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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Llanos (Colombia and Venezuela)'
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1
Watts, William. "Man & the Environment of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia." TopSCHOLAR®, 1986. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2953.
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The investigation of the problem in this paper dealt with performing an examination of the landscape of the humid tropical wet-dry savanna region of the Llanos of Colombia, in an attempt to record a cultural imprint of man in the twentieth century in that environment. Fieldwork involving two summer traverses of the Llanos yielded an inventory of fresh factual documentation about how man has adapted to and utiliizes this environment.
Implementing the ecosystem concept as expressed by Barrows and Hegen, both man and the physical environment were studied to gain as complete a picture of the Llanos as possible. Data was collected and codified pertaining to the daily life of the colonists.
Man was found to be interactive with, and therefore an influence upon, the natural environment. He was further found to be making and attempting to improve his level of living in his adaptation and adjustment to the environment. Low levels of diet, health, and education were found to be serious problems for the llaneros.
2
Torres, Aguilera Raul F. "Venezuela and Colombia : border security issues /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA293439.
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PEREZ, JESUS. "L'amenagement du piemont andin et des llanos occidentaux au venezuela : utilisation d'enquetes sociales et d'images satellitaires." Toulouse 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU20073.
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Le point central de cette recherche en geographie est une region caracterisee par un espace et une societe locale marques historiquement par la grande propriete, ensuite par les interventions etatiques concretisees dans les politiques de reforme agraire et enfin dans les projets recents d'amenagement rural integre. Ces trois elements constituent les principaux facteurs qui expliquent globalement l'evolution du monde rural venezuelien depuis les annees soixante. Ces interventions repetees font que lazone en question connait des dynamiques rapides alors que la societe locale semble ne pas suivre ce mouvement. La demarche scientifique adoptee consiste a faire l'analyse des impacts de l'amenagement sur une societe territorialisee en se servant a la fois des enquetes geographiques et des techniques d'observation de la terre afin de mieux saisir les evolutions des milieux naturels soumis a des dynamiques rapides et de les mettre en rapport avec les politiques agricoles et les acteurs sociaux dans une zone rurale. Autrement dit, cette approche cherche a associer l'utilisation de nouveau outils et de techniques telles que les images satellitaires et les enquetes sociales sur le terrain a une demarche heuristique par rapport a l'etude de l'interface societe-natureThis research in geography focused on an area characterized by a space and a local society which had been historically marked by large settements, then by state interventions through land reforms and finally by recent integrated rural planning schemes. These 3 elements constitute the main factors which can explain globally the evolution of the veneruelan rural world since the sixties. Following rereated interventions, the study area showed rapid spatial dynamics while the local society did not seem to follow this evolution. The scientific approach consisted in the analysis of the planning impact on a territorialized society using both geographic surveys and earth observation techniques in order to better appreciate the evolution of natural environments under rapid dynamics and to relate them to agricultural policies and to the social actors within a rural environment. In other words, this research tried to combine the use of new tools and technologies such as satellite images with social field surveys through an heuristic approach at the interface society-nature
4
Andrade-Garzon, Celso. "Has plan Colombia ignored neighboring countries?" Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483624.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Rothstein, Hy. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-100). Also available in print.
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Hanchett, Ivy D. "Immigration and economic integration case studies : United States - Mexico and Venezuela - Colombia, /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA293531.
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Thesis (M.S. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December. 1994.Thesis advisor(s): Scott D. Tollefson. "December 1994". Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-91). Also available online.
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Padilla, Carlos A. "The FARC and Hugo Chavez is contemporary Venezuela a threat to Colombia?" Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5090.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe Colombian government has been fighting the FARC for more than forty years and since 2002 has proven to be more effective in it. However, in the last years a link of support has arisen between the FARC and Hugo ChaÌ vez's Bolivarian government of Venezuela. The FARC's Bolivarian Campaign for a New Colombia has intertwined with the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela and by doing so, the FARC has guaranteed for itself not only an ideological vessel to export its revolutionary project throughout Latin America, but also a stronghold in the neighboring country. In order to analyze both movements, elements of Social Movement Theory provides a general theoretical framework for understanding why the two organizations are attracted to each other and how the transformation of Venezuela has allowed the presence of terrorist groups in its territory. The results of the analysis here are conclusive. The government of Venezuela's support for the FARC goes well beyond sympathy with its political objectives and even now, more terrorist organizations (such as ETA) are starting to use Venezuela as a safe haven.
7
Fjällhed, Anders. "Flyktingskapets situation och möjlighet : Colombianska flyktingbarn i Venezuela och Sverige." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26655.
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This thesis is about the situation and possibilities in a refugee situation. The aim is to deepen the understanding of the situation for Colombian refugee children and how they are able to handle the adjustments related to a refugee situation, both in a neighbouring country like Venezuela and in a foreign country like Sweden. First, quantitative data were collected and analyzed in order to obtain a general picture of the situation for the refugee children. Further, grounded theory was used to analyze some of the interviews, which resulted in a generated theory. During the process of developing the theory, a case study was carried out with a Colombian refugee family in Sweden. The interviewed persons are fifty Colombian refugee children (boys, girls, and teenagers) who lived in the border states of Venezuela, and a Colombian refugee family (the parents and their two children) who now live in Sweden. The generated theory deals with how the refugee children are able to relate to and manage the new refugee situation. The core concept is possibility-finding: the developed ability to find possibilities in the refugee situation. It is a way of thinking as well as practical action. The latter is evident in the way the refugee children see the possibilities and deal with the challenges and problems they are facing. By the solutions they find and the results that are developing into growth. All of this influences and helps to build up their personal stability. The foundations that emerge, and which support or strain possibility-finding, are peace, culture, language, and networks like familyship and friendship. There is an emphasis on the importance of peace and dreams in order to handle times of huge challenges.
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Méndez, Mata Williams, and Ríos Scarlet Cartaya. "Estudio de las características pedo-geomorfológicas de una secuencia de suelos a lo largo de un transepto topográfico, en el área de la Mesa La Tentación, estado Anzoátegui, llanos orientales de Venezuela." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119922.
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Se realizó un estudio de una toposecuencia de suelos en el área de la Mesa La Tentación, la cual se encuentra al sur del estado Anzoátegui, en la confluencia de los Llanos Orientales con los Llanos Centro Orientales. Para la caracterización pedo-geomorfológica de estos suelos, se realizó una catena de 8 calicatas, de las cuales en conjunto se tomaron 38 muestras, a las cuales se les realizaron los análisis físicos y químicos rutinarios: color, estructura, textura, densidad, humedad, pH, materia orgánica, carbonatos alcalinotérreos, acidez intercambiable, bases intercambiables, capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), porcentaje de saturación con bases (PSB) y conductividad eléctrica. Con base en estas características se concluyó que los suelos estudiados son ácidos, muy lixiviados, con presencia de arcilla caolinita, alto grado de intemperización, bajo desarrollo pedogenético, son suelos minerales, muy susceptibles a los procesos erosivos, decalcificados, con alto grado de porosidad y permeabilidad, desalinizados, malos conductores de electricidad y muy baja fertilidad. Se observaron leves diferencias sistemáticas de cada uno de los parámetros analizados a lo largo de la catena, asociadas a las características de las diferentes posiciones topográficas y geomorfológicas en que fueron estudiados los perfiles de suelo.
