Academic literature on the topic 'LLC Integrated Evironmental Technologies'
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Journal articles on the topic "LLC Integrated Evironmental Technologies"
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Georgievna Sboeva, Sanna, Sergey Anatolievich Krivosheev, and Yulia Aleksandrovna Klyuyeva. "Methodological Approaches to Managing Business Processes in Pharmacies Using Information Technologies." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24599.
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The authors substantiate the need to develop a scientific and methodical approach to modernizing business processes of a pharmacy using information technologies. IK FARM LLC pharmacy has been chosen as a model object of the study. The IDEF0 (Integrated Definition Function Modeling) method adopted as a state standard in the US and recommendations of the State Standard of Russia R 50.1.028-2001 have been used for the analysis, systematization and reorganization of business processes. The article offers methodology for optimizing the pharmacy’s activities, which includes the building of two models for managing business processes – before and after modernization (AS-IS and AS-WILL). The structure of the AS-WILL model includes new functions: “Plan the pharmacy’s activities” (set the goals and objectives of the organization, plan target sales for the next period) and “Monitor the pharmacy’s activities” (control the compliance with the rules of drugs’ storage and layout, sanitary regime, and rules of property operation). The complex automation of the pharmacy's trading activities ensures these functions through the Magister software. Estimated efficiency of business processes’ modernization based on the net present value has indicated that automation of processes will increase net unreduced profit.
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Dean, Robert N., Colin B. Stevens, and John J. Tatarchuk. "A Current-Controlled PCB Integrated MEMS Tilt Mirror." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, DPC (January 1, 2014): 000588–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2014dpc-ta32.
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Introduction: MEMS Tilt Mirror - a miniature planar micro-mirror that can experience a 1-D or 2-D tilt in response to a control signal. Commonly used technologies- electrostatic, piezoelectric, electrothermal bimorph. Applications - laser beam steering, interferometers, dynamic signal analyzers, opticcal cross-connect switches. This paper describes the design, key features and applications of a System On Chip (SOC) ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) that has been developed under an Air Force SBIR program. The SOC device has been implemented by Honeywell International using their High Temperature SOI (Silicon On Insulator) Process. The objective of the Air Force SBIR program {1} was to investigate the potential for use of available High Temperature SOI technology devices for aerospace propulsion control system applications. Several prototype designs implemented by Embedded Systems LLC (ES-LLC) using available SOI devices identified significant limitations in the performance capability and level of integration. The diversity of propulsion system interfacing requirements demanded generic solutions so that they could be deployed in multiple applications without changes. The available devices were also not affordable due to the limited size of the market for this technology. It was therefore decided to develop a generic, reconfigurable SOC chipset {2} that could be implemented using Honeywell's HT200 Family of ASIC Gate Arrays. The paper will describe the architecture and key features of the SOC chipset solution which can be reconfigured to interface with most typical aerospace control system sensors and actuators. The SOC chipset captures all of the necessary functions required to interface with sensors such as RTD (resistance Temperature Detectors), Strain Gauges (SG) and thermocouples (TC), mass flow, speed and LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transducer) position. The excitation circuitry required to power these interfaces is embedded in the chipset and can be reconfigured as required. The SOC chipset also contains all of the pre- and post-processing functions to convert electrical signals into digital words and send them on a data bus under the control of a host microprocessor. The SOC chipset can be powered from a Mil-Std 704F compliant power source or a conditioned DC power source. The SOC chipset when combined with other external devices can be implemented as a “Smart Node” for localized management of sensors and actuators as a part of a distributed architecture or used as a scalable building block in a more complex function such as a FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control). The SOC chipset thus completes the set of all High Temperature SOI Integrated circuits required for implementation of typical Smart Nodes. It is believed that the versatility of the SOC chipset makes it a well suited, affordable, scalable building block for not only aerospace controls but also for diverse applications such as down-hole drilling, energy exploration, wind farms etc. where high temperature electronics is required.
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Filippov, Evgeny V., Gennady N. Chumakov, Inna N. Ponomareva, and Dmitry A. Martyushev. "Application of Integrated Modeling in the Oil and Gas Industry." Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Геология. Нефтегазовое и горное дело 20, no. 4 (October 2020): 386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2712-8008/2020.4.7.
