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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Load cell'
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1
Mariani, D'Altri Cristina. "Study of a load cell: calculation of load cell parameters and study of a weighing process." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25602/.
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This thesis had two main purposes: the first one was to calculate the elastic constant and the damping factor of the load cell; the second goal was to develop a high speed weighing process, a procedure for achieving a mass estimate within 100 milliseconds with a precision of 0.5%.
The work has been conducted during an internship in Nanolever s.r.l., a company which designs industrial weighing systems.
Regarding the first goal, the obtained results consist in an elastic constant k = (22741 ± 53)N/m and a damping factor ζ = 0.0107 ± 0.0007.
The next part of the project allowed the achievement of mass estimates of a mass sample without all the data points of the settling transient of the load cell. I obtained the results thanks to two methods: firstly, a MATLAB fitting of the graph, then another
fitting procedure but with Python.
As a complessive final result, for a set of data acquired in 10 milliseconds, Python returned mass estimates with a precision of about 0.5% - 1%, whereas MATLAB presented analogous outcomes with a bit lower precision, ranging from 1% to 2%. By observing the results, a minimum precision of 0.5%, as required, is reached by analising data samples acquired in 50 ms.
Moreover, all the time results exceeded the prefixed time limit of 100 ms: Python fitting shown a computing time of about 120 - 140 ms and MATLAB 130 - 160 ms.
To conclude, a method for estimating the mass of an object without having all the data points of the settling transient of the load cell has been developed. Unfortunately, to gain the required precision the time limit of 100 ms has been exceeded; however, this fact may lead to future studies which will be able to allow the hoped results with more advanced technology and improved working methods.
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Lackey, John David. "Non-Intrusive Fuel Cell Load Interaction Monitoring." Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/lackey/LackeyJ0506.pdf.
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This thesis presents the development of a non-intrusive method for monitoring fuel cells. The instrumentation demands that only the readily accessible AC output terminals of the fuel cell be monitored, making it easy to install on an existing fuel cell. The monitoring hardware senses the current and voltage output of the fuel cell and converts the measurements into the digital domain. The original algorithm to process the data was the Non-Intrusive Load Monitor (NILM) system which detects specific events, classifies and stores them. The software that is described in this thesis is a data specific compression algorithm that is used to store a continuous stream of measurements so that it can be processed off line. This gives the user the ability to search for critical interactions between the fuel cell and loads in the system after the fact, rather than demanding that load and interaction dynamics be known before the monitor is installed.
3
Joshi, Raoul, and Per Sundström. "WCDMA Cell Load Control in a High-speed Train Scenario : Development of Proactive Load Control Strategies." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikationssystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-84635.
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Load control design is one of the major cornerstones of radio resource management in today's UMTS networks. A WCDMA cell's ability to utilize available spectrum efficiently, maintain system stability and deliver minimum quality of service (QoS) requirements to in-cell users builds on the algorithms employed to manage the load. Admission control (AC) and congestion control (CC) are the two foremost techniques used for regulating the load, and differing environments will place varying requirements on the AC and CC schemes to optimize the QoS for the entire radio network. This thesis studies a real-life situation where cells are put under strenuous conditions, investigates the degrading effects a high-speed train has on the cell's ability to maintain acceptable levels of QoS, and proposes methods for mitigating these effects. The scenario is studied with regard to voice traffic where the limiting radio resource is downlink power. CC schemes that take levels of fairness into account between on-board train users and outdoor users are proposed and evaluated through simulation. Methods to anticipatorily adapt radio resource management (RRM) in a cell to prepare for a train is proposed and evaluated through simulation. A method to detect a high-speed train in a cell, and the users on it, is outlined and motivated but not simulated. Simulation results are promising but not conclusive. The suggested CC schemes show a surprising tendency towards an increase in congestion avoidance performance. Proactive RRM shows a significant increase in QoS for on-board users. No negative effects to users in the macro environment is noticed, with regard to the studied metrics.
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Parker, Sian Marie. "The effect of mechanical load on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492845.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells, derived from bone marrow. Induction of MSC differentiation in vitro can occur with the appropriate culture conditions and more recently, the application of mechanical load has been implicated in MSC differentiation. Cells derived from MSCs, namely chondrocytes and osteoblasts have previously been shown to respond to mechanical load in vitro, and cartilage and bone are known to experience coinpressive tensile and shear forcesin vivo. A lack of mechanical load is known to affect MSC differentiation, however to date the effect of mechanical load on MSC differentiation potential has yet to be determined.
5
Robinson, Gordon M. "Genetic algorithm optimisation of load cell geometry by finite element analysis." Thesis, City University London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307876.
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Hoffman, Benjamin R. "Six-Component Load Cell Design for Use in Force Measurement Platforms." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1383950379.
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Nyembe, Wiseman Nkosingiphile. "Load balancing using cell range expansion in LTE advanced heterogeneous networks." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20338.
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The use of heterogeneous networks is on the increase, fueled by consumer demand for more data. The main objective of heterogeneous networks is to increase capacity. They offer solutions for efficient use of spectrum, load balancing and improvement of cell edge coverage amongst others. However, these solutions have inherent challenges such as inter-cell interference and poor mobility management. In heterogeneous networks there is transmit power disparity between macro cell and pico cell tiers, which causes load imbalance between the tiers. Due to the conventional user-cell association strategy, whereby users associate to a base station with the strongest received signal strength, few users associate to small cells compared to macro cells. To counter the effects of transmit power disparity, cell range expansion is used instead of the conventional strategy. The focus of our work is on load balancing using cell range expansion (CRE) and network utility optimization techniques to ensure fair sharing of load in a macro and pico cell LTE Advanced heterogeneous network. The aim is to investigate how to use an adaptive cell range expansion bias to optimize Pico cell coverage for load balancing. Reviewed literature points out several approaches to solve the load balancing problem in heterogeneous networks, which include, cell range expansion and utility function optimization. Then, we use cell range expansion, and logarithmic utility functions to design a load balancing algorithm. In the algorithm, user and base station associations are optimized by adapting CRE bias to pico base station load status. A price update mechanism based on a suboptimal solution of a network utility optimization problem is used to adapt the CRE bias. The price is derived from the load status of each pico base station. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated by means of an LTE MATLAB toolbox. Simulations were conducted according to 3GPP and ITU guidelines for modelling heterogeneous networks and propagation environment respectively. Compared to a static CRE configuration, the algorithm achieved more fairness in load distribution. Further, it achieved a better trade-off between cell edge and cell centre user throughputs. [Please note: this thesis file has been deferred until December 2016]
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Gardner, Oliver. "The regulation of human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis through multiaxial load." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/86970/.
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The repair of damaged articular cartilage remains a clinical problem despite the development of numerous surgical approaches for cartilage regeneration. As result new options for therapeutic approaches are being sought. One of the candidate cell types for cartilage repair are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells can be isolated from a number of different tissues and have the ability to differentiate down several different mesenchymal lineages. This thesis focused on the use of MSCs for repairing damaged articular cartilage. Specifically I investigated the effect of producing regenerative medicine type constructs containing different populations of MSCs on the induction of chondrogenesis in response to mechanical load, compared the induction of chondrogenesis in MSCs through the application of exogenous TGF-β1 and multiaxial mechanical load and identified potentially novel markers of MSC chondrogenesis. The results presented in this thesis show that the induction of chondrogenesis in MSCs can be manipulated by producing constructs that contain separate populations of MSCs. The work demonstrated that seeding a layer of MSCs on the loaded surface of a fibrin-poly(ester-urethane) scaffold could increase the deposition of histologically detectable matrix. However, it was not possible to determine the mechanism responsible for this. Comparison of the secretomes of MSCs stimulated with TGF-β1 and mechanical load showed that these two forms of chondrogenic stimulation are not analogous and that a number of markers, including GRO and MMP13 may be useful for monitoring the progression of MSCs through chondrogenesis and hypertrophy. These data provide further insights into the effect of joint-like load on MSCs within tissue engineering/regenerative medicine style constructs, and the chondrogenic response of MSCs to this stimulation, which may prove to be useful for the development of constructs for cartilage repair.
