history of the classifications and taxonomic arrangements for the genus Liolaemus, a review about the femoralpatch, and there is a critical study of the different relationship hypotheses found within the boulengeri group. Based on the results of the total evidence analysis, the boulengeri group is redefined, the phylogenetic position of the anomalus group’s species is analyzed, a new classification is proposed based on clades and subclades recovered in this analysis, and an identification key is presented for the males of the species of the group under study.El género Liolaemus pertenece a la familia Liolaemidae al igual que los géneros Phymaturus y Ctenoblepharys y por su diversidad, puede ser comparado solamente con el género Anolis entre los iguanios ya que hasta el momento se reconocen en la literatura alrededor de 200 especies y prácticamente cada año se describen nuevos taxones. Además de ser un género diverso, está ampliamente distribuido desde el centro de Perú hasta Tierra del Fuego en el extremo sur del continente, abarcando variados ambientes en Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Perú, Paraguay, las costas de Uruguay y Brasil. Debido a la gran cantidad de formas y a su extensa distribución, varios autores han dividido y reagrupado al género dando origen a otros géneros, subgéneros, grupos y complejos de especies que, a su vez, han ido cambiando con el transcurso del tiempo. Uno de los grupos actualmente reconocidos, es el de Liolaemus boulengeri, también llamado “grupo del parche”, ya que está caracterizado por la presencia de un grupo de escamas agrandadas en la parte posterior del muslo. Este grupo ha sufrido también continuas modificaciones taxonómicas, sobre todo en el número de especies que lo integran, ya que continuamente se describen especies dentro del grupo. En los últimos dos años se describieron nueve especies y aparentemente podría estar formado por 60 taxones en total y no únicamente por los 46 que se reconocen actualmente. El grupo de L. boulengeri se distribuye ampliamente en la Argentina, encontrándose también en Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay y Brasil. Varias especies del grupo presentan un marcado endemismo mientras que otras poseen una vasta distribución. Las especies del grupo tienen una gran variedad de características diferentes en cuanto a sus “historias de vida”, existiendo especies ovíparas y vivíparas, insectívoras y herbívoras, saxícolas y psamófilas, con y sin dicromatismo sexual, etc. En el presente trabajo se realizó la filogenia del grupo de L. boulengeri, bajo el criterio de parsimonia, combinando caracteres morfológicos y moleculares. También se presenta la filogenia morfológica utilizando los Pesos Implicados como metodología. Varios caracteres morfológicos utilizados, principalmente referidos al patrón de coloración, son originales de este trabajo. También se sintetiza la historia de las clasificaciones y arreglos taxonómicos para el género Liolaemus, una reseña sobre el “parche femoral” y se comenta sobre las diferentes hipótesis de relaciones del grupo de L. boulengeri. En base a los resultados del análisis de “evidencia total” se redefine al grupo de L. boulengeri, se analiza la posición filogenética de las especies del grupo de L. anomalus, se propone una nueva clasificación para los diferentes subgrupos que componen al grupo en estudio y se presenta una clave de identificación para los machos de las diferentes especies que componen al grupo de L. boulengeri.
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NOYES, HARRY A., BYRON A. ARANA, MICHAEL L. CHANCE, and RHAIZA MAINGON. "The Leishmania hertigi (Kinetoplastida; Trypanosomatidae) Complex and the Lizard Leishmania: Their Classification and Evidence for a Neotropical Origin of the Leishmania-Endotrypanum Clade." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44, no. 5 (September 1997): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05732.x.
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"GABA and glycine in retinal amacrine cells: combined Golgi impregnation and immunocytochemistry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 342, no. 1302 (December 29, 1993): 295–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1993.0161.
