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Lopez, Lopez Lino Constancio. "Hair, Feces and Breath Isotope Fractionation in Alpacas (Llama pacos), Llamas (Llama glama) and Guanacos (Llama guanacoe) from Bolivia and Chile." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2676.pdf.
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Tuco, Cano Eloy. "Zoometric measures in llamas (Lama glama) of rural families in the T'olar and Pajonal natural grazing fields of the municipality Santiago de Machaca - department of La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5440.
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Llamas have provided, and continue to provide, fiber, meat, skins, fertilizer and transport for the Andean people. In addition, they are part of the traditional and religious culture of the Aymara and the Quechua. Both are currently unaware of the productive qualities of llamas, especially those related to meat production, which is the principle product responsible for generating greater income for farmers. For this reason, 554 llamas were evaluated from a total of 3,693 in 2005. The llamas came from T’olar and Pajonal grasslands in the Santiago de Machaca region of La Paz, Bolivia and represented males and females from four age categories (newborn, 1-2 years, juvenile, and adult). They were evaluated with the objective of determining the zoometric measurements of llamas fed on T’olar and Pajonal grasses. Evaluations were categorized according to gender and age group, while also applying descriptive statistics of zoometric measurements of llama anatomy including the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen regions, as well as height, weight, and fur thickness. The Pv measurement for T’olar fed llamas (64.4 kg) was higher than that of the Pajonal fed llamas (59.9 kg). With respect to gender, females (67.1 kg) were larger than males (53.0 kg). Adults were the largest age group (89.7 kg), followed by juveniles (85.9 kg), 1-2 years (58.7 kg) and newborns (34.1 kg). The T’olar llamas achieved better results than the Pajonal llamas. Furthermore, females were superior to males, most likely due to the large number of females as compared to males in the llamas. Zoometric measurements increased with age, generally reaching a statistically significant margin (P<0.01) between age groups. Growth was greatest between the newborn and juvenile groups but it ultimately slowed down afterwards.
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Cartagena, Catacora José. "Evaluation of vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) fed with three types of hay in stables in the municipality of Tiahuanaco, department of La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5343.
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This study was conducted in the Rural Academic Unit of Tiahuanaco, in the Ingavi province, in the department of La Paz. Three juvenile vicunas and three adult vicunas were used. Our objective was to observe the development of vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) fed with three types of hay (Bromus catharicus Phalaris tuberoisum and Medicago sativa) in stables. We obtained the following results: rectal temperature of 38.2ºC in juveniles and 38.6ºC in adults; heart rate of 68 beats/min in juveniles and 67 beats/min in adults; respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min in juveniles and 17 breaths/min in adults; femoral vein pulse of 70 pulses/min in juveniles and 64 pulses/min in adults; compartment movement of 7 movements/min 7 times in juveniles and 7 movements/min 7 times in adults. Measurements for apparent digestibility were: (MS) 78.8% in juveniles and 80.4% in adults; (MO) 74.2% in juveniles and 76.4% in adults; (PB) 85.2% in juveniles and 83.7% in adults; (EE) 83.2% in juveniles and 76.2% in adults; (FDN) 75.6% in juveniles and 73.8% in adults; (ELN) 81.2% in juveniles and 78.3% in adults; (NDT) 80.4% in juveniles and 77.7% in adults; (ED/Kcal) 353.8 grams in juveniles and 341.8 grams in adults. For metabolites en vicuna serum we obtained: total protein of 6.7 g/dl in juveniles and 7.7 g/dl in adults; albumin of 5.3 g/dl in juveniles and 5.7 g/dl in adults; creatinine of 1.3 mg/dl in juveniles and 1.5 mg/dl in adults; urea of 40.7 mg/dl in juveniles and 39.2 mg/dl in adults; glucose of 131.8 mg/dl in juveniles and 130.7 mg/dl in adults; cholesterol of 29 mg/dl in juveniles and 27.4 mg/dl in adults; triglycerides of 44.2 mg/dl in juveniles; GPT of 5.5 UI/I in juveniles and 5.1 UI/I in adults; GOT of 5.4 UI/I in juveniles and 5.1 UI/I in adults; calcium of 8.5 mg/dl in juveniles and 8.3 mg/dl in adults; phosphorus of 2.4 mg/dl in juveniles and 2.3 mg/dl in adults; magnesium of 19 mEq/L. Lastly, we observed a weight gain of 2.6 g/day in juveniles and 1.8 g/day in adults.
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Flores, Demetrio Laruta. "Componentes bioquimicos en la secrecion de las galdnulas bulbouretrales de llama (Lama glama) en tres edades /." Diss., La Paz, Bolivia, 2002. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/docviewer.exe?CISOROOT=/Benson&CISOPTR=5500.
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Flores, Lópes Francisco. "Determination of protein profile and presence of antibodies in llama seminal plasma (Llama glama)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5364.
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Internationally, Bolivia has the largest llama population followed by Peru. This makes our country a power in this renewable resource for working and generating economic development. This is mainly because of the quality of llama meat, which has nutritional properties superior to other animal species. The development and research in our country of llamas is not very significant. But in other countries advanced studies have been done for years, specifically in the area of reproduction, which represents problems for intensive repopulation because of singular characteristics of semen and copulation. The present research work was done at the UAC in Tiahuanacu (U.C.B.) and is titled: “Determination of protein profile and presence of antibodies in llama seminal plasma at three, four, and five years of age.” At different dates of semen collection, protein fractions were determined, their molecular weights, presence of antibodies and concentrations of protein fractions. This determined the presence of possible components of seminal plasma caused by low percentages of successful breeding for these animals. In the field work, a series of tests were done so the male would respond to the artificial collection of semen. It began with the mannequin technique (Peruvian) and others, which had no results. The objective was obtained with the mannequin technique for the llama group, which was accepted by 80% of the males. The lab work consisted of separating the seminal plasma from the semen with a centrifuge. Electrophoresis was used to determine protein fractions. This helps to determine the number of protein fractions, their molecular weights, immunoglobulins and their concentrations. The highest concentrations of protein fractions were found in four and five year old animals with 15 to 18 protein fractions. In weekly semen collections the last week showed 18 fractions (four year old animals). These could possibly play an important role in nutrition, capacitation and protection of spermatozoa. The molecular weights of the proteins in seminal plasma vary from one animal to another and dates of collection. The extreme ranges are from 2,000 to 150,000 Daltons. Five year old animals have higher molecular weights with respect to younger animals. With respect to immunoglobulins or antibodies, proteins with molecular weights of 150,000 to 152,500 Daltons were found in animals from three to five years old. Immunoglobulins G in llama seminal plasma were found using the radial immune diffusion technique. Concentrations of protein fractions are variable with extreme ranges from 11.65 to 0.03 mg/ml of seminal plasma. These variations are heterogeneous in the age of the animals as well as in the collections dates. There is a slight increase in five year old animals in the third week of semen collection. The finals results of the proteins fractions and their molecular weights show that there are antibodies in llama seminal plasma. These play an important role in spermatic viability, which is why this subject should continue to be researched to determine its specific function and look for alternatives to isolate and neutralize these antibodies and increase the fertility indexes of these animals.