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Dave, Amy V. "Antigen load and cytokine requirements for CD8 T cell memory generation." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1465071.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 19, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-60).
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Piyasin, Surasith. "The design of the hollow-bore clevis-pin type of load cell." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322937.
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Ruiz, Maria Rosa S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Design and analysis of a Stewart-platform-based six-axis load cell." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112395.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 43).
In this work, a six-axis load cell based on the geometry of a Stewart platform was developed. Its geometry and functional requirements were motivated by the needs of robotic limbs designed to be attached to human workers to support them in typically unergonomic positions. The sensor can measure forces and torques in six degrees of freedom, and can stably support the worker in various hanging positions while still being sensitive to load measurements in different directions. Furthermore, it is made from inexpensive, commonly available cantilever beam load cells. In the least accurate direction, Mx, our measurements were consistently 20% below the nominal applied load. In the most accurate directions, Fx, My, and Mz, our measurements were consistently within 5% of the nominal applied loads. Performance can be optimized using the condition number of the transformation matrix. The full-scale version of the hex sensor is also designed and optimized based on its condition number.
by Maria Rosa Ruiz.
S.B.
12
Pentz, Rory Adriaan. "Development of a multi-cell inverter topology for driving nonlinear piezoelectric load." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1080.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Magister Technologiae Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Supervisor: Mr. J. Wheeler
Co-supervisor: Dr. R.H. Wilkinson
Cape Town
October 2013This report presents the design and development of a five cell multicell inverter for driving a piezoelectric load. The multicell inverter was chosen for this application as it became evident that it would be more suitable for driving piezoelectric transducers due to its high apparent switching frequency. The multicell inverter was designed using DirectFET’s as this type of FET has a high current switching ability in a very small package. A positive and negative bootstrap power supply was incorporated in the design to reduce the number of supplies to power the gate drive circuits of the multicell inverter. Three compensation networks were designed and constructed to investigate which one would transfer the most energy to the piezoelectric transducer. It was also important to investigate whether these compensation networks were able to reduce the harmonic content produced by the multicell inverter. This is necessary in order to excite the transducer correctly. It was found that the Q-Matching compensation network reduced the harmonic content applied to the load the most. Experiments were also conducted to determine if the advantage of the apparent frequency of the multicell inverter would mean that the piezoelectric load could be driven directly with the multicell inverter without any damage to the transducer. It was however required to increase the applied apparent power to the transducer to compensate for the reactive component of the load in order to melt the plastic which was used as the load to the transducer. Experiments were conducted to determine if the charge on the cell capacitors of the multicell inverter would stay balanced while driving a non linear load such as a piezoelectric transducer. The results showed that the voltages stayed balanced when driving the piezoelectric transducer.
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Dube, Thobile Thenjiwe. "Measuring the fracture energy of bed breakage using a short impact load cell." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25270.
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Particle fracture is the elementary process that governs comminution. In industrial machines particle breakage occurs mainly through three mechanisms: impact, abrasion and attrition. Of these mechanisms, impact breakage is known to be the most basic form of particle size reduction. Comminution devices are highly inefficient, as the energy used for particle breakage relative to that consumed by the equipment is low and reported to be between 1-2 %. As such, understanding the fundamentals of particle fracture is crucial for the development of energy efficient particle size reduction methods. Research done towards investigating particle fracture under impact loading has led to the development of several devices which include the twin pendulum device, drop weight tester, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar, Rotary Breakage Tester and the Short Impact Load Cell. In this study the Short Impact Load Cell (SILC) was used to conduct bed breakage experiments on partially confined particles. Breakage tests using this device were conducted by vertically releasing a steel ball of known mass onto a bed of particles from a known height. The bed rested on a steel rod which was fitted with strain gauges to measure the particle response to impact loading. Tests were conducted on two ores, blue stone and UG2, to investigate the effect of three variables: steel ball mass, drop height and bed depth on the breakage behaviour of particles. The effect of each variable was investigated by evaluating the peak forces obtained, the particle fracture energy and the degree of particle breakage attained. For both ores it was found that the peak force increased linearly with increasing steel ball mass and drop height, and it was found that the drop height had a greater effect on the peak force than the steel ball mass. The maximum peak forces were obtained at one layer of particles and increasing the bed depth generally led to a reduction in the peak force. An exponential relationship was found between the peak force and bed depth, where the peak force decreased with increasing bed depth. It was found that the blue stone particles did not break at the range of input energies used in this work, therefore no fracture energy results were reported for blue stone. The fracture energy values for UG2 were low, where the maximum energy used for particle fracture was 2.7 % of the input energy. There was no direct correlation between the fracture energy and the steel ball mass, drop height and bed depth; however it was found that the bed depth had a larger effect on the fracture energy compared to both the steel ball mass and drop height. The greatest amount of energy used for fracture was generally obtained at the largest input energies using the 357 and 510 g balls. The optimum drop height which resulted in the highest fracture energy was generally found to be either 240 or 300 mm. A bed depth of five layers was found to be the optimum bed depth that allowed for the highest amount of energy to be utilized for breakage. No breakage results were obtained for blue stone due to the hardness and stiffness of the ore. For UG2, tests conducted at the same bed depth showed a trend in which the breakage initially increased greatly with increasing input energy; however at larger input energies the breakage obtained approached a constant value. Although the input energy was varied by changing both the steel ball mass and the drop height, the results showed that the degree of breakage was more dependent on the steel ball mass compared to the drop height. For all tests conducted, the maximum breakage was obtained at one layer of particles and increasing the bed depth led to a decrease in the breakage obtained. The results showed that the fracture energy and the degree of breakage were not directly related. It was found that there is an optimum amount of energy utilized for fracture that leads to the greatest breakage, where an in increase in the energy beyond the optimum point does not significantly affect the breakage obtained.
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ANDERSSON, JOHAN, and RICKARD HÖGLUND. "Electric Load Driven Longboard." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279809.
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This bachelor’s thesis aims to show an extensive overview of all the parts that build up an electric load driven longboard and see if a load controlled longboard can be seen as a safe, comfortable and convenient alternative to the more common remote controlled longboard. The thesis will also answer how weight can be measured on a longboard in the most effective way, what the most comfortable riding technique is and what a good motor-battery configuration to be able to travel at 30 km/h and 10 km would be. The longboard measures the weight distribution with load cells located between the deck and the trucks. An Arduino translates the input from the load cells to a certain speed and then sends it to an ODrive which controls a BLDC motor that is powered by two LiPo batteries. The results show that a load controlled longboard can very well be seen as a good alternative if right riding technique is used. The best technique is when the longboard accelerates when the rider tilts and keeps a constant speed when the rider stands straight. The best way to measure the weight is to fasten the trucks with hinges which lets the load cells register weight without anything interfering. Not all tests could be done because of Covid-19 but a measured top speed of 15 km/h with a high gear ratio is a promising result for the future when more suitable gear ratios will be tested to try to reach the goal of 30 km/h.Det här kandidatexamensarbetet strävar efter att visa en omfattande överblick på alla delar som bygger upp en elektrisk lastdriven longboard och se om en laststyrd longboard kan ses som ett säkert, komfortabelt och behändigt alternativ till den vanligare radiostyrda longboarden via handkontroll. Det här arbetet kommer också svara på hur vikt kan mätas på en longboard på ett så effektivt sätt som möjligt, vad som är den mest bekväma åkstilen och vad är en bra motor-batteri konfiguration för att kunna åka i 30 km/h och nå 10 km skulle vara. Longboarden mäter viktfördelningen med lastceller som är placerade mellan brädan och truckarna. En Arduino omvandlar indatan från lastcellerna till en specifik hastighet som den sedan skickar till en ODrive som kontrollerar en borstlös likströmsmotor som i sin tur är driven av två LiPo batterier. Resultaten visar att en laststyrd longboard kan mycket väl ses som ett bra alternativ om rätt åkstil används. Den bästa stilen är att longboarden accelererar när åkaren lutar sig och håller en konstant hastighet när åkaren står rakt. Det bästa sättet att mäta vikt är att montera truckarna på gångjärn som låter lastcellerna mäta vikt utan att något stör. Alla tester kunde inte utföras på grund av Covid-19 men en uppmätt topphastighet på 15 km/h med en hög utväxling är ett lovande resultat för framtiden när lämpligare utväxlingar kommer testas för att försöka nå målet på 30 km/h.