9
Peterlevitz, Tiago. "Conceituando e medindo a democracia em Colômbia e Venezuela." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-09042012-135450/.
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Até o presente, todas as avaliações de regime político tiveram que escolher um lado ao depararem- se com o trade-off entre tipo e grau. Esforços dicotômicos e tricotômicos produziram avaliações tipológicas significativas, mas incapazes de estabelecer gradações entre países muito diferentes. Trabalhos policotômicos ou contínuos forneceram avaliações nuançadas, todavia as tipologias que derivam deles são casuísticas e baseadas em distinções artificiais. Ademais, avaliações de países em desenvolvimento frequentemente apresentam sérios problemas de validade e adequação conceitual. Este estudo usa insights da lógica de fuzzy sets de modo a superar o mencionado trade-off, mediante o desenvolvimento de uma avaliação original de regimes que é contínua e de natureza tanto qualitativa como quantitativa, apresentando maior poder discriminatório do que todas as demais disponíveis na literatura. O trabalho também mostra que aspectos relacionados ao primado da lei são cruciais para o exame de regimes políticos e não podem ser desconsiderados, sobretudo quando países em desenvolvimento são analisados. Colômbia e Venezuela foram os casos em que o arcabouço elaborado foi aplicado, o que resultou em avaliações que apresentam menos problemas de validade e adequação conceitual do que as produzidas por Cheibub, Gandhi e Vreeland, Freedom House e Polity IV.So far, all measures of political regimes had to choose sides when faced with the trade-off between degree and type. Polychotomous or continuous works provide nuanced evaluations, but the classifications they use are casuistic and based on ad hoc distinctions. Dichotomous and trichotomous attempts, although producing meaningful classifications, are incapable of distinguishing between very different countries. Additionally, evaluations concerning developing countries often present serious validity and conceptual adequacy problems. This study uses insights from fuzzy sets logic in order to overcome the mentioned trade-off by developing an original measure of regimes that is continuous and both qualitative and quantitative in nature, exhibiting more discriminating power than all the others available in the literature. This work also shows that aspects related to the rule of law are crucial to assessments of political regimes and should not be overlooked, especially when developing countries are examined. Colombia and Venezuela were the cases to which the measure elaborated was applied, what resulted in evaluations that present less validity and conceptual adequacy problems than the ones produced by Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland, Freedom House and Polity IV.
10
Arciniegas, Carreño Alexander. "Colombia y Venezuela : una comparación más allá de los liderazgos de Álvaro Uribe y Hugo Chávez." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/27152.
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Esta disertación es un ejercicio de política comparada sobre dos países que como Colombia y Venezuela presentan características similares en términos políticos, económicos, étnicos y culturales. Por tanto, han sido seleccionadas algunas variables cruciales en torno a las cuales los casos difieren. Tales variables son: estado, partidos, militares, proceso de construcción de lo político, estructura económica y naturaleza del conflicto. A lo anterior, se agrega una perspectiva histórica, para demostrar que más allá de las tensiones que Venezuela vivió con más énfasis luego de 1983, por el aumento de la protesta y la violencia social. O del desbordamiento durante los años noventa del histórico conflicto armado colombiano como uno de los efectos perversos del narcotráfico. Y de la aparición de los liderazgos populistas de Álvaro Uribe y Hugo Chávez, que desde ideologías contrarias ofrecieron reformas institucionales para reinventar el estado y la política. Existe una path dependence que en virtud de los altos costos de reversión se sitúa más allá de la voluntad de los actores hegemónicos. Lógica de continuidad a la cual incluso estos acaban correspondiendo.
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Rios, Maria Eugenia. "Fundamental rights in Latin America a comparative study addressing human rights violations in Venezuela, Colombia, and Argentina." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/501.
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Over the last few decades the importance of human rights has increased considerably in international relations. With globalization and democratization, more states and individuals develop concerns about the fundamental rights every human is entitled to; regardless of sex, religion and ethnicity. Latin American countries began obtaining their independence over 200 years ago while progressing into becoming working democracies. Yet, they have been plagued by oscillating authoritarian regimes and social conflicts that constrain and inhibit their hopeful development. The majority of the Latin American states have reached a point where further positive growth was expected; yet human violations have taken a backseat within the government of such countries. The case studies shed light on the three main causes of human right violations in Latin America. These are: the abuse of power by the government and the subsequent changes to the constitution to gain further control and authority; the government's inadequacy in dealing with subversive groups; and the deficiency of subsequent democratic governments to bring past offenders to trial for crimes against humanity while giving pardons to those who did face trial. By understanding why the violation of human rights occurred, future infringements can be avoided and fundamental rights will be awarded to all humans.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
International and Global Studies
12
Pina, Omar. "Plan Colombia: how U.S. Military assistance affects regional balances of power." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPina.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.Thesis advisor(s): Harold Trinkunas, Jeff Knopf. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-85). Also available online.
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Aron, Said Valeria. "¿Cambia el gobierno, cambia la política? : un estudio comparado sobre las respuestas de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador frente a la migración venezolana en los años 2016-2018." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15726.
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Kerr, Susan F. "A Critical Analysis of Multinational Oil Companies’ Corporate Social Responsibility in Colombia and Venezuela. The Dynamics of Two Models." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7290.
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One key to CSR’s success has been its fuzzy definition, whereby its meaning is constantly (re)defined by practice and through the dialectical relationship between companies and their stakeholders. This thesis focuses upon the influence of MNOCs’ socio-political field upon their CSR (rather than upon specific CSR projects), from a critical realist perspective, contributing to existing research in three key ways. Firstly, I present original explanatory models that outline the practice of CSR in Colombia and Venezuela. From these models, I develop further models that categorise the types of CSR practiced in each country. I argue that Colombia follows a conventional model of private-led CSR; by contrast, the Venezuelan model pushes the boundaries of more traditional CSR definitions. Given the government’s dirigiste approach, I categorise the Venezuelan model as an example of a new form of CSR, that I call Regulated CSR (RCSR), noting the inherent contradictions of regulating to increase responsibility. Secondly, I produce original research on MNOCs’ CSR reports, examining how MNOCs’ agency is affected by global socio-political discourses. Paradoxically, whilst CSR is an important element of corporate communication, many MNOCs only disclose limited CSR-related information. Thirdly, this thesis contributes to the growing discussion of CSR’s role within the neoliberal paradigm. I argue that CSR is not and cannot be a panacea for social absences and can have negative social effects. Therefore, appropriate regulation is necessary, starting with greater corporate transparency at an international level to level-up MNOCs’ practices, and national oversight of MNOCs’ CSR budgets and practices.
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Kerr, Susan Florence. "A critical analysis of multinational oil companies' corporate social responsibility in Colombia and Venezuela : the dynamics of two models." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7290.
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One key to CSR’s success has been its fuzzy definition, whereby its meaning is constantly (re)defined by practice and through the dialectical relationship between companies and their stakeholders. This thesis focuses upon the influence of MNOCs’ socio-political field upon their CSR (rather than upon specific CSR projects), from a critical realist perspective, contributing to existing research in three key ways. Firstly, I present original explanatory models that outline the practice of CSR in Colombia and Venezuela. From these models, I develop further models that categorise the types of CSR practiced in each country. I argue that Colombia follows a conventional model of private-led CSR; by contrast, the Venezuelan model pushes the boundaries of more traditional CSR definitions. Given the government’s dirigiste approach, I categorise the Venezuelan model as an example of a new form of CSR, that I call Regulated CSR (RCSR), noting the inherent contradictions of regulating to increase responsibility. Secondly, I produce original research on MNOCs’ CSR reports, examining how MNOCs’ agency is affected by global socio-political discourses. Paradoxically, whilst CSR is an important element of corporate communication, many MNOCs only disclose limited CSR-related information. Thirdly, this thesis contributes to the growing discussion of CSR’s role within the neoliberal paradigm. I argue that CSR is not and cannot be a panacea for social absences and can have negative social effects. Therefore, appropriate regulation is necessary, starting with greater corporate transparency at an international level to level-up MNOCs’ practices, and national oversight of MNOCs’ CSR budgets and practices.
