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1
Guler, Gokay. "Effect Of Inelastic Behaviour Of Load Bearing Walls On The Frame." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610566/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of material and geometric nonlinearities occurring in beams, columns and walls of RC frame-wall structural systems when undergoing severe ground excitations. For this purpose, a low-rise RC building is considered with and without walls, and the joining beams and columns are designed with the strong-column weak-beam concept. The dimensions, material properties and the reinforcement amounts are calculated in accordance with the values suggested in design codes. Each structure is analyzed for various levels of applied vertical force and change in wall stiffnesswhere the effect of geometric nonlinearity is considered for each case. Force formulation frame elements with spreading inelasticity over the span are used for the modelling of each beam, column and wall. The coupling of the section forces is obtained by the fibre discretization of the section into several material points. Each section is divided into confined and unconfined regions and appropriate material properties are used for concrete and steel for cyclic loading. Both static pushover and dynamic analyses are performed in order to replicate the worst case scenario for a possible earthquake. From this study, it is concluded that the beams and columns of a frame-wall structural system should be designed carefully for load redistributions resulting from the yielding of the wall in the case of a strong earthquake, thus the design codes should address this situation for both in the retrofit of existing frame buildings with walls and in the construction of new frame-wall type buildings.
2
Arifuzzaman, Shah. "Seismic Retrofit of Load Bearing Masonry Walls with Surface Bonded FRP Sheets." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24233.
Full textAbstract:
A large inventory of low rise masonry buildings in Canada and elsewhere in the world were built using unreinforced or partially reinforced load bearing wall. The majority of existing masonry structures is deficient in resisting seismic force demands specified in current building codes. Therefore, they pose significant risk to life safety and economic wellbeing of any major metropolitan centre. Because it is not economically feasible to replace the existing substandard buildings with new and improved structures, seismic retrofitting remains to be an economically viable option.
The effectiveness of surface bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets in retrofitting low-rise load bearing masonry walls was investigated in the current research project. The retrofit technique included the enhancements in wall capacity in shear and flexure, as well as anchoring the walls to the supporting elements through appropriate anchorage systems. Both FRP fan type anchors and steel sheet anchors were investigated for elastic and inelastic wall response. One partially reinforced masonry (PRM) wall and one unreinforced masonry (URM) wall were built, instrumented and tested under simulated seismic loading to develop the retrofit technique. The walls were retrofitted with CFRP sheets applied only on one side to represent a frequently encountered constraint in practice. FRP fan anchors and stainless steel sheet anchors were used to connect the vertical FRP sheets to the wall foundation. The walls were tested under constant gravity load and incrementally increasing in-plane deformation reversals. The lateral load capacities of both walls were enhanced significantly. The steel sheet anchors also resulted in some ductility. In addition, some small-scale tests were performed to select appropriate anchor materials. It was concluded that ductile stainless steel sheet anchors would be the best option for brittle URM walls.
Analytical research was conducted to assess the applicability of truss analogy to retrofitted walls. An analytical model was developed and load displacement relationships were generated for the two walls that were retrofitted. The analytical results were compared with those obtained experimentally, indicating good agreement in force resistance for use as a design tool.
3
Camann, Kevin Robert. "Design and Performance of Load Bearing Shear Walls Made from Composite Rice Straw Blocks." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/218.
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Although rice straw and other grains have been used in building since pre-history, in the past two decades, there has been a move to utilize this rapidly renewable, locally available, agricultural byproduct as part of the sustainable construction movement. Up to this point, this has been done by simply stacking up the full straw bales. Stak Block, invented by Oryzatech, Inc., is a modular, interlocking block made of a composite of rice straw and binding agent that serves as an evolution in straw construction. This study investigates the feasibility of using these Stak Blocks as a structural system. The report was divided into four main parts: material testing, development of effective construction detailing, full-scale physical shear wall testing, and a comparison with wood framed shear walls.
The first section investigated the feasibility of using the Stak Blocks in a load-bearing wall application. Constitutive properties of the composite straw material such as yield strength and elastic stiffness were determined and then compared to conventional straw bale. Next, the decision was made to prestress the walls to create a more effective structural system. Various construction detailing iterations were evaluated upon the full-scale shear wall testing using a pseudo-static cyclic loading protocol. Finally, the available ductility of the prestressed Stak Block walls in a lateral force resisting application is quantified along with an approximation of potential design shear forces.
It was determined that the Stak Block material performed satisfactorily in gravity and lateral force resisting applications, in some respects better than conventional wood-framed construction, and has great potential as a seismically-resistant building material.
4
Ciornei, Laura. "Performance of Polyurea Retrofitted Unreinforced Concrete Masonry Walls Under Blast Loading." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23180.
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Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading are vulnerable to collapse and fragmentation. The objective of this thesis is to conduct experimental and analytical research for developing a blast retrofit methodology that utilizes polyurea. A total of four unreinforced masonry walls were constructed and tested under various shock tube induced blast pressures at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Two of the retrofitted walls had surface-sprayed polyurea. The results indicate that the use of polyurea effectively controlled fragmentation while significantly increased the load capacity and stiffness of masonry walls. Polyurea proved to be an excellent retrofit material for dissipating blast induced energy by providing ductility to the system and changing the failure mode from brittle to ductile. Single degree of freedom (SDOF) dynamic analyses were conducted as part of the analytical investigation. The results show that the analytical model provides reasonably accurate predictions of the specimen response.
5
Doh, Jeung-Hwan, and n/a. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Normal and High Strength Concrete Wall Panels." Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030605.114125.
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The wall design equations available in major codes of practice (e.g. AS3600 and ACI318) are intended for the design of normal strength concrete load bearing walls supported at top and bottom only. These codes fail to recognise any contribution to load capacity from restraints on the side edges. They also fail to give guidance on the applicability of the equations to high strength concrete. Further, they do not consider slender walls. In many situations walls have side edges restrained and are composed of high strength concrete with high slenderness ratios. The recognition of these factors in the codes would result in thinner walls and consequently savings in construction costs. In this thesis, the focus is on the development of a design formula and new design methods for axially loaded reinforced concrete wall panels. The design of walls having side restraints and being composed of high strength concrete is given particular attention. An experimental program has been undertaken to obtain data for the derivation of applicable formulae and to verify the analytical methods developed herein. Note that, the test results and other data available in published literature have also been used to develop the design formula. The formula encompasses effective length, eccentricity and slenderness ratio factors and is proposed for normal and high strength concrete walls simply supported at top and bottom only (one-way) and simply supported on all four sides (two-way). The major portion of the experimental program focuses on a series of normal and high strength concrete walls simply supported at top and bottom only (one-way), and simply supported on all four sides (two-way) with eccentric axial loading. The behaviour of the test panels is noted, particularly the difference between the normal and high strength concrete panels. A Layer Finite Element Method (LFEM) is used as an analytical tool for walls in two-way action. The LFEM gives comparable results to the test data and the proposed design formula. As part of the research, a program named WASTABT has also been developed to implement a more accurate analytical method involving the instability analysis of two-way action walls. WASTABT is proven to be a useful design tool in situations where the walls have (i) various reinforcement ratio in one or two layers; (ii) composed of normal or high strength concrete; (iii) various eccentricity.
6
Doh, Jeung-Hwan. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Normal and High Strength Concrete Wall Panels." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366176.
Full textAbstract:
The wall design equations available in major codes of practice (e.g. AS3600 and ACI318) are intended for the design of normal strength concrete load bearing walls supported at top and bottom only. These codes fail to recognise any contribution to load capacity from restraints on the side edges. They also fail to give guidance on the applicability of the equations to high strength concrete. Further, they do not consider slender walls. In many situations walls have side edges restrained and are composed of high strength concrete with high slenderness ratios. The recognition of these factors in the codes would result in thinner walls and consequently savings in construction costs. In this thesis, the focus is on the development of a design formula and new design methods for axially loaded reinforced concrete wall panels. The design of walls having side restraints and being composed of high strength concrete is given particular attention. An experimental program has been undertaken to obtain data for the derivation of applicable formulae and to verify the analytical methods developed herein. Note that, the test results and other data available in published literature have also been used to develop the design formula. The formula encompasses effective length, eccentricity and slenderness ratio factors and is proposed for normal and high strength concrete walls simply supported at top and bottom only (one-way) and simply supported on all four sides (two-way). The major portion of the experimental program focuses on a series of normal and high strength concrete walls simply supported at top and bottom only (one-way), and simply supported on all four sides (two-way) with eccentric axial loading. The behaviour of the test panels is noted, particularly the difference between the normal and high strength concrete panels. A Layer Finite Element Method (LFEM) is used as an analytical tool for walls in two-way action. The LFEM gives comparable results to the test data and the proposed design formula. As part of the research, a program named WASTABT has also been developed to implement a more accurate analytical method involving the instability analysis of two-way action walls. WASTABT is proven to be a useful design tool in situations where the walls have (i) various reinforcement ratio in one or two layers; (ii) composed of normal or high strength concrete; (iii) various eccentricity.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Engineering
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7
Sabri, Amirreza. "Seismic Retrofit of Load Bearing URM Walls with Internally Placed Reinforcement and Surface-Bonded FRP Sheets." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40675.
