Relevant bibliographies by topics / Load-bearing walls

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Load-bearing walls'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Load-bearing walls"

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Yang, Chun Xia, Qing Qing Liu, Li Juan Sun, and Jian Guo Liang. "Calculating Size Limitations of Non-Load-Bearing Walls under Seismic Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2646.

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Infill walls,etc. non-load-bearing walls are vulnerable to fracture when these are subjected to out-of-plane seismic loads. Studies suggest that the overall dimensions of non-load-bearing walls are the important parameters to affect its out-of-plane mechanical properties, but most of these researches are qualitative researches, do not give specific size limitations. This paper based on codes has calculated out-of-plane loads of non-load-bearing walls, then bearing capacity check formulas have been deduced when non-load-bearing walls are subjected to out-of-plane seismic loads, finally the size limitations used in the height-thickness ratio check and seismic check are obtained.The conclusions fill up gaps in research of non-load-bearing walls ,and provide reference for the design specifications of non-load-bearing walls.
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Hegger, J., T. Dressen, and N. Will. "Load-bearing capacity of plain concrete walls." Magazine of Concrete Research 61, no. 3 (April 2009): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.00041.

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Liu, Yi, and J. L. Dawe. "Analytical modeling of masonry load-bearing walls." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-036.

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An analytical technique was developed and encoded for computer application to study the behaviour of concrete masonry load-bearing walls under various loading conditions. Both geometrical and material nonlinearities to account for the moment magnification effect and the degradation of material stiffness are included in the development. Effects of vertical reinforcing steel, masonry tensile cracking, and compressive crushing are included directly in the moment–curvature relationship, which is used in the determination of element stiffnesses at successive load increments. A parametric study was conducted following verification of the analytical model by comparing results with experimental test data. Effective flexural rigidity (EIeff) values at failure were obtained analytically and compared with values suggested in the Canadian masonry code CSA-S304.1-M94. It was concluded that CSA-S304.1-M94 tends to underestimate EIeff values for reinforced walls and thus leads to a conservative design over a range of parameters. Based on approximately 500 computer model tests, a lower bound bilinear limit for the effective rigidity of reinforced masonry walls was established. This limit is believed to provide an accurate and realistic estimate of EIeff.Key words: walls, load bearing, masonry, analytical, nonlinear, rigidity, stress–strain, moment–curvature.
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Peng, Huixiang, Pete Walker, Daniel Maskell, and Barbara Jones. "Structural characteristics of load bearing straw bale walls." Construction and Building Materials 287 (June 2021): 122911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122911.

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Buchanan, A., and V. Munukutla. "Fire Resistance Of Load- Bearing Reinforced Concrete Walls." Fire Safety Science 3 (1991): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.3-771.

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UCHIYAMA, KAZUO. "Load-Bearing Walls in Buildings in Snowy Area." Journal of Snow Engineering of Japan 11, no. 4 (1995): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4106/jsse.11.318.

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Xu, Ming, Zhong Fan Chen, and Wei Jie Zhang. "Experimental Study on the Seismic Behavior of Concrete Composite Bearing Walls." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.1090.

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Concrete composite bearing wall system is an innovated composite structure system, which is assembled by load-bearing walls, enclosure walls and thermal protection and insulation layers. Four concrete composite bearing walls were tested quasi-statically under low cyclic lateral loads. The characteristics including failure modes, hysteretic characteristics, ductility and stiffness degradation are investigated. It is shown that the concrete composite bearing walls possess high strength and ductility. In the elastic stage, the prefabricated slabs and frame could work together very well, and the composite walls exhibited enough stiffness against lateral deformation. With increasing horizontal load, the stiffness of the prefabricated slabs tended to decrease, and finally the composite wall system failed by flexural failure of frame structure with dense columns.
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Khaleghi, Mohsen, Javid Salimi, Visar Farhangi, Mohammad Javad Moradi, and Moses Karakouzian. "Application of Artificial Neural Network to Predict Load Bearing Capacity and Stiffness of Perforated Masonry Walls." CivilEng 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010004.

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Perforations adversely affect the structural response of unreinforced masonry walls (UMW) by reducing the wall’s load bearing capacity, which can cause serious structural damage. In the absence of a reliable procedure to accurately predict the load bearing capacity and stiffness of perforated masonry walls subjected to in-plane loadings, this study presents a novel approach to measure these parameters by developing simple but practical equations. In this regard, the Multi-Pier (MP) method as a numerical approach was employed along with the application of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The simulated responses of centrally perforated UMW by the MP method were validated utilizing full-scale experimental walls. The validated MP model was used to generate a simulated database. The simulated database includes results of analyses for 49 different configurations of perforated masonry walls and their corresponding solid masonry walls. The effect of the area and shape of the perforations on the UMW’s behavior was evaluated by the MP method. Following the outcomes of the verified MP method, the ANN is trained to develop empirical equations to accurately predict the reduction in the load bearing capacity and initial stiffness due to the perforation of UMW. The results of this study indicate that the perforations have a significant effect on the structural capacity of the UMW subjected to in-plane loadings.
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Keerthan, Poologanathan, and Mahen Mahendran. "Thermal Performance of Load Bearing Cold-formed Steel Walls under Fire Conditions using Numerical Studies." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 3 (August 19, 2014): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.3.261.