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Murillo-Pacheco, Johanna I. "Humedales lénticos neotropicales como hábitats estratégicos para la conservación de la diversidad de plantas y aves en el Piedemonte Andino-Orinoquense de Colombia." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/70207.
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A pesar de la alta variedad de humedales lénticos de agua dulce en el Neotrópico, de su importancia ecológica y de su acelerada pérdida, el estudio sobre su biodiversidad asociada, conocimiento y valoración para conservación es aún incipiente. El Piedemonte del Meta en Colombia es una de las áreas más biodiversas y con mayor disponibilidad de humedales lénticos de la cuenca del río Orinoco. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas ha sufrido una gran transformación del paisaje, afectando humedales naturales y creando nuevos humedales con propósitos productivos y recreativos. A través de la presente memoria de tesis doctoral se evalúa la importancia de los humedales lénticos naturales y creados del Piedemonte del Meta – Colombia como ecosistemas de especial interés para mantenimiento y conservación de la diversidad de plantas y aves Neotropicales. Se comparó la diversidad de aves clasificadas según tres gremios (aves acuáticas, semi-acuáticas y terrestres) y de plantas de acuerdo a la formación vegetal (plantas arbóreas, acuáticas y herbáceas) en función del manejo de los humedales, el cual estuvo comprendido por las categorías de origen (natural, mixto y artificial) y de tipo de humedal (pantano, garcero, lago semi-natural, arrocera, piscícola y lago construido). Se usaron números de Hill y se calcularon medidas de diversidad para evaluar la riqueza, estructura y composición de aves y plantas, así como la relación entre la diversidad de aves y plantas. Los resultados obtenidos de esta investigación indican que se encontró una alta diversidad de plantas con 628 especies vasculares registradas (407 arbóreas, 122 herbáceas y 99 son plantas acuáticas). En cuanto a la diversidad de aves, se registró un total de 275 especies (196 especies de aves terrestres, 60 acuáticas estrictas, y 19 semi-acuáticas), que representan el 16% de las aves de la región fisiográfica del Piedemonte y un 66% si lo comparamos con la riqueza de especies del departamento del Meta. Se encontró un fuerte efecto del tipo de humedal sobre los patrones de diversidad de aves y plantas, siendo mayores las diferencias dentro de las categorías de manejo de los humedales que entre ellas, situación que sugiere una alta heterogeneidad del paisaje y del hábitat de los humedales. El recambio de especies fue principalmente alto en las formaciones de plantas y la composición de especies estuvo influida por el manejo de los humedales, que dependen de las actividades propias de cada tipo de humedal. La diversidad de aves y plantas mostró una relación directa y positiva, estando fuertemente asociada a la diversidad de plantas arbóreas y al origen de los humedales. Además, la diversidad de aves acuáticas mostró una relación ascendente con el área del humedal. Por tanto, se sugiere el uso de la relación de la diversidad de aves y plantas para la selección y priorización de humedales de interés para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Durante el desarrollo de este estudio se detectaron especies de aves de interés por su distribución como el flamenco americano (Phoenicopterus ruber), del que se desconoce su procedencia. Esta especie fue observada en cultivos de arroz, y se proponen dos vías posibles de llegada, podría ser por la ampliación de su rango de distribución o la introducción de la especie. Adicionalmente, este estudio contribuye con el reporte de la ampliación de rango de distribución de cuatro especies de aves (Podilymbus podiceps, Certhiaxis cinnamomeus, Satrapa icterophrys y Plegadis falcinellus) y se confirma la presencia de otras cuatro especies para la región (Protonotaria citrea, Tachybaptus dominicus, Steatornis caripensis e Icterus cayanensis). Asimismo, por medio de este estudio se confirma el uso e importancia de los humedales lénticos de la región para la reproducción de las aves. Se describe la fenología reproductiva de la garcita azul (Egretta caerulea) y se registran eventos reproductivos del vaco colorado (Tigrisoma lineatum), la garza silbadora (Syrigma sibilatrix) y el guaco común (Nycticorax nycticorax). En general, los resultados ponen de manifiesto que los humedales lénticos estudiados presentan una alta diversidad de plantas y aves a escala regional y local, a pesar de ser ecosistemas con alta intervención humana e inmersos en un paisaje con una acelerada trasformación. Se sugiere que estos humedales son refugios de la diversidad de plantas nativas del bosque del Piedemonte del Meta y son hábitats clave para las aves acuáticas, semi-acuáticas y terrestres. Los humedales creados tanto artificiales como mixtos actúan como ecosistemas complementarios para el mantenimiento de esta diversidad, y junto con los humedales naturales constituyen un complejo mosaico de humedales vitales para la biodiversidad del Neotrópico. Por tanto, se hace necesaria la implementación de acciones de gestión orientadas a la conservación de los humedales tanto naturales como creados (mixtos y artificiales). Se propone la creación de un área de conservación en la región denominada “reserva archipiélago”, que integre diferentes tipos y tamaños de humedales, como una estrategia que permita la conciliación ambiental y el trabajo mancomunado de todos los actores locales. Esta tesis doctoral ofrece una base científica para la toma de decisiones para la gestión y conservación de humedales lénticos y su biodiversidad.
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Gómez, Benavides Juan Carlos. "Explaining democratic divergence : the impact of elite political culture and political institutions on the democratic performance of Colombia and Venezuela." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/95997/.
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The aim of this thesis is to explain and assess, from a comparative perspective, the drivers behind the process of democratic divergence experienced by Colombia and Venezuela from the mid-1990s until 2010. This thesis claims that in order to understand this phenomenon it is necessary to study this observed occurrence from two complementary perspectives. First, it introduces the ‘Circular Causality Model’ as an alternative theoretical framework to explain the opposite democratic paths taken by these cases. It critically argues that traditional strands of literature such as modernisation theory, resource curse theory, institutional theory, and political culture theory cannot, individually, provide compelling answers to explain divergence. Instead, it claims that the best explanation to be offered lies in combining, or merging, two important and contested theories; namely, institutional and political culture theories. Hence, it argues that not only structural factors, but also agency ones are important to fully understand this phenomenon. Therefore, it groups together elite political culture, the enactment of new constitutions and electoral system as the independent variables to explain democratic divergence. The causality offered by this circular model is one in which the renewal of political elites (agency) – which occurred during the 1990s in both countries- has effects over the functioning of the mentioned key subset of political institutions (structures) which taken together will help explain democratic divergence. The second part of the thesis introduces a multivariate regression model to assess the statistical significance of the independent variables included in the theoretical Circular Causality Model to explain divergence. By building from the scratch an entirely new dataset, seven different empirical models offer a rather new approach to operationalise and measure the independent variables contained in the theoretical model. The estimation of the regression model proves that the independent variables that make up the theoretical model are statistically significant and correctly predict the opposite democratic path followed by Colombia and Venezuela during the 'divergence period'.