Full textAbstract:
Concrete block masonry is a common building material used worldwide, including Canada. Reinforced masonry buildings, designed according to the requirements of recent building codes, may result in seismically safe structures. However, unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings designed and constructed prior to the development of modern seismic design codes are extremely vulnerable to seismic induced damage. Replacement of older seismically deficient buildings with new and seismically designed structures is economically not feasible in most cases. Therefore, seismic retrofitting of deficient buildings remains to be a viable seismic risk mitigation strategy. Masonry load bearing walls are the most important elements of such buildings, potentially serving as lateral force resisting systems.
A seismic retrofit research program is currently underway at the University of Ottawa, consisting of experimental and analytical components for developing new seismic retrofit systems for unreinforced masonry walls. The research project presented in this thesis forms part of the same overall research program. The experimental component includes design, construction, retrofit and testing of large-scale load bearing masonry walls. Two approaches were developed as retrofit methodologies, both involving reinforcing the walls for strength and deformability. The first approach involves the use of ordinary deformed steel reinforcement as internally added reinforcement to attain reinforced masonry behaviour. The second approach involves the use of internally placed post-tensioning tendons to attain prestressed masonry behaviour. The analytical component of research consists of constructing a Finite Element computer model for nonlinear analysis of walls and conducting a parametric study to assess the significance of retrofit design parameters. The results have led to the development of a conceptual retrofit design framework for the new techniques developed, while utilizing the seismic provisions of the National Building Code of Canada and the relevant CSA material standards.
8
Lee, Dong-Jun. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Normal and High Strength Concrete Wall Panels with Openings." Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366995.
Full textAbstract:
The simplified wall design formulae specified in the Australian (AS3600) and American
(ACI318) concrete standards are intended for the design of normal strength concrete
load bearing walls supported at top and bottom only. These practical codes fail to
recognise any contribution to load capacity from restraints on all four sides, and do not
provide recommendations and design equations for walls with openings (window and
door). Also the current code methods are not applicable to the design of walls with high
strength concrete (f’c>65MPa) or high slenderness ratios (H/tw>30). In many practical
situations wall panels are restrained on all four sides and have openings. In other cases,
high strength concrete walls may have reduced their thickness leading to a high
slenderness ratio. The recognition and inclusion of such factors lacking in the current
codes would result in more reliable and applicable design methods.
A total of forty-seven (47) reinforced concrete wall panels were tested in the laboratory
in three stages. Seventeen (17) walls with one and two openings in one-way action were
tested in Stage one and eighteen (18) identical walls in two-way action were tested in
Stage two. In the first two stages, the test panels had slenderness ratios between 30 and
40 and were of higher concrete strengths from 50MPa to 100MPa, and were subjected
to a uniformly distributed axial load with an eccentricity of tw/6. In addition to
highlighting the experimental set-up, typical crack patterns, failure modes, load-
deflection behaviour and ultimate loads were also reported in some detail. Finally
twelve (12) wall panels were tested in Stage three to investigate the behaviour of
concrete wall panels with various opening configurations including wide window and
door type with asymmetric location. The test panels had a constant slenderness ratio of
30 and a concrete strength of 65MPa. The same eccentric loading was applied and the
panels were tested in both one- and two-way action.
Utilising these test results, an empirical formula predicting the ultimate load of walls
with openings was proposed. A favourable comparison between the predicted results and the test data (including the present and other experimental test results) indicates that
the proposed formula is accurate and reliable for use in design.
A numerical study was also undertaken to verify the effectiveness of the Layered Finite
Element Method (LFEM) in predicting the failure characteristics of reinforced concrete
walls with openings. The LFEM was used to model, six (6) normal strength concrete
walls tested by Saheb and Desayi and thirty-five (35) concrete wall panels with
openings tested in this research. The ultimate loads, load-deflection responses up to
failure, deflected shapes and crack patterns predicted by the LFEM were compared
favourably to the experimental observations. The comparative study also confirmed that
the LEFM is a reliable and effective numerical modelling technique for determining
ultimate load capacity of high strength concrete walls with high slenderness ratio and
various opening configurations.
Upon verification, the LFEM was then used as an effective tool to undertake three
parametric studies, on a wide range of opening configurations, slenderness ratios and
concrete strengths. The purpose of these parametric studies was threefold: (1) to provide
missing data that were not covered by the code methods and existing empirical formulae
due to their limited scope; (2) to conduct LFEM simulations which helped to reduce the
number of labour intensive and very costly laboratory tests; (3) to validate the
performance of the proposed formula in predicting the load carrying capacity of wall
panels with openings. In total, 20, 64 and 108 wall models were analysed respectively for
three parametric studies. The study confirms the accuracy and reliability of both the
LFEM and the proposed formula. To this end, both the LFEM and the proposed formula
can be used as an effective tool for the analysis and design of normal and high strength
concrete walls with openings and high slenderness ratios performing in both one-and two-
way action.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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9
Mohamamdpour, Lima Mehdi. "Experimental and Numerical Study of RC Walls with Opening Strengthened by CFRP." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367903.
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Concrete structures regularly require strengthening due to various reasons. These structures include bridges, buildings and infrastructure, across numerous sectors and industries. Based on the load-carrying capacity of structures and proposed future applications, a vast array of strengthening methods may be utilised. Due to rapid advancements in construction materials, technology has led to the achievement of being able to secure safer, more economical and functional buildings. Of the innovative materials, Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) appears to be an encouraging solution for the retrofitting and strengthening of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures because of its unique properties. These properties include: high strength-to-weight ratio; high fatigue endurance; environmental degradation and corrosion resistance. FRP is also durable and very flexible for application to the various shapes of structural members. Further, it is easy to install, with a negligible increase in structural size and weight. The application of FRP is dependent upon the type of structural member plus its behaviour. It can be used to enhance the load capacities (axial, flexural, or shear), ductility, rigidity, the remaining fatigue life as well as the durability against harsh environments.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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10
Motiekaitis, Audrius. "Trąšų sandėlis Smilgiuose." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120829_094415-59896.
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Savo baigiamajame statybos inžinerijos bakalauro darbe pavadinimu „Trąšų sandėlis Smilgiuose“ projektuoju trąšų sandėlį Panevėžio r. sav., Smilgiuose, Sodžiaus g. 7. Projektuojamą trąšų sandėliavimo pastatą sudaro dvi atskiros patalpų grupės, tai sandėliavimo patalpa ir administracinės – pagalbinės patalpos. Toks patalpų suskirstymas yra numatomas dėl sandėlio gamybinės ir administracinės veiklos pobūdžio.In my Bachelor paper on construction engineering “Fertilizer Warehouse in Smilgiai“ I designed a fertilizer warehouse located in Sodžiaus st. 7, Smilgiai, Panevėžys district. The designed warehouse for fetilizer storage consists of two separate premises, storage block and administrative-support block. Such division is intended for the industrial and administrative activities of the warehouse.
11
Bregulla, Julie. "Investigation into the fire and racking behaviour of structural sandwich panel walls : a methodology to assess load bearing sandwich panels in fire." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807/.
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Martínek, David. "Nosná konstrukce polyfunkčního domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372151.
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Master´s thesis is based on analysis and design of a load-bearing structure of multifunctional house. The main load-bearing elements in the vertical direction are the monolithic reinforced walls and the main load-bearing elements in the horizontal direction are monolithic reinforced concrete plates. The connection of individual floors is made of monolithic reinforced concrete staircases. The foundation of the building is realized through a system of strips foundation. Design drawings are made to selected elements of the structure.