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Cold-formed Light gauge Steel Frame (LSF) wall systems are increasingly used in low-rise and multi-storey buildings and hence their fire safety has become important in the design of buildings. A composite LSF wall panel system was developed recently, where a thin insulation was sandwiched between two plasterboards to improve the fire performance of LSF walls. Many experimental and numerical studies have been undertaken to investigate the fire performance of non-load bearing LSF wall under standard conditions. However, only limited research has been undertaken to investigate the fire performance of load bearing LSF walls under standard and realistic design fire conditions. Therefore in this research, finite element thermal models of both the conventional load bearing LSF wall panels with cavity insulation and the innovative LSF composite wall panel were developed to simulate their thermal behaviour under standard and realistic design fire conditions. Suitable thermal properties were proposed for plasterboards and insulations based on laboratory tests and available literature. The developed models were then validated by comparing their results with available fire test results of load bearing LSF wall. This paper presents the details of the developed finite element models of load bearing LSF wall panels and the thermal analysis results. It shows that finite element models can be used to simulate the thermal behaviour of load bearing LSF walls with varying configurations of insulations and plasterboards. Failure times of load bearing LSF walls were also predicted based on the results from finite element thermal analyses. Finite element analysis results show that the use of cavity insulation was detrimental to the fire rating of LSF walls while the use of external insulation offered superior thermal protection to them. Effects of realistic design fire conditions are also presented in this paper.
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Osman, S. A., Zawawi Samba Mohamed, A. R. Sulaiman, and M. Fikri Ismail. "Experimental Analysis of Interlocking Load Bearing Wall Brickool System." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.439.

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This paper presents the results of investigation on structural behavior of the load bearing walls of interlocking bricks system called Brickcool. The model of Brickcool load bearing walls with and without reinforcement were tested in the laboratory until they failed. Both models were prepared with the same dimension of 1.3 m height, 1.0 m wide and 125 mm width. The influence of reinforcement on the deflection and strain of the load bearing walls were examined. Physical and mechanical tests of the individual brick were also been carried out. Results of this study proved that the model of load bearing wall with reinforcement have higher failure load with lower displacement at the top of the wall. The presence of reinforcement in strengthening the wall panel also increase the compression and tension strain compared to the wall panel without reinforcement. The physical and mechanical test results also found that the bricks have satisfied the minimum requirement values set by the British and American Standards.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Load-bearing walls"

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Guler, Gokay. "Effect Of Inelastic Behaviour Of Load Bearing Walls On The Frame." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610566/index.pdf.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of material and geometric nonlinearities occurring in beams, columns and walls of RC frame-wall structural systems when undergoing severe ground excitations. For this purpose, a low-rise RC building is considered with and without walls, and the joining beams and columns are designed with the strong-column weak-beam concept. The dimensions, material properties and the reinforcement amounts are calculated in accordance with the values suggested in design codes. Each structure is analyzed for various levels of applied vertical force and change in wall stiffness
where the effect of geometric nonlinearity is considered for each case. Force formulation frame elements with spreading inelasticity over the span are used for the modelling of each beam, column and wall. The coupling of the section forces is obtained by the fibre discretization of the section into several material points. Each section is divided into confined and unconfined regions and appropriate material properties are used for concrete and steel for cyclic loading. Both static pushover and dynamic analyses are performed in order to replicate the worst case scenario for a possible earthquake. From this study, it is concluded that the beams and columns of a frame-wall structural system should be designed carefully for load redistributions resulting from the yielding of the wall in the case of a strong earthquake, thus the design codes should address this situation for both in the retrofit of existing frame buildings with walls and in the construction of new frame-wall type buildings.
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Arifuzzaman, Shah. "Seismic Retrofit of Load Bearing Masonry Walls with Surface Bonded FRP Sheets." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24233.