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Idler, Annette Iris. "Arrangements of convenience : violent non-state actor relationships and citizen security in the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c8e5068-4de8-4a53-bdab-1f847f438f05.
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Borderlands are critical security zones but remain poorly understood. In regions plagued by drug violence and conflict, violent groups compete for territorial control, cooperate in illegal cross-border activities, and substitute for the functions of the state in these areas. Despite undermining physical security, fuelling fear, and challenging the state’s sovereignty, the exact modi operandi of these groups are little known. Against this backdrop, this thesis explores how different interactions among violent non-state actors (VNSAs) in the Colombian-Ecuadorian and Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands impact on citizen security. These border areas attract rebels, paramilitaries and criminal organisations alike: they constitute geo-strategic corridors for the global cocaine industry and are sites of supply and operation for the major actors involved in Colombia’s decades-long armed internal conflict. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this thesis consolidates the literature on conflict, security and organised crime, borders and borderlands, and anthropological approaches to fear and violence. It integrates theories of cooperation among social actors with original empirical research. It is based on a comparative, multi-sited case-study design, using ethnographic methods complemented by quantitative data. The research involved over twelve months of fieldwork with 433 interviews and participant observation on both sides of the crisis-affected Colombia-Ecuador and Colombia-Venezuela borders, and in Bogotá, Caracas and Quito. Developing a typology of VNSA interactions, I argue that these create not only physical violence but also less visible types of insecurity: when VNSAs fight each other, citizens are exposed to violence but follow the rules imposed by the opposing parties. Fragile alliances produce uncertainty among communities and erode the social fabric by fuelling interpersonal mistrust. Where VNSAs provide security and are socially recognised, "shadow citizen security" arises: security based on undemocratic means. I show that the geography of borderlands reinforces the distinct impacts of VNSA arrangements on citizen security yet renders them less visible.
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Lerner, Puyó Antonia Micaela. "Ideología política y percepción de amenaza como bases del conflicto intergrupal: la inmigración venezolana en Perú y Colombia." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/17182.
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La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar las diferencias en una muestra
peruana y colombiana respecto a la ideología política, la valoración, emociones,
estereotipos y percepción de amenaza respecto a la inmigración venezolana en Perú y
Colombia. Asimismo, se propuso explorar la relación entre las variables mencionadas. Con
este fin, se evaluó a 319 participantes, 132 colombianos y 187 peruanos entre los 17 y 80
años (M=37.31, DE=15.47). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Autoritarismo
de Ala Derecha, la Escala de Orientación a la Dominancia Social, la Escala de Valoración
de Grupos, Escala Diferencial de Emociones, Escala de Estereotipos Nacionales y la Escala
de Percepción de Amenaza Exogrupal en un cuestionario virtual. Se hallaron diferencias
significativas según nacionalidad en las emociones, percepción de amenaza, estereotipos y
valoración. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en las variables de ideología política. Se
halló un modelo significativo en ambas muestras teniendo como variables dependientes la
percepción de amenaza real y simbólica. Se concluye que las diferencias encontradas se
producirían por una interacción de factores contextuales e históricos y por el tamaño del
grupo minoritario. Además, se concluye que en el modelo de percepción de amenaza los
factores cognitivos y afectivos juegan un rol importante.The aim of this study is to explore the differences in political ideology, prejudice, emotions, stereotypes and perception of threat between a peruvian and colombian sample in regard to the venezuelan immigration. Additionally, the relationship between these variables was explored. To accomplish this aim, 319 participantes filled an online survey, 132 colombians and 187 peruvians between 17 and 80 years old (M=37.31, DE=15.47). The instruments used were the Right Wing Authoritarianism Scale, the Social Dominance Orientation Scale, the Group Assesment Scale, the Differential Scale of Emotions, the National Stereotypes Scale and the Outgroup Perceived Threat scale. Differences were found between both countries in the following variables: emotions, perception of threat, stereotypes and assesment. There weren’t any significant differences in the variables of political ideology. A significant model was found in both samples, with perception of real and symbolic threat as dependent variables. In conclusion, it is hypothetisized that the differences found are produced by an interaction of contextual factors and the size of the minority group. Additionally, the model of perception of real and symbolic threat proved that cognitive and affective factors play an important role.
Trabajo de investigación
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García, León Javier [Verfasser]. "Espectáculo, normalización y representaciones otras. Las personas transgénero en la prensa y el cine de Colombia y Venezuela. / Javier García León." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224831942/34.
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Smith, Allison M. "Virtually Arming Genre with Politics? An Analysis of Electronic Military Recruitment in Venezuela, Colombia, and the United States. A Multimodal Approach." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26167.
Full textAbstract:
In this dissertation, I address the relationship between the content and design of governmental websites and the ideological interests of the overseeing political administrations. Three case studies contrast the contemporary political climates in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Republic of Colombia, and the United Stastes with the form and function of their respective military recruitment homepages. Through a semiotic, and specifically multimodal lens, I aim to determine to what degree there is evidence of the governing poltical party’s ideological perspective on the websites.
To accomplish this task, each case study is introduced by a brief contemporary history in order to provide a summary of key political events within state. Each case study then includes a detailed analysis of 3-4 governmental homepages. Within those analyses, a comprehensive multimodal analysis is conducted for the most evocative content on each homepage. Finally, conclusions are reached for each case study, paying special attention to the content found along the reading path.
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Hsiou, Annie Schmaltz. "Lagartos e serpentes (Lepidosauria, Squamata) do mioceno médio-superior da Região Norte da América do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/23712.