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Kudličková, Jitka. "Nosná konstrukce horského hotelu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265675.
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Master’s thesis is based on analysis and design of a load bearing structure of an mountains hotel. Mountain hotel schould be realized in the village Vernirovice in Šumperk district. The proposed structure is formed 4th floors. In 1.NP is a restaurant, a sports and wellness center. In 2.NP in the right side is situated the swimming pool. In 2 to 4 floor are located rooms. This structure is supported with a strip footing made of reinforced concrete. The main load-bearing elements in the vertical direction are in 1.NP reinforced concrete walls and columns, the upper floors bearing masonry walls of ceramic blocks THERM. The inner support walls are 300 mm thick, outside support walls are 400 mm thick. Floors are constructed of carrying plates with girders above the larger openings. These plates and girders are made of reinforced concrete. In the 2 floor are beams with the span of 8,8 m. These girders are designed of prestressed concrete cause the large loads. Individual levels are connected with monolithic concrete staircases. Around the middle of the building is a monolithic reinforced concrete elevator shaft. The highest elevation above grade level is 16 m. The thesis also deals with relevant drawing documentations for chosen parts of construction.The building is located in the ski area VI and IV wind areas.
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Nečas, Daniel. "Nosná konstrukce bytového domu Palackého třída 24, Brno." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225911.
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Master’s thesis is based on analysis and design of a load bearing structure of an apartment block. This structure is supported with a strip footing made of reinforced concrete. The above-ground part of designed structure consists of brick masonry. Floors are constructed of carrying plates. These plates are made of reinforced concrete and precast boards (prestressed concrete). Individual levels are connected with monolithic concrete staircases. The thesis also deals with relevant drawing documentations for chosen parts of construction.
15
Tao, Yunxiang. "Advanced numerical analysis and fire testing of cold-formed steel hollow section stud walls." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226716/1/Yunxiang_Tao_Thesis.pdf.
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This research investigated the behaviour of light gauge steel frame walls made of cold-formed steel hollow section studs under both ambient and fire conditions using full scale experimental and advanced numerical studies. It developed and improved new structural and fire design rules for hollow section stud walls that can be included in the Australian steel structures standard. Importantly, it showed that such wall systems have superior fire resistance than conventional wall systems used currently. Overall, this research has sufficiently improved the knowledge of light steel walls made of hollow section studs in fire, enabling structurally efficient and safer designs.
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Ferreira, Diego de Vasconcelos Gonçalves. "Edifícios com lajes maciças e paredes portantes pré-moldadas de concreto leve com pérolas de EPS." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-29072013-114842/.
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Atualmente, muitas empresas de construção civil não acompanham o avanço tecnológico, preferindo utilizar sistemas convencionais em vez de investir em novas soluções. Além disso, há sérios problemas com mão de obra, que estão cada vez mais presentes na sociedade. Este trabalho apresenta o projeto de um edifício com elementos pré-moldados de Concreto Leve com pérolas de EPS, considerando lajes prontas maciças e paredes portantes, executadas com esse tipo de material. A princípio, foram considerados os estados limites últimos e de serviço para os elementos da estrutura, utilizando os modelos clássicos de análise estrutural. Para modelagem do edifício, foi utilizado o programa comercial SAP2000. Quanto aos procedimentos para dimensionamento das peças, foram preparadas planilhas do Excel, enquanto o detalhamento foi realizado por meio do AutoCAD. Definido o projeto estrutural, foram considerados aspectos construtivos na fábrica e na obra, levando em conta os custos de produção e de transporte, além de apresentar as vantagens que esse sistema construtivo pode proporcionar. Esses custos foram considerados para as lajes prontas maciças e para as paredes pré-moldadas. Mesmo levando em conta apenas os custos de produção e de transporte, o Concreto Leve com EPS foi comparado com o Concreto Autoadensável, o que permitiu visualizar as vantagens do primeiro, quando for considerado o custo global do empreendimento.Currently, many construction companies do not follow the technological advances, preferring to use conventional systems rather than investing in new solutions. Moreover, there are serious problems with manpower, which are increasingly present in society. This work presents the design of a building with precast elements of lightweight concrete with EPS beads, considering solid slabs ready to use and load bearing walls, made with this type of material. As a rule, the ultimate limit states and serviceability were considered for the elements of the structure, using classical models of structural analysis. For modelling the building, the commercial software SAP2000 was used. Regarding the procedures for dimensioning of the pieces, Excel spreadsheets were prepared, while the detailing was carried out by means of the AutoCAD. Defined structural design, construction aspects were considered in the factory and in the work, taking into account costs of production and transportation, besides presenting the advantages that this constructive system can provide. These costs were considered for the solid slabs ready to use and for the precast walls. Even taking into account only the cost of production and transportation, the Lightweight Concrete with EPS was compared with Self-compacting Concrete, allowing visualize the advantages of the former when considering the overall cost of the project.
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Ariyanayagam, Anthony Deloge. "Fire performance and design of light gauge steel frame wall systems exposed to realistic design fires." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/62034/1/Anthony%20Deloge_Ariyanayagam_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis has investigated the fire performance and design of light gauge cold-formed steel frame walls under realistic fires which occur in modern buildings. It examined the appropriateness of using the standard fire curve to represent the modern building fires in full scale laboratory tests and developed suitable realistic design fire curves. Experimental and numerical studies of light gauge steel frame walls using realistic fires led to the verification of existing fire design rules based on Australian and International standards and the development of simplified fire design rules. This research has significantly improved the understanding of fire severity in modern buildings and developed valuable fire design tools for light gauge steel frame walls used in these buildings.
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Lochman, Ondřej. "Nosná železobetonová konstrukce vícepodlažního objektu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225499.
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The Master´s thesis subject is a design and an estimation of the load-bearing structure of a multi-storeyed building. The structure has a miscellaneous ground-plan shape consisting of three rectangular tracts and it is placed in the building basement under the ground level. The load-bearing structure involves walls and a floor slab which rises up vertically closer to the ground level in the central tract. Among further components being solved belong stairs, basement slab and beam. The load-bearing structure is solved monolithically as steel concrete component.
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Akbari, Masomeh. "Bearing Behaviour and Design of Aluminium Sub-Heads in Window Wall Frames." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/404465.
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A unique combination of properties makes aluminium one of the most desirable materials in many construction sectors including façade industry. Aluminium window walls as a façade system provide resistance against wind load and are decisive elements in the performance of the building envelope. In considering their complex functions, they are subjected to numerous criteria and continuing research and improvement. Window walls are commonly made of glass supported by aluminium framing members, and occupy a considerable share of the building cost. The aluminium frames of window walls (comprised of heads, sills, and mullions) transfer the wind loads from glass panels to the aluminium sub-frames (comprised of sub-heads and sub-sills). The sub-frames then transfer the loads to the slab through the bolt connections. Under this loading condition, the aluminium sub-heads (at the top of the system) are the dominante wind load bearing elements, and are prone to bearing failure due to their long flange length. This phenomenon of bearing failure has never been researched in the past. To address this gap, the structural performance of aluminium sub-heads subjected to concentrated load was investigated in this study using comprehensive experimental and numerical studies. Furthermore, accurate design rules were developed to predict the bearing capacities of aluminium sub-heads.
Two types of typical sub-head sections, known as C-shaped sub-heads and sub-heads with removable beads, were used in the experimental study. The main difference between these two sections is that the later included two parts (the base and the bead) which can facilitate effective installation and assembly of façade panels. Two series of experimental tests were conducted to investigate and evaluate the bearing behaviour of the aluminium C-shaped sub-heads and the sub-heads with removable beads. Four C-shaped sub-head sections and six sub-head with removable bead sections were tested subjected to bearing loads considering different loading and boundary conditions as well as different bearing widths. The governing modes of failure were found to be yielding and fracture at the web-to-flange junction, as a result of the bending of the cantilever flange. Following experimental tests, finite element models were developed to further investigate the bearing behaviour of the aluminium sub-heads. The general-purpose software ABAQUS, with implicit solver, was used to simulate the bearing behaviour of aluminium sub-heads. The models were validated using the experimental results and a good agreement was achieved in terms of the ultimate strengths, the load-deflection responses and the failure modes. Subsequently, parametric studies were performed using validated models to investigate a wide range of aluminium sub-head sections with varying thicknesses, flange widths, loading conditions, and bearing widths.