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Guerrero, Carrera Verónica del Rocío. "Effect of the use of amaranth leaf flour in the development of a diet for guinea pigs." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5373.
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This study was carried out in the San Clemente community. The objective was to analyze the effect of using amaranth leaf flour in the creation of a diet for guinea pigs. The field work was done over a period of 12 months and was done in two phases: Development of the diet: this was done by growing the amaranth, cutting it, and dehydrating it until flour was obtained. Then, it was mixed into the diet in accordance with the pre-determined formula along with the other respective materials. Handling of guinea pigs: This was done in the shed of the San Clemente community after it had been re-conditioned and disinfected. The weaned guinea pigs were taken there for the study for a period of 2 months. A completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments was used. Each treatment had four repetitions. There was one experimental unit, which consisted of five guinea pigs. The data were evaluated via an analysis of variance, a Tukey test, and orthogonal comparisons. The variable of interest was the % of amaranth flour in a basic diet. The treatments were as follows: T0= Control diet with 0% amaranth flour; T1= 20% amaranth flour; T2= 40% amaranth flour; T3= 60% amaranth flour; T4= 80% amaranth flour; T5= Fresh amaranth with herbs from the community. Analyzed Variables: biweekly weight gain; monthly mortality; daily dry feed intake; production costs per treatment; and tasting. From the results, we concluded that the T1 diet and grass-feeding in the community were the best options since they presented the best results in weight gain and nutrient conversion. With regard to dry feed intake, T5 was consumed in the greatest quantities and thus had the highest production cost.
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Bustos, Fernández Franz Nicolas. "Diluents for cryopreservation of semen from non-woolly llamas (Lama glama)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5337.
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The collection and preservation of llama semen is not a standardized procedure as it is in cattle. It has a number of complications that are mainly associated with the characteristics of the semen. In order to contribute to the knowledge of reproductive biology, we decided to evaluate the behavior of llama semen in relation to the different diluters in this study. This study was done at the National Germplasm Bank for Camelids which is part of the Ministry of Rural Development of Agriculture and Environment. The Ministry is located in the Agriculture Experiment Center of Condoriri which belongs to the College of Agriculture, Livestock, and Veterinary Sciences of the Technical University of Oruro. The University is located 49 km northeast of the province of Cercado in the department of Oruro and 12 km northeast of the community of Caracollo. The geographic coordinates of Caracollo are 17º31’41” south latitude and 67º14’02” west longitude. It is at an altitude of 3830 m above sea level and has an area of 1640 ha (Geographical map of the Military Geographical Institute). The macroscopic evaluations made were: pH (7.2 - 7.6), volume (2 - 4.5 cc), color (clear white or milky white), density, or consistency by simple inspection (subjective). The microscopic evaluations made were: motility (50 - 70%), viability (50 - 70%), concentration (20 - 40 x 107/esp./cc), and abnormalities (10% at most). All materials and environments used in this assessment were at room temperature. The analysis of variance test at 99% probability showed that the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics are affected by different harvest times. The two diluter preparations studied were 1) PBS diluter (with all its components that will serve the sperm as energy, nutrient, and cushioning), egg yolk, blood serum, and glycerol, and 2) TRIS diluter (with all its components that will serve the sperm as energy, nutrient, cushioning, and elements to avoid contamination), egg yolk, blood serum, and glycerol. All these materials were brought to 35 - 37ºC before being added to the semen. The prepared samples containing the diluent were then cooled to 5ºC. The samples were then collected for storage, with special care to maintain the sample temperature. The freezing was done slowly by placing the rack of containers at a given height of liquid nitrogen for seven to ten minutes. Following this, the containers were submerged. This slow freezing process prevented problems in the metabolism of the sperm after thawing. The samples were unthawed at intervals of 15 and 30 days by rapidly removing them from the liquid nitrogen and placing them in a water bath for 30 seconds. The evaluations of viability, motility, and concentration were all performed within 15 minutes of thawing. The results obtained from the analyses after thawing on average were better for the diluter PBS than for the diluter TRIS. The analysis of variance test at 99% probability showed that the characteristics after thawing were affected differently according to the diluter used in the dilution.
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Alarcon, Chuquichambi Adelaida. "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas (Lama glama) in the agricultural experimental center Condoriri." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5328.
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The following investigation was carried out in the Agricultural Experimental Center Condoriri (CEAC), dependent on the Faculty of Agricultural Livestock Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, located to the North of the Province border of the Department of Oruro, a distance of 12 km from the town of Caracollo and 49 km from the city of Oruro. The production of llamas and alpacas in our country is an activity of ecological, social, and especially ecological importance for Andean inhabitants. In nutrition, the fundamental factor is the power of absorption; this is because the yield of animal production depends on the quantity and quality of forage consumed. Digestibility in animals is established based on basic consumption comparison and the values of digestibility of the food. For this reason, as previously expressed, we propose in the following research "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas in the CEAC" to establish parameters of digestibility, with the following objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of production: consumption of food, consumption of water, excretion of wastes, elimination of urine and gain of living weight. To determine the digestibility of the nutrients: dry matter, raw protein, ash, air intake, raw fiber, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients. For this purpose 4 male llamas (sarijos) were utilized, taking into account the live weight, age, and breed. The investigation had two evaluation groups: the first group with a supply of alfalfa and the second group with a diet of barley. The investigation's duration was a total of 30 days, considering the following variables: characteristics of production (consumption of food, consumption of water, wastes excreted, volume of urine, and behavior of body weight); digestibility of nutrients (raw protein, ash, raw fiber, air intake, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients); leading to the following conclusions: > The average consumption of alfalfa by the llama is 6.49 kg/MF per day, of which 1344.5 g is MS, superior and distinct in respect to the fodder barley with 4.92 kg of MF/day and 1328.4 g of MS/day. Water consumption by the llama with the supply of alfalfa is of 0.77 liters; with barley it is 0.35 liters. The llamas with the supply of alfalfa excreted an average of 1.44 kg of waste, of which is 365.9 g of MS and the group with barley registered an average of 1.27 kg and 359.9 g of MS. With regard to the elimination of the volume of urine was between 2.80 and 1.22 liters per day respectively. Live weight at the start of the study was of 116.25 kg per llama and subsequent to the experimental stage of live digestibility the weight averaged 117.69 kg. Therefore, the increase of live weight during the experimental phase was equal to 1.44 kg. The daily increase of living weight in the llamas submitted to the consumption of alfalfa came to an average of 142.9 g/day/animal with a conversion allowance of 9.4. In contrast, the animals fed with barley registered a greater gain of 257 g/day/animal and a conversion allowance of 5.2. > The ratio of digestibility demonstrated by the Coefficients of Digestibility (%) of the alfalfa: MS = 72.85, C = 57.30, PC = 81.49, EE= 85.52, FC = 58.61, ELN = 77.96 and NDT = 69.17. In contrast, the coefficients of digestibility with the barley they were of 72.88% of MS, 33.13% of Ash, 74.62% PC, 84.19% of EE, 65.29% of FC, 77.08% of ELN and 68.74% of NDT.
