Journal articles: 'Load-bearing walls'

1

Yang, Chun Xia, Qing Qing Liu, Li Juan Sun, and Jian Guo Liang. "Calculating Size Limitations of Non-Load-Bearing Walls under Seismic Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2646.

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Infill walls,etc. non-load-bearing walls are vulnerable to fracture when these are subjected to out-of-plane seismic loads. Studies suggest that the overall dimensions of non-load-bearing walls are the important parameters to affect its out-of-plane mechanical properties, but most of these researches are qualitative researches, do not give specific size limitations. This paper based on codes has calculated out-of-plane loads of non-load-bearing walls, then bearing capacity check formulas have been deduced when non-load-bearing walls are subjected to out-of-plane seismic loads, finally the size limitations used in the height-thickness ratio check and seismic check are obtained.The conclusions fill up gaps in research of non-load-bearing walls ,and provide reference for the design specifications of non-load-bearing walls.

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Hegger, J., T. Dressen, and N. Will. "Load-bearing capacity of plain concrete walls." Magazine of Concrete Research 61, no. 3 (April 2009): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.00041.

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Liu, Yi, and J. L. Dawe. "Analytical modeling of masonry load-bearing walls." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-036.

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An analytical technique was developed and encoded for computer application to study the behaviour of concrete masonry load-bearing walls under various loading conditions. Both geometrical and material nonlinearities to account for the moment magnification effect and the degradation of material stiffness are included in the development. Effects of vertical reinforcing steel, masonry tensile cracking, and compressive crushing are included directly in the momentcurvature relationship, which is used in the determination of element stiffnesses at successive load increments. A parametric study was conducted following verification of the analytical model by comparing results with experimental test data. Effective flexural rigidity (EIeff) values at failure were obtained analytically and compared with values suggested in the Canadian masonry code CSA-S304.1-M94. It was concluded that CSA-S304.1-M94 tends to underestimate EIeff values for reinforced walls and thus leads to a conservative design over a range of parameters. Based on approximately 500 computer model tests, a lower bound bilinear limit for the effective rigidity of reinforced masonry walls was established. This limit is believed to provide an accurate and realistic estimate of EIeff.Key words: walls, load bearing, masonry, analytical, nonlinear, rigidity, stressstrain, momentcurvature.

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Peng, Huixiang, Pete Walker, Daniel Maskell, and Barbara Jones. "Structural characteristics of load bearing straw bale walls." Construction and Building Materials 287 (June 2021): 122911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122911.

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Buchanan, A., and V. Munukutla. "Fire Resistance Of Load- Bearing Reinforced Concrete Walls." Fire Safety Science 3 (1991): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.3-771.

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UCHIYAMA, KAZUO. "Load-Bearing Walls in Buildings in Snowy Area." Journal of Snow Engineering of Japan 11, no. 4 (1995): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4106/jsse.11.318.

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7

Xu, Ming, Zhong Fan Chen, and Wei Jie Zhang. "Experimental Study on the Seismic Behavior of Concrete Composite Bearing Walls." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.1090.

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Concrete composite bearing wall system is an innovated composite structure system, which is assembled by load-bearing walls, enclosure walls and thermal protection and insulation layers. Four concrete composite bearing walls were tested quasi-statically under low cyclic lateral loads. The characteristics including failure modes, hysteretic characteristics, ductility and stiffness degradation are investigated. It is shown that the concrete composite bearing walls possess high strength and ductility. In the elastic stage, the prefabricated slabs and frame could work together very well, and the composite walls exhibited enough stiffness against lateral deformation. With increasing horizontal load, the stiffness of the prefabricated slabs tended to decrease, and finally the composite wall system failed by flexural failure of frame structure with dense columns.

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Khaleghi, Mohsen, Javid Salimi, Visar Farhangi, Mohammad Javad Moradi, and Moses Karakouzian. "Application of Artificial Neural Network to Predict Load Bearing Capacity and Stiffness of Perforated Masonry Walls." CivilEng 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010004.

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Perforations adversely affect the structural response of unreinforced masonry walls (UMW) by reducing the wall’s load bearing capacity, which can cause serious structural damage. In the absence of a reliable procedure to accurately predict the load bearing capacity and stiffness of perforated masonry walls subjected to in-plane loadings, this study presents a novel approach to measure these parameters by developing simple but practical equations. In this regard, the Multi-Pier (MP) method as a numerical approach was employed along with the application of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The simulated responses of centrally perforated UMW by the MP method were validated utilizing full-scale experimental walls. The validated MP model was used to generate a simulated database. The simulated database includes results of analyses for 49 different configurations of perforated masonry walls and their corresponding solid masonry walls. The effect of the area and shape of the perforations on the UMW’s behavior was evaluated by the MP method. Following the outcomes of the verified MP method, the ANN is trained to develop empirical equations to accurately predict the reduction in the load bearing capacity and initial stiffness due to the perforation of UMW. The results of this study indicate that the perforations have a significant effect on the structural capacity of the UMW subjected to in-plane loadings.