Failure of aluminium sub-heads in the window walls under wind loading bear strong resemblance to the most prevalent failure mode in the cold-formed steel stud-to-track connection of a Light Gauge Steel (LSF) wall, which is the failure of the track under concentrated load. Since current aluminium standards do not have design criteria to predict the bearing strength of aluminium sub-head sections subjected to out-of-plane forces in window walls, the results acquired from this research were compared with the nominal bearing strengths predicted by the currently available cold-formed steel design rules (the North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing (AISI S240, 2015), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (TI 809-07, 1998), and Steel Stud Manufacturers Association (SSMA, 2000)) for the tracks in the stud walls. As a result of the comparisons, weaknesses in the current design standards were identified. Hence, based on the experimental and numerical results, new design rules were proposed which accurately predict the bearing capacities of aluminium sub-head sections. The findings of this research demonstrated that the proposed equations for estimating the ultimate bearing capacities of aluminium sub-head sections are reliable and in precise agreement with the experimental and numerical results.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Hradečný, Štěpán. "Stavebně technologický projekt polyfunkčního domu, Staré Brno." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372235.
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The diploma thesis deals with the technological stage of the lower structure, namely laying on piled foundations, including laying of a building pit with pilot reinforced concrete walls, and a rough top structure made of reinforced concrete walls, cores and reinforced concrete ceiling structure. The content is a technical report, solutions of wider transport relations, time and financial planning, studies of the main technological stages, equipment of the construction site of solved stages, design of the main building machines and mechanisms, technological regulations, control and test plans, safety and health protection at work, , thermal engineering assessment of selected constructions, budget, staff deployment balance, work progress scheme.
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Kintingu, Simion Hosea. "Design of interlocking bricks for enhanced wall construction, flexibility, alignment accuracy and load bearing." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2768/.
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The worldwide housing shortage has stimulated a search for appropriate, easy, fast and cost-effective new ways of wall construction. Among many technologies found to have promise is mortarless technology using dry-stack interlocking bricks/blocks. This thesis is about such mortarless walling technology and in particular: how to improve wall-construction flexibility, the effects of brick irregularities on wall alignment accuracy and wall behaviour (stiffness, strength) when subject to lateral forces. The flexibility of mortarless technology (MT) has been enhanced by the development of new bricks (centre-half bat and tee brick): the introduction of closer bricks led to the formation of two new bonds (patterns) namely Shokse and Lijuja bonds. It is now possible to construct more than half-brick-thick walls, to attach more than half-brickwide piers (buttresses) onto walls, and, using special bricks, to construct polygonal and curved walls using interlocking bricks. Three methods (theoretical modeling, physical experiments and computer simulation) were used to analyze the effects of brick imperfections on wall alignment accuracy. Theoretical analysis confirmed that brick moulders should concentrate on achieving parallel top and bottom faces rather than achieving true square-ness. Physical column assembly compared three brick-laying strategies namely: “random”, “reversing” and “replace”. The columns assembled using the “reversing” and “replace” strategies realized alignment improvement factors of 1.6 and 2.9 respectively over “random” strategy. The research also revealed that grooving, to prevent bricks making contact near their centre lines, improved column alignment by factor 2.13 and stiffness by factor 2.0, thus allowing construction of longer and higher walls without strengthening measures. In order to attain alignment accuracy in accordance with BS 5628-3:2005 in a dry-stack mortarless wall, this research recommends using full bricks with top and bottom surface irregularities not exceeding ±0.5mm for un-grooved bricks, and up-to ±0.9mm for grooved bricks. Further analysis was undertaken with respect to resource-use implications (cement, water, soil) of employing MT. Using MT will save 50% of wall construction cost and 50% cement consumption, which ultimately will reduce 40% of carbon emissions.
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Schmitt, Daniel A. "The effects foundation options have on the design of load-bearing tilt-up concrete wall panels." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1429.
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Li, Kai. "Collapse Experiments and Assessment of Masonry Wall Buildings." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503265342241364.
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Gunalan, Shanmuganathan. "Structural behaviour and design of cold-formed steel wall systems under fire conditions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/49799/1/Shanmuganathan_Gunalan_Thesis.pdf.
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In recent times, light gauge steel framed (LSF) structures, such as cold-formed steel wall systems, are increasingly used, but without a full understanding of their fire performance. Traditionally the fire resistance rating of these load-bearing LSF wall systems is based on approximate prescriptive methods developed based on limited fire tests. Very often they are limited to standard wall configurations used by the industry. Increased fire rating is provided simply by adding more plasterboards to these walls. This is not an acceptable situation as it not only inhibits innovation and structural and cost efficiencies but also casts doubt over the fire safety of these wall systems. Hence a detailed fire research study into the performance of LSF wall systems was undertaken using full scale fire tests and extensive numerical studies. A new composite wall panel developed at QUT was also considered in this study, where the insulation was used externally between the plasterboards on both sides of the steel wall frame instead of locating it in the cavity. Three full scale fire tests of LSF wall systems built using the new composite panel system were undertaken at a higher load ratio using a gas furnace designed to deliver heat in accordance with the standard time temperature curve in AS 1530.4 (SA, 2005). Fire tests included the measurements of load-deformation characteristics of LSF walls until failure as well as associated time-temperature measurements across the thickness and along the length of all the specimens. Tests of LSF walls under axial compression load have shown the improvement to their fire performance and fire resistance rating when the new composite panel was used. Hence this research recommends the use of the new composite panel system for cold-formed LSF walls. The numerical study was undertaken using a finite element program ABAQUS. The finite element analyses were conducted under both steady state and transient state conditions using the measured hot and cold flange temperature distributions from the fire tests. The elevated temperature reduction factors for mechanical properties were based on the equations proposed by Dolamune Kankanamge and Mahendran (2011). These finite element models were first validated by comparing their results with experimental test results from this study and Kolarkar (2010). The developed finite element models were able to predict the failure times within 5 minutes. The validated model was then used in a detailed numerical study into the strength of cold-formed thin-walled steel channels used in both the conventional and the new composite panel systems to increase the understanding of their behaviour under nonuniform elevated temperature conditions and to develop fire design rules. The measured time-temperature distributions obtained from the fire tests were used. Since the fire tests showed that the plasterboards provided sufficient lateral restraint until the failure of LSF wall panels, this assumption was also used in the analyses and was further validated by comparison with experimental results. Hence in this study of LSF wall studs, only the flexural buckling about the major axis and local buckling were considered. A new fire design method was proposed using AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005), NAS (AISI, 2007) and Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006). The importance of considering thermal bowing, magnified thermal bowing and neutral axis shift in the fire design was also investigated. A spread sheet based design tool was developed based on the above design codes to predict the failure load ratio versus time and temperature for varying LSF wall configurations including insulations. Idealised time-temperature profiles were developed based on the measured temperature values of the studs. This was used in a detailed numerical study to fully understand the structural behaviour of LSF wall panels. Appropriate equations were proposed to find the critical temperatures for different composite panels, varying in steel thickness, steel grade and screw spacing for any load ratio. Hence useful and simple design rules were proposed based on the current cold-formed steel structures and fire design standards, and their accuracy and advantages were discussed. The results were also used to validate the fire design rules developed based on AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005) and Eurocode Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006). This demonstrated the significant improvements to the design method when compared to the currently used prescriptive design methods for LSF wall systems under fire conditions. In summary, this research has developed comprehensive experimental and numerical thermal and structural performance data for both the conventional and the proposed new load bearing LSF wall systems under standard fire conditions. Finite element models were developed to predict the failure times of LSF walls accurately. Idealized hot flange temperature profiles were developed for non-insulated, cavity and externally insulated load bearing wall systems. Suitable fire design rules and spread sheet based design tools were developed based on the existing standards to predict the ultimate failure load, failure times and failure temperatures of LSF wall studs. Simplified equations were proposed to find the critical temperatures for varying wall panel configurations and load ratios. The results from this research are useful to both structural and fire engineers and researchers. Most importantly, this research has significantly improved the knowledge and understanding of cold-formed LSF loadbearing walls under standard fire conditions.
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Bystedt, Gabriella, and Bernuy Fatima Estrada. "Balance between financial and quality gains in housing production : A study on concrete and wooden frames." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296546.