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Lopes, Francisco Flores. "Determination of the Protein Fraction and Presence of Antibodies in the Seminal Fluid of Llama (Lama glama)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5386.
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At an international level, Bolivia possesses the largest population of llamas followed by Peru. This makes our country a power, in this renewable resource, to create and generate economic development primarily for the quality of llama meat which has nutritional properties superior to other species of animals used for food. The development of the investigation of llamas in our country has not been very far-reaching. In other countries, advances have been made for quite some time, specifically in the area of reproduction, which presents problems in bringing about an intensive repopulation due to the unique characteristics of llama copulation and semen. With the present work, carried out in the Unidad Académica Campesina - Tiahuanaco (Universidad Católica Boliviana), titled: Determination of the Protein Fraction and Presence of Antibodies in the Seminal Fluid of Llamas of 3, 4, and 5 years of age, in Different Dates of Semen Collection, the number of protein fractions, their molecular weights, the presence of antibodies, and the concentrations of the protein fractions was determined. This will lead to determining the possible presence of a component in the seminal fluid which is responsible for the low percentage of births achieved in these animals. In studies conducted in the field, a series of tests were carried out so the male would respond to the artificial collection of the semen, beginning with the puppet technique (Peruvian) and others, all of which did not produce results. The objective was achieved with the mannequin of a llama's hindquarters which was accepted by 80% of the males. Laboratory studies consisted in separating seminal fluid from the semen through centrifugation. An electrophoresis technique was employed in order to examine the protein fractions. This technique allowed determination of the number of protein fractions, their molecular weights, immunoglobulin, and their concentrations. The highest number of protein fractions was found in 4 and 5-year-old animals with 15 to 18 protein fractions. In the weekly collection of semen, the final week returned 18 protein fractions (in the 4-year-old animal), which fractions may possibly play an important role in the nutrition, capacitation, and protection of the spermatozoid. The molecular weights of the proteins found in the seminal fluid vary from one animal to another and in the collection dates. The extremes in the range of molecular weights are from 2,000 to 150,000 Daltons. Animals five years in age presented higher molecular weights compared with younger animals. Regarding immunoglobulin or antibodies, proteins were found with molecular weights from 150,000 to 152,500 Daltons in animals from three to five years of age. Through the radial immunodiffusion technique, immunoglobulin G was found in the llama seminal fluid. The protein fraction concentrations are variable, ranging from 11.65 to 0.03 mg/mL of seminal fluid. These variations are heterogeneous as much in animal age as in dates of collection. There exists a loose superiority in five-year-olds and during the third week of semen collection. The obtained results of the protein fractions and their molecular weights demonstrate the existence of antibodies in the seminal fluid of the llama that play an important role in spermatic viability. Because of this, continued investigation should be carried out to determine the antibodies' specific function and find alternatives to isolate and neutralize them and increase the fertility figures of these animals.
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Delgado, Callisaya Pedro Angel. "Componentes bioquimicos del plasma seminal de Llama (Lama glama) en tres edades /." Diss., La Paz, Bolivia, 2002. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/docviewer.exe?CISOROOT=/Benson&CISOPTR=5495.
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Tesis de grado Presentada a la carrera de Ingenieria Zootecnica, Universidad Catolica Boliviana "San Pablo" Unidad Academica Campesina Tiahuanaco, Carrera Ingeniera Zootechnica.Abstract in Spanish and English.
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Herrera, Lopez Magin. "Determination of four production indicators in llama (Lama glama) herds in Ayllu Pumasara, Saucari, Oruro." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5376.
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Camelid exploitation, despite its economic antiquity in our nation, recently has awakened greater interest in investigators. Currently, there are more than 2,500,000 llamas in the Altiplano, which is the highest number of camelids on the world. Production is organic, with the llama capital of Bolivia being the department of Oruro. This work's objective is to determine four production parameters: composition and structure of llama herds, percentage of births, cria [calf] mortality, and crias that reach 5 months old, in 3 communities of Ayllu Pumasa of Saucar’ province, department of Oruro. The llama-raising system is traditional and herds contain more than 50 llamas per family. Exploitation of llama products still does not have much importance more than commercialization of llama meat in local markets. This study occurred with 9527 llamas from 60 herds, in which the composition of llamas by breed, class, age, and sex was determined, along with birth, mortality, and crias that reached 5 months old, through living in the communities that permitted specialized registration in adequate moments according to the llamas' behavior with families selected for this purpose. The analysis of variance reveals that the communities' composition is highly significant at P<0.01, as well as the communities' behavior, but the interaction between community and composition is not significant (P>0.05). The herds were composed of 26% lone females, 21% nursing females, 21% crias, 16% pregnant females, 13% ancutas, 2% studs, and 1% geldings. In reproductive management, the community does not intervene aside from pasturing in different properties to practice rotation during the rainy season. The breed composition in the communities is highly significant at P>0.01; the herds are of predominantly q'ara stock (42%), with hybrids at 39%, t'ajalli at 13%, and others at 6%. In the age observations, the females (nursing, pregnant, and alone) are animals more than 5 years old. The opposite occurs with the males, which are very young due to the commercialization of high-quality llama meat. Birth rates in the communities are not significant at P<0.01. The average is 34.01% with a 16.58% coefficient of variation. The communities' mortality is significant at P<0.01 between the communities, having an average of 2.58% mortality among llama herds. The variance analysis of crias reaching 5 months old at P<0.01 is not significant. The average was 92.51% in the communities' herds. The llama herds do not totally belong to the families living in the communities. The combined llamas belong to brothers and/or children (who live in the cities), and in some cases the community member is simply a guardian.
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Velez, Contacayo William Edson. "Apparent digestibility in lamas (Lama glama), fed with Brazilian grass and wheat in the C.E.A.C." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5449.