Full textAbstract:
Lagartos e serpentes fósseis da América do Sul são registrados desde o Cretáceo inferior até o Pleistoceno superior-Holoceno para a Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Colômbia, Equador, Peru, Uruguai e Venezuela. Para o Cretáceo, os restos de lagartos e serpentes são principalmente do Brasil e da Argentina. Lagartos filogeneticamente relacionados com a ancestralidade dos Squamata ocorrem em sedimentos do Cretáceo inferior e superior das regiões nordeste e sudeste do Brasil. As serpentes estão representadas pelos Anilioidea para o sudeste do país, e pelos Madtsoiidae para o Cretáceo médio do Estado do Maranhão. Para a Argentina, um provável Iguanidae foi descrito, além de fósseis de lagartos ainda indeterminados. As serpentes estão representadas no Cretáceo superior da Argentina pelos Dinilysiidae, Madtsoiidae, Anilioidea, e uma das serpentes mais primitivas conhecidas Najash rionegrina e provavelmente Boidae. Além da Argentina e Brasil, os Madtsoiidae também foram referidos para o Cretáceo superior da Bolívia. Para o Paleógeno, os lagartos são representados pelos Iguanidae, Gekkonidae, Teiidae, ?Scincidade e Anguimorpha. As serpentes são conhecidas quase que exclusivamente por fragmentos de vértebras das famílias Madtsoiidae, Palaeopheidae, Aniliidae, Boidae e Tropidophiidae. Para o Neógeno o material é ainda mais numeroso, onde a grande maioria dos gêneros e espécies fósseis de lagartos e serpentes ainda ocorre na herpetofauna sul-americana. Embora tenha ocorrido notável incremento no conhecimento do registro fóssil de lagartos e serpentes na América do Sul, até agora alguns problemas ainda persistiam, como a ausência de informação destes grupos no início do Néogeno do Brasil, e a ausência de trabalhos de integração dos dados para o Cenozóico sul-americano, o que tem limitado as interpretações sobre a evolução dos escamados, principalmente para à região norte da América do Sul. Neste trabalho foram descritos fósseis atribuídos aos Teiidae (cf. Paradracaena sp), Boidae (Eunectes sp e cf. Eunectes) e aos Anilioidea (Colombophis portai e C. spinosus sp. nov.) para a Formação Solimões, Mioceno superior do sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. A associação de lagartos e serpentes encontrada na Formação Solimões indica uma similaridade ecológica entre as faunas miocênicas do norte da América do Sul, tais como La Venta (Colômbia) e região de Urumaco (Venezuela). Esta fauna de escamados descrita neste trabalho representa o primeiro registro do grupo para o Neógeno do sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira, e talvez contribua para um melhor entendimento anatômico de certos grupos, bem como para a distribuição dos mesmos na região norte da América do Sul.South American fossil lizards and snakes are known from Early Cretaceous to Late Pleistocene-Holocene of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. For the Cretaceous, lizard and snake remains are mainly from Brazil and Argentina. The most ancient lizards (related to the ancestry of Squamata) are from the Early and Late Cretaceous sediments of the northeastern and southeastern regions of Brazil. Snakes are represented by Anilioidea in the southeastern region. In addition, Madtsoiidae were reported for the Middle Cretaceous of Maranhão State. For Argentina, an Iguanidae lizard was described, as well as additional undetermined remains of lizards. The snakes are represented in the Late Cretaceous of Argentina by Dinilysiidae, Madtsoiidae, Anilioidea, and one of the most primitive snake known, Najash rionegrina, and probably Boidae. Besides the records of Argentina and Brazil, Madtsoiidae were also referred to the Late Cretaceous of Bolivia. For the Paleogene, the lizards are represented by Iguanidae, Gekkonidae, Teiidae, ?Scincidade, and Anguimorpha. Snakes are almost known exclusively by fragments of vertebrae of the families Madtsoiidae, Palaeopheidae, Aniliidae, Boidae and Tropidophiidae. In the Neogene the material is even more numerous, the majority of fossil lizards and snakes (genera and species) are still living in South American herpetofauna. Although there was considerable increase in knowledge of the fossil record of lizards and snakes in South America, yet there were still some problems such as lack of information for these groups from the beginning of the Neogene of Brazil and the lack of works data integration for the South American Cenozoic, what has limited interpretations concerning the evolution of the squamates, mainly to northern South America. In this study were described fossils attributed to the Teiidae (cf. Paradracaena sp), Boidae (Eunectes sp. and cf. Eunectes sp.), and Anilioidea (Colombophis portai and C. spinosus sp. nov.) for the Solimões Formation, Late Miocene of the southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. The association of lizards and snakes found in the Solimões Formation indicates an ecological similarity between the faunas of the northern Miocene South America, such as La Venta (Colombia) and the region of Urumaco (Venezuela). The squamate fauna described here, represents the first record of the group for the Neogene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia and perhaps a contribution for a better understanding of the anatomy of certain groups, as well as their distribution in the northern South America.
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Kaiser, Daniel R. "The regional response to the crisis in Colombia." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FKaiser.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Jeanne Giraldo, Harold Trinkunas. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-83). Also available online.
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Rajot, Jean-Louis. "Dissolution des oxydes de Fert (hématite et goethite) d'un sol ferralitique des llanos de Colombie par des bactéries ferri-réductrices : implication sur le jaunissement des matériaux pédologiques rouges." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10401.
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Le jaunissement des horizons superficiels de sols rouges tropicaux est étudié sur des échantillons des llanos de Colombie ou ce phénomène est actuel. Dans ces sols, le nombre de bactéries ferri-réductrices est corrélé au stock de carbone organique. La réduction bactérienne du fer est obtenue par simple incubation du sol avec de l'eau distillée. Le facteur limitant son développement est la source de carbone. La réduction du fer se produit dans l'horizon rouge profond, très pauvre en bactéries ferri-réductrices, lorsqu'on ajoute aux incubations du glucose en faible concentration, simulant les conditions naturelles. La réduction conduit au jaunissement de cet horizon rouge par dissolution de la totalité de l'hématite et la résistance d'une partie de la goethite. Cette résistance provient d'une accumulation relative, à la surface du minéral, de l'aluminium substitué au fer. Les atomes de fer ne sont alors plus accessibles aux agents réducteurs. Le fer III disponible pour la réduction serait utilisé par les bactéries comme puits d'électrons produits au cours de la fermentation. Pour une souche, la consommation de glucose est corrélée à la réduction du fer. Dans ce cas, le fer III serait un accepteur d'électrons obligatoire au cours de la fermentation. Les caractéristiques de la solution d'incubation (eh et ph) sont les conséquences de la fermentation et de la réduction. Mais les acides organiques produits pourraient intervenir dans le passage en solution du fer II
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Salama, Benazar Rosana. "Elaboración de un modelo analítico que permita relacionar el transporte marítimo, la globalización y el desarrollo económico. Casos de estudio : Venezuela, Colombia, Perú y Brasil." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392608.
Full textAbstract:
La globalización se ha sostenido por las mejoras en la tecnología del transporte y las inversiones masivas en infraestructuras (Corbett & Winebrake, 2008), factores que han tenido repercusión en los puertos, ya que éstos han tenido que adaptarse a través de las inversiones en estructuras e infraestructuras. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la globalización del transporte marítimo y el desarrollo portuario en los puertos de América del Sur, específicamente en los puertos de Puerto Cabello y la Guaira (Venezuela), Cartagena (Colombia), El Callao (Perú) y Santos (Brasil), desde el punto de vista de ciertos indicadores según su importancia, para la generación de aportes que garanticen mejorar las operaciones portuarias en la región. La metodología utilizada fue la investigación documental con un análisis holístico y la de campo, de tipo descriptivo, analítico. El resultado fue que los principales indicadores de la globalización del transporte marítimo, según los expertos y fuentes documentales, están inmersos en el desarrollo portuario y éste a su vez, en la región de América del Sur, está ligado a los modelos de gestión portuaria que se adopten, presentando algunos de los puertos estudiados, diferencias en cuanto a la gestión portuaria y desequilibrios en cuanto a equipos, estructuras, y eficiencia portuaria, por lo que aquellos países que presenten desequilibrios en sus puertos con respecto a otros puertos de la misma región, deben ajustar sus políticas públicas con el fin de reducir o eliminar tal desequilibrio.Globalization has been supported by improvements in transport technology and massive investments in transport infrastructures (Corbett & Winebrake, 2008), elements that have repercussions on ports, since they have had to adapt their structures and infrastructures. The objective of this paper is to analyze the maritime transport globalization and port development in South American ports, specifically in the ports of La Guaira and Puerto Cabello (Venezuela); Cartagena (Colombia); El Callao (Peru) and Santos (Brazil) based on certain indicators according to its importance, in order to generate contributions to ensure ports operation improvements in the region. The methodology used was documental with a holistic analysis and a field research, being it descriptive and analytical. The obtained result was that the main indicators of Maritime Transport Globalization, according to experts and documental information, are related to port development and, in the South American region, port development is linked to port management models assumed, presenting, some of the studied ports, differences relating to port management and disequilibrium regarding equipment, structures and ports efficiency, reasons why public policies of countries presenting such disequilibrium must be adjusted.