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With increased demand for housing in Sweden's metropolitan regions, it is of greatimportance to meet the need and build more. The supply of housing is governed byaccess to land and what it costs to build apartment houses. In Sweden, there is ahistory of cartel formation of contractors and at the turn of the millennium, thegovernment invested funds to create increased price transparency in theconstruction sector. Based on this, the purpose of this project is to investigate how itis possible to today produce housing more economically, while maintaining quality.The study is limited to the purchase of prefabricated hollow core and load-bearingwall elements in both concrete and wood. The goal is to be able to compare prices ofthese construction parts between Swedish and foreign suppliers. The foreignsuppliers are limited to the ones operating in the Baltic countries and Poland. Thus, itmust be investigated which of the wooden or concrete frames is most economicallyprofitable, what opportunities there are with international purchases of frameelements and what should be taken into account in international purchases.I och med ökad efterfrågan på bostäder i Sveriges storstadsregioner är det av vikt atti samma takt öka utbudet. Utbudet styrs av tillgång till mark samt vad det kostar attbygga. I Sverige finns en historia av kartellbildning av byggföretag och regeringensatte vid millennieskiftet in medel för att skapa ökad pristransparens inombyggsektorn. Med bakgrund i detta är syftet med examensarbetet att undersöka hurdet idag går att producera bostäder mer ekonomiskt, med bibehållen kvalitet iåtanke. Studien avgränsas till inköp av prefabricerade håldäck och bärandeväggelement i betong respektive trä. Målet är att kunna jämföra priser av dessakonstruktionsdelar mellan svenska och utländska leverantörer. De utländskaleverantörerna avgränsas till att verka inom baltikum och Polen. Således ska detutredas vad utav trä- eller betongstomme som är mest ekonomiskt lönsamt, vilkamöjligheter som finns med internationella inköp av stomelement samt vad som börtas hänsyn till vid internationella inköp.De risker som finns kopplade till just internationella inköp är bland andra risk attprodukten inte stämmer överens med vad som avtalats och leveransförseningar.Logistikrisker begränsas med hjälp av avtal reglerade utifrån det internationellaregelverket Incoterms. Det finns även politiska och valutarelaterade risker medinternationell handel.ISO 9000 är ett kvalitetsledningssystem som ligger till grund för att företag ochorganisationer ska kunna säkerställa att kvaliteten i deras arbete svarar upp motkundens behov och krav. ISO 14000 samlar standarder inom miljöledningssystem.Intervjuer av sex svenska och fem utländska leverantörer om pris och kvalitetsarbetegav intressanta resultat för studien. Samtliga utländska leverantörer är certifierademed ISO 9001 samt ISO 14001. Två av sex svenska bolag har ISO9001-certifieringen och hälften ISO 14001-certifieringen. Att köpa prefabriceradebetongelement är enligt studien inte ekonomiskt lönsammare i utlandet, det är detdäremot att köpa träelement.
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Svobodová, Barbora. "Statické řešení bytového domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240142.
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The master's thesis deals with static analysis of selected reinforced concrete elements of an apartment building. Specifically solved are the reinforced concrete slab of above-ground floor, point-supported slab of underground garage, the most exposed column, staircase, load-bearing wall of shear core, external load-bearing wall and building foundation on piles. Load effects were calculated using the Axis VM 12 software. Design of foundation was solved in the Geo 5 software. The thesis includes shape drawing documentation of selected elements.
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Kesawan, Sivakumar. "Fire performance and design of light gauge steel frame wall systems made of hollow flange sections." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/120153/1/Kesawan_Sivakumar_Thesis.pdf.
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Load bearing Light Gauge Steel Frame (LSF) wall system is a cold-formed steel structure made of cold-formed steel studs and lined on both sides by gypsum plasterboards. In recent times its use and demand in the building industry has significantly increased due to their advantages such as light weight, acoustic performance, aesthetic quality of finished wall, ease of fabrication and rapid constructability. Fire Resistant Rating (FRR) of these walls is given more attention due to the increasing number and severity of fire related accidents in residential buildings that have caused significant loss of lives and properties.
LSF walls are commonly made of conventional lipped channel section studs lined with fire resistant gypsum plasterboards on both sides. Recently, greater attention has been given to innovative cold-formed steel sections such as hollow flange sections due to their improved structural efficiency. The reliance on expensive and time consuming full scale fire tests, and the complexity involved in predicting the fire performance of LSF wall studs due to their thin-walled nature and their exposure to non-uniform temperature distributions in fire on one side, have been the main barriers in using different cold-formed steel stud sections in LSF wall systems. This research overcomes this and proposes the new hollow flange section studs as vertical load bearing elements in LSF wall systems based on a thorough investigation into their fire (structural and thermal) performance using full scale fire tests and extensive numerical studies.
Test wall frames made of hollow flange section studs were lined with fire resistant gypsum plasterboards on both sides, and were subjected to increasing temperatures as given by the standard fire curve in AS 1530.4 (SA, 2005) on one side. Both uninsulated and cavity insulated walls were tested with varying load ratios from 0.2 to 0.6. LiteSteel Beam (LSB), a welded hollow flange section, which was available in the industry was used to fabricate the test wall panels. Axial deformations and lateral displacements along with the time-temperature profiles of the steel stud and plasterboard surfaces were measured. Five full scale tests were performed, and the test results were compared with those of LSF walls made of lipped channel section studs, which proved the superior fire performance of LSF walls made of hollow flange section studs. The reasons for the superior fire performance are presented in this thesis. The effects of load ratio and plasterboard joint on the fire performance of LSF walls and temperature distribution across the stud cross-sections were identified.
Improved plasterboard joints were also proposed.
The elevated temperature mechanical properties of cold-formed steels appear to vary significantly as shown by past research. LSBs were manufactured using a combined cold-forming and electric resistance welding process. Elevated temperature mechanical properties of LSB plate elements are unknown. Therefore an experimental study was undertaken to determine the elevated temperature mechanical properties of LSB plate elements. Based on the test results and previous researchers' proposed values, suitable predictive equations were proposed for the elastic modulus and yield strength reduction factors and stress-strain models of LSB web and flange elements.
Uninsulated and insulated 2D finite element models of LSF walls were developed in SAFIR using GiD as a pre- and post processor to predict the thermal performance under fire conditions. A new set of apparent thermal conductivity values was proposed for gypsum plasterboards for this purpose. These models were then validated by comparing the time-temperature profiles of stud and plasterboard surfaces with corresponding experimental results. The developed models were then used to conduct an extensive parametric study. Uninsulated and insulated LSF walls with superior fire performances were also proposed.
Finite element models of tested walls were also developed and analysed under both transient and steady state conditions to predict the structural performance under fire conditions using ABAQUS. In these analyses, the measured elevated temperature properties of LSB plate elements were used to improve their accuracy. Finite element analysis results were compared with fire test results to validate the developed models. Following this, a detailed finite element analysis based study was conducted to investigate the effects of stud dimensions such as web depths and thicknesses, elevated temperature mechanical properties, types of wall configurations, stud section profiles, plasterboards to stud connections and realistic design fire curves on the fire performance of LSF walls. It was also shown that the commonly used critical temperature method is not appropriate in determining the FRR of LSF walls.
Gunalan and Mahendran's (2013) design rules based on AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005), and Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006) were further improved to predict the structural capacity of hollow flange section studs subjected to non-uniform temperature distributions caused by fire on one side. Two improved methods were proposed and they predicted the FRRs with a reasonable accuracy. Direct Strength Method (DSM) based design rules were then established and they also predicted the FRR of LSF walls made of hollow flange section studs accurately. Finally, spread sheet based design tools were developed based on the proposed design rules.
Overall, this research has developed comprehensive fire performance data of LSF walls made of hollow flange section studs, accurate design rules to predict their fire rating and associated design tools. Thus it has enabled the use of innovative hollow flange sections as studs in LSF wall systems. Structural and fire engineers can now use these tools to undertake complex calculations of determining the structural capacities and fire rating of hollow flange section studs subjected to non-uniform temperature distributions, and successfully design them for safe and efficient use in LSF walls of residential and office buildings.
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Janů, Kateřina. "Mateřská škola." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226573.