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Considering the activity of introducing genetic resources with a high potential for yield, and with a wide adaptation range, it is possible to strengthen the cattle production system, through the production of adequate forage in quality, and quantity. Brazilian grass was introduced to Bolivia in 1974 for demonstrating excellent forage characteristics, and great adaptation qualities to the different ecosystems of the Andes. The material was introduced through the Experimental Station of Patacamaya, with their material supplied through the Experimental Station of Obonuco (Colombia). The following study was conducted at the Agropecuary Experimental Center of Condori, located 49 km. north of the city of Oruro, department of Oruro, and 12 km. northeast of the population of Caracollo. Geographically it is located between the parallels 17°31’41’’ latitude south, and 64°14’ 02’’ longitude west to the Greenwich, and at a height of 3830 m.a.s.l during the year of 2005. The study was performed with the objective of determining the apparent digestibility in Lamas feed with Brazilian grass, and with Wheat, for which 4 species between 2 to 3 years and an average weight of 79 were selected for the study. The specimens were selected according to phenotypic characteristics, each of them having their own metabolic cage with its own feeding and drinking station. The design was completely random with no structured treatments; the significant variables were evaluated under contrast test to 0.05 of probability. The obtained results regarding the quantity of food consumed is much related to the quantity of feces excreted without having statistical differences between these two variables, the average consumption being of 2157.8 g/day and the average production of feces of a 789.55 g/day. The consumption of water is statistically different but proportional to the amount of moisture found in the forage, meaning that the greater amount of water supplied through the plan the less the amount of drinking water. The species consuming Brazilian grass presented a water consumption of 244.64 cc/day in relationship to the moisture percentage of 11.51% of the plant, being 2.38% larger in comparison to wheat. The amount of feces produced by the experimental units shows no statistical difference at a 0.05 of probability in relationship to food consumption, meaning that the amount of feces produced is proportional to amount of ingested food. The urine volume registered 1540.32 cc/day in relationship with the consumption of Brazilian grass, and a lesser volume of 671 cc/day in relationship with wheat consumption, observing significance with 99% of reliability. The results of the digestibility of the nutrients in Brazilian grass, and wheat are the following: Protein 78.59% and 48.01%; Ash 72.99% and 52.59%; Fiber 47.70% and 52.51%; Ethereal Extract 62.64% and 53.11%, respectively. We can conclude that the Brazilian grass is an excellent forage specie of good digestible properties, being protein its principal digestible nutrient.
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Lopéz, Alfredo Benito. "Costos de producción ganadera de pequeños productores en el altiplano central /." La Paz, Bolivia, 2001. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/docviewer.exe?CISOROOT=/Benson&CISOPTR=4164.
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Delgado, Callisaya Pedro Angel. "Biochemical components of seminal plasma of llamas (Lama glama) at three ages." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5357.
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This study was conducted at the installation of the Rural Academic Unit-Tiahuanaco of the BCU, located in the community of Achaca, third municipal section of Ingavi province, department of La Paz. It is 57 km from the La Paz-Desaguadero international highway, at 68 degrees 42 minutes 28 seconds latitude South by 16 degrees 35 minutes 41 seconds longitude West, at an altitude of 3856 meters above sea level. The study went from October 2000 to September 2001. The study consisted of determining the concentrations of the biochemical components in llama seminal plasma at three ages. Components studied were glucose, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulins, cholesterol, calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Twelve male llamas of 3, 4, and 5 years were selected and acquired from the Choquecota area of the Carangas province, department of Oruro. Four animals were chosen at each age and were subjected to a training period of semen collection during 2 months, using the artificial hindquarters designed for this effect. The 6 that best responded to the training were used for the investigation. Eight collections were obtained from each animal over the course of the study, and they were used for laboratory analysis. The results were analyzed using a hierarchical factorial design that involved a mixed analysis (nested and crossed) of the factors of age and collections. (The averages of two collections corresponding to each week were analyzed.) Each weekly collection average per age was an experimental unit. Four experimental units were obtained for each age, and the analysis of the data was done with the SAS statistics package version 6.12. From the analyses done the following results were obtained: the concentrations of glucose (6.246 [plus or minus] 0.716 mg/dl), creatinine (3.459 [plus or minus] 1.27 mg/dl), cholesterol (67.28 [plus or minus] 18.21 mg/dl), potassium (8.249 [plus or minus] 1.78 mEq/L), and sodium (123.187 [plus or minus] 18.39 mEq/L) did not show significant differences between ages or collections (p>0.05). The concentrations of calcium (12.138 [plus or minus] 3.64 mg/dl) and magnesium (1.943 [plus or minus] 0.52 mEq/L) showed significant (p<0.05) differences in age only and not in collections. Globulins (1.574 [plus or minus] 0.51 g/dl) showed differences between collections (p<0.05) but not between ages. Total protein (3.732 [plus or minus] 0.45 g/dl), albumin (2.158 [plus or minus] 0.46 g/dl), and inorganic phosphate (9.42 [plus or minus] 2.42 mg/dl) showed differences both between ages and between collections (p<0.05).
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Acho, Nina Mario. "In situ degradability of native pastures in llamas (Lama glama) in the rainy season in the community of Pujrata, Pacajes province." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5323.
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The llama (lama glama) in the Bolivian Highlands region is a most important potential resource from the socio-economic point of view for the dedicated producer to the management and exploitation of these Andean camelids, considered as national heritage of our country. The llama is completely adapted to the high plateau system, being considered a three purposed animal in this environment: producer of fiber, meat and work (load). However, due to the expansion of sheep and cattle, they have been marginalized to the poor areas, where they prosper well because they are rustic, sober and greatly efficient in the conversion of food and resistance to the weather of the ecological environment of the Andes. The overuse of pastures, due to the increasing number of heads, has caused imbalance, as the burden of the animal is greater than the load capacity of the native prairie. This translates to the dietary deficiency that affects the rate of fertility, birth, fiber production, meat production and others. The llama is characterized by its great capacity to take advantage of the native grasses, which do not have any studies on the degradability in different seasons and the grade of degradability of forage consumed in different fermentation times in the first compartment of the stomach. Therefore, this work of research, through its results, will create the implementation of conservation programs, improvement and implementation of native grasslands and cultivated to meet the nutritional needs of the llama. In the present work, the degradability of forages from the native prairies, for llamas in the rain season, has been planted to know to determine how long it takes to produce maximum degradability and know in what percentage the nutrients are utilized. With the results, programs can be developed to determine whether or not there is an unmet demand for nutrients.
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Illanes, Callejas Janette. "Biochemical and molecular nutrition blocks as dietary supplements in llamas (Lama glama) in the last third of the gestation period of the CEAC." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5379.