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A large inventory of low rise masonry buildings in Canada and elsewhere in the world were built using unreinforced or partially reinforced load bearing wall. The majority of existing masonry structures is deficient in resisting seismic force demands specified in current building codes. Therefore, they pose significant risk to life safety and economic wellbeing of any major metropolitan centre. Because it is not economically feasible to replace the existing substandard buildings with new and improved structures, seismic retrofitting remains to be an economically viable option. The effectiveness of surface bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets in retrofitting low-rise load bearing masonry walls was investigated in the current research project. The retrofit technique included the enhancements in wall capacity in shear and flexure, as well as anchoring the walls to the supporting elements through appropriate anchorage systems. Both FRP fan type anchors and steel sheet anchors were investigated for elastic and inelastic wall response. One partially reinforced masonry (PRM) wall and one unreinforced masonry (URM) wall were built, instrumented and tested under simulated seismic loading to develop the retrofit technique. The walls were retrofitted with CFRP sheets applied only on one side to represent a frequently encountered constraint in practice. FRP fan anchors and stainless steel sheet anchors were used to connect the vertical FRP sheets to the wall foundation. The walls were tested under constant gravity load and incrementally increasing in-plane deformation reversals. The lateral load capacities of both walls were enhanced significantly. The steel sheet anchors also resulted in some ductility. In addition, some small-scale tests were performed to select appropriate anchor materials. It was concluded that ductile stainless steel sheet anchors would be the best option for brittle URM walls. Analytical research was conducted to assess the applicability of truss analogy to retrofitted walls. An analytical model was developed and load displacement relationships were generated for the two walls that were retrofitted. The analytical results were compared with those obtained experimentally, indicating good agreement in force resistance for use as a design tool.
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Camann, Kevin Robert. "Design and Performance of Load Bearing Shear Walls Made from Composite Rice Straw Blocks." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/218.

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Although rice straw and other grains have been used in building since pre-history, in the past two decades, there has been a move to utilize this rapidly renewable, locally available, agricultural byproduct as part of the sustainable construction movement. Up to this point, this has been done by simply stacking up the full straw bales. Stak Block, invented by Oryzatech, Inc., is a modular, interlocking block made of a composite of rice straw and binding agent that serves as an evolution in straw construction. This study investigates the feasibility of using these Stak Blocks as a structural system. The report was divided into four main parts: material testing, development of effective construction detailing, full-scale physical shear wall testing, and a comparison with wood framed shear walls. The first section investigated the feasibility of using the Stak Blocks in a load-bearing wall application. Constitutive properties of the composite straw material such as yield strength and elastic stiffness were determined and then compared to conventional straw bale. Next, the decision was made to prestress the walls to create a more effective structural system. Various construction detailing iterations were evaluated upon the full-scale shear wall testing using a pseudo-static cyclic loading protocol. Finally, the available ductility of the prestressed Stak Block walls in a lateral force resisting application is quantified along with an approximation of potential design shear forces. It was determined that the Stak Block material performed satisfactorily in gravity and lateral force resisting applications, in some respects better than conventional wood-framed construction, and has great potential as a seismically-resistant building material.
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Ciornei, Laura. "Performance of Polyurea Retrofitted Unreinforced Concrete Masonry Walls Under Blast Loading." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23180.

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Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading are vulnerable to collapse and fragmentation. The objective of this thesis is to conduct experimental and analytical research for developing a blast retrofit methodology that utilizes polyurea. A total of four unreinforced masonry walls were constructed and tested under various shock tube induced blast pressures at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Two of the retrofitted walls had surface-sprayed polyurea. The results indicate that the use of polyurea effectively controlled fragmentation while significantly increased the load capacity and stiffness of masonry walls. Polyurea proved to be an excellent retrofit material for dissipating blast induced energy by providing ductility to the system and changing the failure mode from brittle to ductile. Single degree of freedom (SDOF) dynamic analyses were conducted as part of the analytical investigation. The results show that the analytical model provides reasonably accurate predictions of the specimen response.
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Doh, Jeung-Hwan, and n/a. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Normal and High Strength Concrete Wall Panels." Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030605.114125.

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The wall design equations available in major codes of practice (e.g. AS3600 and ACI318) are intended for the design of normal strength concrete load bearing walls supported at top and bottom only. These codes fail to recognise any contribution to load capacity from restraints on the side edges. They also fail to give guidance on the applicability of the equations to high strength concrete. Further, they do not consider slender walls. In many situations walls have side edges restrained and are composed of high strength concrete with high slenderness ratios. The recognition of these factors in the codes would result in thinner walls and consequently savings in construction costs. In this thesis, the focus is on the development of a design formula and new design methods for axially loaded reinforced concrete wall panels. The design of walls having side restraints and being composed of high strength concrete is given particular attention. An experimental program has been undertaken to obtain data for the derivation of applicable formulae and to verify the analytical methods developed herein. Note that, the test results and other data available in published literature have also been used to develop the design formula. The formula encompasses effective length, eccentricity and slenderness ratio factors and is proposed for normal and high strength concrete walls simply supported at top and bottom only (one-way) and simply supported on all four sides (two-way). The major portion of the experimental program focuses on a series of normal and high strength concrete walls simply supported at top and bottom only (one-way), and simply supported on all four sides (two-way) with eccentric axial loading. The behaviour of the test panels is noted, particularly the difference between the normal and high strength concrete panels. A Layer Finite Element Method (LFEM) is used as an analytical tool for walls in two-way action. The LFEM gives comparable results to the test data and the proposed design formula. As part of the research, a program named WASTABT has also been developed to implement a more accurate analytical method involving the instability analysis of two-way action walls. WASTABT is proven to be a useful design tool in situations where the walls have (i) various reinforcement ratio in one or two layers; (ii) composed of normal or high strength concrete; (iii) various eccentricity.
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Doh, Jeung-Hwan. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Normal and High Strength Concrete Wall Panels." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366176.