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This thesis solves the project of materniti house in moderate terrain. Materniti house is located on the grounds numbers 1475 in the village Jezeřany - Maršovice. The building has two floors. Materniti house is designed for 60 children and 15 employees. Building serves as a pre-school institution for the education of children. The buiding has a load-bearing wall system. The outer walls, load–bearing walls and partitions are from ceramic blocks POROTHERM. Wall is insulated with mineral wool BAUMIT thickness of 100 mm. The ceilings are made of prestressed hollow panels Spiroll HCE 250 thickness of 250 mm. The roof of building is part of the aisle, made of wooden trusses with an inclination of 12°. Truss consists of hunter cased sloping roof. The second part of building consists of single-layer flat roof. The facade is part of non-ventilated and ventilated by fiber-cement boards CEMBRIT. Windows are plastic DESIGN by VEKRA. Balcony two-doors are plastic VEKRA CLASITIC VD. Entrance two-doors are wooden VEKRA NATURA 68.
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Velecký, Tomáš. "Polyfunkční dům." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409783.
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This diploma thesis is focused on design cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure multi-storey multifunctional building according to the source material. Specifically, foundation slab and external wall in B1 taking into account the waterproofness of the construction. Then staircase, column in lowest storey and two floor slab are designed as selected load-bearing structure. Elements are dimensioned according to ČSN EN 1992-1-1: Design of concrete structures - general rules and rules for building structures. In the drawing part of the diploma thesis are drawn drawings of the shapes and reinforcement.
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Tunková, Eliška. "Víceúčelový objekt v Pardubicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392088.
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The topic of my diploma thesis is a design of a construction of a multipurpose building. The floor plan is of irregular shape with a maximal span of 35 metres. There are two buildings in shape of a hexagon, to which another building in shape of a half of a hexagon is connected. Part of the building is designed as a two-storey building and all parts are different in height. The hight of the designed building in its highest point is 13,5 metres. The load-bearing structure consists of glued laminated wood elements and raised wood with steel elements used as fasteners. The construction is designed alternatively from wood and steel. The static solution was made using the RFEM software.
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Kotík, Libor. "Konstrukce sila na cukr." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227611.
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The matter of this thesis is static design and examination of prestressed storage tank to 50000 tons of sugar. Computational model of the steel roof structure is processed and its effect on the silos. Loads is provided of sugar. Optimal design is performed and assessment ultimate and serviceability limit state reinforced concrete and prestressing horizontal silo wall including local load. Next, it is performed the design of a reinforced concrete of the plane bed and column and assessment at the ultimate limit state. The thesis is also drawing documentation, technical report and visualization of construction process. The aim of this work is to the design of the main components based on the required storage capacity tank, mechanical properties of the stored material and technical amenities.
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Ilčík, David. "Železobetonová konstrukce bytového domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240070.
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The diploma thesis is aimed for design and assessment main load bearing elements of a apart-ment building on the ultimate and serviceability limit state. Assessed parts of construction are reinforced concrete slab over the second floor, column and shear wall in the first floor, stairway slab and foundation pad. The elements are assessed in a structural design report according valid standard. There is created drawings. Internal forces are calculated using software Scia Engineer, where is modeled and loaded the construction.
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Křenek, Vojtěch. "Mateřská škola." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372005.
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The aim of my diploma thesis is to elaborate project documentation for the execution of a new building of kindergarten. The intention is to construct a new kindergarten which access preschool-age children has visual contact with nature and space of outside. This is purpose why all main windows face south. In the second floor is situated schoolroom for minor activity. The building is designed as brick, using clay blocks which are put on concrete foundation strips. Basement walls are from formwork brick fill concrete and steel armature. Thermal insulation is from contact thermal insulation system and ventilated facade with wood clapboard from pine (Thermowood). The roofing is designed partly as single-shell vegetative (extensive) roof and partly as a float double-shell roof with timber truss girder. Ceiling construction in the basement and the first floor is from concrete load-bearing structure.
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Štramberský, Martin. "Návrh předpjaté nádrže." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226967.
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The matter of this diploma thesis is a static storage tank for petroleum substances, the study of a solution for appropriate shape of shell and its effort to dihedral for roofing, and the study of effect of the storage of inner roofs walls of the tank to the size of the internal forces. The internal walls are carried out by the method of finite elements in the engineering program Scia Engineering 2013 and on the basis of it, designing of the framing sections of the tank. There is a calculation part of the lower horizontal bias wreaths of the shell and internal supporting wall. All the components are assessed on the 1st limit state of the load-bearing capacity and the 2nd limit state of the application (emergence cracks, limiting voltage in the concrete and a prestressing steel). The existing external wall is assessed only on the marginal status load of carrying capacity. The part of diploma thesis is also drawing documentation, accompanying report and technical report. The goal of the diploma thesis was to design the tank without an occurrence of the cracks in the concrete so as the vertical wall was prestressing only in the horizontal direction and the optimal proposal roof tanks as an addition.
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Tobek, Miroslav. "Řešení dopravy v centru Havlíčkova Brodu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225922.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is the solution of the traffic situation in the city center of Havlíčkův Brod. Mainly the ground road number II/150 adjustment, which consist in the modification of the two-way traffic to one-way traffic organization in the streets Dolní, Žižkova and Na Ostrově by using the analogy of a roundabout layout, is solved within this thesis. All mentioned modifications simplify the traffic situation, improve the orientation and increase the security and the traffic flow mainly in relation to pedestrians and cyclists. Another part of this thesis is focused on revitalization of the public spaces in front of the community center called Ostrov and junction of existing cycle tracks situated on the both banks of the Sázava river. In relation to this topic the adjustment of rainwater sewerage system, low-voltage above ground network, public lighting, communication electric cables, fire brigade signal lights and low-pressure gas pipeline is also solved.
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Oliveira, Fallconny Rodrigues Sensato. "Fire performance on the load bearing LSF walls." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/23242.
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Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáThis work presents a numerical validation study of a load bearing light steel frame (LSF) wall structure in respect to full scale-test, to obtain the fire resistance of the wall. Three parametric studies were performed to evaluate the influence of the plasterboard’s thickness, plasterboard restriction and steel section in the fire resistance of load bearing LSF wall. Simplified studies were also developed in order to compare with advanced calculation models. The finite element method was done in three stages: (1) simulation at room temperature to obtain the buckling and ultimate loads, (2) simulation of the transient thermal analysis to obtain the temperature distribution and (3) simulation of the thermomechanical analysis to obtain the fire resistance and critical temperature of the load bearing wall under fire. Results showed good agreement at room temperature. In the thermal analysis, the model was able to predict the temperature field with good accuracy, however, for thermomechanical, the model did not show good agreement with test results. In respect to the parametric analysis, plasterboard thickness influenced in the temperature distribution, resulting in a higher critical temperature in the thermomechanical simulation. Plasterboard restriction is affecting the lateral deflection of the wall in thermomechanical simulation. The steel section has a big effect in the load bearing capacity at room temperature, regarding the buckling and ultimate load, it also affects the out of plan displacement in the thermomechanical simulation. Simplified methods have been used to predict the critical temperature results under fire, with good conservative prediction for lower load ratios.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de validação numérica de uma parede portante feita em estrutura de Light Steel Frame (LSF), em relação a ensaios em escala real, com o objetivo de obter a resistência ao fogo da parede. Para avaliar a influência de outros parâmetros, três estudos paramétricos foram realizados: a influência da espessura da placa de gesso, a influência da restrição da placa de gesso e a influência secção da viga de aço na resistência ao fogo da parede portante de LSF. Estudos simplificados também foram desenvolvidos para fins de comparação com modelos de cálculo avançados. Realizou-se as simulações em elementos finitos em três etapas: (1) simulação à temperatura ambiente para obter as buckling loads e cargas últimas, (2) simulação térmica transiente para obter as distribuições de temperaturas e (3) análise termomecânica para obter a resistência ao fogo e a temperatura crítica da parede portante em situação de incêndio. Os resultados mostraram boa concordância à temperatura ambiente. Na análise térmica, o modelo foi capaz de reproduzir o campo de temperatura com boa precisão, porém, para termomecânica o modelo não apresentou boa concordância com os resultados do teste. No que diz respeito à análise paramétrica, a espessura do painel de gesso influenciou na distribuição da temperatura, resultando em uma temperatura crítica mais elevada na simulação termomecânica. A restrição da placa de gesso está afetando a deflexão lateral da parede na simulação termomecânica. A secção da viga de aço tem um grande efeito na capacidade de carga à temperatura ambiente, no que diz respeito ao buckling e a carga última, ela também afeta o deslocamento para fora do plano na simulação termomecânica. Métodos simplificados foram usados para prever os resultados de temperaturas crítica sob fogo, com previsão conservadora para load ratios menores.