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The present work consisted in the use of biochemical and molecular nutrition blocks (BMN) in llamas during the last third of the gestation period, at the Agricultural Experiment Center of Condori (CEAC), located 49 km north of the city of Oruro, and 12 km north of the Caracollo population, in the province of Cercado. For this research work, we used 20 pregnant llamas in the last third of their gestation period, between the ages of 2 and 3 years old, 10 of which belonged to the Khara breed, and 10 to the Thampulli breed. Two corrals of 7 x 7 m., with adobe walls of a height of 1.80 m., a soil floor, and a metallic door, were built for the placement of the animals. The following ingredients were used for the preparation of the BMN blocks: 100 L of molasses, 75 kg of barley flour, 18 kg of alfalfa flour, 12 kg of sorghum flour, 30kg of mineral salt, 30 kg of Urea to the 46%, and 30 kg, of clay. The following variables were considered: Final body weight of the mother (before birth), increment of live weight of the mother by date, body weight of the mother (after birth), body weight of the llama calf, body weight gain of the mother, mother's food consumption, and physical-chemical analysis of the feeding blocks. The variables of the study were analyzed under a completely randomized design test, and for the discrimination of variable averages we used the Duncan test to a 95% of reliability. We came to the following conclusions: The greater increment of live weight was reported by llamas that received the BMV block as a dietary supplement, the gain was of 107.91 Kg/Llama, and the least was reported by those who did not receive the BMV blocks as a dietary supplement with and increment of 102.07 Kg/Llama. For the final live weight of the mothers, the greater number was reported by llamas that received the BMV blocks, reporting 112.0 Kg/Llama, the least was reported by those who did not receive the supplement with an increase of 105.10 Kg/Llama. Post-partum Llamas that received supplementation reported a live weight increase of 97.43 Kg/Llama, whereas those who did not receive the supplement reported an increase of 88.40 Kg/Llama. According to breed the Khara Llama reported an increase of 96.56 Kg/llama, while the Thampulli line reported an increase of 89.10 Kg/Llama. The greater live weight of the calf at birth was reported by those whose mothers were given the BMN supplements; reporting 11.50 Kg/Calf, while those whose mothers did not receive the supplement reported 9.60 Kg/ Calf. Therefore, we recommend the supplementation of the diet with biochemical and molecular nutrition blocks in the feeding of llamas in the last third of the gestation period to obtain calves with higher body weight at birth.
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Coaquira, Arratia Karla. "Metabolic profile and live weight of male llamas (Lama glama) fed with barley hay, alfalfa, and quinoa scrub." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5350.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years llamas have attracted great national and international interest for their qualities of human food production, fiber production for high-quality textiles, and for being an ecological animal. These qualities have allowed a resurgence of cultivating them for commercial ends. One of the principal limits is secure food for allowing a constant, sustainable growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile and live weight of male llamas (Lama glama) fed with barley hay, alfalfa hay, and quinoa scrub. The fieldwork occurred in metabolic chambers in a closed environment at the demonstration farm of the Benson Agriculture and Food Institute (of Brigham Young University) located in the community of Letanys, in Viacha municipality. Three types of food--100% barley hay, 80% barley hay + 20% alfalfa hay, and 80% barley hay + 20% quinoa scrub--were offered randomly to seven llamas averaging three years old. A channel allowed the placement of a one-meter probe that collected jugular blood, the plasma of which was analyzed in the animal nutrition laboratory of UAC-Tiahuanaco. The average metabolites in the blood plasma were not significantly different (p>0.05) according to treatment except for GPT enzyme, with CV=20.5 Weight gain showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between treatments nor between blocks. Regarding percentage of food absorbed, 90% was consumed and 64% was absorbed. It was found that animals subjected to the three different diets lost weight due to the stressful experimental conditions of physiologic administration of saline and heparine during sample collection. In conclusion, the recommended feed is the diet consisting of barley hay and quinoa, followed by barley hay and alfalfa, both of which are recommended to supplement the feeding of llamas. Also, animals with better physical constitution and a tranquil temperament respond best to the treatments.
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Ticona, Benique Eduardo. "Concentration of metabolites and behavior of live weight in llamas (Lama glama) fed with natural grass and barley during gestation, postpartum, and new born phases in Turco, department of Oruro." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5438.
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The llama, a potential socioeconomic resource in the Bolivian highlands, faces serious nutritional deficiencies during the gestational and postpartum stages that negatively affect production. This study was conducted at the Tika Huta Experimental Center in the Llachu community of the Oruro prefecture. Our objectives were to determine metabolite concentration in blood plasma as well as live weight performance of pregnant and postpartum female llamas. Adult and juvenile llamas were fed diets of either plain natural grass or natural grass combined with 0.4 kg of barley hay. In addition, we determined metabolite concentrations in blood plasma and live weight performance of newborns until three months of age. Ten newborn llamas and nine pregnant adult llamas were used. We collected 133 blood plasma samples from mothers and 57 blood plasma samples from newborns. The samples were sent to laboratories at Brigham Young University for analysis. Results showed the following metabolite concentrations in pregnant llamas: 7.23 ± 1.80 g/dl total proteins, 36.31 ± 1.32 mg/dl urea, 84.72 ± 3.58 mg/dl triglycerides, 55.89 ± 2.32 mg/dl cholesterol, and 7.11 ± 1.34 mg/dl creatinine. In newborn llamas, blood plasma metabolite concentrations were as follows: 7.20 ± 1.54 g/dl total proteins, 48.41 ± 1.30 mg/dl urea, 103.25 ± 2.60 mg/dl triglycerides, 89.09 ± 3.30 mg/dl cholesterol, and 2.39 ± 0.33 mg/dl creatinine. The average live weights were 76.82 ± 8.57 kg and 15.95 ± 2.47 kg for mothers and newborns, respectively. Animals fed diets of natural grass and barley hay yielded results with significant differences. It is recommended that llama diets be supplemented with barley hay during the first two months of gestation, the last third of gestation, and postpartum.
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Ali, Quisbert Edwin Eddy. "Effect of food deprivation on the metabolic profile of llamas (Lama glama) in the Letanias experimental station - Viacha." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5329.
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In the highlands, where regular agriculture and livestock are not viable, raising camelids is the only means of subsistence for rural families. While grazing during the dry season in the high Andean region, llamas face serious nutritional deficiencies due to limited forage availability. This study was done at the experimental station of the Benson Agriculture and Food Institute located in the community of Letanias which is in the municipality of Viacha. The objective was to determine the effect of food deprivation on the metabolic profile of blood plasma (concentration of urea-nitrogen, total protein, albumin, and creatinine) as well as the concentration of nitrogen in feces and urine of four and five year old llamas. These llamas were fed on a diet of 80% barley hay and 20% alfalfa hay during two periods of study (before and after food deprivation). Eight male Q’ara llamas were cannulated with a one meter tube in the jugular vein for blood sampling and trained to stay in metabolic cages. The study took place over a period of seven weeks, in which there was a four week period where food was reduced to 30%. The statistical analysis used was the paired t test. The results obtained were: urea-nitrogen concentration = 23.31 ± 8.73 mg/dl, total protein = 9.15 ± 1.50 mg/dl, albumin = 4.47 ± 0.41 mg/dl, and creatinine = 2.39 ± 0.49 mg/dl. The results for nitrogen concentration (%) in feces and urine were 1.61 ± 0.09 and 0.82 ± 0.15 respectively. The average weight loss for the animals was 13.25 kg. According to the results obtained in this study, the concentration of metabolites in blood plasma is within the range reported in other investigations. Statistical analysis indicates no significant differences (p<0.05) in the study periods before and after food deprivation for urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, and nitrogen in the feces. In contrast, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in plasma creatinine, nitrogen in the urine, and animal body weight.