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Donati, Elena. "Extensometers for real-time detection of the elements' weight in an integrated security system." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Das, Kakoli. "Anodized titania : processing and characterization to improve cell-materials interactions for load bearing implants." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2007/K_Das_042507.pdf.
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Karthauser, Zoe. "A new approach to drug delivery : non-peptidic, high load macrocyclic alternatives to cell penetrating peptides." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48136/.
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Calixarenes are versatile macrocycles formed from the condensation of para-tertbutyl- phenol and formaldehyde. Chapter 1 describes the synthesis of these molecules and how conformational control and selective functionalisation can give an array of molecules with customised properties; this allows for various applications including those of biological relevance. The copper catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction is also introduced as a tool for functionalising calixarenes. The phenomenon of cell penetration is of interest where a molecule has an intracellular target, for example gene therapy, delivery of cytotoxic agents or cellular imaging. Chapter 2 introduces the mechanisms of cell uptake and the design and applications of cell penetrating peptides. Calixarenes are presented as alternatives to cell penetrating peptides and the work published to date on intracellular delivery of calixarenes is summarised. A synthetic route for calixarenes with variable fluorescent dyes and different functionalities on the upper rim via a common intermediate is presented. Synthesis of an analogue featuring guanidinium groups on the upper rim was achieved using carboxybenzyl (Cbz) protecting groups as a less labile alternative to butoxycarbonyl (Boc) groups. The syntheses of analogues with varied linkers for attachment of the dye are also presented. Biological evaluation revealed that the dynamics of cellular uptake and the intracellular localisation were sensitive to the upper-rim functionalisation and the dye molecule. The linker attaching the dye had less impact. Chapter 3 describes the suitability of calixarenes as scaffolds to form glycoconjugates. These can be used to target Pseudomonas aeruginosa; research towards development of novel treatments of infections from this pathogen is summarised. A route that has been developed towards bifunctional calixarenes featuring a fluorescent tag and points of attachment for sugars via CuAAC reactions is presented. The use of alkyne protecting groups to maintain the integrity of the scaffold during transformations was found to be particularly important.
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Joshi, Kroopa. "Deciphering the T cell receptor repertoire and immune checkpoint landscape in tumours with a high mutational load." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10058184/.
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The advent of checkpoint immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of solid cancers, resulting in durable responses in a number of patients. However the majority of patients do not respond to treatment, underscoring the need to better understand the mechanisms that underlie the immunological response to cancer. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis and immune checkpoint mapping are powerful tools to study the anti-tumoural immune response. This thesis explores the TCR repertoire and immune checkpoint landscape in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and metastatic melanoma. In patients with MIBC, immune checkpoint mapping and TCR repertoire analysis revealed similarities between lymphocytes in the urine and bladder tumour microenvironment. Urine-derived lymphocytes may therefore provide a non-invasive immune biomarker to track the evolution of the immune landscape in MIBC. The lung TRACERx study is a prospective study exploring the cancer genome evolution of early stage NSCLC. The TCR repertoire of multi-region tumour specimens was found to be distinct to non-tumour lung and PBMC. TCR repertoire heterogeneity amongst TCRs preferentially expanded in the tumour, was correlated to intratumoural genomic heterogeneity. Intratumoural TCR expansion enriched for a tumour reactive T cell phenotype. These observations suggest a dynamic intra-tumoural T cell response related to the mutational landscape of NSCLC. The immune checkpoint landscape of treatment naïve and anti-PD-1 treated metastatic melanoma patients was assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry. The checkpoint phenotype of PD-1 expressing tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in treatment naïve samples was heterogeneous. Drug bound effector TILs in anti-PD-1 treated melanoma co-expressed multiple immune checkpoint molecules that may have contributed to treatment resistance. Immune checkpoint mapping of CD8+ and CD4+FoxP3- cells and CD4+FoxP3+ (regulatory T cells) revealed differences in the expression level and frequencies of key co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory molecules. TCR repertoire analysis and T cell immune checkpoint mapping provide valuable and complementary tools for analysis of the immune response to solid cancers.
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Zientarski, Lauren Ann. "Wind Tunnel Testing of a Variable Camber Compliant Wing with a Unique Dual Load Cell Test Fixture." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1448893315.
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Zhang, Sina. "Inter-cell Interference Coordination in Indoor LTE Systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91849.
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Inter-cell interference coordination in 3GPP Long Term Evolution system received much attention in recent years. However, most of the studies are based on ideal system with regular hexagon-shaped cell. The indoor environment has special characteristics that the building shape and BS locations are irregular; the traffic load has great variation compared to urban and rural area. So, conventional ICIC scheme may not be used in indoor situation directly. In this thesis, ICIC scheme is employed for indoor environment. Based on different quality of backhaul, static and dynamic schemes will be proposed. The performances of proposed schemes and the performance of system without ICIC will be simulated and compared. At last, how much the improvement of the system can acquire after applying ICIC schemes will be analyzed, and the question about whether it is good to apply ICIC scheme in indoor environment will be answered.
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LAZOR, DANIEL R. Jr. "CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING THE DYNAMIC INERTIA METHOD IN ESTIMATING RIGID BODY INERTIA PROPERTY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1093047356.
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BONETTI, Sara. "Influence of genetic factors in newly diagnosed type 2 diabeticpatients: the TCF7L2 and GENETIC LOAD studies." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/343536.
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Introduzione. Negli ultimi anni sono stati individuati molti nuovi polimorfismi (SNP, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) associati allo sviluppo di diabete di tipo 2 (T2DM), soprattutto grazie all’avvento di nuove tecniche di genotipizzazione su larga scala, GWAS (Genome Wide Association Scan). Ogni SNP però contribuisce da solo in modo marginale al rischio di sviluppare la
malattia e spesso è poco chiara la funzione biologica di queste varianti geniche nella regolazione dell’omeostasi del glucosio. Tra questi polimorfismi, la variante intronica rs7903146 del gene TCF7L2 (Transcription Factor 7 Like 2) è al momento il più forte fattore di rischio per il diabete di tipo 2 (O.R.= 1.37).
Scopo dello studio. Chiarire l’effetto di diversi loci associati allo sviluppo di T2DM su fenotipi clinici e patofisiologici (funzione beta-cellulare e sensibilità insulinica) in pazienti con T2DM neo-diagnosticato.
Metodi. Abbiamo analizzato 464 pazienti di discendenza italiana con T2DM neodiagnosticato, anti-GAD negativi. La caratterizzazione clinica standard è stata effettuata mediante metodi classici. La funzione beta-cellulare è stata valutata applicando un modello matematico alle curve di glucosio e di C-peptide derivanti da prelievi eseguiti durante OGTT, ed è
differenziabile in due componenti: prima fase di secrezione insulinica o controllo derivativo, rappresentato dalla quantità di insulina secreta in risposta all’incremento unitario della concentrazione di glucosio, e la seconda fase di secrezione o controllo proporzionale, rappresentato come la velocità di secrezione insulinica a concentrazioni crescenti di glucosio (5.5, 8.0, 11.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mM). La misura della sensibilità insulinica deriva dalla quantità di glucosio infuso che
viene metabolizzato negli ultimi 60 minuti del clamp euglicemica, tale valore è detto M.