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The wall design equations available in major codes of practice (e.g. AS3600 and ACI318) are intended for the design of normal strength concrete load bearing walls supported at top and bottom only. These codes fail to recognise any contribution to load capacity from restraints on the side edges. They also fail to give guidance on the applicability of the equations to high strength concrete. Further, they do not consider slender walls. In many situations walls have side edges restrained and are composed of high strength concrete with high slenderness ratios. The recognition of these factors in the codes would result in thinner walls and consequently savings in construction costs. In this thesis, the focus is on the development of a design formula and new design methods for axially loaded reinforced concrete wall panels. The design of walls having side restraints and being composed of high strength concrete is given particular attention. An experimental program has been undertaken to obtain data for the derivation of applicable formulae and to verify the analytical methods developed herein. Note that, the test results and other data available in published literature have also been used to develop the design formula. The formula encompasses effective length, eccentricity and slenderness ratio factors and is proposed for normal and high strength concrete walls simply supported at top and bottom only (one-way) and simply supported on all four sides (two-way). The major portion of the experimental program focuses on a series of normal and high strength concrete walls simply supported at top and bottom only (one-way), and simply supported on all four sides (two-way) with eccentric axial loading. The behaviour of the test panels is noted, particularly the difference between the normal and high strength concrete panels. A Layer Finite Element Method (LFEM) is used as an analytical tool for walls in two-way action. The LFEM gives comparable results to the test data and the proposed design formula. As part of the research, a program named WASTABT has also been developed to implement a more accurate analytical method involving the instability analysis of two-way action walls. WASTABT is proven to be a useful design tool in situations where the walls have (i) various reinforcement ratio in one or two layers; (ii) composed of normal or high strength concrete; (iii) various eccentricity.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Engineering
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Sabri, Amirreza. "Seismic Retrofit of Load Bearing URM Walls with Internally Placed Reinforcement and Surface-Bonded FRP Sheets." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40675.

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Concrete block masonry is a common building material used worldwide, including Canada. Reinforced masonry buildings, designed according to the requirements of recent building codes, may result in seismically safe structures. However, unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings designed and constructed prior to the development of modern seismic design codes are extremely vulnerable to seismic induced damage. Replacement of older seismically deficient buildings with new and seismically designed structures is economically not feasible in most cases. Therefore, seismic retrofitting of deficient buildings remains to be a viable seismic risk mitigation strategy. Masonry load bearing walls are the most important elements of such buildings, potentially serving as lateral force resisting systems. A seismic retrofit research program is currently underway at the University of Ottawa, consisting of experimental and analytical components for developing new seismic retrofit systems for unreinforced masonry walls. The research project presented in this thesis forms part of the same overall research program. The experimental component includes design, construction, retrofit and testing of large-scale load bearing masonry walls. Two approaches were developed as retrofit methodologies, both involving reinforcing the walls for strength and deformability. The first approach involves the use of ordinary deformed steel reinforcement as internally added reinforcement to attain reinforced masonry behaviour. The second approach involves the use of internally placed post-tensioning tendons to attain prestressed masonry behaviour. The analytical component of research consists of constructing a Finite Element computer model for nonlinear analysis of walls and conducting a parametric study to assess the significance of retrofit design parameters. The results have led to the development of a conceptual retrofit design framework for the new techniques developed, while utilizing the seismic provisions of the National Building Code of Canada and the relevant CSA material standards.
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Lee, Dong-Jun. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Normal and High Strength Concrete Wall Panels with Openings." Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366995.