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Mesa, Reina Sandra Milena. "El migrante venezolano visto desde los medios y las audiencias: Un estudio comparativo de la relación entre noticias televisivas y cognición social sobre los venezolanos inmigrantes en el Perú y Colombia." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16387.
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Spillemaeker, Frédéric. "Valor et Fortuna : autorités guerrières, révolutions et indépendances en Nouvelle-Grenade et au Venezuela (1770-1831)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0111.
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L’ère des révolutions et des Indépendances en Nouvelle-Grenade et au Venezuela (1770-1831), est une époque de nouvelles politisations et de nouvelles formes d’autorités. L’historiographie a habituellement opposé les chefs indépendantistes institutionnels d’une part, aux caudillos irréguliers d’autre part. Pourtant cette opposition mérite d’être discutée. Pendant les Indépendances, des hommes nouveaux accédèrent à des fonctions de commandement militaire et parfois au pouvoir politique. Ces ascensions furent rendues possibles par une transformation des sociétés par la guerre, qui ébranlait le pouvoir des élites. Ces dernières avaient pourtant activement participé au mouvement des juntes en 1808-1810. Ces assemblées s’étaient réunies dans les cités, au nom du roi Ferdinand VII, déposé par Napoléon Bonaparte. Puis elles se divisèrent entre loyalistes et indépendantistes. La guerre civile commença, mais rapidement les villes et les élites n’y jouèrent plus les premiers rôles. De nouvelles autorités guerrières autonomes surgirent dans les campagnes et acquirent une puissance militaire inattendue. Les révoltes de l’époque coloniale avaient déjà montré la capacité des subalternes à contester les pouvoirs en place, mais ce phénomène prit une nouvelle ampleur dans les guerres d’Indépendance. Des hommes nouveaux apparurent, comme José Tomás Boves dans les grandes plaines (les Llanos) du Venezuela qui rassembla des milliers d’hommes sous son commandement. Ce phénomène n’était pas propre à un camp politique. Certains étaient royalistes : à l’instar de Boves ou d’Agualongo dans le sud de la Colombie. D’autres étaient patriotes, comme José Antonio Páez, autre homme des Llanos, ou Manuel Piar dans la province de Guayana. Leur autorité guerrière ne procédait pas d’une domination charismatique irrationnelle, mais d’un profond travail d’organisation logistique, stratégique et politique. Mis en lumière, ce travail d’organisation invite à nuancer l’opposition entre chefs institutionnels et guérilleros, car ils avaient des pratiques en partage. La tendance à l’autonomisation du commandement militaire se cristallisait dans des juntes de guerre qui montraient le pouvoir des officiers. De plus, l’étude des conceptions de l’honneur et des rapports de genre permettent de comprendre les masculinités combattantes. Des femmes eurent un rôle fondamental dans certains domaines comme la logistique et le renseignement. Hors des champs de bataille, la guerre se livrait aussi dans les pamphlets et les périodiques : tantôt machines de gloire au service de certains chefs, tantôt redoutables instruments de délégitimation ou de stigmatisation. À la fin de la guerre, le césarisme s’imposa comme l’organisation politique capable de réunir la culture guerrière, la culture constitutionnelle, et la volonté des élites d’établir un nouvel ordre socialThe Age of Revolutions and Independence Wars in New Grenada and Venezuela (1770-1831) was a time of new politics and new forms of authority. Historiography has usually opposed institutional independence leaders to irregular caudillos. Yet this opposition is worthy of discussion. During the Independences, new men acceded to military command functions and, some of them, to political power. These ascents were made possible by a transformation of societies through war, which shook the power of the elites. These groups had actively participated in the juntas movement in 1808-1810. These assemblies had met in the cities, in the name of King Ferdinand VII, deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte. They were then divided between loyalists and independentists. The civil war began, but soon the cities and the elites no longer played the leading roles. New autonomous warlike authorities arose in the countryside and acquired an unexpected military power. The revolts of the colonial era had already demonstrated the ability of subordinates to challenge the existing powers, but this phenomenon took on a new dimension during the wars of independence. New men appeared, like José Tomás Boves in the great plains (the Llanos) of Venezuela who gathered thousands of men under his command. This phenomenon was not exclusive of one political camp. Some were royalists, like Boves or Agualongo in southern Colombia. Others were patriots, like José Antonio Páez, another man from the Llanos, or Manuel Piar in the province of Guayana. Their warlike authority did not come from an irrational charismatic domination, but from a deep work of logistical, strategic and political organization. This work of organization invites us to nuance the opposition between institutional leaders and guerrillas, because they shared practices. The tendency to empower an autonomous military command crystallized in war juntas, demonstrations of the officers’ power. In addition, the study of conceptions of honor and gender relations allows us to understand the fighting masculinities. Women played a fundamental role in certain areas such as logistics and intelligence. Outside the battlefield, war was also fought in pamphlets and newspapers, that were at times glory machines at the service of certain leaders, and also formidable instruments of delegitimization or stigmatization. At the end of the war, Caesarism imposed itself as the political organization capable of uniting the warlike culture, the constitutional culture, and the will of the elites to establish a new social order
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Lapierre, Vincent. "L'accès à la santé dans un cadre de pauvreté extrême : le cas de la Colombie et du Vénézuela." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870575.
Full textAbstract:
Parmi l'ensemble des pays d'Amérique latine, la Colombie et le Venezuela sont deux pays très proches, pour des raisons aussi bien historiques que géographiques et culturelles. Pourtant, les profondes réformes constitutionnelles des deux pays, réalisées au cours des années 1990, s'opposent sur de nombreux plans. Le système de santé, enjeu crucial des deux réformes dans la lutte contre la pauvreté, caractérise cette opposition : inspirée de la réforme du système de santé américain, la réforme colombienne laisse une place centrale aux assureurs privés tandis qu'au contraire, la réforme vénézuélienne se veut être le point d'ancrage du " Socialisme du 21ème siècle " et du réengagement de l'État dans le système de santé. Bien que très différent, chaque modèle a permis une amélioration sensible des indicateurs de santé, sans pour autant pouvoir résoudre les contradiction profondes auxquels ils sont soumis.
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Franco, León Elisabeth Nelly. "La securitización de la migración: explicando el impacto de la cooperación entre Colombia, Ecuador y Perú en sus políticas internas en el marco de la crisis migratoria venezolana (2017-2019)." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/17840.
Full textAbstract:
Colombia, Ecuador y Perú son los tres países que más migrantes
venezolanos han recibido desde el 2016, año en el que el ritmo de salida de
Venezuela creció exponencialmente. De los 3.9 millones de migrantes y
refugiados venezolanos que residían en América Latina y el Caribe a diciembre
de 2019, 2.9 millones, es decir el 74 por ciento, se encontraban solo en esos tres
países. Frente a esta abrumadora presión, en el 2017, los gobiernos
reconocieron la importancia de cooperar y coordinar acciones con el fin de
gestionar la crisis migratoria, y empezaron a reunirse. Sin embargo, a pesar de
la manifiesta voluntad de los Estados por trabajar en conjunto y abordar el
fenómeno migratorio venezolano desde un enfoque humanitario, en la práctica
muchas de las acciones emprendidas no cumplieron e incluso fueron en contra
de lo acordado en el ámbito multilateral. Es por eso que la pregunta que guía la
presente investigación busca explicar las razones por las cuales la cooperación
entre Colombia, Ecuador y Perú tuvo un impacto limitado en las políticas
implementadas en el ámbito interno en los años 2017 al 2019. Como respuesta
se establece que la securitización de la migración constituye el factor limitante
más importante y sirve para explicar el predominio de la agenda nacional de
seguridad sobre la multilateral de corte más humanitario. Para cumplir con el
mencionado objetivo se presenta un análisis de doble nivel, el regional y el
nacional, y se busca analizar las respuestas de los tres países mencionados
utilizando la Teoría de la Securitización propuesta por los teóricos de la Escuela
de Copenhague.