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Golgi-impregnated amacrine cells in the all-cone lizard retina ( Anolis carolinensis ) were characterized on the bases of dendritic and somatic criteria. Four major cell categories, comprising 23 types were identified: three non-stratified, 13 monostratified, five bistratified, and two tristratified types. Four of the cell types comprised two to four subtypes based on stratification of their dendrites within the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Golgi impregnation strongly favoured monostratified amacrine cells with cell bodies at the proximal margin of the inner nuclear layer. The neurotransmitter content of each of the 23 amacrine cell types was examined by combined Golgi-immunocytochemistry after morphological classification. Putative neurotransmitters examined included gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine (GLY) and aspartate (ASP). Seventeen cell types showed GABA-immunoreactivity (IR), three cell types showed GLY-IR, and four cell types showed neither GABA-IR nor GLY-IR. No cell types showed ASP-IR. Each cell type had a characteristic neurochemical signature, with the exception of one monostratified cell type that showed three different neurochemical signatures. Postembedding immunocytochemistry on conventionally processed retinas confirmed the localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the synthetic enzyme for GABA, to cells similar to several of the GABA-IR Golgi-stained types. Postembedding immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (the synthetic enzyme for catecholamines) and GABA on serial sections demonstrated colocalization of GABA and a catecholamine,probably dopamine, in a bistratified amacrine cell type. We conclude that GABA-IR amacrine cell types are more numerous and morphologically heterogeneous than GLY-IR amacrine cells. The morphological heterogeneity and, with one exception, exclusivity of GABA-IR and GLY-IR amacrine cell types indicate that both neurotransmitters play a variety and different functional roles in the lizard inner retina.
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Xu, Jingping, Jianhua Zhao, Fei Wang, Yanlong Chen, and Zhongping Lee. "Detection of Coral Reef Bleaching Based on Sentinel-2 Multi-Temporal Imagery: Simulation and Case Study." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (March 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.584263.
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Sentinel-2 mission has been shown to have promising applications in coral reef remote sensing because of its superior properties. It has a 5-day revisit time, spatial resolution of 10 m, free data, etc. In this study, Sentinel-2 imagery was investigated for bleaching detection through simulations and a case study over the Lizard Island, Australia. The spectral and image simulations based on the semianalytical (SA) model and the sensor spectral response function, respectively, confirmed that coral bleaching cannot be detected only using one image, and the change analysis was proposed for detection because there will be a featured change signal for bleached corals. Band 2 of Sentinel-2 is superior to its other bands for the overall consideration of signal attenuation and spatial resolution. However, the detection capability of Sentinel-2 is still limited by the water depth. With rapid signal attenuation due to the water absorption effect, the applicable water depth for bleaching detection was recommended to be less than 10 m. The change analysis was conducted using two methods: one radiometric normalization with pseudo invariant features (PIFs) and the other with multi-temporal depth invariant indices (DII). The former performed better than the latter in terms of classification. The bleached corals maps obtained using the PIFs and DII approaches had an overall accuracy of 88.9 and 57.1%, respectively. Compared with the change analysis based on two dated images, the use of a third image that recorded the spectral signals of recovered corals or corals overgrown by algae after bleaching significantly improved the detection accuracy. All the preliminary results of this article will aid in the future studies on coral bleaching detection based on remote sensing.
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Cachanosky, Iván. "En defensa del monopolio competitivo." REVISTA PROCESOS DE MERCADO, March 1, 2020, 233–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52195/pm.v17i1.12.
