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1
Maroušková, Aneta, and Jan Kubát. "SOLID BURNT BRICKS’ TENSILE STRENGTH." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 13 (November 13, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.13.0075.
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This paper deals with experimental testing of solid burnt bricks and mortar in pure (axial) tension. The obtained working diagrams will be further use for a detailed numerical analysis of whole brick masonry column under concentric compressive load. Failure mechanism of compressed brick masonry column is characterized by the appearance and development of vertical tensile cracks in masonry units (bricks) passing in the direction of principal stresses and is accompanied by progressive growth of horizontal deformations. These cracks are caused by contraction and interaction between two materials with different mechanical characteristics (brick and mortar). The aim of this paper is more precisely describe the response of quasi-brittle materials to uniaxial loading in tension (for now only the results from three point bending test are available). For these reasons, bricks and mortar tensile behavior is experimentally tested and the obtained results are discussed.
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Luo, Lie, Ming Zhao, and Ying Liu. "Mortar Replacement Reinforcement Method for Existing Masonry Structures." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.977.
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For load-bearing capacity reducing of the walls of multi-storey masonry structure caused by the lower mortar strength and quality defects, the mortar replacement method was used to reinforce the perforated brick load-bearing walls. The strength of mortar used for replacing, the depth of replacement, construction methods and quality control have been studied. The reliability of this method is verified by testing in situ including axial compression test and double brick double-shear test for reinforced brick masonry. This method could be also used in reinforcement for the historical masonry buildings.
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Zhang, Zhong Ji. "Experimental Study on Fundamental Mechanical Properties of Autoclaved Sand-lime Brick Masonr." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.345.
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Experimental data are obtained by a series of fundamental mechanical properties experiments on autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry such as compressive strength experiment， shear strength experiment, bending tensile strength experiment, they provide the experiment evidence for writing Hunan province engineering construction local standard named "Technical specification for autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry building ". And following conclusions are drawn through analyzing experiment data and experiment phenomenon: With mortar intensity increasing ,the masonry 's cracking load and ultimate load are approaching in the compression strength experiment; Except that the experiment average value in the bending tensile experiment of masonry along with joint section is lower than the calculated value of standardized formula obviously ,the other are bigger than that of standardized formula; There is a feature of optimal combination of strength for mortar and block; The author derived the formula of bending tensile strength of autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry.
4
Pruthvi Raj, G., Mehar B. Ravula, and Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam. "Failure in Clay Brick Masonry with Soft Brick under Compression: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.472.
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An experimental investigation of compressive failure in masonry made of soft clay bricks is presented. The research attempts to address the concern of strong/stiff mortars available in the market today in combination with poor quality burnt clay bricks available in India. Masonry assemblages are tested to evaluate the influence of the relative strength of mortar on the observed damage evolution and compressive failure. Damage evolution associated with the formation and propagation of vertical splitting cracks during the compressive load response of masonry assemblages in the stack bonded arrangement are studied using a full-field optical technique based on digital image correlation. The stress state in the composite material produces tension in the mortar and confined compression in brick. Using image correlation clear evidence of the crack forming in the mortar and propagating into the brick is established. Failure is produced by vertical splitting and the number of cracks depend upon the tensile strength of the mortar relative to the brick and the number of head joints. Head joints act as stress risers, leading to high tensile stress.
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Gu, Song, Guo Ping Chen, and Shui Wen Zhu. "Mechanical Analysis of the Recycled Concrete Brick Masonry Wall under In-Plane Load." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.278.
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The purpose of this paper was to investigate the mechanical behavior and failure mode of recycled concrete brick masonry wall under cycling in-plane load. These models of masonry walls were constructed in the laboratory and experimented under in-plane cycling load. The masonry wall was made of recycled concrete bricks joined by mortar, with gypsum lining on both faces. A simulation based on the experiment was carried out using the finite element software ANSYS. In the proposed FE model, the recycling concrete bricks and joints were modeled separately, allowing for nonlinear deformation characteristics of the two materials. The results of the experiment and the finite element analysis were analyzed and compared. When the stress distributions were taken into consideration in the experiments and solutions of ANSYS, it was observed that the stress concentration occurred on two diagonals of the masonry wall. The destruction process and characteristics of the masonry wall were obtained by the experiments. The results of finite element method matched experimental results very well. The FE software ANSYS can be used in the analysis of recycling concrete brick masonry walls under in-plane cycling load and strength capacity.
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Lü, Wei Rong, Meng Wang, and Xi Jun Liu. "Numerical Analysis of Masonry under Compression via Micro-Model." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 1360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1360.