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Keerthan, Poologanathan, and Mahen Mahendran. "Thermal Performance of Load Bearing Cold-formed Steel Walls under Fire Conditions using Numerical Studies." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 3 (August 19, 2014): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.3.261.

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Cold-formed Light gauge Steel Frame (LSF) wall systems are increasingly used in low-rise and multi-storey buildings and hence their fire safety has become important in the design of buildings. A composite LSF wall panel system was developed recently, where a thin insulation was sandwiched between two plasterboards to improve the fire performance of LSF walls. Many experimental and numerical studies have been undertaken to investigate the fire performance of non-load bearing LSF wall under standard conditions. However, only limited research has been undertaken to investigate the fire performance of load bearing LSF walls under standard and realistic design fire conditions. Therefore in this research, finite element thermal models of both the conventional load bearing LSF wall panels with cavity insulation and the innovative LSF composite wall panel were developed to simulate their thermal behaviour under standard and realistic design fire conditions. Suitable thermal properties were proposed for plasterboards and insulations based on laboratory tests and available literature. The developed models were then validated by comparing their results with available fire test results of load bearing LSF wall. This paper presents the details of the developed finite element models of load bearing LSF wall panels and the thermal analysis results. It shows that finite element models can be used to simulate the thermal behaviour of load bearing LSF walls with varying configurations of insulations and plasterboards. Failure times of load bearing LSF walls were also predicted based on the results from finite element thermal analyses. Finite element analysis results show that the use of cavity insulation was detrimental to the fire rating of LSF walls while the use of external insulation offered superior thermal protection to them. Effects of realistic design fire conditions are also presented in this paper.

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Osman, S. A., Zawawi Samba Mohamed, A. R. Sulaiman, and M. Fikri Ismail. "Experimental Analysis of Interlocking Load Bearing Wall Brickool System." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.439.

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This paper presents the results of investigation on structural behavior of the load bearing walls of interlocking bricks system called Brickcool. The model of Brickcool load bearing walls with and without reinforcement were tested in the laboratory until they failed. Both models were prepared with the same dimension of 1.3 m height, 1.0 m wide and 125 mm width. The influence of reinforcement on the deflection and strain of the load bearing walls were examined. Physical and mechanical tests of the individual brick were also been carried out. Results of this study proved that the model of load bearing wall with reinforcement have higher failure load with lower displacement at the top of the wall. The presence of reinforcement in strengthening the wall panel also increase the compression and tension strain compared to the wall panel without reinforcement. The physical and mechanical test results also found that the bricks have satisfied the minimum requirement values set by the British and American Standards.

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Ligęza, Wiesław. "Large-panel buildings after years of exploitation. Selected problems of repairs." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1759.

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In the paper there are presented problems of repairs for existing large-panel buildings within the light of: damage of joints between load-bearing and façade walls, structural requirements for functional modernization, damage of layer joints in load-bearing and façade three-layer walls, new repair questions within the aspect of executed buildings’ thermal modernization.

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Santos, Paulo, and Diogo Mateus. "Experimental assessment of thermal break strips performance in load-bearing and non-load-bearing LSF walls." Journal of Building Engineering 32 (November 2020): 101693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101693.

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Piloto, Paulo A. G., Mohamed S. Khetata, and Ana B. Ramos‐Gavilán. "Critical Temperature of Load Bearing LSF Walls Under Fire." ce/papers 5, no. 4 (September 2022): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.1781.

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Naito, C. J., and K. P. Wheaton. "Blast Assessment of Load-Bearing Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 11, no. 2 (May 2006): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2006)11:2(112).

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Hamzah, Siti Hawa, Chua Bon Yong, Nadiah Saari@Ash’ari, and Mat Som Marwi. "The Effect of Butt Joint on the Structural Behaviour of PSSDB Wall Panel." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i1.5663.

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An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effect of butt joint on the structural behaviour of profiled steel sheet dry board (PSSDB) load bearing wall with window opening. The samples tested were three (3) PSSDB walls with window opening and butt joint in the dry boards, and three (3) PSSDB walls with window opening but without butt joint in the dry boards. The samples were subjected to axial compressive load and comparisons were made between the two sets of samples. The average value of the ultimate load capacity for PSSDB load bearing wall with butt joint was found to be 286 kN, while that for the samples of PSSDB load bearing wall without butt joint was 260 kN. The average maximum lateral deflection values for both types of PSSDB walls were 8.9 mm and 13 mm respectively. Significant difference due to butt joint in dry board was seen in the reduced number of cracks by about 33 % in comparison to that without butt joint.