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Ben, Ammar Hiba. "Numerical simulation of non-load bearing lsf double walls under fire." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/23200.
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Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Libre de TunisIn recent years, light steel frame (LSF) structures, such as cold formed steel wall systems, have been used more and more, but there is a lack of adequate understanding of their fire performance. Traditionally, the fire resistance index of such non-loadbearing LSF walls, it is based on an approximate descriptive method developed on the basis of a limited fire test. Building fire safety is generally viewed as very important by the construction industry and the community as a whole. Gypsum board is widely used around the world to protect thin gauge steel frame (LSF) walls. Gypsum contains free water, which is chemically bound in its crystal structure. Plasterboard also contains gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The evaporation of the gypsum and the decomposition of the calcium carbonate absorb heat, thus protecting the LSF wall from fire. [76] developed an innovative system of composite wall panels whose insulation of gypsum exterior walls and insulation of internal cavities (fiberglass) can improve the thermal and structural performance of LSF wall panels under conditions fire. In order to understand the performance of gypsum board and LSF wall panels under standard fire conditions, numerous experiments were carried out at the Fire Research Laboratory of the Queensland University of Technology [76] in (2018). Under standard fire protection conditions, Type X single plasterboard and non-load bearing LSF wall panels have been tested for fire protection. However, no suitable digital model has been developed to study the thermal performance of LSF walls using innovative composite panels under standard fire conditions. It is inacceptable to continue to rely on expensive and time-consuming fire tests. Based on laboratory tests, a review of the literature and a comparison of finite element analysis results of panel components, appropriate values for the important thermal properties of gypsum panels and insulating materials have been obtained [56], been proposed Sultan [56].The important thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and density) of plasterboard and insulating materials were proposed [56] as a function of temperature and used in the digital model of non-load-bearing LSF wall panels. Using these thermal properties, the developed finite element model can accurately predict the values. While there are many complexities in LSF fireless wall systems, the component temperature profile reasonably predicts the temperature distribution of the systems of non-loadbearing LSF walls. This article presents some informations of the Finite Element Model of Gypsum Board and LSF Non-Loadbearing Wall Panel Components, including the Finite Element Model of Composite Panels developed [76] . This article developed by [76] is based on 2 small-scale tests to verify and compare the thermal performance of composite panels made of different thermal insulation materials of different densities and thicknesses, and offers corresponding suggestions for improving LSF walls protected by these materials to composite panel. It also provides thermal performance data of LSF wall system and demonstrates the excellent performance of LSF wall system using composite panels, uses finite elements developed from the LSF wall model to provide a new LSF wall system with higher fire resistance. The developed finite element model is particularly useful for comparing the thermal performance of different wall panel systems without the need for lengthy and expensive fire tests. This thesis presents the numerical analysis to determine the thermal response of each model throughout fire exposure using ANSYS® Multiphysics. It was verified that the use of different experimental curves to represent the evolution of the temperature inside cavities or insulating blankets was essential to obtain better numerical results. This thesis compares the fire resistance of two models (with insulating layer and without insulating layer) and come up with a parametric analysis.
La sécurité incendie des bâtiments est généralement considérée comme très importante par l'industrie de la construction et l'ensemble de la communauté. Les panneaux de plâtre sont largement utilisés dans le monde entier pour protéger les murs à ossature en acier de faible épaisseur (LSF). Le plâtre contient de l'eau libre, qui est chimiquement liée dans sa structure cristalline. Les plaques de plâtre contiennent également du plâtre (CaSO4.2H2O) et du carbonate de calcium (CaCO3). La déshydratation du plâtre et la décomposition du carbonate de calcium absorbent la chaleur, protégeant ainsi la paroi LSF du feu. [76] a développé un système innovant de panneaux muraux composites dont l'isolation des murs extérieurs en plâtre et l'isolation des cavités internes (fibre de verre) peuvent améliorer les performances thermiques et structurelles des panneaux muraux LSF dans des conditions d'incendie. Afin de comprendre les performances des panneaux de plâtre et des panneaux muraux LSF dans des conditions d'incendie standard, de nombreuses expériences ont été menées au fire research laboratory de l'Université de technologie du Queensland University of Technology [76] en (2018). Dans les conditions standard de protection contre les incendies, des plaques de plâtre de type X monocouche et des panneaux muraux LSF non porteurs ont été testés pour la protection incendie. Cependant, aucun modèle numérique adapté n'a été développé pour étudier la performance thermique des murs LSF utilisant des panneaux composites innovants dans des conditions d'incendie standard. Il est inacceptable de continuer à s'appuyer sur des tests au feu coûteux et longs. Par conséquent, cette recherche a développé un modèle numérique approprié pour étudier les performances thermiques des composants de plaques de plâtre et des panneaux muraux LSF non porteurs. Sur la base d'essais en laboratoire, d'une revue de la littérature et de la comparaison des résultats d'analyse par éléments finis des composants des panneaux, des valeurs appropriées pour les propriétés thermiques importantes des panneaux de plâtre et des matériaux isolants ont été proposées par [76] . Le petit modèle en plâtre de cette étude et les résultats expérimentaux correspondants [76] . Les propriétés thermiques importantes (conductivité thermique, capacité thermique spécifique et densité) des plaques de plâtre et des matériaux isolants ont été proposées Sultan [56], en fonction de la température et utilisées dans le modèle numérique des panneaux muraux LSF non porteurs. L’article développer par [76] présente certaines informations détaillées du modèle d'éléments finis des panneaux de plâtre et des composants de panneaux muraux non porteurs en LSF, y compris le modèle d'éléments finis de panneaux composites développé par [76] . Le test expérimental développer par [76] basé sur 2 tests à petite échelle pour vérifier et comparer les performances thermiques de panneaux composites constitués de différents matériaux d'isolation thermique de différentes densités et épaisseurs . Il fournit également des données de performance thermique du système mural LSF et démontre les excellentes performances du système mural LSF utilisant des panneaux composites. Cet article utilise des éléments finis développés à partir du modèle de mur LSF pour fournir un nouveau système de mur LSF avec une résistance au feu plus élevée. Le modèle d'éléments finis développé est particulièrement utile pour comparer les performances thermiques de différents systèmes de panneaux muraux sans avoir besoin d'essais au feu longs et coûteux. Cette thèse présente l'analyse numérique pour déterminer la réponse thermique de chaque modèle tout au long de l'exposition au feu en utilisant ANSYS® Multiphysics. Il a été vérifié que l'utilisation de différentes courbes expérimentales pour représenter l'évolution de la température à l'intérieur des cavités ou des couvertures isolantes était essentielle pour obtenir de meilleurs résultats numériques.
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Ameur, Makrem. "Three-dimensional model of non-load bearing LSF walls under fire." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/23286.
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Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Libre de TunisThe present work presents numerical study with the aim of analysing the fire performance on LSF non load bearing walls. Numerical validation of the full-scale fire test developed by Anthony Deloge Ariyanayagam, Mahen Mahendran [1] was developed using transient thermal analysis, assuming perfect contact between different materials to determine the fire insolation criteria (I). The insulation criterion is defined by the average temperature or by the maximum temperature determined on the unexposed side of the wall. Two extra 3D numerical analysis were developed with the objective of understanding the thermal effect of the cavity size and the number of protection layers. Two different types of errors were used to compare the numerical and experimental results. The absolute relative error has been applied to compare the fire resistance time obtained by the numerical simulation and the fire test. The Root mean square (RMS) was used to compare the time history temperature error, determined on different locations of the wall section on specific points.
O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico com o objetivo de analisar o desempenho ao fogo em paredes não estruturais fabricadas em aço enformado a frio LSF. Será apresentada a validação numérica do ensaio experimental de resistência ao fogo, de um modelo em grande escala, desenvolvido por Anthony Deloge Ariyanayagam, Mahen Mahendran [15]. Este objetivo foi alcançado usando uma análise térmica transitória, assumindo contato perfeito entre diferentes materiais. Foi assim possível aplicar o critério de isulamento de fogo (I), determinada pela temperatura média ou pela temperatura máxima determinada do lado não exposto. Duas simulações numéricas 3D adicionais foram desenvolvidas com o objetivo de se conhecer a influência térmica da espessura da cavidade e a influência do número de camadas de proteção. A comparação entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais foi realizada com dois métodos. O erro relativo absoluto foi utilizado para comparar o tempo de resistência ao fogo obtido pela simulação numérica e o ensaio experimental. O erro quadrático médio (RMS) foi usado para comparar a evolução da temperatura em diferentes locais da secção da parede para determinados instantes de tempo.