Sono stati genotipizzati i seguenti SNP, già visti essere associati allo sviluppo di T2DM: rs7901695 (TCF7L2), rs7903146 (TCF7L2), rs11196205 (TCF7L2), rs12255372 (TCF7L2), rs679931 (CACNA1E), rs1801282 (PPARG), rs1044498 (ENPP1), rs10946398 (CDKAL1), rs1111875 (HHEX/IDE) rs10010131 (WFS1), rs4430796 (TCF2), rs4402960 (IGF2BP2).
Risultati.
TCF7L2. Gli alleli di rischio di 3 su 4 polimorfismi di TCF7L2
(rs7901695, rs7903146, rs11196205) sono associati a più alti valori plasmatici di glucosio a digiuno (p<0.001, p<0.03 e p<0.01 rispettivamente). Gli allele di rischio dei primi due SNP (rs7901695 e rs7903146) sono associati ad un aumento del controllo proporzionale della funzione beta cellulare (p<0.02 e p<0.03 rispettivamente). Tramite l’analisi degli aplotipi sono stati individuati 4 aplotipi rappresentati nella popolazione in esame e due di questi (haplo4, frequenza: 0.038 e haplo9, frequenza: 0.086) hanno un forte impatto sulla funzione beta-cellulare.
Altre varianti geniche. Nessuno dei rimanenti 8 polimorfismi (rs679931, rs1801282, rs1044498, rs10946398, rs1111875, rs10010131, rs4430796, rs4402960) ha mostrato associazione indipendente con alterazioni della funzione beta-cellulare o della sensibilità insulinica. Abbiamo calcolato uno score genetico di queste varianti sommando il numero di alleli di rischio presenti in ogni paziente (escludendo TCF7L2). I pazienti sono stati divisi in tre gruppi: portatori di un numero di alleli di rischio ≤ 6 (gruppo A, n=76), pazienti con un numero di alleli di rischio compresa tra 7 e 9 (gruppo B, n=226) e soggetti con un numero di alleli di rischio ≥ 10 (gruppo C, n=69). Il controllo proporzionale della funzione beta cellulare risultava alterato in modo statisticamente significativo (p=0.05) nel gruppo C rispetto agli altri due gruppi. Maggiore è il numero di alleli di rischio associato a T2DM, peggiore è la funzione beta-cellulare.
Conclusioni. Questi dati mostrano come diverse varianti geniche giocano un ruolo significativo nel determinare il fenotipo patofisiologico dei pazienti con T2DM neo-diagnosticato, influenzando soprattutto la funzione beta-cellulare. Perciò, la valutazione dei genotipi di rischio per il T2DM potrebbe tornare utile per scopi diagnostici, prognostici e terapeutici in pazienti con T2DM neodiagnosticato.Background. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have played a primary role in demonstrating that genetic variation in a number of loci, as assessed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), affects the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among these, rs7903146, an intronic variant of the TCF7L2 (Transcription Factor 7 Like 2) gene, is possibly the strongest known genetic risk factor for T2DM (O.R.=1.37). Each risk variant, however, per se contributes quantitatively little to the overall risk and is often of questionable biological significance in affecting the determinants of glucose regulation. Aim(s). To elucidate the effects of several T2DM risk genetic loci on clinical and pathophysiological (beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity) phenotypes of patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. Methods. We studied 464 patients of Italian ancestry with newly diagnosed, GAD-antibody negative, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Standard clinical phenotyping was carried out by classical methods. Beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity were assessed by mathematical modeling of glucose and C-peptide curves during a 240’ frequently sampled OGTT and by euglycemic insulin clamp, respectively. Beta-cell function is described as the sum of two components: i. first phase of insulin secretion or derivative control (DC), presented as the pulse secretory response to a unit rate of change in glucose concentration; ii. second phase of insulin secretion or proportional control (PC), presented as the insulin secretion rate at glucose concentrations of 5.5, 8.0, 11.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mM, respectively. Insulin sensitivity is presented as the amount of glucose infused which is metabolized in the last 60’ of the euglycemic clamp (M value). The following SNPs (related gene in brackets), already known to be risk loci of T2DM, were genotyped: rs7901695 (TCF7L2), rs7903146 (TCF7L2), rs11196205 (TCF7L2), rs12255372 (TCF7L2), rs679931 (CACNA1E), rs1801282 (PPARG), rs1044498 (ENPP1), rs10946398 (CDKAL1), rs1111875 (HHEX/IDE) rs10010131 (WFS1), rs4430796 (TCF2), rs4402960 (IGF2BP2). Results. TCF7L2. The risk alleles of 3 (rs7901695, rs7903146, rs11196205) out of 4 TCF7L2 SNPs were associated with higher fasting plasma glucose (p<0.01, p<0.03 and p<0.01 respectively). The risk alleles of the first two SNPs (rs7901695, rs7903146) were associated to a decrease in the proportional control of beta-cell function (p<0.02 and p<0.03 respectively). Four TCF7L2 haplotypes were detected, two of which (haplo4, frequency: 0.038; and haplo9, frequency: 0.086) had a strong impact on beta-cell function. Haplo4 was associated with the lowest proportional control of beta-cell function while haplo9 showed the highest. Other genetic variants. None of the 8 remaining SNPs (rs679931, rs1801282, rs1044498, rs10946398, rs1111875, rs10010131, rs4430796, rs4402960) showed any significant independent association with insulin sensitivity or beta-cell function. We computed a genetic risk score of this variants, by summing the number of the T2DM risk alleles present in each patient (excluding TCF7L2). The patients were divided into three groups: 6 or less risk alleles (group A, n=76), 7-9 risk alleles (group B, n=226), 10 or more risk alleles (group C, n=69). The porportional control of beta-cell function was significantly impaired (P=0.05) in group C than in the other two groups, i.e. the higher the number of T2DM risk variants the lower beta cell function. Conclusions. These data show that several genetic variants play a significant role in determining the pathophysiological phenotype of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, with most of the influence exerted on beta-cell function. Thus, assessment of T2DM risk genotype may turn to be useful for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM.
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Inaba, Katsuhisa. "Small intestine CD4+ cell reduction and enteropathy in SHIV-KS661-infected rhesus macaques in presence of low viral load." Kyoto University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120585.
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Repasy, Teresa S. "Role of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-Induced Necrotic Cell Death of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2014. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/747.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, can manipulate host cell death pathways as virulent strains inhibit apoptosis to protect its replication niche and induce necrosis as a mechanism of escape. In vitro studies revealed that similar to lytic viruses, M. tuberculosis has the ability to induce cytolysis in macrophages when it reaches an intracellular burden of ~25 bacilli. Base on this finding, we proposed the burst size hypothesis that states when M. tuberculosis invades a macrophage at a low multiplicity of infection it replicates to a burst size triggering necrosis to escape the cell and infect naïve nearby phagocytes, propagating the spread of infection. The first part of this study investigated if the in vitro observations of M. tuberculosis cytolysis were relevant to cell death of infected phagocytes during pulmonary tuberculosis in vivo. Mice infected with a low dose of M. tuberculosis revealed during TB disease, the major host cell shifted from one type of phagocyte to another. Enumeration of intracellular bacilli from infected lung cells revealed the predictions of the hypothesis were confirmed by the distribution of bacillary loads across the population of infected phagocytes. Heavily burdened cells appeared nonviable sharing distinctive features similar to infected macrophages from in vitro studies. Collectively, the data indicates that M. tuberculosis triggers necrosis in mononuclear cells when its number reaches the threshold burst size.