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Why does Monopoly have a bad reputation? Is it true that Monopo- lies are always less desirable than competitive markets? The truth is that the concept of Monopoly is one of the most vitiated and badly analyzed in the economy since the analysis seems to tend to “Monopoly yes” or “Monopoly no”, when in reality, the relevant discussion is the existence or not of competi- tion in the market. In this context, it could happen that in a competitive market there are several companies that provide the best service at the best price or it could happen that it is only one; that is, a Monopoly, which achieves the same objective. In other words, the Monopoly is not good or bad per se, but depends on the absence or coercion of the State and that competition is guaranteed through the free entry and exit of companies. Keywords: Monopoly, Competition, Market Prices, Market, Competitive Monop- oly, Legal Monopoly, Cartels JEL Classification: D41, D42, D46, L41, L11, L43, P42, R32 Resumen: ¿Por qué el Monopolio tiene mala fama? ¿Es cierto que los Mono- polios son siempre menos deseables que los mercados competitivos? Lo cierto es que, el término del Monopolio es uno de los más viciados y mal ana- lizados en la economía ya que el análisis pareciera tender a “Monopolio sí” o “Monopolio no”, cuando en realidad, la discusión relevante es la existencia o no de competencia en el mercado. En este marco, podría ocurrir que en un mercado competitivo sean varias empresas las que brindan el mejor servicio al mejor precio o podría ocurrir que sea una sola; es decir, un monopolio, que logra el mismo objetivo. En otras palabras, el Monopolio no es bueno o malo per se, sino que depende de la ausencia o no de coacción del Estado y de que se garantice la competencia mediante la libre entrada y salida de empresas. Palabras clave: Monopolio, Competencia, Precios de Mercado, Mercado, Monopolio Competitivo, Monopolio Legal, Cárteles Clasificación JEL: D41, D42, D46, L41, L11, L43, P42, R32
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Solís, Leonor, and Alejandro Casas. "Cuicatec ethnozoology: traditional knowledge, use, and management of fauna by people of San Lorenzo Pápalo, Oaxaca, Mexico." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 15, no. 1 (November 27, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0340-1.
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Abstract Background The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley is a region of outstanding biocultural diversity, harboring eight indigenous ethnic groups and a remarkable biodiversity in a territory 10,000 km2 extent. Ethnobotanical studies of the region are among the most complete in Mexico; contrarily, ethnozoological studies are still limited. But information on both flora and fauna use and management is relevant for understanding local cultural and ecological issues, and for planning integral strategies of biodiversity conservation. Our study focused on analyzing knowledge and use of animals and their relationship with faunistic management by the Cuicatec, an ancient human culture whose distribution is restricted to the region. We hypothesized that wild animals still have significant contributions to diet, medicine, and spiritual life of the Cuicatec people. In addition, we expected to find a gradient of interactions, from simple gathering and hunting to communitarian regulations of use, specialized management techniques and care, nurturing, and domestication of animals. Such gradient of management interactions would be influenced proportionally with cultural and economic values, viability maintenance, and scarcity of animals. Methods Our study was carried out in San Lorenzo Pápalo, Oaxaca. We conducted surveys and semi-structured and open interviews to people to document the Cuicatec nomenclature, classification, use, and management of fauna, as well as their perceptions about abundance, risks of disappearance, and availability of wild animals. We used images of animal species reported for the area as communication stimuli for confirming their local presence. Also, we recorded skins and skulls used as trophies and ornamental objects, pawprints, and excretes. Through free listing, we identified the most meaningful species of different animal groups. Whenever possible, we evaluated amounts of animals obtained from the wild, and for some species, we compared this information with data on their distribution and abundance evaluated through ecological sampling, to explore indicators on their sustainable use. Results The Cuicatec name all animals through the term i-ti and classify them in several groups of vertebrates, arthropods, and mollusks, some of them coinciding with the formal taxonomy and some others based on their social-cultural role. The most meaningful animals are 23 species of edible organisms, outstandingly the chicatana ants (Atta mexicana) and the cuetla Lepidoptera larvae (Arsenura armida), the lizard Sceloporus grammicus, and among the mammals some squirrels (Sciurus spp.), badgers (Nasua narica), and deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Some species were reported to be used for medicinal purposes, among them opossum (Didelphis spp.) and macaws (Ara militaris), used to ease childbirths, but this use almost disappeared. Local perception of availability of animal resources is associated to forest conservation. Regulations for protecting forests and the most used animal species were recorded; the rules are mainly associated to hunting and gathering seasons, respecting females of vertebrate species, and permits for gathering and hunting given by local authorities. Nurturing of animals was recorded in bird and mammal species, but in no case, their breeding was achieved. Conclusions Animals are important elements of the Cuicatec culture and subsistence, complementing their diet based on agricultural products. Animals used as medicine were still reported but substituted by modern medicine. There is a consensus about the need to conserve forests to ensure the maintenance of animals, which are valued as part of nature, the beauty of their territory, and culture. Communitarian regulations are the main ways for conserving fauna, but local techniques of animal management may help in designing conservation strategies.