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Demchyna, Bohdan, and Leonid Vozniuk. "Emergency condition of loggies in buildings with supporting brick walls." Theory and Building Practice 2020, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.028.

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This article is devoted to the problems of the existing residential buildings of 70-80 years of construction of the last century, which have been in operation for about 50 years and are subject to immediate technical inspection. The most important factor for the safe operation of such buildings is the quality of construction, as in this period the construction was performed with many shortcomings that are manifested today. The article describes the problem of joints of loggias with the building in the design and construction of multi-storey buildings with load-bearing brick walls. Poor ligation of bricks in the masonry, as well as the lack of quality ligation of the transverse walls of loggias with load-bearing longitudinal walls of the building leads to the formation of cracks on the entire height of the loggias, which completely cut them at the abutment, which creates an emergency collapse of building structures. A real example of such a problem in the existing 9-storey building with brick load-bearing walls, where the shortcomings of construction were manifested, namely the poor quality of masonry at the junction of loggias to the load-bearing walls of the building. The structural scheme is also described, as well as the main structures of the building. The main damages and defects are shown. Using the PC "LIRA-SAPR" created a calculation model and compared the results of calculations with the existing condition of the considered area of the building. Recommendations for strengthening the emergency section of the building are given.

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Yu, Jing Hai, and Shou Xiang Wu. "Experimental Study on Ductility and Dissipative Capacity of AAC Block Load Bearing Walls." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1096.

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Based on the experimental investigation of quasi-static test of 6 AAC block walls and obtain the load-displacement experimental results, the deformation behavior and dissipative capacity of the walls due to different height to width ratios and vertical pressing stresses are studied and analyzed, the comparisons and analyses with other block walls’ deformation behavior are also carried out. The results indicate that AAC block walls’ dissipative capacity is directly proportional with vertical pressing stresses and the deformation behavior is otherwise, the diversification of height to width ratios can change the breaking form of block walls and affect on ductility and dissipative capacity. The ductility of AAC block walls is better than other block walls.

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Corrêa, Márcio R. S., and Adrian W. Page. "A novel approach for assessing the interaction of masonry walls under vertical loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-010.

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This paper investigates the behaviour of masonry load-bearing walls subjected to differential vertical load. A new approach for evaluating the interaction of intersecting walls is used, focusing on the mechanism of load transfer and the resulting shear stresses. The study is carried out using finite element modelling. Previous full-scale tests are used to verify the features of the numerical model. Once confirmed, the model is then used to study the phenomenon, varying parameters such as the number of floors and the dimensions of the walls. It is shown that the distance down the wall at which homogenization of the applied loads occurs can be predicted by application of the Saint Venant's Principle. The distribution of shear stresses along the interface can be simulated by a simple parabolic distribution. A simple design procedure is proposed, allowing more realistic, cost-effective designs of load-bearing masonry structures.Key words: masonry, walls, vertical loads, finite elements, interaction of walls.

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Khetata, Seddik M., Paulo AG Piloto, and Ana BR Gavilán. "Fire resistance of composite non-load bearing light steel framing walls." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 2 (March 2020): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119900931.

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The light steel frame walls are mostly used for non-load bearing applications. The light steel framed walls are made with studs and tracks that require fire protection, normally achieved by single plasterboard, by composite protection layers or by insulation of the cavity. The partition walls are fire rated to resist by integrity and insulation. Seven small-scale specimens were tested to define the fire resistance of non-load bearing light steel frame walls made with different materials. All tests were validated using two-dimensional numerical models, based on the finite-element method, the finite-volume method and hybrid finite-element method. A good agreement was achieved between the numerical and the experimental results from fire tests. The fire resistance increases with the number of studs and also with the thickness of the protection layers. The hybrid finite-element method solution method looks to be the best approximation model to predict fire resistance.

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Kania, Tomasz, Valery Derkach, and Rafał Nowak. "Testing Crack Resistance of Non-Load-Bearing Ceramic Walls with Door Openings." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061379.

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Cracking in non-load-bearing internal partition walls is a serious problem that frequently occurs in new buildings within the short term after putting them into service or even before completion of construction. Sometimes, it is so considerable that it cannot be accepted by the occupiers. The article presents tests of cracking in ceramic walls with a door opening connected in a rigid and flexible way along vertical edges. The first analyzes were conducted using the finite element method (FEM), and afterward, the measurements of deformations and stresses in walls on deflecting floors were performed on a full scale in the actual building structure. The measurements enabled to determine floor deformations leading to cracking of walls and to establish a dependency between the values of tensile stresses within the area of the door opening corners and their location along the length of walls and type of vertical connection with the structure.