The previous study showed during the period of logarithmic bacterial expansion, neutrophils were the primary host cell for M. tuberculosis coinciding with the timeframe of the highest rate of burst size necrosis. The second part of this study examined this link by infecting mice with one of four different M. tuberculosis strains ranging in virulence. Mice infected with the most virulent strain had the highest bacterial burden and elicited the greatest number of infected neutrophils with the most extensive lung inflammation and greater accounts of cell death. Treating these mice with a bacteriostatic agent decreased the bacterial load and infected neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner indicating necrosis induced by virulent M. tuberculosis recruited neutrophils to the lungs. Infected neutrophils can serve as a biomarker in tuberculosis as evidenced by poorly controlled infection and increased severity of lung immune pathology.
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Saurya, Shreesh. "Characterization of HIV-1 genes from AIDS patients on combination therapy with discordance between viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620726.
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Suresh, Angel D. "Modeling of Electrolytic Membranes for Large Area Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1282064764.
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Splittstoesser, Riley Emiel. "Inflammatory Responses to Combinations of: Mental Load, Repetitive Lifting and Subject Personality." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1479763594134482.
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Mulargia, Simone Maria. "The behaviour of osteocyte dendritic processes in bone under cyclic load (il comportamento dei processi dendritici degli osteociti nel tessuto osseo sottoposti a carico ciclico)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6809/.
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Bone is continually being removed and replaced through the actions of basic multicellular units (BMU). This constant upkeep is necessary to remove microdamage formed naturally due to fatigue and thus maintain the integrity of the bone.
The repair process in bone is targeted, meaning that a BMU travels directly to the site of damage and repairs it. It is still unclear how targeted remodelling is stimulated and directed but it is highly likely that osteocytes play a role. A number of theories have been advanced to explain the microcrack osteocyte interaction but no complete mechanism has been demonstrated.
Osteocytes are connected to each other by dendritic processes. The “scissors model" proposed that the rupture of these processes where they cross microcracks signals the degree of damage and the urgency of the necessary repair. In its original form it was proposed that under applied compressive loading, microcrack faces will be pressed together and undergo relative shear movement. If this movement is greater than the width of an osteocyte process, then the process will be cut in a “scissors like" motion, releasing RANKL, a cytokine known to be essential in the formation of osteoclasts from pre-osteoclasts. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate this theoretical model with a specific focus on microscopy and finite element modelling. Previous studies had proved that cyclic stress was necessary for osteocyte process rupture to occur. This was a divergence from the original “scissors model" which had proposed that the cutting of cell material occurred in one single action.
The present thesis is the first study to show fatigue failure in cellular processes spanning naturally occurring cracks and it's the first study to estimate the cyclic strain range and relate it to the number of cycles to failure, for any type of cell.
Rupture due to shear movement was ruled out as microcrack closing never occurred, as a result of plastic deformation of the bone. Fatigue failure was found to occur due to cyclic tensile stress in the locality of the damage. The strain range necessary for osteocyte process rupture was quantified. It was found that the lower the process strain range the greater the number of cycles to cell process failure.
FEM modelling allowed to predict stress in the vicinity of an osteocyte process and to analyse its interaction with the bone surrounding it: simulations revealed evident creep effects in bone during cyclic loading.
This thesis confirms and dismisses aspects of the “scissors model". The observations support the model as a viable mechanism of microcrack detection by the osteocyte network, albeit in a slightly modified form where cyclic loading is necessary and the method of rupture is fatigue failure due to cyclic tensile motion. An in depth study was performed focusing on microscopy analysis of naturally occurring cracks in bone and FEM simulation analysis of an osteocyte process spanning a microcrack in bone under cyclic load.
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Allenstein, Jacob T. "An Investigation in Gold-Plating Scaled Turbofan Engine Simulators through Means of Aerodynamic and Load Cell Thrust Measurements with Comparisons to Full-Scale Engine Results." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386061117.
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Ahn, Tae-Hyuk. "Computational Techniques for the Analysis of Large Scale Biological Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77162.
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An accelerated pace of discovery in biological sciences is made possible by a new generation of computational biology and bioinformatics tools. In this dissertation we develop novel computational, analytical, and high performance simulation techniques for biological problems, with applications to the yeast cell division cycle, and to the RNA-Sequencing of the yellow fever mosquito.
Cell cycle system evolves stochastic effects when there are a small number of molecules react each other. Consequently, the stochastic effects of the cell cycle are important, and the evolution of cells is best described statistically. Stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA), the standard stochastic method for chemical kinetics, is often slow because it accounts for every individual reaction event. This work develops a stochastic version of a deterministic cell cycle model, in order to capture the stochastic aspects of the evolution of the budding yeast wild-type and mutant strain cells. In order to efficiently run large ensembles to compute statistics of cell evolution, the dissertation investigates parallel simulation strategies, and presents a new probabilistic framework to analyze the performance of dynamic load balancing algorithms. This work also proposes new accelerated stochastic simulation algorithms based on a fully implicit approach and on stochastic Taylor expansions.
Next Generation RNA-Sequencing, a high-throughput technology to sequence cDNA in order to get information about a sample's RNA content, is becoming an efficient genomic approach to uncover new genes and to study gene expression and alternative splicing. This dissertation develops efficient algorithms and strategies to find new genes in Aedes aegypti, which is the most important vector of dengue fever and yellow fever. We report the discovery of a large number of new gene transcripts, and the identification and characterization of genes that showed male-biased expression profiles. This basic information may open important avenues to control mosquito borne infectious diseases.Ph. D.
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Birck, Matthew D. "TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF RIVERBED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AT AN INDUCED INFILTRATION SITE, SOUTHWEST OHIO." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1154693775.
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Zhang, Hong. "Energy-efficient strategies with base station power management for green wireless networks." IEEE Publishing, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31307.
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In this thesis, our objective is to improve the energy efficiency and load balance for wireless networks. We first study the relationships between the base station (BS) on/off operation and traffic distribution. A cooperative power saving method called clustering BS-off (CBSO) scheme is proposed. Instead of adopting a unified and consistent BS-off scheme in the whole network, the proposed centralized and distributed CBSO schemes can adaptively group BSs in several clusters based on the traffic fluctuations with space and time. Second, to further improve the network load balance and energy efficiency in distributed manner, we propose a power efficient self-organized virtual small networking (VSN) protocol. A heuristic firefly algorithm is applied to arrange the BSs' operation in small groups based on the traffic level. By jointly considering the load balance, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated based on the average and min-max traffic levels of BSs' groups. Finally, the importance of detailed BS operation between active and sleep modes is considered. The operating procedure of femtocell base station, i.e., HeNB, is modeled as an MAP/PH/1/k queueing system. Such queueing analysis particularly focuses on the HeNB vacation process with user priorities. The HeNB's power on/off scheme is modeled as alternative service and vacation periods. The hybrid access is regarded as high and low priority users in the queuing system. We further propose the adaptive service rate and vacation length (ASV) method, so that the HeNB can work in a more energy-efficient way while satisfying QoS requirements such as blocking probability and users waiting time.
Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategies and the overall network energy efficiency can be improved significantly.October 2016
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Gießler, Kim [Verfasser], and Lutz [Akademischer Betreuer] Göhring. "Characterizing viral distribution, viral load and cell tropism during early latent Equid Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection: novel insights into EHV-1 latency pathogenesis / Kim Gießler ; Betreuer: Lutz Göhring." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1230754776/34.
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Melle, Daniel, and Larsson Johan. "Mätningar av kantviksmaskin vid klämningsrörelse." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17167.