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Llanos, Pérez Martha Jesusa. "In vivo digestibility in llamas (Lama glama), fed with barley and paja brava at the C.E.A.C." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5384.
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The Highlands of Bolivia present a great diversity of native botanical species with strong forage characteristics, providing them with a considerable potential for usage as a resource in the feeding of cattle. The following work was performed with the idea of taking advantage of the zone’s native species as a source for the feeding of llama cattle. In order to accomplish it, we took into consideration the following variables: food consumption, water consumption, amount of fecal excretions, urine volume, body weight, and the digestibility of the nutrients found in the food prepared with paja brava and barley (ash, protein, fiber, and total digestibles). The experiments were conducted in metabolic cages for 30 days; with 4 llamas of the K’ara breeds, between the ages of 4 and 5 years old, and an average weight in between 105 and 125 kg of life weight. The statistical analysis was conducted using a completely random cross test. We concluded barley and paja brava in their natural state are forage species which nutrient composition does not allow optimal development in llamas.
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Achu, Nina Cristóbal. "Determination of the botanical and chemical composition of the pasture diet selected by llamas (Lama glama) during the rainy season in the community of Pujrata." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5324.
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Llamas (Lama glama) take advantage of poor natural forage (grasses and others) due to their efficient digestive physiology that is adapted for this type of forage. The problem now faced is the gradual exhaustion of the native grassland (low phytomass production). The vegetation does not cover the dry matter consumption requirements, and less so the nutrient requirements, of these animals. Because of this there is the necessity of determining the botanical composition, pasture selection by plant parts, and chemical composition of what llamas ingest in order to improve these animals' nutrition in the pasture. This study occurred at the Larqa Uma ranch, located on Cachaca hill, north of the community of Pujrata, Santiago de Callapa municipality, Pacajes province, department of La Paz. It is located between 4390 and 4530 meters above sea level, at 17° 14' South latitude by 68° 18' West longitude. The botanical composition, plant parts, and chemical composition (organic matter content, raw protein, and neutral detergent fiber) of pastured llama ingestions were determined on the reserved pasture and the pasture with native grasses during February, March, and April in the rainy season. Three male q'ara-variety llamas of three ages were used. They were fistulated at the esophagus to collect ingestion samples. Determination of botanical composition of the ingestions was done by the point stereoscopic technique (Heady and Torrel 1959), and the chemical composition by Proximal Weende analysis (organic matter and raw protein) and the Van Soest method (neutral detergent fiber). The variance analysis showed highly significant differences for the botanical composition of llama ingestions by pasture groups (p<0.05) and significant differences for the monthly evaluation interaction with pasture groups (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the month of evaluation, pasturing site, monthly evaluation interactions with pasturing site, pasturing site with pasture groups, and month of evaluation with pasturing sight with pasture groups did not have significant differences (p>0.05). The llamas selected 80.13% grasses, higher than the other pasture groups: 8.64% for grassoids and 8.63% herbs, which were selected in similar proportions (p>0.05). Statistically, there are no differences between these pasture groups found in llama ingestions. Shrubs contributed a very low proportion of ingestion (2.86%). Selection for grasses (84.95%) during February was higher than the month of April and similar to March. In contrast, the March average of 80.62% is similar to the first month and higher than in April (74.83%). Shrub consumption of 4.36% during April was higher than in February and similar to in March. March's average of 3.92% is similar to the last month and higher than in February (0.20%). During February, March, and April, grass consumption by llamas (84.95%, 80.62%, and 74.83%, respectively) was higher than the average consumption of the other pasture groups. Grassoids, herbs, and shrubs were selected in similar proportions (p>0.05). The variance analysis showed highly significant differences for selection for parts of the plants, interaction between the evaluation month with parts of the plant, and interaction of pasturing site with plant parts (p<0.05).
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Lopez, Alfredo Benito. "Livestock Production Costs of Small Ranches on the Central Altiplano." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5387.
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One of the more important economic activities in the Altiplano region is raising livestock, the exploitation of cattle, sheep, and llamas which are raised and adapted to the conditions surrounding this activity. Livestock production plays a fundamental role in the economy of farming families by providing them products such as meat, milk, cheese, fiber, skins, and other products that each translate into monetary revenues. The present study was carried out in the community of "Chama 6 de julio," Ingavi Province, Department of La Paz, about 83 km. (51.6 miles) outside of La Paz at an elevation of 3,792 m. (12,440 ft.) above sea level. The annual precipitation is 370 mm. (14.6 inches) and average annual temperature is 12° C (53.6° F). The set objectives of this investigative work were: To evaluate the economic behavior of the livestock production (cattle, sheep, and llamas) at the small ranchers 14 level. To quantify in monetary units the structure of costs and revenues of livestock activity. To carry out a socio-economic analysis of the activity. The statistic parameters used were: measures of means, deviations, and percentages. Techniques used for gathering information include the following: semi-structured interviews, dynamic polls, dialogues, conversations, key informants, and direct observation. In studying the costs and revenues of livestock activity the conventional model of fixed and variable costs was used. The method utilized to evaluate the activity is an adaptation of the economic evaluation expressed by the indicating gauges Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) and Annual Investment Profitability (RI). 42 families dedicated to agricultural and livestock activity were involved in the study. They were functionally classified according to the number of cattle that they have on their land, a classification that resulted in four groups. The first group contained families possessing from 4 to 6 cattle; the second, from 7 to 9; the third, from 10 to 12; and the fourth, the families with 13 to 15 cattle. Also, the number of samples for each class was calculated to be 5 families. As livestock activity is the most important for families in this community, these families have most of their money invested in their herds, investments ranging from 73% to 86% of all their active livestock investments. The other 14% to 27% of their investment is in the livestock infrastructure, tools, materials, and equipment. The amount of land possessed by families in this community ranges from 8 to 40 hectacres (19.8 to 98.8 acres). The meat (cattle, sheep, and llama) is the most important product for commercial purposes. Accordingly, families from class IV achieved the highest production with 812 kg. (180.7 lbs) per year, followed by classes III and II. The lowest annual amount came from families grouped into class I with only 235 kg. (518 lbs). Another product of utmost importance after meat is cheese for which the families of class IV were those that had the highest annual production with 476 units, with an average weight of 0.6 kg (1.3 lbs). They were followed by families in classes III and I. Finally, the families in class II achieved the smallest output with 337 units. 69% to 79% of the total production of meat and cheese is destined for market. The families consume only 10% to 31% of what is produced. Variable costs represent 87.25% of the total expenses. On the other hand, fixed costs amount to only 12.73% of the total. Labor represents the greatest expense, reaching an average of 71.17% of the total expense. Relative to gross annual revenue, families in class IV reached the highest average numbers with 7,996.00 Bs. (Bolivianos). The lowest gross annual revenues correspond to those in class I with only 3,124.00 Bs. Classes III and II occupy intermediate positions between both former classes. Comparing the sources of gross annual revenue, cattle meat occupies the greatest portion with 40.81%. This is followed by cheese production, lamb, and llama meat with 30.84%, 23.30%, and 2.17% respectively. At the same time, cattle meat and cheese provide these farming families with 71.65% of their total gross annual revenue. The net annual revenues are positive only for families in classes IV and III with numbers at 312.00 and 156.00 Bs. On the other hand, classes II and I have negative net revenues at -3,039.00 and -2,455.00 Bs. The indicative Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) shows viability of the activity for families from classes IV and III with figures of 1.04 and 1.02. It is not as viable for families in classes II and I with numbers at 0.62 and 0.50. Estimates provided by the annual investment profitability (RI) are only satisfactory for those in classes IV and III with percentages of 4.6% and 2.13%. Unsatisfactory percentages result for classes II and I with -35.45% and -49.31%. According to the results obtained for the four classes, livestock activity carried out by farming families does not provide an acceptable profitability, even for families that have greater numbers of livestock (more than 12 cattle). It would be much less profitable for the families that have smaller herds of livestock.