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Chong, Neto Herberto José, Nelson Augusto Rosário, Dirceu Solé, Pascual Chiarella, and Latin American ISAAC Study Group. "Asthma and Rhinitis in South America: How Different They are From Other Parts of the World." Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625735.
Full textAbstract:
Asthma and rhinitis epidemiology has wide variations around the world. The aim of this review was verify the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in South America and report differences from other regions of the world. We reviewed studies with International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) methodology in South America, Phases I and III. In South America the ISAAC Phase I ranked four countries among top ten in prevalence of asthma and three countries among top ten in prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis. ISAAC Phase III showed little changes in asthma and rhinitis prevalence in South American countries. The prevalence increases of asthma and rhinitis in South American centers indicate that the burden of both is continuing to rise, but the differences in prevalence are lessening.Revisión por pares
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Jiménez, Alegria César Oscar. "Configurando un país de destino para refugiados: La comunidad de Refugiados en el Perú en el periodo 2002 – 2017 y los retos para el Estado Peruano." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/10132.
Full textAbstract:
El presente trabajo busca explicar la configuración del Perú como país de destino para refugiados estudiando la comunidad de refugiados durante el periodo 2002 – 2017. La investigación presupone la transición de Perú de ser un país de tránsito migratorio de refugiados hacia uno de destino, por lo cual se propone analizar cuáles son los principales factores que han influido en este cambio de rol. Se propone que son dos variables las que influyeron en esta dinámica: la primera es una variable político – jurídica, mientras que la segunda es una variable político – económica. Para conseguir los objetivos de la investigación se ha optado por realizar un estudio cualitativo y de caso (Perú), focalizándose en la comunidad de refugiados en el país de nacionalidades colombiana y venezolana, por su calidad de éxodos masivos durante el periodo propuesto. Asimismo, el acercamiento es descriptivo y analítico, haciendo uso de entrevistas, documentos legales y fuentes secundarias. Las principales áreas de estudio en las cuales se apoya la investigación son: la Ciencia Política, las Relaciones Internacionales y la Política Exterior. Los principales hallazgos del estudio son, en primer lugar, confirmar la existencia de un contexto propicio para el posicionamiento de Perú como país de destino. En segundo lugar, la influencia del marco institucional a partir de dos principales componentes de la primera variable: la flexibilidad para afluencias masivas en la normativa interna y la aparente ventaja de la institucionalidad peruana frente a los demás países en la región. En tercer lugar, el posicionamiento de Perú como un país más atractivo para refugiados y un vecindario menos abierto a brindar refugio, siendo componentes de nuestra segunda variable. De la segunda variable se resalta la importancia de una
economía (ilegal), una red social de apoyo que permite la inserción de del
refugiado en el país, y el cambio de roles de los países en la región para explicar
la configuración de Perú como país de destino. La conjugación de ambas variables hace posible entender el incremento de refugiados en Perú entre 2002 y 2017, permitiendo, también, reconocer ciertos retos para el Estado peruano.Tesis
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Banda, Rodriguez Karina Paola. "Phytogeography and conservation of neotropical dry forest, with emphasis on Columbia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28955.
Full textAbstract:
Dry forest is one of the most threatened tropical forests in the world. Human impact has caused its massive transformation but conservation of dry forest has often been neglected across Latin America. In Colombia, less than 10% of the original extension of dry forest remains. This thesis studies the phytogeography of neotropical dry forest and its relevance for conservation using data from 1602 tree species inventories made in dry forests across Latin America and the Caribbean synthesised by The Latin American Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Floristic Network (DRYFLOR). Clustering and ordination analyses were used to explore the floristic relationships of dry forest across the entire Neotropics, revealing distinctive regional clusters defined by their tree species composition. Colombian dry forests are shown to be part of two wider clusters, one including neighbouring forests in Venezuela and southern Central America, and the second including the inter-Andean dry forests. The high turnover of floristic diversity and endemism within and amongst the main floristic groups demonstrates that to conserve the full species diversity in dry forests across Latin America and the Caribbean will require protecting it simultaneously across multiple regions. A regionally focused study of floristic relationships in the Central American and northern South American dry tropical forest group, using quantitative approaches to conservation prioritization, including a new Conservation Priority Index (CPI), suggests that conservation priority should be placed on the South American Caribbean Coast in the cross-border area of Colombia and Venezuela. This emphasises the need for a biogeographical approach to conservation that cannot be restricted by political borders. Within Colombia, new quantitative floristic data were used to investigate controls of floristic composition in dry forests. Multivariate analyses showed that space related variables explain a larger fraction of the variance of the floristic composition than climatic or edaphic variables. The importance of spatial variables implies that biogeography is a key element in understanding the structure of communities, and that the Andean cordilleras might be acting as geographical barriers isolating these seasonally dry formations. The value of floristic inventory data for assessing the conservation status of tree species using IUCN criteria was assessed in a case of study of the Andean Piedmont dry forest. By combining inventory data from the DRYFLOR database and herbarium records, the number of species for which we have sufficient information to make conservation assessments increases by 16% and the accuracy of predictive species distribution improves for 84% of the species. Together, these results reveal the importance of ecological inventory data as a complementary data source in conservation assessment for dry forest trees in the Neotropics. Finally, the conclusions chapter places these results in the context of conservation planning for Colombian dry forests, including some suggestions for research, policies and actions. These actions include restoration programmes focusing on sustainable harvesting of native dry forest tree species, for example for firewood and other forest resources such as fruits, fibres and medicines. A land use mosaic, including forest fallows and strict conservation areas, may help to guarantee the long-term maintenance dry forest species in Colombia.
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Jakobsson, Angela. "Jakten på El Dorado i Sydamerikas vildmark under 1500-talet. : Ett resultat av eurocentriska projiceringar, ekonomisk exploateringsstrategi ellerstabiliseringspolitiska utrensningsåtgärder?" Thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm University, Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-37510.
Full textAbstract:
Jakten på El Dorado rasade som värst i Sydamerikas vildmark under1500-talet. Ett fyrtiotal expeditioner i spanska kronans regi sökte efterdet mytomspunna riket. Expeditionsdeltagarna kom från Europas allahörn. Uppsatsen syftar till att visa vad som föranledde jakten på El Dorado.
Uppsatsen är litteraturbaserad. Jag har endast använt svensk- och engelskspråkigakällor.
Eurocentriska projiceringar, exploateringsstrategi och stabiliseringspolitiskahänsyn samverkade i ett mångfacetterat skeende. Medeltidsmänniskanhade ingen klar bild av fjärran regioner. Spanien var krigshärjat,isolerat och eftersatt. Statsmakten ville till varje pris stärka landets ekonomi.De mest explosiva ur befolkningen sökte rikedom i den Nya Världen.Efter plundringstågen under erövringsfasen blev de ett samhällsproblem.Detta kunde avhjälpas med en expedition mot El Dorado.Företag i vildmarken hade uppemot hundraprocentig dödlighet.