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Girhammar, Ulf Arne, and Bo Källsner. "Tests and Analyses of Slotted-In Steel-Plate Connections in Composite Timber Shear Wall Panels." Advances in Civil Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7259014.

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The authors present an experimental and analytical study of slotted-in connections for joining walls in the Masonite flexible building (MFB) system. These connections are used for splicing wall elements and for tying down uplifting forces and resisting horizontal shear forces in stabilizing walls. The connection plates are inserted in a perimeter slot in the PlyBoard™ panel (a composite laminated wood panel) and fixed mechanically with screw fasteners. The load-bearing capacity of the slotted-in connection is determined experimentally and derived analytically for different failure modes. The test results show ductile postpeak load-slip characteristics, indicating that a plastic design method can be applied to calculate the horizontal load-bearing capacity of this type of shear walls.

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Bosakov, S. V., A. I. Mordich, A. A. Karyakin, S. A. Sonin, and I. S. Derbentsev. "Distribution of Load Forces in Hollow Core Slabs of Precast Solid Floor Supported on Bearing Walls." Science & Technique 18, no. 2 (April 17, 2019): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2019-18-2-93-103.

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The need to cut construction cost of residential and public buildings and provide them with a free and transformable planning structure during their operation cause interest in building wall systems with a large step of bearing walls. In order to reduce labor inputs and increase rate of construction in such building load-bearing system it is also necessary to maximize the use of large-sized prefabricated products and minimize consumption of in-situ concrete. In this case prefabricated products should be substituted according to the conditions of local (regional) construction industry base and volume of in-situ concrete must be sufficient to ensure a complete redistribution of internal forces between elements of the bearing system under load. As for the described bearing wall system of a multi-storey building the paper presents a flat precast solid floor formed by hollow-core slabs and monolithic crossbars supported by load-bearing walls. The hollow-core slabs supported at the ends on cast-in-place crossbars in the planes of bearing walls are arranged in dense groups between cast-in-place braced cross-beams. Dense contacts between overlapping elements are fixed by internal bonds. New data on distribution of forces in floor elements under the action of a vertical load have been obtained on the basis of full-scale tests and existing theoretical assumptions. It has been established that due to this load reactive thrust forces ensuring an operation of every hollow-core slab group in the floor as an effective solid plate supported along the contour have been originated in the floor plane along two main axes. Calculation of the reactive thrust forces makes it possible more accurately to assess a load-bearing capacity and rigidity of the precast solid floor and to increase a step of bearing walls up to 8 m and more while having hollow-core slabs with a thickness of 220 mm.

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Pothisiri, Thanyawat, Pitcha Jongvivatsakul, Soklin Chou, and Anil C. Wijeyewickrema. "Modeling of Precast Concrete Load-Bearing Walls Exposed to Fire." Engineering Journal 23, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4186/ej.2019.23.6.433.

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OKADA, Hisayuki, and Takayuki NOMAKI. "ESTIMATION OF LOAD-DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS ON STEEL-FRAMED BEARING WALLS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 82, no. 741 (2017): 1777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.82.1777.

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Kodur, V. K. R., and M. A. Sultan. "Factors Influencing Fire Resistance of Load-bearing Steel Stud Walls." Fire Technology 42, no. 1 (October 25, 2005): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-005-3730-y.

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Magarabooshanam, Harikrishnan, Anthony Ariyanayagam, and Mahen Mahendran. "Behaviour of load bearing double stud LSF walls in fire." Fire Safety Journal 107 (July 2019): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.003.

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Chen, Li Hua, An Zhou, and Bing Kang Liu. "Pseudo-Static Experiment Study on Recycled Concrete High Shear Walls." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.577.

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The low-cyclic loading tests are carried out for three pieces of recycled concrete high shear walls, with 100% replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate under different axial-load ratios. The mechanical performances of shear walls, including failure patterns, the bearing capacity, the hysteretic properties and ductility, are analyzed. The test results indicate that the basic behavior of recycled concrete shear walls resembles quite closely that of the ordinary concrete shear walls, the recycled concrete shear wall under bending failure has good ductility and bearing capacity; the hysteresis loop is stable and the degradation of stiffness is not great; the shear-slip phenomenon becomes significant and the ductility decreases under high axial-load ratio. The calculation of flexural strength of recycled concrete shear walls can be adopted directly from computational theories and formula used for ordinary concrete shear walls. It is feasible to apply reasonably designed recycled concrete shear walls to small high-rise buildings.

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Kaize, Ma. "Deformation-Based Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Steel High Performance Concrete Structural Walls." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.797.