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I en kantviksmaskin som används för plåtbockning sker oönskade deformationer i mekanismen som klämmer fast arbetsmaterialet. Risken finns att deformationerna gör så arbetsmaterialet flyttas och det kan påverka positionen för bockningen.Målet med studien var att mäta laster och deformationer i kantviksmaskinen och sammanställa mätdata för att jämföra med FEM-analyser av konstruktionen och till grund för framtida arbete med maskinen. Problemet undersöktes genom att utföra mätningar med LVDT-givare och en lastcell. Mätresultatet visade att det blev en förskjutning och vid fastklämningen av arbetsmaterialet varierade klämkraften. FEM-analyserna kom upp i en lägre förskjutning än den uppmätta. Det finns då misstanke om att en del av förskjutningen kan bero på en mekanism för verktygsbyte. För att bekräfta detta behöver mätningar genomföras som kan visa bidraget av deformation från denna mekanism. FEM-analyserna gjordes med olika lastfördelning för att motsvara klämkraften. Analysen med en uppdelad last var baserad på klämkraftens fördelning som var uppmätt och det gav en fördelning av förskjutningen som var lik den uppmätta. För framtida analyser rekommenderas att använda denna eller en liknande lastfördelning. Utifrån mätningar och analyser konstateras det att överprismat böjs och vrids under klämningen. Detta i sin tur ändrar öververktygens position samt bidrar till att klämning inte sker i mittenpositionerna.In an edge folding machine, used for sheet metal bending, which have undesired deformations in the mechanism that clamps the work material there is a risk that the deformations will cause the work material to be moved and this can affect the position of the bending. The aim of the study was to measure loads and deformations in the edge folding machine and compile measurement data to compare with FEM-analyzes of the design to get a basis for future work with the machine. The problem was investigated by carrying out measurements with LVDT-sensors and a load cell. The results showed that there was a displacement in the clamping of the work material and that the clamping force varied. The FEM-analyzes came up in a lower displacement than the measured one. A possible conjecture could be that a part of the displacement may be due to the tool change mechanism. To confirm this, measurements need to be performed which can show the contribution of deformation from this mechanism. The FEM-analyzes were made with different load distribution to correspond to the clamping force. The analysis with a divided load where the sectioning was based on the distribution of the clamping force that was measured gave a distribution of the displacement that was similar to the measured. For future analyzes it is recommended to use this or a similar load distribution. Based on measurements and analyzes it is found that the upper prism is bent and twisted during the clamping. This changes the position of the top tools and contribute to no clamping in the middle positions.
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Freitas, Ricardo Luiz Barros de. "Plataforma de força para aplicações biomédicas /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87056.
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Orientador: Aparecido Augusto de CarvalhoBanca: Nobuo Oki
Banca: Josivaldo Godoy da Silva
Resumo: Neste trabalho, descreve-se um sistema eletrônico informatizado implementado com o objetivo de medir a distribuição do peso corporal na região plantar de pacientes, visando relacioná-la diretamente à tipologia e deformidades dos pés e associando-a, indiretamente, a eventuais deformidades dos membros inferiores, coluna vertebral, algias músculoesqueléticas e instabilidades da postura humana. O sistema é constituído por células de carga com extensômetros, montadas em uma base metálica, circuito de condicionamento de sinais, circuito de interfaceamento e um display de cristal líquido. Foi construída uma plataforma piloto com 4 células de carga, mas o projeto do sistema prevê a construção de duas plataformas com 45 células de cargas, cada uma. As células de carga apresentaram resposta linear, precisão superior a 2%, resolução inferior a 0,5 N e histerese desprezível. São apresentados os resultados de medições, efetuadas com o sistema, para medir a distribuição de forças nas quatro células de carga, quando se aplicou sobre elas um peso conhecido. As informações foram apresentadas em um display de cristal líquido e posteriormente serão apresentadas na tela de um computador, por meio de um programa desenvolvido em Delphi, facilitando a visualização para especialistas da área, principalmente médicos, fisioterapeutas e terapeutas ocupacionais. Com o equipamento proposto será possível investigar, clinicamente, patologias estudadas pela Podologia, Posturologia e Podoposturologia, viabilizando, com as informações captadas pelo sistema, metodologias mais adequadas de tratamentos.
Abstract: In this work we describe an electrical system implemented with the purpose of measuring the distribution of body weight in plantar region of patients, aiming to relate it directly to the typology and deformities of the feet and involving it, indirectly, to any deformities of the lower limbs, skeletal spine, muscle-skeletal pains and human posture instability. The system consists of load cells with strain gages within a metal base, signal conditioning circuit, interfacing circuit, and a liquid crystal display. A prototype platform with 4 load cells was built, but the system will have two platforms with 45 loads of cells, each one. The load cells presented linear response, precision better than 2%, resolution less than 0.5 N, and low hysteresis. We show the results of the force distribution when a know weight is applied over the four load cells. The informations have been presented in a liquid crystal display, but later they will be presented in the screen of a computer, facilitating the visualization for specialists, mainly doctors, physiotherapists and occupational therapists. With the proposed equipment it will be possible to investigate, clinically, pathologies studied by Podology, Posturology and Podoposturology making feasible, with the information obtained with the system, more appropriate methodologies of treatment.
Mestre
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Hamann, Carina [Verfasser], Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Dressel, and Lutz [Gutachter] Walter. "Investigation of immune responses contributing to the pathogenesis of load-induced heart failure and the rejection of stem cell grafts / Carina Hamann ; Gutachter: Ralf Dressel, Lutz Walter ; Betreuer: Ralf Dressel." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1137701420/34.
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Smith, Graham H. R. "Prediction of clinical outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy : use of repeated measures of HIV viral load and CD4 cell count." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33842.
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Objective. To compare the prognostic ability of first available measurements of CD4 cell count and viral load with that of the most recent measurements and to assess the additional prognostic ability of the values of past measurements of these markers.Methods. Demographic and clinical information on 965 HIV-1 infected adults followed at a university-based HIV clinic in Montreal, Quebec were extracted from a clinical database. The prognostic ability of initial and most recent CD4 cell count and viral load measurements were assessed in a series of Cox models. The added prognostic ability of past values of measurements of these markers was explored by calculating; (i) the unweighted mean values of all previous measurements and (ii) a time-weighted mean. The differences between these mean levels and the most recent values were included as time-dependent covariates in Cox models adjusted for the value of the most recent measurements.
Conclusion. The most recent measurements of CD4 cell count and viral load are more powerful predictors of clinical disease progression than initial measurements. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Kevan, Luke Ian. "Full-Scale Testing of Blast-Induced Liquefaction Downdrag on Driven Piles in Sand." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6966.
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Deep foundations such as driven piles are often used to bypass liquefiable layers of soil and bear on more competent strata. When liquefaction occurs, the skin friction around the deep foundation goes to zero in the liquefiable layer. As the pore pressures dissipate, the soil settles. As the soil settles, negative skin friction develops owing to the downward movement of the soil surrounding the pile. To investigate the magnitude of the skin friction along the shaft three driven piles, an H-pile, a closed end pipe pile, and a concrete square pile, were instrumented and used to measure soil induced load at a site near Turrell, Arkansas following blast-induced liquefaction. Measurements were made of the load in the pile, the settlement of the ground and the settlement of piles in each case. Estimates of side friction and end-bearing resistance were obtained from Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) measurements during driving and embedded O-cell type testing. The H-pile was driven to a depth of 94 feet, the pipe pile 74 feet, and the concrete square pile 72 feet below the ground surface to investigate the influence of pile depth in response to liquefaction. All three piles penetrated the liquefied layer and tipped out in denser sand. The soil surrounding the piles settled 2.5 inches for the H-pile, 2.8 inches for the pipe pile and 3.3 inches for the concrete square pile. The piles themselves settled 0.28 inches for the H-pile, 0.32 inches for the pipe pile, and 0.28 inches for the concrete square pile. During reconsolidation, the skin friction of the liquefied layer was 43% for the H-pile, 41% for the pipe pile, and 49% for the concrete square pile. Due to the magnitude of load felt in the piles from these tests the assumption of 50% skin friction developing in the liquefied zone is reasonable. Reduced side friction in the liquefied zone led to full mobilization of skin friction in the non-liquefied soil, and partial mobilization of end bearing capacity. The neutral plane, defined as the depth where the settlement of the soil equals the settlement of the pile, was outside of the liquefied zone in each scenario. The neutral plane method that uses mobilized end bearing measured during blasting to calculate settlement of the pile post liquefaction proved to be accurate for these three piles.