Jakten på El Dorado sammanföll med den geografiska upptäckten avSydamerika. Vid 1530-talets början var kontinentens inland en vit fläckpå kartan. Jakten på El Dorado klingade av i takt med att allt mer avnorra Sydamerikas vildmark blev utforskad av européer.
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Nogueira, Julia C. "Film and Video Festivals in South America:A Contemporary Analysis of Flourishing Cultural Phenomena." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1230612139.
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Campos, Henry Miguel. "Tectonostratigraphic and subsidence history of the northern Llanos foreland basin of Colombia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-3832.
Full textAbstract:
The Llanos foreland basin of Colombia is located along the eastern margin of the northern Andes. The Llanos basin is bounded to the north by the Mérida Andes, to the east by the Guiana shield, to the south by the Serrania de la Macarena, and to the west by the frontal foothills thrust system of the Andes (the Cordillera Oriental). The Llanos foreland basin originated in the Maastrichtian, after a post-rift period during the Mesozoic, and recorded an abrupt pulse of middle Miocene subsidence possibly in response to subduction and collision events along the Pacific margin of northwestern South America. Regional east-west shortening, driven in part by collision of the Panama arc along the Pacific margin of Colombia, has built the widest part of the northern Andes. This wide area (~600 km) includes a prominent arcuate thrust salient, the Cordillera Oriental, which overthrusts the Llanos foreland along a broad V-shaped salient that projects 40 km over the northern Llanos foreland basin. In this study, I interpret 1200 km of 2D seismic data tied to 18 wells and regional potential fields (gravity and magnetic) data. Interpreted seismic data are organized into four regional (300 to 400-km-long) transects spanning the thrust salient area of the northern Llanos basin. I performed 2D flexural modeling on the four transects in order to understand the relative contributions of flexural subsidence due to tectonic and sedimentary loading. Sedimentary backstripping was applied to the observed structure maps of six Eocene to Pleistocene interpreted horizons in the foreland basin in order to remove the effects of sedimentary and water loading. Regional subsidence curves show an increase in the rate of tectonic subsidence in the thrust salient sector of the foreland basin during the middle to late Miocene. The flexural models predict changes in the middle Miocene to recent position of the eastern limit of foreland basin sediments as well as the changing location and vertical relief of the flexurally controlled forebulge. Production areas of light oil in the thrust belt and foreland basin are located either south of the thrust salient (Cusiana, Castilla, Rubiales oilfields) or north of the salient (Guafita-Caño Limon, Arauca oilfields) but not directly adjacent to the salient apex where subsidence, source rock thicknesses, and fracturing were predicted by a previous study to be most favorable for hydrocarbons. There are no reported light oil accumulations focused on the predicted present or past positions of the forebulge, but detailed comparisons of seismic reflection data with model predictions may reveal stratigraphic onlap and/or wedging relationships that could provide possible traps for hydrocarbons.text
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Lu, Tsung-Hsien, and 呂宗賢. "A Study of the Diplomatic Conflict between Colombia and Venezuela in March 2008." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89023003584183507350.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
美洲研究所碩士班
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In the first hour of March 1, 2008, Colombia’s armed forces bombed the FARC camp and made an incursion into the Ecuadorian territory for collecting the corpse of Raul Reyes, the Number two man in the leadership of the terrorist guerrilla. The attack sparked a serious diplomatic crisis with Ecuador and Venezuela, which denounced the incursion and threatened diplomatic and possibly military retaliation against Colombia. A week after the controversial attack, although the crisis in the Andes seemed to be resolved with handshakes and hugs between leaders of Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador on the XX Summit of Rio Group, the conflict between presidents Uribe and Chavez was not finished. The diplomatic conflict between Colombia and Venezuela in March 2008 was not a coincidence but a result of a series of incompatible interests in several issues with the intensification of the Colombia’s armed conflict, and the mutual distrust between Uribe and Chavez as a consequence of their strong ideological differences and the Chavez’s well-known political strategy of converting the United States and Colombia into external enemies to strengthen his regime.
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McQueen, George Genung. "Heritage tourism in Latin America : cultural routes and the legacy of Simón Bolívar in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3349.
Full textAbstract:
Heritage tourism is one of the fastest growing sub-categories of the tourism industry, which is arguably the largest industry in the world. When communities and regions compete for a greater share of the heritage tourism market, the authenticity and integrity of a heritage can be compromised by the way it is represented. One way to represent heritage is a “cultural route,” which has recently been added to definition of “cultural heritage” in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. The interpretation of a “cultural route,” however, continues to evolve, especially in Latin America.
In anticipation of the bicentennial celebration of independence from Spain, two cultural routes were separately inaugurated in 2009: the Ruta del Libertador in Ecuador and Venezuela, and the Ruta Libertadora in Colombia. After providing an overview of the historical, political and cultural contexts that surround these routes, this paper draws upon a website content analysis to explores how national identity, cultural heritage and the legacy of Simón Bolívar are represented by the governments of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
These observations and analyses show that while both routes represent a shared heritage, the differences in their representations straddle the definitions of “authenticity” and “cultural heritage,” as the Ruta Libertadora in Colombia is a “cultural route” and the Ruta del Libertador in Ecuador and Venezuela is a “cultural tourism route.” However, when considered together, the Ruta del Libertador and Ruta Libertadora are a cultural route that more accurately represents a crucial moment in Latin American history: the liberation of South America from Spain, led by Simón Bolívar, “El Libertador.”text
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Afanador, Maria Jose. "The unmaking of empire : nature and politics in the early Colombian imagination, 1808-1821." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-2745.
Full textAbstract:
In this report I argue that during the independence wars from Spain and the first decade of republican rule, the learned elite of the viceroyalty of New Granada—present day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama—articulated narratives of nature and science to debates over provincial hierarchies, to justify provincial unity, foreign commercial integration, and the creation of political symbols for the new polity. In the process of undoing the Spanish empire, the lettered elite conceived of their homeland’s natural bounties as key cultural capital, and as the language with which to frame their aspirations as political community, as part of a national polity or of regional patrias. By using newspapers, constitutional debates, scientific writings, and visual evidence, I place the elite’s sensibilities and concerns about their fatherland’s nature in the wider context of political transformations that took place from 1808 and on. In the first section, I explore eighteenth-century assessments of New Granada’s nature, offering an overview of key conceptions of New Granada’s geopolitical situation and nature that shaped the Creole imagination. In the second section, I characterize the reforms brought about by the Bourbon monarchy in New Granada, giving weight to the socialization of practices of the utility of science among the learned elite. The third section illustrates how Neogranadians deployed nature in assessing provincial fragmentation, and in the debate over the preeminence of Santafé as capital when the monarchic crisis exploded. The fourth section explores how nature was employed as an argument in debates over the integration of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador into a single republic, and the adoption of a federal or a central state. Finally, section five discusses the role of New Granada’s natural landmarks in discourses of provincial and foreign commercial integration, along with a reflection on the use of nature as political symbol for the new republic. My aim is to explore the ways that the lettered elite incorporated nature into geopolitical discourses of a polity separate from Spain, and to uncover the tensions embedded in the ways they imagined their desired nation.text