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The present stage of the oil industry development is characterized by a growing share of hard to reach reserves, the amount of complicated well stock, oil production costs and increasing requirements to production accounting accuracy, implementation of energy-efficient and resource-efficient technologies for development and production, in conditions of the multifactorial evaluation of asset development prospects a problem of the asset intellectualization is a priority. Within this problem, automation and implementation of integrated approaches to production optimization, prevention and control of difficulties, effective asset development management both on operative and long-term levels are considered. At present, a complex and effective tool in resolving the problem is an integrated model, i.e. a model of a well production process (oil, gas, water), including all production chain elements in the form of consequential component models. An integrated simulation is effectively used in operational activities of LUKOIL-PERM LLC and is an optimal tool to solve multidisciplinary tasks in field development and technology of oil and gas production, transportation and processing (using software by Petroleum Experts company). Experience of implementing the integrated simulations suggests a synergetic effect related to a need in developing associated aspects manifesting themselves by improvement of skills of the specialists, improvement of input data quality and increase of input data volume, improvement of separate component quality during their integration. A set of actions developed and substantiated using the integrated simulations and their separate components resulted in obtaining some additional oil production over 21.9 thou. t.
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Venkatesh, V., R. Noraas, A. Pilchak, S. Tamirisa, K. Calvert, A. Salem, T. Broderick, M. G. Glavicic, I. Dempster, and V. Saraf. "Data Driven Tools and Methods for Microtexture Classification and Dwell Fatigue Life Prediction in Dual Phase Titanium Alloys." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111091.
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Microtexture has been linked to large reductions in cold dwell fatigue (CDF) life of specific dual phase titanium alloy aeroengine components. A recently completed Metals Affordability Initiative (MAI) funded program led by Pratt & Whitney (P&W) and includes ATI Forged Products, Boeing, GE Aviation, Rolls Royce (RR), Arconic, Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), PCC-Wyman Gordon (PCC-WG), Scientific Forming Technologies (SFTC), Materials Resources LLC (MRL) and The Ohio State University (OSU) has developed improved techniques for the characterization of microtexured regions (MTR) in titanium billet and forgings, and integrated computational materials engineering (ICME). These methods are aimed at developing and integrating process and property modeling tools for the prediction of microtexture and fatigue life in titanium components. These characterization and fatigue life prediction tools have near-term application off ramps that will enable use for process and product development and quality control. Key results for two widely used alloys, Ti-6242 and Ti-64, will be reviewed in this paper.
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Smirnova, Zh V., and K. A. Kochnova. "TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES OF SERVICE ENTERPRISES USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY." Vestnik of Minin University 7, no. 1 (March 17, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2019-7-1-5.
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Introduction: the article is devoted to the role of the training process for employees of service enterprises. More and more organizations, institutions, firms are focused on the creation and provision of various kinds of services to the population. And since the service sector in recent years is one of the most actively developing areas of activity, there is a need to improve the training of employees working in this field. As the authors of the article show, the structure of the content of in-house training and retraining of employees reflects the principles on which the training and functions that are performed by the in-house professional training are based. Throughout the world and in Russia in particular, the subject of increased attention is the introduction of information technology. Therefore, the authors consider in-house training of employees of a service company using the designated technologies. Materials and methods: the article identifies the basis for the functioning of the in-house personnel training system in market conditions and the integrated use of optimization procedures that allowed developing the target program for improving the personnel training system described in the work, which was adopted and implemented by Registration Agency LLC. Results: the article analyzes the process of training employees of service activities at the enterprise. The article describes the plan of interaction of Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin with the organization LLC Registration Agency Discussion and Conclusions: the article discusses the organization of in-house employee training through the development and implementation of electronic educational programs aimed at improving the skills of service workers and the competitiveness of the organization. The result of implementation is to achieve benefits for both parties, that is, to increase the intensification of the organization’s activities "and improve.
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LELYK, Bogdan, and Valerii STELMAKH. "NEW WELL RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY IS THE KEY TO THE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS." Ukrainian Geologist, no. 1-2(44-45) (June 30, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53087/ug.2021.1-2(44-45).238886.