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Canessi, Tomà. "Physical modelling of rock fragmentation upon impact." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Rockfall represents a significant safety hazard in building, civil and mining environment that can cause serious injuries and fatalities and can damage structures, infrastructure and machinery. It is extremely costly to manage and public authorities need reliable tools to study and design protection structures as the performance of the existing structures are variable. Many studies and experiments have been done, but one aspect would lead to a better comprehension of the subject: the fragmentation of blocks upon impact. Rocks commonly break up upon impact but rockfall prediction models currently available mostly ignore this phenomenon, even though fragmentation changes size, shape and energy of falling blocks and can drastically change the outcome of the design of protective structure. For example, if a large rock breaks upon impact and its mass and energy are divided among fragments, a high level of energy is dissipated and ignoring fragmentation would lead on an overdesign of the protection barrier. Moreover, very fast rock fragments may rupture a rockfall protection. The project aims to overcome this limit, studying and considering fragmentation in rockfall model, allowing assessment of the hazard rising from a shattered rock. The intention is to develop a database of experimental data about fragmentation of blocks upon impact by considering the initial conditions that cause fragmentation, the fragment size and mass distribution, the partition of velocity and energy at impact and what may lead to “bullet effect” or high flying fragment. This project aims to include fragmentation in rockfall prediction causes to facilitate a better and safer mitigation of rockfall hazard. Moreover, a better knowledge will directly translate into economical and societal benefits, such as more cost effective and better user experience.
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廖彥淇. "Study of Applying Industry Load Cells in the Solar Cell Load and Unload to Automation Equipments." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79632407690509164495.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
100
In recent years, renewable energy has been aim at critical development goals among each country because energy crisis and environmental awareness are going to arise. The solar cells are most of important research direction in order to enhance effectively higher production capacity and efficiency. Although the solar cell automation equipment to load and unload belong to the supporting peripherals in solar cell industry. Foreign equipment would face removal problem over the long, expensive and design changes the more inflexible. Therefore, a high degree of localization of equipment can be customized, low transportation costs and maintenance services has become its comparative advantage. This study discusses the load cells used in the solar load and unload equipment for real-time measurement. Load cells are high-precision and high-speed weighing sensor. However, the stability of the environment is very important, so the analysis construction a good test environment, to achieve high speed and accurate measurements are very important. Results show that load cells used in solar load and unload equipment, replacing the traditional manual measurements, uniform etch rate can increase productivity with, increase stability and improve chip yield. Through data reporting can be controlled production parameters and source quality, reduction of equipment cost recovery time, and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic equipment and market share.
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Cheng, Chi-Hung, and 鄭棋鴻. "Remote Monitoring App of Load-cell Application." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/725v4h.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
電子工程系碩士班
103
Remote Monitoring App of Load-cell Application Student: Chi-Hung Cheng Advisor: Dr. Kuan-Ming Hung Institute of Electronics Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Applied Science Abstract Disasters of landslide and mudslide are frequently happened in hillsides for a cloudburst day, and cause loss of life and property. The reconstruction after these disasters usually is not easy. In order to prevent the landslide and mudslide, the wall-anchor technology is developed for preventing landslide or hillside collapse, and, hence, to reduce the casualties. Since the wall anchor after aging is not permanent and reliable, an annual inspection is necessary, especially at rainy season. However, the annual inspection can not immediately predict the disasters and give an early warning. Therefore, a real-time monitoring system of wall anchor is important and necessary to prevent the malfunction of wall anchor. In this study, a load-cell sensor is applied to detect the force status on the drawbridge and wall anchor, and a Zigbee wireless-sensor network is established to collect the monitoring information. These information are sent back to a server via Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication, to provide passers the road conditions . Keywords: wall anchor, load cell, Zigbee, GSM.
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Huang, Po-Ying, and 黃柏穎. "Development of a Hollow FBG Load Cell." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v58hvf.
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碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系所
102
Load cell has been used as a primary tool to monitor the pre-stress conditions for earth anchors. The currently used load cells are mostly electrical, the electric circuit is prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and humidity induced short circuit. Optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has the advantage of being durable and immune to lightning, EMI and humidity. This research intends to develop an FBG based load cell to take advantage of these unique capabilities. The load cell was designed so that the FBG was always subject to tensile strain to increase the range of measurement. A two layer, coaxial design was used first. However, the attachment of FBG was rather complicated, and thus this scheme was abandoned. A three layer, coaxial design was then experimented to simplify the process of attaching the FBG’s. A down sized, 1 ton capacity load cell was made to verify the design mechanism test its performance first. Afterwards, a full sized 30 ton load cell was made. The relationship between FBG readings and applied load meets the theoretical derivations. The scheme for temperature compensation in FBG load cell follows the same procedure typically used in electric load cells.
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Lin, Feng-Hsu, and 林峰緒. "Optimal Design of Load Cell of Weighing Machines." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89dtzz.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
生物產業機電工程學系
92
A new design of load cell had been developed in this study. Load cell is the major part of weighing machines. The weighing machines are used in many areas, such as drying center, and grain husking factories. Accuracy is the first concern for weighing machines. In general, an ideal load cell should be lightweight, small size, and sensitive. However, every load cell is only accurate within some range. C-type and S-type load cells are used quite extensively. We propose to design a G-type load cell. It can measure in two phase depending on whether contact happens between two components or not. In the first phase, no contact between two components happens and the measurement can be treated as in light loading. In the second phase, contact between two components happens and the measurement can be treated as in heavy loading. I-DEAS was used to analyze and design the G-type load cell. According to the result of FEM simulation, prototype of G-type load cells were made and tested. The strain of the G-type load cell under certain loads was measured and recorded. The relation between load and strain was calibrated to verify the result of FEM simulation and tested. According to the result, for the load cell with the width of 20, 30, and 40 mm, the predicted models have been developed. The maximal relative errors are 2.97 %, 0.72 %, and 0.0 % during light loading as well as 8.49 %, 1.14 %, and 0.69 % during heavy loading. According to the results of Parameter Study, the model with cutting hole of a diameter of 7.0 mm in Part A and 4.0 mm in Part B has the best sensitivity. The mass of the model without steel cylinder is 0.253 kg. This model is the optimal design of the study.
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HUA, SUN MING, and 孫明華. "Study on the behavior of Hysteresis for Load Cell." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30032675048998322192.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
應用數學系
93
This thesis aims mainly at the hysteresis error of the load cell. Hysteresis is a phenomenon of any metal substance, which means strain due to the stress developed in the process of loading and unloading. For most metals, the error is very small. In the past, it was not intensely studied and its development was limited because of the complicated mechanical analysis, computer software and its calculation abilities. Resistor Strain load cell is the load cell most often used in the instruments that measures weight and force. At present, the spring component of Resistor Strain Sensor is mostly using the 2024T3 Aluminium alloy. Hysteresis effects of aluminium alloys are almost neglected during research, but the spring hysteresis caused by the special structures of the alloy when it is used in the spring component is an important instrumental error of the sensor output qualities. This article will illustrate the construction and principle of operation of resistor strain load cell and then discuss further about the theory of hysteresis. We will use finite element analysis software ABAQUS which is famous for nonlinear analysis to find relevant hysteresis parameters and use the hysteresis model of ABAQUS to analyze the hysteresis phenomenon of the strain gauge stick in the sensor. We expect to enhance the accuracy of the Resistor Strain Sensor through the results of this article.