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The micro-model, which the brick and the mortar model are separated, is used to analyze masonry. Meanwhile, the mortar is divided into three layers along the thickness direction to obtain the internal mechanical behavior of mortar, and the vertical mortar joint strength is taken as 50% strength of the horizontal mortar joint for considering the poor quality of vertical mortar joint. The compressive ultimate load and failure mode of masonry taken from the finite element analysis result, especially the vertical cracks throughout all bricks and mortar and change of brick and mortar strain, are in agreement with the experimental results. It shows that the micro-model and method adopted in paper are able to effectively apply in nonlinear structural analysis for masonry.
7
Kamaruddin, Kartini, and Siti Hawa Hamzah. "Optimisation of Calcium Silicate and Sand Cement Bricks in Masonary Bearing Walls." Scientific Research Journal 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v3i2.5669.
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Design and construction of buildings used to be on framed structure incorporating reinforced concrete, steel or timber as structural member to transmit load to the foundation. Bricks are normally used as infill materials in these framed structures. However, research has shown that bricks can also be used as external and internal masonry bearing walls. With the use of structural masonry construction method, cheaper and faster construction can be achieved. Savings are obtained by using less formwork and reinforcing steel, reducing construction time as lesser frames or none are used, and eliminating waiting time for the structural concrete to cure or gain their strength. Calcium silicate and sand cement bricks were tested for their mechanical properties. Investigations were carried out on six masonry bearing walls. Each unit measured 1000 mm × 1000 mm and a half brick thick. The structural behaviour due to compressive axial load was investigated and it shows that both bricks satisfy the requirement as load bearing wall. However, the study concluded that sand cement brick wall showed better performance, with maximum lateral displacement of 3.81mm, vertical deflection of 6.63 mm and ultimate load of 448.13 kN.
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Foti, Dora, Michela Lerna, and Vitantonio Vacca. "Experimental Characterization of Traditional Mortars and Polyurethane Foams in Masonry Wall." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (August 19, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8640351.
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Masonry is a composite material largely used in construction. It exhibits several advantages, including significant compressive strength, thermal inertia, and aesthetic beauty. A disadvantage of masonry is mainly related to the inadequate shear strength due to the poor capacity and ductility of the adopted mortar. This aspect is crucial in seismic areas. In this paper, the behavior of polyurethane foams, used as adhesives for the construction of thin joints brick masonry walls, has been investigated. First, the characterization of components was carried out, followed by laboratory uniaxial tests on masonry walls and shear tests on triplets. Moreover, a comparison of the behavior of the foam-brick walls with respect to the traditional mortars masonry was carried out, as the type of joints varies and the arrangement of the holes of the bricks varies with respect to the direction of the applied load. Results provide indications on which adhesive has to be adopted for masonry buildings in reference to the site of construction (i.e., seismic hazard).
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Han, Lim Chung, Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa, Ismail Saad, Nurmin Bt. Bolong, Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Bt. Asman, Hidayati Bte Asrah, and Eddy Syaizul Rizam Bin Abdullah. "Use of Compressed Earth Bricks/Blocks in Load-Bearing Masonry Structural Systems: A Review." Materials Science Forum 997 (June 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.9.
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Clay fired bricks are commonly encountered in the construction sector as infill between structural frames. This system has been favoured by builders due to familiarity, ease of manufacture, and they also do not require skilled labourers to erect. Produced from moulded clay and hardened by firing in a kiln, brick production is both energy intensive and high in CO2 emission. Fired bricks are typically held together by cement mortar at the bed and perpend joints which provide very minimal resistance against shearing or flexure. This meant brick walls often require additional wind posts or stiffeners to provide stability. Compressed earth masonry offers an alternative to the conventional brick walling system in that, besides having the advantages of conventional bricks, they also confer higher compressive strengths due to the high-pressure compaction manufacturing process. The high strength allows the system to be adapted into load-bearing masonry system for use in low-rise buildings as an alternative to the more expensive reinforced concrete or steel framing system. The high-pressure compaction process along with high quality moulds also give fair-faced finished to the bricks, allowing them to be used as facing bricks and eliminating the need for surface finishing such as plastering. Additionally, compressed bricks featuring interlocking key holes along the bed joints allows for simplified and faster wall erection process. This review paper aims to document the research progress thus far in adopting the compressed interlocking bricks as a sustainable alternative to current building materials.