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A detailed analysis of the available nuclear methods for well logging was carried out to select an effective technology from the point of view of obtaining true petrophysical data characterizing the formation matrix and fluid saturation at a specific point of time. The goal of these process is research currently available nuclear technologies designed for the Oil and Gas field formation evaluation and to review results of the implementation of QUAD NeutronTM (product of Roke Technologies Ltd (Canada)) in old wells in Ukraine. Reviewed are pulsed neutron technologies available from leading International Logging Companies, which are widely used in Ukraine, including the QUAD NeutronTM, to determine primary petrophysical properties and the reservoir saturation characteristics. Certain criteria have been established that signifi cantly impacted quality of the data analysis during interpretation. These included the number of casing strings installed, absence of Open Hole data as input, drill bit size, presence or absence of cement in the annulus and several others. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the systems are shown and effective examples of application with recommendations and test results are provided in this paper. Since 2009 QUAD NeutronTM was successfully utilized in more than 3000 wells worldwide. The geography of technology application covers such countries as Canada, USA, Russia, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Georgia, Thailand, Kazakhstan, and Saudi Arabia. The following list of IOC, NOC and other international E&P companies contains only some of the users of the data provided by QUAD NeutronTM: Shell, Lukoil, Petronas, Repsol, Cenovus, Talisman, Murphy, Rosne] . «GEO-DELTA-KB» LLC has exclusive rights to QUAD NeutronTM technology on the territory of Ukraine since 2018. Equipment has been used to provide valuable formation evaluation data to such clients as Ukrgasvydobuvannya, Ukrna] a and other domestic companies in the Western and Eastern regions. Data gave been acquired in dozens of old Oil and Gas wells. The obtained results demonstrate the high efficiency of the technology application, especially when making decisions for the reactivation of old wells. Conducted analysis of existing nuclear logging methods allowed selection of the most effective technology as compared under similar conditions. The data obtained as a result of interpretation, together with an understanding of the processes occurring in the wells, contributed to providing reliable information for making informed decisions. The most eff ective application of the QUAD NeutronTM technology in Ukraine appears to be for the reevaluation of old wells with complex design (up to 4 strings of casing) to identify missing pay zones, assess the potential of existing reservoirs, determine the presence or absence of cement in the annulus, waterfl ooding zones, etc. The technology can also be successfully used for evaluating active wells and in openhole wellbores.
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Calise, Francesco, Rafal Figaj, and Laura Vanoli. "Energy and Economic Analysis of Energy Savings Measures in a Swimming Pool Centre by Means of Dynamic Simulations." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092182.
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Sport centres thermal demand is extremely high due to the large amount of sanitary hot water production. Therefore, energy savings actions must be performed in order to optimize system efficiency. In this framework, the present paper investigates the possibility to perform an energy rehabilitation of an indoor swimming pool centre by means of solar thermal collectors and heat pump technologies integrated with the existing plant. The case study consists of a university indoor swimming pool centre located in Naples, South of Italy. A dynamic simulation model is developed by TRNSYS software (Thermal Energy System Specialists, LLC, Madison, WI, USA). An experimental investigation is also performed in order to calibrate the swimming pool thermal model and the space conditioning equipment operation. Real data concerning the thermal demand of the centre are implemented and the dynamic behaviour of the swimming pool occupants is also considered. The proposed technical solutions are analysed from an energy and economic point of view. A parametric analysis aiming at determining the effect of the size of the solar field on the system performance is performed. The comparison outlines that the best energy and economic performance is achieved by evacuated solar thermal collectors. In particular, the Simple Pay Back (SPB) period results about 14 years without incentives and it decreases to 5 years considering the Italian incentive policy. For an evacuated collector field of 150 m2, the SPB without incentive results below 9 years.
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Khalak, V. I., B. V. Gutyj, O. M. Bordun, O. I. Stadnytska, and S. E. Chernyavsky. "Level of phenotypic consolidation and correlation analysis of reproductive qualities of sows of different breeding value." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 94 (April 7, 2021): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9421.