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The simplified wall design formulae specified in the Australian (AS3600) and American (ACI318) concrete standards are intended for the design of normal strength concrete load bearing walls supported at top and bottom only. These practical codes fail to recognise any contribution to load capacity from restraints on all four sides, and do not provide recommendations and design equations for walls with openings (window and door). Also the current code methods are not applicable to the design of walls with high strength concrete (f’c>65MPa) or high slenderness ratios (H/tw>30). In many practical situations wall panels are restrained on all four sides and have openings. In other cases, high strength concrete walls may have reduced their thickness leading to a high slenderness ratio. The recognition and inclusion of such factors lacking in the current codes would result in more reliable and applicable design methods. A total of forty-seven (47) reinforced concrete wall panels were tested in the laboratory in three stages. Seventeen (17) walls with one and two openings in one-way action were tested in Stage one and eighteen (18) identical walls in two-way action were tested in Stage two. In the first two stages, the test panels had slenderness ratios between 30 and 40 and were of higher concrete strengths from 50MPa to 100MPa, and were subjected to a uniformly distributed axial load with an eccentricity of tw/6. In addition to highlighting the experimental set-up, typical crack patterns, failure modes, load- deflection behaviour and ultimate loads were also reported in some detail. Finally twelve (12) wall panels were tested in Stage three to investigate the behaviour of concrete wall panels with various opening configurations including wide window and door type with asymmetric location. The test panels had a constant slenderness ratio of 30 and a concrete strength of 65MPa. The same eccentric loading was applied and the panels were tested in both one- and two-way action. Utilising these test results, an empirical formula predicting the ultimate load of walls with openings was proposed. A favourable comparison between the predicted results and the test data (including the present and other experimental test results) indicates that the proposed formula is accurate and reliable for use in design. A numerical study was also undertaken to verify the effectiveness of the Layered Finite Element Method (LFEM) in predicting the failure characteristics of reinforced concrete walls with openings. The LFEM was used to model, six (6) normal strength concrete walls tested by Saheb and Desayi and thirty-five (35) concrete wall panels with openings tested in this research. The ultimate loads, load-deflection responses up to failure, deflected shapes and crack patterns predicted by the LFEM were compared favourably to the experimental observations. The comparative study also confirmed that the LEFM is a reliable and effective numerical modelling technique for determining ultimate load capacity of high strength concrete walls with high slenderness ratio and various opening configurations. Upon verification, the LFEM was then used as an effective tool to undertake three parametric studies, on a wide range of opening configurations, slenderness ratios and concrete strengths. The purpose of these parametric studies was threefold: (1) to provide missing data that were not covered by the code methods and existing empirical formulae due to their limited scope; (2) to conduct LFEM simulations which helped to reduce the number of labour intensive and very costly laboratory tests; (3) to validate the performance of the proposed formula in predicting the load carrying capacity of wall panels with openings. In total, 20, 64 and 108 wall models were analysed respectively for three parametric studies. The study confirms the accuracy and reliability of both the LFEM and the proposed formula. To this end, both the LFEM and the proposed formula can be used as an effective tool for the analysis and design of normal and high strength concrete walls with openings and high slenderness ratios performing in both one-and two- way action.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Mohamamdpour, Lima Mehdi. "Experimental and Numerical Study of RC Walls with Opening Strengthened by CFRP." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367903.

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Concrete structures regularly require strengthening due to various reasons. These structures include bridges, buildings and infrastructure, across numerous sectors and industries. Based on the load-carrying capacity of structures and proposed future applications, a vast array of strengthening methods may be utilised. Due to rapid advancements in construction materials, technology has led to the achievement of being able to secure safer, more economical and functional buildings. Of the innovative materials, Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) appears to be an encouraging solution for the retrofitting and strengthening of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures because of its unique properties. These properties include: high strength-to-weight ratio; high fatigue endurance; environmental degradation and corrosion resistance. FRP is also durable and very flexible for application to the various shapes of structural members. Further, it is easy to install, with a negligible increase in structural size and weight. The application of FRP is dependent upon the type of structural member plus its behaviour. It can be used to enhance the load capacities (axial, flexural, or shear), ductility, rigidity, the remaining fatigue life as well as the durability against harsh environments.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Motiekaitis, Audrius. "Trąšų sandėlis Smilgiuose." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120829_094415-59896.

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Savo baigiamajame statybos inžinerijos bakalauro darbe pavadinimu „Trąšų sandėlis Smilgiuose“ projektuoju trąšų sandėlį Panevėžio r. sav., Smilgiuose, Sodžiaus g. 7. Projektuojamą trąšų sandėliavimo pastatą sudaro dvi atskiros patalpų grupės, tai sandėliavimo patalpa ir administracinės – pagalbinės patalpos. Toks patalpų suskirstymas yra numatomas dėl sandėlio gamybinės ir administracinės veiklos pobūdžio.
In my Bachelor paper on construction engineering “Fertilizer Warehouse in Smilgiai“ I designed a fertilizer warehouse located in Sodžiaus st. 7, Smilgiai, Panevėžys district. The designed warehouse for fetilizer storage consists of two separate premises, storage block and administrative-support block. Such division is intended for the industrial and administrative activities of the warehouse.
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Books on the topic "Load-bearing walls"

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Hendry, A. W. The calculation of eccentricities in load bearing walls. Windsor: Brick Development Association, 1986.

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Leonovich, Sergey, Nikolay Chernoivan, Viktor Tur, and Dmitriy Litvinovskiy. Technology of reconstruction of buildings and structures. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1867636.