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Base on the experiment results of steel high performance reinforced concrete (SHPRC) structural walls, nonlinear finite element(FE) analysis is performed to simulate the complete process of the loading and concrete crack of SHPRC structural walls in the platform of ABAQUS. The nonlinear of material is taken into account in the models. The reliability of the finite element model is verified through the comparison of the analysis results and the experimental results. Based on the proposed model, the parametric analysis is carried out to study the effect of axial load ratio, aspect ratio, stirrup characteristic value, and steel ratio on the seismic behavior of SHPRC structural walls. It is concluded that the bearing capacity of SHPRC structural walls increase with the increase of the axial load ratio, but the deformation decreases obviously. The deformation and bearing capacity of the structural walls are improved by increasing the steel ratio. With increasing the stirrup characteristic value, the deformation of the structural walls improves significantly. The stirrup characteristic values are proposed to ensure the SHPRC structural walls for different axial load ratios meet the deformation capacity of drift ratio of 1/120,1/100 and 1/80, respectively.

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Bernat-Maso, Ernest, Pere Roca, and Lluís Gil. "Experimental Study of Brick Masonry Walls Strengthened with Textile Reinforced Mortar." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.397.

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The paper presents an experimental research on the use of Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) for the strengthening of brick load bearing masonry walls subjected to eccentric loading. Particular attention is given to the case of slender walls and to the ability of TRM reinforcement to enhance the response of such walls against buckling failure. The research has allowed the study of the influence of different mortar and fibre grid types and the possible benefit of using anchors to improve the connection between the walls and the external reinforcement. The experimental campaign has consisted of twelve tests on full scale wall specimens using a specific testing device designed to create a hinged boundary condition at the top and bottom wall ends. It has been observed that TRM reinforcement provides a significant increase of over 100% of the initial load bearing capacity under eccentric axial load. Moreover, a stiffer and more homogeneous behavior is noticed when TRM is applied. A simplified analytical method to calculate the ultimate axial-bending combination for TRM strengthened brick masonry walls, in agreement with the experiments, is also presented.

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Deyazada, Mohammed, Hervé Degée, and Bram Vandoren. "Numerical Analysis of the Structural Resistance and Stability of Masonry Walls with an AAC Thermal Break Layer." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 11647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111647.

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Since energy efficiency has become the main priority in the design of buildings, load-bearing walls in modern masonry constructions nowadays include thermal break elements at the floor–wall junction to mitigate thermal bridges. The structural stability of these bearing walls is consequently affected. In the present paper, a numerical study of the resistance and stability of such composite masonry walls, including AAC thermal break layers, is presented. A finite element mesoscopic model is successfully calibrated with respect to recent experimental results at small and medium scale, in terms of resistance and stiffness under vertical load with or without eccentricity. The model is then used to extend the numerical models to larger-scale masonry walls made of composite masonry, with the aim of investigating the consequences of thermal elements on global resistance and stability. The results confirm that the resistance of composite walls is governed by the masonry layer with the lowest resistance value, except for walls with very large slenderness and loaded eccentrically: composite walls with low slenderness or loaded by a vertical load with limited eccentricities are failing due to the crushing of the AAC layer, while the walls characterized by large slenderness ratios and loaded eccentrically tend to experience buckling failure in the main clay masonry layer.

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Luo, Lie, Ming Zhao, and Ying Liu. "Mortar Replacement Reinforcement Method for Existing Masonry Structures." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.977.

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For load-bearing capacity reducing of the walls of multi-storey masonry structure caused by the lower mortar strength and quality defects, the mortar replacement method was used to reinforce the perforated brick load-bearing walls. The strength of mortar used for replacing, the depth of replacement, construction methods and quality control have been studied. The reliability of this method is verified by testing in situ including axial compression test and double brick double-shear test for reinforced brick masonry. This method could be also used in reinforcement for the historical masonry buildings.

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Ahmadzai, Ezatullah, Zeynep Yaman, and Alper Cumhur. "Experimental examination of strength and behavior of masonry brick walls strengthened with expanded steel plates." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 8, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2022.03.004.