10
Zhou, Xiao Jie, Jin Ke Song, Xu Liang Jiang, and Dan Dan Xu. "Experimental Study on Compressive Mechanical Performance of Fly-Ash Thermal Insulation Hollow Block Masonry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.643.
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Non-autoclaved and non-sintered fly-ash perforated brick is a kind of new material for non-load-bearing walls. In order to promote the application of this new material in village and town buildings of seismic area, compression and shear strength of non-autoclaved and non-sintered fly-ash perforated brick masonry was tested and crack and failure progress was analyzed. The test results show that the failure processes and characteristics of the non-autoclaved and non-sintered fly-ash perforated brick masonry in compression and in shear are similar to that of the common brick masonry, however the non-autoclaved and non-sintered fly-ash perforated brick masonry tend to fail in brittle manner. The compression and shear strength are all less than that of the common brick masonry. A mathematic model of 6 degrees polynomial was used to express the compressive constitutive relationship and the whole process of non-autoclaved and non-sintered fly-ash perforated brick masonry in compression was described. The curve was close to the measured data.
11
Šlivinskas, Tomas, Bronius Jonaitis, and Łukasz Drobiec. "ASSESSMENT OF BED JOINTS BEHAVIOR OF CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK MASONRY DURING EXECUTION." Engineering Structures and Technologies 8, no. 4 (December 16, 2016): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2016.1238784.
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This article examines masonry as the composite material. Factors affecting the mechanical deformation characteristics of masonry bed joints are reviewed. The strength and deformation characteristics of bed joints under the influence of changing mortar strength and variable compressive load are analysed Compressive strength, shrinkage and plastic deformation of masonry fragments and bed joints under variable compressive strength are also examined.
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Triwiyono, Andreas, Frederica Neo, Johan Ardianto, Gumbert Maylda Pratama, and Andreas Sugijopranoto. "Experimental Investigation on the Flexural Performance of Brick Masonry Wall Retrofitted Using PP-Band Meshes under Cyclic Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 845 (July 2016): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.845.175.
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Numbers of residential houses were damaged in some areas caused by earthquakes. The damages greatly affected the number of losses. Most of the houses in some countries are made of brick unreinforced masonry (URM) walls. Improving the structural performance of this kind of masonry has become important. For this reason, experimental study was conducted on the flexural performance of brick walls retrofitted with strapping band (polypropylene/pp-band). The walls were constructed using bricks produced manually with joint mortar ratio of 1 PC: 6 sand, that chosen to represent the actual field conditions of the communities in Indonesia. The aims of the study were to determine the out of plane flexural performance of the non-retrofitted and retrofitted brick masonry walls under cyclic loading by using some variations of the distance between pp-band. The walls were loaded to produce flexural bending that caused vertical and horizontal cracks. The results of the test showed that the retrofitted walls failed by large deformation. After crack, the strength reduced to about 25-50% of the crack load and then regained progressively as residual strength until 150% higher than the strength at crack load by large deformation due to the strapping band mesh. The wall with 10 cm pp-band distance should be used as optimum solution for retrofitting
13
Triwiyono, Andreas, and I. Gusti Lanang Bagus Eratodi. "Investigation of brick masonry with using of bad quality of bricks and reinforced concrete frame." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925804008.
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In some region typical resident houses are made of brick masonry. Ministry of Public Work Indonesia and JICA [2] have published a guideline as key requirements for safer houses. A study was carried out to obtain the effect of disparities material quality on the performance of the brick masonry. Six wall specimens were experimentally tested in-plane direction until failure by observing deformation, cracks, and uprooting of the wall. Study based on the finite element was also used by implementing the three-dimensional stress state of concrete and masonry and elastic-plastic for reinforcement. From the study it can be concluded that: the wall following guideline has enough strength but could not reach the load capacity because the wall was uprooted. Bad quality of concrete did not affect the stiffness and strength of the walls. The strength of the walls with a poor quality of mortar and poor quality of bricks comparison to the wall with standard quality of bricks had the strength of about 78%. Wall without plastering with a poor quality of the bricks, mortar, and concrete reduced the strength and stiffness to about 41% compared to the wall with standard quality. The proposed FE model can predict the strength of the wall well but not for its stiffness. The model especially the masonry material model still needs to be developed in order to obtain the close result with the laboratory test.
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Sorkhab, Atabak Pourmohammad, Mesut Küçük, and Ali Sari. "Effects of mortar compressive strength on out of plane response of unreinforced masonry walls." Revista de la construcción 20, no. 2 (August 2021): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.20.2.371.