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The monograph provides the basics of technology for the production of general construction and finishing works performed during the reconstruction of existing industrial and civil facilities: strengthening and restoration of exploited structures, as well as the construction of new buildings and structures designed at the reconstructed facility. The issues of conducting field surveys of operated buildings and structures in order to prepare a conclusion on the technical condition of load-bearing and enclosing structures are considered. The main design solutions and technology of work during the reconstruction (repair, reinforcement) of load-bearing and enclosing structures of operated facilities made of the following materials are given: monolithic and precast reinforced concrete; metal structures; brickwork; elements of wooden structures. The technology of rehabilitation (repair) of finishing coatings is given: monolithic plaster, wall and floor cladding with ceramic tiles and synthetic coatings, as well as repair of surfaces lined with slabs made of natural materials (granite, marble). The effective technology of construction of building structures of shallow foundations, double-layer insulated brick walls, buildings with a monolithic reinforced concrete supporting frame; the device of a waterproof carpet made of PVC membranes, etc. are described. For civil engineers. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of technical universities.
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Alekseenko, Vasiliy, and Oksana Zhilenko. Design, construction and operation of buildings in seismic areas. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1000210.

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The main purpose of the textbook is to acquaint students and engineers with the principles of design and construction of buildings and structures in seismic areas. The tutorial sets out the basic principles of design and construction of frame, large-panel buildings, buildings with load-bearing walls made of small-piece stones and large blocks, buildings made of local materials, frameless buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete. The design requirements for buildings in earthquake-prone areas are described, and the main requirements for the production of works and implementation of anti-seismic measures during construction are outlined. Architectural, construction, design and technological aspects of construction in seismic areas are revealed. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students studying in the areas of training 08.03.01 and 08.04.01 "Construction" in the following disciplines: "Design, construction and operation of buildings in seismic areas", "Theory and design of buildings and structures in seismic areas".
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Removing Internal Load-bearing Walls in Older Dwellings. Construction Research Communications, 1995.

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R. E. D. Dot RED DOT PUBLICATIONS and Digital DIGITAL PUBLICATIONS. Design of Cold-Formed Load-Bearing Steel Systems, Masonry Veneer and Steel Stud Walls. Independently Published, 2017.

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Leslie, Thomas. Steel, Clay, and Glass: The Expressed Frame, 1897–1910. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037542.003.0006.

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This chapter describes major structures built from 1897 to 1910, many of which used heavier fireproof jackets around steel frames, mandated by new codes. The 1893 Chicago Building Ordinance ended the laissez-faire attitude that had dominated the city's approach to building in the 1870s and 1880s. It featured an intensive focus on building safety, producing regulations that were progressive in their prescriptions for building envelopes but onerous in their limits on height. Collectively, these rules discouraged further experimentation with bay windows like those of the Reliance, instead favoring large, flat windows set into brick-jacketed steel frames. Curtain walls were further limited by Section 135, which stipulated walls of increasing thickness for higher buildings whether load-bearing or not. By 1903, window frames were also required to be of incombustible construction, eliminating wood in favor of cast iron or steel.
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Lynch, Michael B. Steel under Fire: An Investigation of the Structural and Thermal Performance of Load Bearing Staggered Steel Wall Stud Systems under Fire Conditions. Lulu Press, Inc., 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Load-bearing walls"

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Kollerathu, Jacob Alex, and Arun Menon. "Biaxial Effects in Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Load-Bearing Walls." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 263–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0362-3_21.

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Radnić, Jure, Vatroslav Čamber, Nikola Grgić, and Domagoj Matešan. "The Effect of the Bedding Length of Lintel in Masonry Walls on Their Load Bearing Capacity." In Advanced Structured Materials, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07383-5_1.

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Arshad, Mohd Fadzil, Nurul Aini Salehuddin, Zakiah Ahmad, Mohd Zaim Mohd Nor, and Abdul Hadi Hassan. "Effect of Kenaf Core to the Physical Properties of Cement-Sand Brick for Non-load Bearing Walls." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1013–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7924-7_66.

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Komolov, Vasilii, Artem Belikov, and Peter Demenkov. "Research on Load-Bearing Constructions Behavior During Pit Excavation Under «Slurry Wall» Protection." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 313–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83917-8_29.

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Wang, Jia-Quan, Bin Ye, Liang-Liang Zhang, and Liang Li. "Large-Scale Model Analysis on Bearing Characteristics of Geocell-Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall Under Cyclic Dynamic Load." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Ground Improvement and Geosynthetics, 455–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0122-3_50.

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Volz, Christof, and Stefan Winter. "Load-bearing Structure and External Wall." In Hybrid Construction – Timber External Walls, 19–32. DETAIL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11129/9783955535766-003.

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Parisi, F., C. Balestrieri, and D. Asprone. "Out-of-plane blast capacity of load-bearing masonry walls." In Brick and Block Masonry, 991–98. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21889-124.