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As primary load-bearing members of masonry buildings, the strength and behavior of masonry brick walls are the most important factors affecting the structural performance for the loads the building is exposed to during its life span. The current paper therefore experimentally examines a structural strengthening method to improve the performance and behavior of masonry brick walls. Masonry walls were strengthened with expanded steel plates of different thicknesses attached to the walls using different numbers of bolts. Five wall specimens were examined under a diagonal static compression test. For strengthening, expanded steel plates were anchored to both sides of un-plastered walls using bolts and were then plastered. The thickness of the steel plates and the number of bolts were examined as experimental variables. The results showed that the strengthened wall specimens using expanded steel plates of different thicknesses and different numbers of bolts increased an average of 45-94% ultimate strength at 245mm displacement, the ductility of all strengthened specimens increased by 114%-180% and an average increment of 280-480% higher energy dissipation capacities compared to the reference specimen. The result shows that strengthening masonry brick walls provides 2 to 3 times higher energy dissipation capacity for the energy generated by seismic effects compared to the reference specimen. The research then indicated the expanded plate thickness in strengthening walls has a direct relation with load-bearing capacity of brick masonry walls. An increase of 33% and 100% in plate thickness resulted to increase in load bearing capacity by 2% and 11.5%, respectively. It has also been observed that specimens did not experience a sudden drop in load carrying capacity. They maintained their stability until the end of the tests and changed their stiffness and ductility.

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Quan, Chunri, Qiang Huang, Dongbin Li, and Yong Chen. "Lateral load bearing characteristics of light gauge steel and lightweight concrete shear walls." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 33 (March 3, 2022): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2022.33.0473.

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In China, there is a new structural system named light gauge steel and lightweight concrete (LSLC) structure, which used lightweight concrete as structural material in composite way with cold-formed steel. Here, the shear walls are the main structural members for the LSLC structure, which are assembled with the light gauge steel lattice columns and horizontal braces, and filled with lightweight concrete. In this study, the LSLC shear walls are experimentally investigated to evaluate their failure mechanism and lateral load bearing capacity. For this purpose, several specimens with different shear span ratio are designed and tested under static cyclic loading. This paper presents the damage state and hysteresis loops of the specimens detailly. Then, the lateral load bearing characteristics of the LSLC shear walls are discussed according to the failure mechanism, such as shear and flexural failure. Finally, the calculation methods of lateral strength for the LSLC shear walls are proposed based on the diagonal strut mechanism and sectional force equilibrium.

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Jing, Meng, Werasak Raongjant, and Ratchaneewan Kerdmongkon. "Compressive Strengthening of Damaged Historic Masonry Walls Repaired with GFRP." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.965.

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The purpose of this research is to determine the mechanical properties of damaged historic masonry walls retrofitted with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) under axial load through experimental method. Five masonry wall specimens were tested under axial load acted at the top surface. One wall specimen was served as reference without retrofitting. Two walls were retrofitted with GFRP before damage. Other two walls were repaired using epoxy injection and GFRP sheets after predefined damage. The results show that the bearing capacity of historic masonry walls was completely restored and even exceeded the original capacity.

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Shareef, Sardar S., and Hozan Latif Rauf. "Using Hemp for Walls as a Sustainable Building Material." Journal of Studies in Science and Engineering 2, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53898/josse2022242.

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As an ancient plant from thousands of years ago, Hemp has been used as the most prominent sustainable material in buildings and other fields. Hemp has great potential to be used as a building material and can be grown in Cyprus weather with less cost than other imported building materials. Hemp’s initial cost is mostly cheaper than the other insulation materials; in the long term can save almost 50% of the total energy cost. It is being used as a load-bearing construction material, the best insulator. This study proposed a detached house where Hemp can be used for walls as structure (load-bearing) and floors and roofs as plastering layers.

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Wang, Xinquan, Xiao Li, Cong Zhu, Hongguo Diao, Kangyu Wang, Tianyuan Huang, Jiewen Tu, and Yichen Que. "Full-Scale Experimental Study on Prefabricated Greening Ecological Retaining Walls." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 11841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911841.

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Prefabricated walls are frequently utilized as retaining structures in different applications. A new type of prefabricated greening ecological retaining wall (PGERW) is proposed in this research. Full-scale tests and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the stress characteristics of the PGERW. To this end, the load–stress relationship, load–displacement relationship, and crack development of the retaining wall columns were carefully evaluated. It was found that when the load acting on the 3 m high column reached the ultimate load-bearing capacity (about 150 kN), an “arc + 7”-shaped crack pattern emerged. A V-shaped crack composed of bolt–chamfer cracks formed when the load applied to a 2.5 m high column reached the ultimate load-bearing capacity (about 335 kN). The design of hollow thin-walled columns can effectively reduce the amount of concrete used and, as a consequence, reduce its carbon emissions, while meeting the design strength requirements of the retaining wall. The PGERW addresses the challenges of improving the extent of greening and drainage performance of traditional prefabricated retaining walls. It has excellent applicability to highway slope construction and therefore can be applied in several contexts.

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Гриньова, Ірина, Крамаріч Далібор, Кос Желько, and В’ячеслав Петріман. "LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF DAMAGED STONE STRUCTURES." Молодий вчений, no. 9 (109) (September 30, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2022-9-109-3.