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The results of research activities of reproductive qualities of sows of different breeding value are given, the level of their phenotypic consolidation is determined and the correlation analysis is carried out. The study was conducted in agricultural formations of Dnipropetrovsk and Sumy regions (LLC “AF “Renaissance”, research farm of the Institute of Agriculture of the Northeast NAAS of Ukraine, LLC “Druzhba – Kaznacheyivka”), livestock laboratory of the State Institution Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine and livestock laboratory economy of the North-East of NAAS of Ukraine. The work was performed according to the research program of NAAS of Ukraine № 30 “Innovative technologies of breeding, industrial and organic production of pig products” (“Pig breeding”). The object of the study were sows of large white breed. Indicators of reproductive qualities of animals of the specified production group were investigated taking into account the following quantitative signs: multiplicity, head; milk yield, kg, number of piglets at weaning, head; nest weight at the time of weaning at the age of 28 days, kg, safety, %. The BLUP index (maternal line) was calculated on the basis of the Main Breeding Center for Pig Breeding (Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP NAAS of Ukraine) according to the general model of a single animal. The index of alignment (homogeneity) of the sow's nest by live weight of piglets at the time of their birth, the index of reproductive qualities of the sow and the coefficients of phenotypic consolidation of the main quantitative traits were calculated according to the methods of V. I. Khalak (2012), M. D. Berezovsky (quoted from A. Vashchenko, 2019) and Yu. P. Polupan (1996, 2005), respectively. Biometric processing of research results was performed according to the methods of G. F. Lakin (1990). It was found that the maximum indicators of fertility, milk yield, number of piglets and nest weight at the time of weaning at the age of 28 days are characterized by sows of group I, in which the index BLUP (maternal line) is 109.78–128.75, the index of reproductive qualities (CPI) – 101.43–161.72 points. The correlation coefficients between the characteristics of reproductive qualities and integrated indicators are reliable and range from + 0.648 ± 0.0492 (index BLUP (maternal line) × milk yield) to + 0.984 ± 0.0086 (index of reproductive qualities (IRQ) × nest weight per weaning time at the age of 28 days). A high level of phenotypic consolidation on the basis of reproductive qualities of sows was found in animals of group II by milk yield (K1 = 0.561, K2 = 0.499) and nest weight at the time of weaning at the age of 28 days (K1 = 0.521, K2 = 0.472), peers of group I – by multiplicity (K1 = 0.315, K2 = 0.410) and the number of piglets at weaning (K1 = 0.296, K2 = 0.397). The calculation of economic efficiency of sows of different breeding value shows that the maximum increase in additional products was obtained from sows of group I, in which the index BLUP (maternal line) is 109.78–128.75, the index of reproductive qualities (IRQ) – 101.43–161, 72 points – +13.08 %, and its value is +332.08 UAH/head. These indicators of evaluation indices are a criterion for selecting high-yielding sows of large white breeds of controlled herds.
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"5811752 Enhanced tunable plasma-melter vitrification systems Titus Charles H; Surma Jeffrey E Newton Square, PA, United States assigned to Integrated Environmental Technologies LLC." Environment International 25, no. 5 (July 1999): 683–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(99)90554-8.
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"5756957 Tunable molten oxide pool assisted plasma-melter vitrification systems Titus Charles H; Cohn Daniel; Surma Jeffrey E Newtown Square, PA, United States assigned to Integrated Environmental Technologies LLC." Environment International 25, no. 2-3 (April 1999): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(99)90413-0.
Full textBooks on the topic "LLC Integrated Evironmental Technologies"
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Bell, Bryan. Integrated Evironmental Technologies, LLC, Richland, Washington. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "LLC Integrated Evironmental Technologies"
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P. Ori, Zsolt. "Integrated Cyber-Physical System to Support Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Prediabetes and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes." In Type 2 Diabetes [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94232.
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Dietary and exercise interventions are the mainstay of prevention, and they constitute important part in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (DM2) and its complications. Automated, continuous, individualized non-invasive measurement of pathological processes leading to DM2 and complications are needed in terms of self-explaining metrics for improved individualized lifestyle management. Our company, the Ori Diagnostic Instruments, LLC is using tools of Medical Cybernetics (MC) to monitor non-invasive indicators of insulin resistance, exercise capacity, and autonomic dysfunction. The MC approach utilizes mathematical process and measurement models which are connected to a wearable sensor system. This chapter has the purpose to show how already widely available information technologies like smart phones, cloud computing, and sensor devices of the fitness industry could be put together into an integrated cyber-physical system (ICPS) to support fitness goals like fighting cardiometabolic conditions including high insulin resistance and low level of cardiorespiratory fitness and help building resilience with improved physiological reserve capacity. We want to demonstrate also how ICPS can be not only used for fitness self-management but can be extended to become a platform of noninvasive monitoring devices and become a medical software to support person-centered, outcome driven treatments for DM2 and complications in primary care.