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Gonzáles, Vargas Víctor Efrain. "Effect of bulbourethrectomy and collection frequency on macro- and microscopic characteristics of llama (Lama glama) ejaculate." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5371.
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This study occurred in the Rural Academic Unit-Tiahuanaco installations, of the Bolivian Catholic University-La Paz, Bolviia, with the objective of evaluating macro- and microscopic characteristics of sperm ejaculation from bulbourethrectomized llamas. Six q'ara-variety male llamas of 3, 4, and 5 years of age were used over 8 weeks during which they were fed with natural and cultivated pastures. Ejaculate was collected with an artificial vagina with stimulation (libido) of male llamas by female llamas, for macro- and microscopic evaluation (volume, pH, color, appearance, motility, concentration, and sperm vitality). The results obtained were: average volume of 0.55[+or-]0.36 ml, with a CV of 20.2%; average pH of 7.53[+or-]0.42 with a CV of 4.9%; the ejaculate's color varied between crystal white, opaque white, and milky white at proportions of 50%, 25%, and 25%, respectively; average motility was 25.9[+or-]21.8% with a CV of 27.6%; average sperm concentration was 28.7x106[+or-]20.11x106 sperm/ml with a CV of 13%; average live sperm count was 31.8[+or-]24.4% with a CV of 25.3%; and the ejaculate an appearance of nonviscous fluid. The 4-year-old animals had excellent sperm ejaculations (macro- and microscopic characteristics) without differences between collection weeks.
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Magne, Colque Ninfa Jacqueline. "Apparent digestibility in llamas (Lama glama) fed with (Stipa ichu) treated with urea and molasses at the C.E.A.C." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5392.
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The following work was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Center under the title of : Apparent digestibility in llamas feed with stipa ichu (Peruvian feather grass) treated with urea and molasses, for which 3 assays were performed in reference to the study : 1) percentage of assimilation of the treated and non- treated grass, 2) apparent digestibility of fiber and protein after and before feeding, and 3) determine the adequate levels of urea and molasses for the chemical treatment of the grass (Stipa ichu). For the first assay, the greater consumption was obtained at the level of 3 (3% of urea) reporting a consumption index of 1895.67 gr, the least amount of consumption was found to be 0(0% of urea) reporting a consumption index of 1450.93 gr. The administered food prepared with (grass + urea + molasses) at the different levels of 3%, 2%, and 4%, we had a variability coefficient of 12.56%. The highest index of water consumption was obtain with the 0% untreated grass with a volume of 882.12 ml, and the least was found at level 2 (2%) with a volume of 335.71 ml, with an average of 424.27 ml/day with a variability coefficient of 77.02%. The amount of excreted feces were found to be produced in a greater amount when fed with grass with at 3 (3%) type of treatment with a total of 1059.8 gr, and the least amount of excretions was shown when fed with treatment 4 (4%) with 60.8 gr, with an average of 826.51 gr/day with a variability of 22.35%. For the second assay, we found that the apparent digestibility of fiber at the 3 different levels of treatment , the greater percentage of fiber assimilated by the organism was with those that received food at level 3 (3%) with a 76.78%, and the least with a 0 (0%) in relationship to the other treatments. The greater percentage of protein was obtained at level 4 (4%) with 49.48%, decreasing the protein level 2%, 3%, and 0%, we can say that the difference is due to the different levels of urea found in the treatments. For the third assay, the most consumed was level 3 (3%) of urea with an average of 94.83%, the second one is level 2 (2%) with an average of 85.71%, followed by level 4(4%) with 74.59%. We concluded that 2.6% of urea is acceptable for the supplementation of stipa ichu (Bolivian feather grass) for the feeding of llamas.
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Ajata, Avircata Meliton. "Metabolic profile and nitrogen balance in llamas (Lama glama) fed with jipi quinua and barley hay, Viacha municipality - department of La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5326.
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This research was completed in Letanías, Viacha, La Paz, Bolivia, to determine the metabolic profile in blood plasma (total protein, glucose, urea, albumin, total lipids, creatinine, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations), live weight gain, and Nitrogen balance in adult llamas fed with 4 rations of barley and quinoa residue. Eight adult (4-5 year old) Q’ara type llamas were used in this study. Study llamas were trained to stay in metabolic cages with feces collection harnesses. Llamas were given one of the following feed rations: ration A (20% quinoa residue, 80% barley), ration B (40% quinoa residue, 60% barley), ration C (60% quinoa residue, 40% barley), and ration D (80% quinoa residue 20% barley). The results were protein concentration 7.44±0.39 g/dl; albumin 4.66±0.80 mg/dl; urea 13.87±3.70 mg/dl; creatinine 1.65±0.19 mg/dl; glucose 127.67±50.32 mg/dl; total lipids 318.2±144.14 mg/dl; triglycerides 39.35±13.49 mg/dl; cholesterol 53.85±13.53 mg/dl. Live weight gain was -0.0094±1.44 kg. Nitrogen balance was 0.610±0.0868 g/kg. According to the results of this research, metabolites in blood plasma are higher when compared to other research. Gain in body weight was negative in rations A and D and positive in rations B and C. This is attributed to a better equilibrium among energy levels and protein in these last rations. The nitrogen balance was positive for all four rations due to an adequate source of protein in the feed.
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Maceda, Tintaya Edwin Eddy. "Effect of three cryoconservation diluents on sperm motility and vitality in the ejaculate of bulbourethal-ectomized llamas (Lama glama), department of La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5391.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different diluents used during the cryopreservation process on the motility and vitality of sperm cells. The three diluters used in this study were: A) trice-serum-egg yolk-glycerin, B) serum-egg yolk-glycerin, and C) Dulbecco’s serum-egg-yolk- glycerin. Diluters were tested in proportions of 64-15-15-6% (N1), 54-20-20-6% (N2), and 44-35-15-6% (N3). Llama semen was collected at the Mejoramiento Genético y Diagnóstico Clínico Del Servicio Agropecuario (SEDAG) in the Los Andes Province of the Department of La Paz. The procedure took place at the Unidad Académica Campesina de Tiahuanaco by a direct optimized bulbourethral collection method with an artificial vagina.