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The main factors affecting the load-bearing capacity of new and damaged stone structures are given. One of the most common types of damage to stone buildings is their cracking. According to statistics, the most frequent reasons for the formation of cracks in stone structures are: uneven settlement of foundations, load on structures, temperature deformations, moisture deformations. The load-bearing capacity of walls depends on the compressive strength of bricks and mortar, but it is difficult to make correct assumptions about these values. The main goal of the work is the analysis of the current state of affairs in the study of the technical condition of cultural heritage objects, the main types of damage and their causes. In order to improve the methodology of the non-destructive research method, laboratory tests were conducted in the OSACEA laboratory. Based on the obtained experimental data, it was proposed to model stone pillars with damage similar to the actual experiment in the SP ANSYS software complex.

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Straube, John, and Chris Schumacher. "Interior Insulation Retrofits of Load-Bearing Masonry Walls in Cold Climates." Journal of Green Building 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.2.42.

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Amjad, Mohammed A. "Deficiencies and Failures of Non–Load-Bearing Masonry Walls in Riyadh." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 11, no. 2 (May 1997): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(1997)11:2(76).

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Darzi, Siavash, Hassan Karampour, Henri Bailleres, Benoit P. Gilbert, and Dilum Fernando. "Load bearing sandwich timber walls with plywood faces and bamboo core." Structures 27 (October 2020): 2437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.08.020.

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Kumar, Puneet, and V. K. R. Kodur. "Modeling the behavior of load bearing concrete walls under fire exposure." Construction and Building Materials 154 (November 2017): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.010.

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Salem, Shady, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Wael El-Dakhakhni, and Michael Tait. "Out-of-Plane Behavior of Load-Bearing Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 145, no. 11 (November 2019): 04019127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002403.

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Al-Shaleh, Moneera, and Emmanuel K. Attiogbe. "Flexural strength characteristics of non-load bearing masonry walls in Kuwait." Materials and Structures 30, no. 5 (June 1997): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02486352.

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Peng, Bin, Wei Dong Liu, and Wei Bo Yang. "Investigation on Seismic Properties of Load-Bearing Masonry Walls in Chinese Historical Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.783.

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Masonry walls resist most of the lateral loads in some Chinese historical architecture. To investigate the seismic properties of these load-bearing masonry walls, blocks in a typical Chinese old building undergoing retrofit are reserved. Compressive test specimens and wall panel specimens are constructed using these blocks and lime mortar. Mixing of the lime mortar is similar to that used in the old building. Material tests and pseudo-static tests are then performed. The damage modes and hysteretic curves of the wall panel specimens are studied. The test results are expanded through computer simulation. Some characteristics of the load-bearing masonry walls are summarized based on the test and simulation results. The proposed methodology and results can be referred to in further researches on seismic properties of historical masonry architectures.

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Yuan, Quan, Qian Feng Yao, and Ying Jie Jia. "Study on Hysteretic Model and Damage Model of Multi-Ribbed Composite Wall." Key Engineering Materials 302-303 (January 2006): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.302-303.644.

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The use of composite materials in structural engineering is recent, and researchers need to investigate their behavior features. A new unit of multi-ribbed composite wall is introduced. A multi-ribbed composite wall is the main bearing-load member in multi-ribbed slab structures (MRSS). The bearing-load characteristics and seismic properties of the wall are different from those of other ordinary concrete members In order to study seismic behavior and durability of Multi-ribbed composite walls, experiments of 26 pieces of composite walls under cyclic loading were carried out, and then the hysteretic model of shear force–shear deformation is established. The hysteretic curves of typical composite walls are calculated. The calculated curves agree well with the experimental ones. The damage model is quantified. This study introduces a quantitative analysis means for evaluating seismic behavior aspects of damage and durability of multi-ribbed composite walls.

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Jasiński, Radosław. "Verifying the Shear Load Capacity of Masonry Walls by the V _Rd–N _Ed Interaction Diagram." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022031.

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Abstract Verification of shear load capacity is required for all shear walls that take horizontal wind loads, loads imposed by ground action or other non-mechanical (rheological or thermal) loads. Shear walls are exposed not only to shear forces, but also vertical actions caused by dead load or imposed loads as shear walls also usually function as bearing walls. This load combination is quite important as shear load capacity V Rd depends on mean design stresses σd which, in turn, depend on design forces N Ed. Interactions between shear V Rd and vertical load N Ed in shear walls are the consequence of observed combinations of actions in these types of walls. Additionally, the vertical load N Ed acts on the wall at certain eccentricity eEd, which can result in a change in the length of the compressed part of the cross-section l c. This paper describes the procedure for verifying shear load capacity by means of the interaction diagram drawn as specified in Eurocode 6 (prEN 1996-1-1:2017). Necessary equations for determining load-carrying capacity of cross-section against vertical load N Ed were worked out. The effect of wall shape and eccentricity of vertical load on the shape of the interaction diagram was analysed.