Conference papers on the topic "LLC Integrated Evironmental Technologies"
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Water, Wayne, and Junwei Lu. "Performance comparison of integrated magnetics used in LLC resonant DC-DC converter for low voltage energy storage system." In 2017 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-asia.2017.8378344.
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Kallappa, Pattada, and Haftay Hailu. "Automated Contingency and Life Management for Integrated Power and Propulsion Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68587.
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Impact Technologies, LLC has developed a prototype Automated Contingency and Life Management (ACLM) System for aircraft propulsion systems. Using a combination of on-board diagnostic and control modules, the ACLM system implements real-time and near real-time strategies to detect critical and life limiting engine faults and take appropriate control actions to ensure optimal performance. The modular hierarchical ACLM architecture is populated with Prognostics and Health Monitoring (PHM), and Adaptive Intelligent Control (AIC) algorithms. The PHM algorithms include Statistical Fault Pattern Recognition, Probabilistic Neural Network and Model-Based modules. These algorithms work in parallel and their outcomes are fused to provide a comprehensive fault diagnosis with an associated level of confidence. The AIC consists of a hierarchical framework for the implementation of the control strategy. The strategy incorporates varying control modes, such as life extending, performance and safe/abort/contingency management. This ACLM system has been demonstrated on an Air Force Research Laboratory generic two-spool turbofan engine computer simulation model.
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Chafin, D., R. Murante, R. J. Greco, J. Hainon, S. Seabridge, K. VanDerMeid, C. Tiller, and D. Michael Connolly. "Fluidic Engineering Challenges in the Development of an Electronic-Based DNA Identification System." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2004-2314.
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Integrated Nano-Technologies, LLC (INT) has spent the last three and a half years developing a novel electronic based DNA identification system. In addition to combining DNA with microelectronics to form sensors that respond to, and identify DNA sequences in target organisms; this system relies heavily on the manipulation and delivery of small volumes of fluids. These fluids facilitate both the biological and chemical reactions required by the devices processes. The Company has encountered fluidic engineering challenges throughout the development of the system including: • pump accuracy and delivery; • material incompatibilities; • adhesive intrusion; • reaction waste collection; • micro mixing/channel design. In this presentation, the challenges and the approaches taken to overcome them will be presented, as well as a device overview.
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Jiang, Baihui, Zhiwei Zhou, Zhaoyang Xia, and Qian Sun. "Comparative Thermal Analyses Between Theoretical Mode and RELAP5 Code Simulation for OTSG of a Small PWR." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16281.
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Abstract Due to the low nuclear safety risk, low initial investment cost and short construction period, integrated small nuclear reactors have received wide attention from all over the world. As advanced new type of nuclear reactors, the technologies of integrated small nuclear reactors are in the process of exploration and development. Steam generators are used as the heat transfer system for energy exchange between the primary and secondary circuit in reactors, and their heat transfer analysis is very important for reactor design and development. Due to the simple structure, strong heat exchange capacity and timely load following, Once-Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) are the mainly used steam generators in the design of integrated small nuclear reactors. RELAP5/MOD4.0 is a commercial software developed by Innovative System Software, LLC for transient analysis of light water reactors (LWR). After years of development and improvement, RELAP5 has been a basic tool for analysis and calculation of various simulators of nuclear power plants. However, when RELAP5 models steam generators, only structural models related to straight pipes can be established, which is very inconvenient for the heat transfer research of Once-Through Steam Generators. In this paper, Once-Through Steam Generators with specified structural parameters are taken as the research object. The heat transfer calculation is performed on the simplified inclined tube models by RELAP5 code and the theoretical calculation of the spiral tube heat transfer models is also carried out. Comparing the steam outlet temperature on the primary and secondary sides, the heat exchange power, the average heat transfer coefficient and the tube length of different heat exchange zones under given primary and secondary side inlet fluid conditions, it is confirmed that the RELAP5 heat transfer calculation is verified for simplifying Once-Through Steam Generators with inclined tube models.
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Schwarz, Stephen C., and Daniel E. Dietch. "Collier County, Florida: Consideration of Gasification as a Long-Term Waste Management Solution." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1681.