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Brinkmann, M., and C. A. Graubner. "Load-bearing capacity of slender earth masonry walls under compression." In Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 404–11. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003098508-55.

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"BW1 General recommendations for methods of testing load-bearing walls." In RILEM Technical Recommendations for the testing and use of construction materials, 1192–208. CRC Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482271362-288.

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Gómez-Bernal, Alonso, Eduardo Arellano Méndez, Luis Ángel Quiroz-Guzmán, Hugón Juárez-García, and Oscar González Cuevas. "Behavior and Design of Transfer Slabs Subjected to Shear Wall Loads." In Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93682.

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This paper investigates the behavior of a transfer slab system used in medium rise building. For this purpose, two slab-wall full-scale specimens were designed, built, and tested to cyclic loads. The two slab-wall prototypes were exposed to three load stages: (a) vertical load, (b) horizontal load, and (c) vertical and horizontal combined load. The first specimen, SP1, includes a masonry wall situated on top of a squared two-way slab of 4.25 m by side, thickness of 12 cm, on four reinforced concrete girders, while the second specimen, SP2, consists of an identical slab but was constructed with a reinforced concrete wall. Some numerical finite element slab-wall models were built using linear and nonlinear models. The most important results presented herein are the change on lateral stiffness and resistance capacity of the load-bearing wall supported on a slab versus the wall supported on a fixed base and the effects that these walls cause on the slabs. During the experimental test process of horizontal loading, we detected that the stiffness of the two slab-wall systems decreased significantly compared to the one on the fixed base wall, a result supported by the numerical models. The models indicated suitable correlation and were used to conduct a detailed parametric study on various design configurations.
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Conference papers on the topic "Load-bearing walls"

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Ahmad, Syed Faiz. "Precast Stone-Blocks as Low Cost Load-Bearing Walls." In Modern Methods and Advances in Structural Engineering and Construction. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_s4-h04-cd.

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Sezen, H. "Collapse Performance of Existing Buildings after Loss of Load-Bearing Walls and Columns." In Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479742.168.

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Mordant, C., V. Denoël, and H. Degée. "ROCKING BEHAVIOUR OF SIMPLE UNREINFORCED LOAD-BEARING MASONRY WALLS INCLUDING SOUNDPROOFING RUBBER LAYERS." In 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120115.3428.1178.

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D. Ariyanayagam, Anthony, and Mahen Mahendran. "Finite Element Modelling of Load Bearing Steel Stud Walls under Real Building Fires." In 10th International Conference on Advances in Steel Concrete Composite and Hybrid Structures. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2615-7_193.

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Mordant, C., M. Dietz, and H. Degée. "SHAKING TABLE TESTS ON UNREINFORCED LOAD-BEARING MASONRY WALLS – COMPARISON WITH SIMPLE ROCKING MODELS." In 4th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120113.4707.c1238.

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Camann, K. R., D. C. Jansen, C. B. Chadwell, and B. Z. Korman. "Design and Performance of Load Bearing Shear Walls Made from Composite Rice Straw Blocks." In Structures Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41130(369)128.

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Kang, Hohyung (Frank), Anthony Abu, Peter Moss, Hans Gerlich, and Richard Hunt. "The performance of timber-framed load-bearing gypsum plasterboard walls subjected to two-sided fire exposure." In 12th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology (AOSFST 2021). Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/9592b48.

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Cremens, Olivier, Benoit Meulewaeter, Luai Al Kurdi, and Sami Bishara. "First operational ground floor building using load bearing 3D printed elements." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0792.

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<p>Generally, 3D-printed buildings combine 3D-printing technology with reinforced concrete using 3D- printed elements as lost formwork or cladding elements rather than structural elements.</p><p>Thanks to the joint efforts of the Project Developer, Lead design and Construction Supervision Consultant (AECOM) and BESIX3D (Contractor) the first operational building with structural load bearing 3D-printed walls will be completed by early 2020 in Abu Dhabi (U.A.E).</p><p>The engineering design approach is based on ACI codes together with various tests results. From concept to execution, all steps focused on successfully integrating 3D-printed structural elements to minimize manpower, material and equipment to improve the sustainability of this pilot project leading the way for more durable construction in the future.</p>
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Šakić, Bogdan, Aleksa Milijaš, Marko Marinković, Christoph Butenweg, and Sven Klinkel. "INFLUENCE OF PRIOR IN-PLANE DAMAGE ON THE OUT-OF-PLANE RESPONSE OF NON-LOAD BEARING UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS UNDER SEISMIC LOAD." In 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research National Technical University of Athens, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120121.8527.18913.

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Du, Guangli, Thomas Cornelius, Joergen Nielsen, and Lars Zenke Hansen. "Nonlinear structural analysis of a masonry wall." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0809.