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Yakovlev, P. V., V. A. Lebedev, and V. M. Piskunov. "Thermal conditions of load-bearing elements of radioactive waste storage facilities." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001079.

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Facilities for storing radioactive waste with residual heat differ from other facilities in high safety standards in all operating conditions. A feature of these structures is the presence of biological protection in the form of walls and ceilings made of reinforced concrete with a large thickness. The combination of heat dissipation and the large thickness of walls and floors create conditions for the appearance of significant thermal stresses. This feature should be taken into account in the strength calculations of these buildings, taking into account the summation of seismic effects, gravitational forces and thermal stresses caused by uneven temperature fields in concrete. The paper presents the results of calculations of the combined effects of thermal stresses and earthquakes on a building. The data obtained made it possible to determine the features of the deformation of concrete structures with a combination of loads.

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Liu, Yun, Gonglian Chen, Zhipeng Wang, Zhen Chen, Yujia Gao, and Fenglan Li. "On the Seismic Performance of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Self-Insulation Block Walls." Materials 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132942.

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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) self-insulation block masonry is often used for the infill walls in steel and concrete frame structures. To work together with the frame under earthquake action, it is essential to understand the seismic behavior of AAC self-insulation block masonry walls. In this paper, six AAC self-insulation block masonry walls were experimentally studied under the pseudo static test. The load-displacement hysteretic curves were drawn with the test data. The failure characteristics, loading capacity, stiffness degeneration, energy dissipation capacity and hysteretic behavior are analyzed. The results indicate that the blocks underwent internal failure due to the lower strength with a larger size, but the walls had good energy dissipation capacity with a rational bearing capacity. Accompanied by the influence of vertical compressive stress on the top surface of the walls, the cracking resistance, ultimate bearing capacity, deformability and energy dissipation capacity of the walls were affected by the masonry mortar joints. Comparatively, the walls with thin-layer mortar joints had better seismic performance than those with insulation mortar joints or with vertical joints filled by mineral wool plates. Finally, the shear capacity of the walls under seismic load is evaluated referring to the formulas of current design codes for masonry walls.

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Kamaruddin, Kartini, and Siti Hawa Hamzah. "Optimisation of Calcium Silicate and Sand Cement Bricks in Masonary Bearing Walls." Scientific Research Journal 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v3i2.5669.

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Design and construction of buildings used to be on framed structure incorporating reinforced concrete, steel or timber as structural member to transmit load to the foundation. Bricks are normally used as infill materials in these framed structures. However, research has shown that bricks can also be used as external and internal masonry bearing walls. With the use of structural masonry construction method, cheaper and faster construction can be achieved. Savings are obtained by using less formwork and reinforcing steel, reducing construction time as lesser frames or none are used, and eliminating waiting time for the structural concrete to cure or gain their strength. Calcium silicate and sand cement bricks were tested for their mechanical properties. Investigations were carried out on six masonry bearing walls. Each unit measured 1000 mm × 1000 mm and a half brick thick. The structural behaviour due to compressive axial load was investigated and it shows that both bricks satisfy the requirement as load bearing wall. However, the study concluded that sand cement brick wall showed better performance, with maximum lateral displacement of 3.81mm, vertical deflection of 6.63 mm and ultimate load of 448.13 kN.

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Ram Parajuli, Hari, and Arjun Ghimire. "Investigation on Lateral Loading on Masonry Walls." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 19, no. 2 (October 10, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39385.

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5) Though a traditional material used for construction for ages, masonry is a complex composite material, and its mechanical behavior is influenced by a large number of factors, is not generally well understood. This research aims to study the methodology available in the literature to evaluate the increase in performance of masonry by applying different reinforcement options under in-plane lateral loading. Nonlinear static analysis has been carried out as part of this research to achieve the above objectives. Different unreinforced masonry wall panels were analyzed at various load conditions. Material properties for the masonry wall were taken from the experimental test results of previous literature. The walls were first checked for two failure mechanisms. The stress distributions of walls were checked in each step of analysis and shear failure, and rocking failure was found. Each wall was then analyzed for six different reinforcement options. The comparison of results obtained from the reinforced wall analysis with that of the unreinforced wall indicated significant increase in lateral load-bearing capacity and decreased wall displacement with reinforcement. The maximum increase in load-bearing capacity was achieved by adding chicken wire mesh or CFRP bands throughout the wall while the maximum decrease in displacement was achieved by adding 12 mm diameter bars at the spacing of one meter.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Load-bearing walls'

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