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Collier County, Florida (“County”) is in the midst of developing an integrated waste management program. Unlike many counties, Collier County owns a landfill with sufficient long-term landfill capacity to last another 15 years. However, due to the Board of County Commissioner’s (“Board”) desire to have a 50-year solution for solid waste, the County has set upon a course to divert waste from the landfill to the maximum extent possible. In doing so, the County solicited long-term waste management solutions from private companies capable of processing the majority of the municipal solid waste generated in the County. Over the past two years, the County has considered several of these alternatives ranging from MSW composting to mass-burn waste-to-energy; however, based on an evaluation of a wide range of impacts, gasification was selected as the preferred alternative. With this focus, the County issued a Request for Proposal (“RFP”) in November 2001 for a design, build, own, operate, and finance gasification project. The County received three proposals in April 2002 in response to the RFP. To date, the County has completed the proposal evaluation process and has ranked the top two responsive firms: Interstate Waste Technologies (“IWT”) and Brightstar Environmental (Florida), LLC (“Brightstar”) based on experience, technical approach, business arrangement, and cost. If implemented, this project will be the only commercial gasification project operating in the United States. This paper will provide insight into various stages of the project, from development through to the current status of the project, as well as the strategic policy, financial, and technical considerations that make this opportunity a good fit for the County. An emphasis will also be placed on comparing and contrasting the benefits and drawbacks of each technology, such as processing methodology, cost, redundancy, and scalability.
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Kappanna, Hemanth K., Marc C. Besch, Arvind Thiruvengadam, Pragalath Thiruvengadam, Peter Bonsack, Daniel K. Carder, Mridul Gautam, et al. "Evaluation of Drayage Truck Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles and Emissions Measurement." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92106.
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In 2006, the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles adopted the final San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP), initiating a broad range of programs intended to improve the air quality of the port and rail yard communities in the South Coast Air Basin. As a result, the Technology Advancement Program (TAP) was formed to identify, evaluate, verify and accelerate the commercial availability of new emissions reduction technologies for emissions sources associated with port operations, [1]. Container drayage truck fleets, an essential part of the port operations, were identified as the second largest source of NOx and the fourth largest source of diesel PM emissions in the ports’ respective 2010 emissions inventories [2, 3]. In response, TAP began to characterize drayage truck operations in order to provide drayage truck equipment manufacturers with a more complete understanding of typical drayage duty cycles, which is necessary to develop emissions reduction technologies targeted at the drayage market. As part of the broader TAP program, the Ports jointly commissioned TIAX LLC to develop a series of drayage truck chassis dynamometer test-cycles. These cycles were based on the cargo transport distance, using vehicle operational data collected on a second-by-second basis from numerous Class 8 truck trips over a period of two weeks, while performing various modes of typical drayage-related activities. Distinct modes of operation were identified; these modes include creep, low-speed transient, high-speed transient and high-speed cruise. After the modes were identified, they were assembled in order to represent typical drayage operation, namely, near-dock operation, local operation and regional operation, based on cargo transport distances [4]. The drayage duty-cycles, thus developed, were evaluated on a chassis dynamometer at West Virginia University (WVU) using a class 8 tractor powered by a Mack MP8-445C, 13 liter 445 hp, and Model Year (MY) 2011 engine. The test vehicle is equipped with a state-of-the-art emissions control system meeting 2010 emissions regulations for on-road applications. Although drayage trucks in the San Pedro Bay Ports do not have to comply with the 2010 heavy-duty emissions standards until 2023, more than 1,000 trucks already meet that standard and are equipped with diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology as used in the test vehicle. An overview of the cycle evaluation work, along with comparative results of emissions between integrated drayage operations, wherein drayage cycles are run as a series of shorter tests called drayage activities, and single continuous drayage operation cycles will be presented herein. Results show that emissions from integrated drayage operations are significantly higher than those measured over single continuous drayage operation, approximately 14% to 28% for distance-specific NOx emissions. Furthermore, a similar trend was also observed in PM emissions, but was difficult to draw a definite conclusion since PM emissions were highly variable and near detection limits in the presence of DPF. Therefore, unrepresentative grouping of cycle activity could lead to over-estimation of emissions inventory for a fleet of drayage vehicles powered by 2010 compliant on-road engines.