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León, Titichoca Gustavo Adolfo. "Determination of the nutritional level of calcium and phosphorus in llamas (Lama glama) in two seasons in the Condoriri Agricultural Experiment Center." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5383.
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The concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined in 12 llamas from the Condoriri Agricultural Experiment Center (Oruro Technical University) of Oruro, Bolivia during two seasons (wet and dry) and at three ages (newborn, juvenile, and adult). Samples of flesh were taken from the arm, leg, back, rib, and neck. Pasture samples (grassland and prairie) were used to determine the rate of biting of each animal studied. The blood samples were taken by extracting blood from a jugular vein. The minerals (Ca and P) in the flesh are highest in the wet season, 113.78 mg/100 g. The newborns were found to have the highest concentrations of minerals during the wet and dry season, 113.78 and 93.98 mg/100 g. The mineral concentrations of calcium and phosphorus for the newborns and adults were 120.58 and 144.5 mg/100 g. The lower concentration of juveniles had 7.52 mg/100 g of calcium in the meat and reported a 9.59 mg/100 g concentration during the wet season and 6.78 mg/100 g for the dry season. The juveniles and adults recorded higher concentrations of calcium with 9.2 and 8.78 mg/100 g with the newborns having a lower value of 6.58 mg/100 g. The phosphorus in the flesh was reported to be 9.59 mg/100 g for the wet season and 6.78 mg/100 g for the dry season. The concentration of the calcium and phosphorus in the grazed pasture during the wet and dry seasons was 0.56 and 0.12 % respectively. The females recorded higher concentrations of calcium and phosphorus with 0.38% while the males recorded only a 0.30% concentration. The calcium content is higher in the pasture (0.55%) than the phosphorus (0.13%). In the wet season the biomass contains 0.91% calcium and 0.22% phosphorus. During the dry season the high calcium content was 0.19% and for phosphorus it was 0.04%. The calcium and phosphorus exist in smaller quantities in the blood during the wet season (7.25 mg/dl) and greater quantities during the dry season (9.88 mg/dl). Juvenile females have a higher quantity of calcium (10.15 mg/dl) while newborns and adults have a lower quantity (9.52 and 7.2 mg/dl).
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Ugarte, Huanca Edwin Gonzalo. "Energy value in llamas (Lama glama) fed with alfalfa hay (Modicago sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) for apparent digestibility in vivo in the National Camelid Germplasm Bank (CEAC)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5442.
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In this experiment, we used four male llamas that were three to four years of age from the Khara race. They were divided into two ad libitum feeding groups. The digestible energy (ED) was determined using samples that were sent to the laboratory. These samples were derived from a conventional in vivo assay using the method of total fecal collection in order to determine the difference between energy consumed and energy excreted. Metabolizable energy was calculated by deducting digestible energy, energy loss in the urine and energy loss in the gases (methane). Urinary energy was determined through the measurement of nitrogen in the urine as urea. Other studies have reported the energy values of alfalfa hay and barley as 414.05 Kcal/100g and 405.11 Kcal/100g, respectively. Additionally, alfalfa hay and barley have been recorded as having gross energy values of 6,973.92 Kcal/day and 4,373.65 Kcal/day, respectively. In this study, the energies excreted in the feces were 2,365.42 Kcal/day for alfalfa and 1,643.26 Kcal/day for barley. In order to determine the value of metabolizable energy, it is first necessary to obtain the urinary energy values (EU) by measuring the amount of nitrogen excretion as well as the energy of the gases (methane). Then, by deducting the energy calculated from the digestible energy, metabolizable energy may be estimated. The nitrogen content in urinary excretions from the llamas tested was highly variable from one treatment to another. With barley, the observed content was 0.59 g/day whereas with alfalfa hay it was 7.36 g/day. According to the data obtained for nitrogen content in urinary excretions, the amount of urea excreted each day was also obtained. It was also found to be variable from one food to another. Values of urea excretion for alfalfa and barley were 15.76 and 1.27 grams of urea/day respectively. By multiplying the daily amount of urea excreted by its caloric value (2.528 Kcal/g), the energy lost in the urine was determined to be 38.84 Kcal/day for alfalfa and 3.23 Kcal/day for barley. It was not possible to determine the energy of the gases. Instead, we used data obtained from llamas fed with forage (Engelhardt and Schneider, 1977). The data established that the energy loss as methane gas is approximately 7.1% of the gross energy. With this value as a reference for llamas, the energy losses as methane gas in this study were 495.08 Kcal/Kg/MS for alfalfa hay and 310.53 Kcal/Kg/MS for barley. By definition, the metabolic energy (EM) is the amount of energy from food that is calculated by determining the difference between the digestible energy (ED) and the energy lost in urine (EU) and gases (EG) according to the following equation (NRC, 1981): EM = ED - (EU + EG). Based on the equation, the metabolizable energy of alfalfa hay and barley are as follows: EB = 4140.49 Kcal/Kg/MS and EM = 2408.43 Kcal/Kg/MS for alfalfa compared to EB = 4051.20 Kcal/Kg/MS and EM = 2061.32 Kcal/Kg/MS for barley.
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Prümers, Heiko. "¿"Charlatanocracia" in Mojos? Archaelogical research at Loma Salvatierra, Beni, Bolivia." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113330.
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Since 1999 the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut and the National Archaeology Unit of Bolivia have been investigating conjointly habitation mounds in the southeast of the Llanos de Mojos (Dept. Beni). The present study considers data from excavations at the site Loma of Salvatierra, with special reference to differences in the use of space and the discovery of an exceptionally "rich" tomb. These new data contribute to the general discussion of the existence of complex societies in Prehispanic Amazonia.Desde 1999, el Deutsches Archäologisches Institut y la Unidad Nacional de Arqueología de Bolivia dirigen un proyecto arqueológico de manera conjunta para efectuar investigaciones en montículos habitacionales del sureste de los Llanos de Mojos (departamento del Beni). En este trabajo se presentan datos obtenidos de excavaciones en el sitio de Loma Salvatierra, con énfasis en el uso espacial dentro del sitio y el hallazgo de una tumba excepcionalmente "rica". Estos datos contribuyen a la discusión general sobre la existencia de sociedades complejas en la Amazonía prehispánica.
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Boothby, Stephanie. "From a bird's eye view : using satellite imagery to map and analyze the forest islands of the Llanos De Mojos, Bolivia." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1362.
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Markemann, André [Verfasser]. "Functions and selection criteria for a llama population in the Bolivian Andes / presented by André Markemann." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1009929151/34.
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