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Chia-WangChan and 詹家旺. "A Study of the Load-Bearing Performance of Wooden Framing Platform Walls After a Fire." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37864120991596754814.
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碩士國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
98
At present the whole world impels to continue forever positively to construct, because the domestic construction often uses the reinforced concrete structure or the steel skeleton construction, which has really great energy consumption and the environment impact. In comparison to the protocol of green construction, wood construction has benefits of the low pollution, low energy consumption, quick construction, vibration-proof and health beneficial. It conformed to the green construction policy and the government also positively promotes the development wood construction in recent years in order to achieve the goals of environmental protection, permanency, healthy and forever prospect of the environment. The Ministry of Interior constructed the research institute to carry on the coordination research project “the wood construction regionalization walls fireproof performance design and the confirmation research” in 2004. This research aimed at the frame group wall type labor law building regionalization wall. The building of the frame group wall of 2×4 and 2×6 referenced overseas protocol. Analysis was made on the effect of construction on the fireproof performance of the wall. This research continued on the validation of the fireproof performance of the wooden structure. In corporate with the NSC funded project “Research on the fireproof performance of the wooden structure load bearing wall”, the frame type wooden structure bearing wall was the research subject. This project performed the full-scale loading and fire test on the load bearing wall in order to discuss the deformation after fire and its fireproof performance. Besides, the effect of high temperature on the load bearing capability was also analyzed. The test method follows CNS12514 “the building structure part fireproof testing method”. Focus is on the difference of destruction time and the predetermined fire protection effectiveness, whether can it satisfy the requirements of 1 hour fire protection performance according to the building code. Then we can construct the foundation on the wooden structure fire performance study for future reference. From the research results, the specimen tested in no load bearing conditions met the 1 hr fire protection performance. On the two specimens tested in load bearing conditions, one met 30 min fire protection performance while the other failed on 30 min fire protection performance. The reason contributed mainly to fall of covering surface when heating. With out this covering surface, the wooden frame burns. Under no loading condition, this thermal load created distortion, but not strong enough to destroy the non-heating surface. Therefore, the fire performance held. In the loading condition, thermal stress combined with the carbonization lowered the strength of the structure and increased the destruction of the whole structure. Therefore, the key to the fire performance of the wooden structure load bearing wall is the performance of the covering materials. According to the 1 hour fire protection performance design in the “the wood construction building design and fire protection of the construction technique standard - ninth chapter of building”, the heating surface of the load-bearing wooden structure frame wall should increase the cover thickness of and the layers of the covering material to prevent from the failure.
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Alves, Matheus Henrique. "Experimental tests and numerical simulation of the fire effect on non-load-bearing double-stud light steel framing walls." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/23523.
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Partition double-stud light steel framing walls provide an enhanced insulation performance when exposed to fire conditions. However, the behaviour of different configurations of such assemblies at high temperatures is still not well understood. In this sense, this study aimed to assess the fire resistance in terms of insulation requirements of double-stud light steel framing walls clad with one or two Type F gypsum plasterboards on both sides and with or without ceramic fibre cavity insulation. A series of experimental tests were conducted by subjecting small-scale specimens to ISO 834 standard fire curve and the numerical validation of each numerical model was performed using the Finite Element Method with a hybrid approach. Also, a simplified approach was proposed based on the improved design model available in the literature.
The results obtained in the experimental tests revealed that a wider cavity slows the heat transfer through the wall’s cross-section, delaying the temperature rise on the unexposed gypsum plasterboard. The use of ceramic fibre cavity insulation increases substantially the fire resistance of the wall, although the heating rate of the steel studs on the exposed side is faster if compared to the specimens without cavity insulation. Moreover, concerning the specimens with the cavity partially filled with ceramic fibre, if the insulation blanket is placed towards the exposed side, enhanced fire resistance is achieved.
A hybrid approach was used to carry out the numerical analysis to determine the thermal response of each model throughout fire exposure using ANSYS® Multiphysics. It was verified that using different experimental curves to represent the temperature evolution inside the cavities or insulation blankets was essential to attain improved numerical results. Also, the concept of an air thermal layer located at specific regions of the wall models led to better and more consistent results. Moreover, the modified improved design method showed consistent results when compared with the experimental values. Overall, the predicted insulation fire resistance of the model specimens agreed well with the experimental data and useful information was provided to support further numerical and experimental studies.Las paredes de partición en acero ligero con doble montante proporcionan un rendimiento de aislamiento mejorado cuando se exponen al fuego. Sin embargo, el comportamiento de diferentes configuraciones de tales conjuntos a altas temperaturas todavía no se comprende bien. En este sentido, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la resistencia al fuego en términos de los requisitos de aislamiento de las paredes de armazón de acero ligero con doble montante revestidas con una o dos placas de yeso Tipo F en ambos lados y con o sin aislamiento de fibra cerámica en la cavidad. Se realizaron una serie de pruebas experimentales sometiendo las muestras a la curva de fuego ISO 834 y la validación numérica de cada modelo numérico se realizó utilizando el Método de los Elementos Finitos con un enfoque híbrido. Además, se propuso un enfoque simplificado basado en un modelo simplificado disponible en la literatura. Los resultados experimentales revelaron que una cavidad más ancha ralentiza la transferencia de calor a través de la sección transversal de la pared, retrasando el aumento de temperatura en el lado no expuesto. El uso del aislamiento de fibra cerámica aumenta la resistencia al fuego de la pared, aunque la velocidad de calentamiento de los montantes en el lado expuesto es más rápida en comparación con las muestras sin aislamiento en la cavidad. Además, con respecto a las muestras con la cavidad parcialmente llena de fibra cerámica, si la manta aislante se coloca hacia el lado expuesto, se logra una mayor resistencia al fuego. Utilizando ANSYS® Multiphysics, se seleccionó un enfoque híbrido para determinar la respuesta térmica de cada modelo durante la exposición al fuego. Se identificó que el uso de diferentes curvas experimentales para representar la evolución de la temperatura dentro de las cavidades o mantas aislantes es esencial para lograr mejores resultados numéricos. Además, el concepto de una capa del aire situada en regiones específicas de los modelos conduce a mejores resultados y más consistentes. Además, el método simplificado mostró resultados consistentes en comparación con los valores experimentales. En general, la resistencia al fuego en términos de los requisitos de aislamiento de los modelos coincidió bien con los datos experimentales y se proporcionó información útil para respaldar más estudios numéricos y experimentales.
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WANG, YI NUO, and 王一諾. "Experiment on the influence of Fire resistance on market selling non-load-bearing metal stud partition walls to a standard fire." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16425982163590593207.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
102
With the developing of society, architectural engineering is becoming larger, complicated and higher. Traditional labor-intensive constructions are replacing by new method of constructions, such as non-load-bearing metal stud Calcium silicate board wall. This wall has many advantages, such as unified construction method, less time to construct and so on. Both Cross-Strait and other countries have explicit standard for the method of fire resistance test for structural parts of building, however it doesn’t contain fire wall assembly with switchbox exposed to a standard fire. Some materials which are found in market sell does not have the same qualify with Lab materials. All these security risks are exist in daily life. This paper study literature，experiment with market selling materials. It also wants to investigate the influence of Fire resistance on market selling non-load-bearing metal stud Calcium silicate board wall assembly with switchbox exposed to a standard fire and the different between market sell materials and Lab materials by Literature study and Experimental study.
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Serrette, Reynaud L. "Multiple shear key connections for load-bearing shear wall panels." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/16821.
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Hutchinson, Robin L. "Post-tensioned horizontal connections typically used for precast concrete load-bearing shear wall panels." 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17154.
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Foerster, Harry R. "Behaviour of the connections typically used in precast concrete load-bearing shear wall panels." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17376.
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West, Jeffrey S. "Behaviour of horizontal connections for precast concrete load-bearing shear wall panels subjected to reversed cyclic shear loading." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17818.
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Soudki, Khaled A. "Behaviour of horizontal connections for precast concrete load-bearing shear wall panels subjected to large reversed cyclic deformations." 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18449.
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