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Li, Chung-Shin, and 李忠炘. "Study of Load Balance in 3GPP Femto-cell Network." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26775114560469988025.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
網路工程研究所
99
The usable frequency bandwidth of femto-cells is narrower than macro BSs’. Hence, the total data rate of femto-cells is lower than macro BSs’; besides, the backhaul of femto-cells may be shared by other devices, such as PC. The number of concurrently connecting users is restricted by those reasons mentioned above. Many load balance methods consider one parameter only. Although the evaluated performance affected by that parameter works well, other performance affected by non-considered parameters may not work well. In order to overcome the weakness mentioned above, we propose a load balance method that considers the movement of user equipment (UE), QoS requirement and the load balance index between femto-cells. Assume that the coverage area of a femto-cell is partially overlapped with another femto-cell, and there are many UEs within the partially overlapping area. Firstly, we use the magnitude and variation of signal to noise ratio (SNR) to estimate the remaining time index of a UE within the overlapping area. Secondly, we make use of the remaining resource of a femto-cell to calculate the remaining bandwidth, and then we use the acquired remaining bandwidth to calculate the satisfaction index of a UE. Thirdly, we use the loading of those femto-cells to calculate the load balance index. Finally, based on those three indexes mentioned above, we choose a UE to handover for the purpose of load balance, and we propose two strategies to select the UE. We describe the performance evaluation and explain it in chapter 5.
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Yan, Shi Chang, and 張晏碩. "Design and Analysis on Load Cell of Weighing Machines." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63607513825898794773.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
生物產業機電工程學系
93
In this study, a G-typed load cell had been designed for a two-stage weight measurement. It depends on the contact condition to distinguish light and heavy loadings. In the contact analysis with Lagrange multiplier method, constraints of displacements are applied at contact boundaries, which may result in contact forces. In the shape optimization process, the objective is to improve measurement sensitivity; therefore displacements at certain points are maximized and stress constraints are satisfied. The coefficients of elliptical curve functions at design boundaries are treated as design variables, and the final shape is then obtained. The mass of the model has been reduced by 6.91%. Finally, an actual load cell had been made according to optimization results. The loading test had been undertaken with loadings from 9.8 to 490 N. The relation between voltage and weight can be found according to the experimental data. The maximum relative errors in light and heavy loadings are 4.62% and 0.75%, respectively. Accordingly, a weighing system with the load cell developed in this study as well as LabVIEW programs and DAQ card can then be constructed.
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Lin, Jan-Yi, and 林展儀. "Apply the Load Growth Rate and Load Index to Suppress Peak Load for Industrial Key-Customer by Using Fuel Cell Generator." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07962777581828427298.
Full textAbstract:
碩士和春技術學院
電機工程系碩士班
100
Apply the Load Growth Rate and Load Index to Suppress Peak Load for Industrial Key-Customer by Using Fuel Cell Generator Abstract The industrial key-customers of Taiwan Power Company (Tai-power) required the most power consumption, and their peak and off-peak demands of power consumption were significantly different. If the peak power demand of the industrial customers could be suppressed, it would benefit Tai-power’s power generation system with stability, reliability, and power quality. Therefore, it is crucial to have load management. If future power consumption could be predicted, the un-average growth rate and the average growth rate would suggest different suppression indexes. Then, Tai-power could utilize the optimal renewable energy to relieve the load growth, along with the fuel cell power generation system. If the power generation and hydrogen storage devices could be annually and increasingly established, then the installed capacity and storage device capacity would be important issues. This thesis mainly discussed how to integrate the peak-load suppression index, fuel cells, renewable energy generator, hydrogen storage devices, and the capacity data in order to cope with the annual load curve correction, as well as to effectively suppress the peak-load. When the peak-load suppression index was at 10, in the first year the installed capacity of fuel cells, the hydrogen generator, and the hydrogen storage tank would be 4.87 P.U., 10.99 P.U., and 10.0 P.U., respectively. There would not be any growth rate, unsteady growth rate, or average growth rate in the first year; therefore, the fuel cells, hydrogen generator, and the hydrogen storage tank have the same installed capacity. Under different suppression indexes, along with the unsteady growth rate and average growth rate, the suppressed peak-loads in the next ten years would be different. In addition, the installed capacity of the power generation and hydrogen storage devices that should be annually established would be different as well. When the suppression index number went higher, it meant there would be less need for suppression. Therefore, the installed capacity of the fuel cells, hydrogen generator, and the hydrogen storage tank would decrease as well, and vice versa. Key words：Industrial Key-Customer, Load Growth, Peak-Load Suppression, Fuel Cell, Capacity of Hydrogen Storage Devices
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Chen, Yu-Yin, and 陳郁吟. "Cell Load-aware Cell Selection Mechanism in LTE-A Heterogeneous Networks with Dual Connectivity." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ns3rne.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
105
As the demand of data traffic grows, small cell has become a key solution to boost network efficiency. Characterized by its lower power consumption and less deployment cost, small cell can be massively deployed to the cell edge and coverage holes of macro stations, increasing the capacity of network. However, high interference can be expected if the macro cells and the small cells share the same spectrum. To cope with the situation, 3GPP Release 12 proposed the concept of dual connectivity. By dual connectivity, user equipment (UE) can connect to both a macro cell and a small cell simultaneously to increase network efficiency. Edge UEs can increase the robustness of mobility by connecting to the macro cell. In addition, to reduce interference between macro cell and small cells, the frequency (spectrum) of macro cell may be different from that of small cells. To solve the network congestion issue in the hotspot area, a typical solution is to increase the density of small cell deployment. Nearby small cells may formed a cluster. The conventional cell selection model is determined by signal power like reference signal received power (RSRP) or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). With the higher density of the small cell deployment, a UE may easily handoff from one small cell to another one, causing the ping-pong effect. Furthermore, despite having better signal, the base station might unable to provide enough resource to its associated UEs when congestion happens. In this paper, we proposed a cell selection mechanism based on a cost function which is used to evaluate the traffic load of cells. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can improve load balance and conduct good performance in comparison with conventional studies.
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Guan-TingChou and 周冠廷. "A Load-Based Cell Selection Scheme in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88316721315860236985.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
電腦與通信工程研究所
103
The notion of small cells has been widely discussed because it can improve the network capacity and coverage by shifting mobiles from macro base stations (BSs) to the low-power pico BS. In the existing cell association scheme, known as cell range expansion (CRE), a constant cell association bias is employed. Without taking the BS load into consideration, a BS might still be overloaded or underloaded that in turn causes low resource utilization rate or high blocking probability, respectively. In this work, we propose a load-based cell selection scheme to address the aforementioned issues. An adjustment function is introduced to properly determine the cell association bias based on the individual BS load. Using 3GPP long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) compliant parameters the simulation results show that the proposed load-based cell selection scheme achieves significant performance gains in terms of long term average rate and call blocking probability, as compared with the conventional cell association scheme using the constant bias.
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Ren-Siang-Li and 李仁祥. "System Design Of Remote Monitoring System Load Cell Monitoring Application." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63605494211896431444.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
電子工程系碩士班
103
Internet of things is a main trend of future development of information technology, especially, in the applications of disaster prevention for rainy and earthquake-prone areas. A pre-force ground anchor is usually used to prevent the landslide of a hillside as well as the steel cable to support the deck of drawbridge. To keep and monitor the force on a ground anchor and the stress of steel cable are very important. An annual inspection of the force is not enough to prevent the occurrence of disaster of landslide or drawbridge breaking. Hence, a real-time remote-monitoring system is necessary. In this work, a wireless sensor network that includes a local Zigbee network and a global system of mobile (GSM) communication is applied to remotely monitor status of drawbridge or hillside via the stress inspection. A load-cell sensor with a 24 bits analog-to-digital converter are used to measure the force or stress on the ground anchor of steel cable, respectively. The measured date is collected via a local wireless Zigbee network. The collected data is transmitted to a server through GSM communication for other applications. A demo system has been set up at Dona drawbridge of Maolin Kaohsiung of Taiwan. The technology developed in this work can also applied to other environment monitoring, family Care and health care