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<p>Structural modelling of a masonry wall is challenging due to material properties, eccentricity of the vertical load, slenderness ratio etc. In recent theoretical developments for design of masonry walls, a new “Phi” method to determine the eccentricity is adopted in Eurocode 6. However, the comparisons between this method and the conventional “Ritter” method shows that for certain prerequisites it would result in substantial different load-bearing capacity. Hence, in order to investigate how support conditions influence the load bearing capacity of the wall, this study performs a nonlinear numerical analysis of a wall for several load cases in ABAQUS and the result is verified with an independently developed calculation tool using MATLAB. The results show that the top rotation plays a significant role for the load bearing capacity of the masonry wall supported by slabs at both ends. It is difficult to estimate the eccentricities without a rigorous calculation.</p>
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Reports on the topic "Load-bearing walls"

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Yeh, Boren, Tom Skaggs, Xiping Wang, and Tom Williamson. Lateral load performance of SIP walls with full bearing. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-251.

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Delmer, Deborah, Nicholas Carpita, and Abraham Marcus. Induced Plant Cell Wall Modifications: Use of Plant Cells with Altered Walls to Study Wall Structure, Growth and Potential for Genetic Modification. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613021.bard.

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Our previous work indicated that suspension-cultured plant cells show remarkable flexibility in altering cell wall structure in response either to growth on saline medium or in the presence of the cellulose synthesis inhibitor 2,-6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB). We have continued to analyze the structure of these modified cell walls to understand how the changes modify wall strength, porosity, and ability to expand. The major load-bearing network in the walls of DCB-adapted dicot cells that lack a substantial cellulose-xyloglucan network is comprised of Ca2+-bridged pectates; these cells also have an unusual and abundant soluble pectic fraction. By contrast, DCB-adapted barley, a graminaceous monocot achieves extra wall strength by enhanced cross-linking of its non-cellulosic polysaccharide network via phenolic residues. Our results have also shed new light on normal wall stucture: 1) the cellulose-xyloglucan network may be independent of other wall networks in dicot primary walls and accounts for about 70% of the total wall strength; 2) the pectic network in dicot walls is the primary determinant of wall porosity; 3) both wall strength and porosity in graminaceous monocot primary walls is greatly influenced by the degree of phenolic cross-linking between non-cellulosic polysaccharides; and 4) the fact that the monocot cells do not secrete excess glucuronoarabinoxylan and mixed-linked glucan in response to growth on DCB, suggests that these two non-cellulosic polymers do not normally interact with cellulose in a manner similar to xyloglucan. We also attempted to understand the factors which limit cell expansion during growth of cells in saline medium. Analyses of hydrolytic enzyme activities suggest that xyloglucan metabolism is not repressed during growth on NaCl. Unlike non-adapted cells, salt-adapted cells were found to lack pectin methyl esterase, but it is not clear how this difference could relate to alterations in wall expansibility. Salt-adaped cell walls contain reduced hyp and secrete two unique PRPP-related proteins suggesting that high NaCl inhibits the cross-linking of these proteins into the walls, a finding that might relate to their altered expansibility.
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Guo, Yan-Lin, Meng-Zheng Wang, Jing-Shen Zhu, and Xiao Yang. LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF CONCRETE-INFILLED DOUBLE STEEL CORRUGATED-PLATE WALLS WITH T-SECTION UNDER COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING MOMENT. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.076.

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Naito, Clay J., John M. Hoemann, Jonathon S. Shull, Aaron Saucier, Hani A. Salim, Bryan T. Bewick, and Michael I. Hammons. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Experiments Performance on Non-Load Bearing Sandwich Wall Panels. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada545204.

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Mander, Thomas J., Barry L. Bingham, Michael J. Lowak, and Michael A. Polcyn. Development of a Simplified Blast Design Procedure and Response Limits for Load-Bearing Precast Wall Panels Subject to Blast Loads. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pci.rr.misc-001.

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STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL STRENGTHENED BY CORRUGATED FRP. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.305.

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In this paper, the mechanical properties of stainless steel plate shear walls reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) of corrugated sections were studied. Two scaled FRP-stainless steel plate shear wall specimens were designed and subjected to the monotonic horizontal load. FRPs in the form of corrugated and flat sections were respectively used to reinforce the embedded steel plates of the steel plate shear wall. The test results show that the failure mode of flat FRP reinforced steel plate shear wall is mainly the peeling of the FRP, while the failure mode of corrugated FRP reinforced steel plate shear wall is mainly the tensile fracture of the FRP. The out-of-plane deformation of steel plate reinforced with corrugated FRP can be effectively restrained. The maximum bearing capacity of the two specimens is 97.96 kN and 106.32 kN respectively. The yield load of the specimen with corrugated FRP is increased by 16.5%, the ultimate bearing capacity is increased by 9.3% and the stiffness is increased by 68%.
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