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In this study, the out-of-plane response of infill walls that are widely used in Turkey and the surrounding regions were experimentally investigated. Several out-of-plane wall tests were performed in the laboratory, with the walls specimens produced with lateral hollow clay bricks (LHCB) and different mortar qualities. The walls were tested in their out-of-plane (OOP) direction under static load conditions and evaluated based on the load-bearing and energy dissipation capacities, crack propagations, mortar strengths, and initial stiffnesses. These walls are experimentally investigated to understand the effects of the mortar strength on the infill wall structural behaviors and to assess the effectiveness of the out-of-plane strength formulations. It was found that when the mortar strength is low, the first major crack occurs at the mortar, however, because of the arch mechanism efficiency in this situation the OOP load-carrying and energy dissipation capacities of unreinforced walls can be significantly increased. When the first major crack in the wall occurs in the brick itself, the arc mechanism is provided with delicate sections in the brick, which leads to strength decreasing in the walls. In this case, excessive deviations occur in the out-of-plane strength formulations estimates. This study shows that the arc mechanism, the damage start region and progress can change significantly unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls behaviors.
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Ali, Hassan M. Hassan, Koh Heng Boon, Rasheed Altouhami, Ng Wei Shen, Ashraf Radwan, and Mundr Mansur. "Analysis of the Effect of Adding Sandy Clay into Cement Mortar on the Bending Strength of Built-Up Masonry Prisms." Advanced Engineering Forum 31 (February 2019): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.31.26.
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Mortar is a workable paste essential in civil and building construction. Mortar works as binding material extensively use for masonry unit in construction. The global consumption of natural sand is very high, due to the extensive use of concrete or mortar. Natural sand deposits are being depleted and causing a serious threat to the environment as well as the society. Sandy clay has been widely use in preparing the mortar for masonry work. The aim of this research was to study the bending strength of built-up masonry prism using sandy clay mortar. There were two series of mortar containing 0% and 100% of sandy clay had been prepared. The sandy clay was used to replace natural fine aggregate. Mortar with 0% sandy clay was the control mix containing 100% natural fine aggregate. Three types of masonry unit consist of clay brick, cement brick and lightweight brick were used in this study. The masonry units were combined together using the mortar joints to form the masonry prisms. 100% natural fine sand and 100% sandy clay mortar were prepared and used for the joints. Built-up masonry prisms with single and double joints of mortar. Also, the masonry prisms contained from a length ranging from 390 mm to 610 mm were prepared using the mortar joints. The thickness of the mortar joint which was used in this study was 10 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm. the prisms had been tested for the determination of bending strength at 28 days. The experimental results were analyzed to investigate the effect of sandy clay and thickness of mortar on the bending strength of built-up masonry prism. Results had shown that masonry prism built with sandy clay mortar has higher bending strength compare to the fine sand mortar. Clay brick exhibited highest bending strength with sandy clay mortar which was 38.28 N/mm2and cement brick had the lowest bending strength which was 18.8 N/mm2, while cement brick achieved optimum bending strength. In addition, the highest collapse and deflection achieved by clay brick and cement brick whereas the lowest value of collapse and deflection was by lightweight brick. The highest percentage of increment in terms of collapse load was determined to be 13.73% for sandy clay mortar prism. Hence, 100% sandy clay mortar is suitable to be used in masonry works.
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Kawa, Marek. "Failure Criterion for Brick Masonry: A Micro-Mechanics Approach." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 36, no. 3 (February 28, 2015): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2014-0025.
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Abstract The paper deals with the formulation of failure criterion for an in-plane loaded masonry. Using micro-mechanics approach the strength estimation for masonry microstructure with constituents obeying the Drucker-Prager criterion is determined numerically. The procedure invokes lower bound analysis: for assumed stress fields constructed within masonry periodic cell critical load is obtained as a solution of constrained optimization problem. The analysis is carried out for many different loading conditions at different orientations of bed joints. The performance of the approach is verified against solutions obtained for corresponding layered and block microstructures, which provides the upper and lower strength bounds for masonry microstructure, respectively. Subsequently, a phenomenological anisotropic strength criterion for masonry microstructure is proposed. The criterion has a form of conjunction of Jaeger critical plane condition and Tsai-Wu criterion. The model proposed is identified based on the fitting of numerical results obtained from the microstructural analysis. Identified criterion is then verified against results obtained for different loading orientations. It appears that strength of masonry microstructure can be satisfactorily described by the criterion proposed.
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Bui Thi, Loan. "Analysis of uniaxial compression behavior of hollow concrete block masonry: experimental and analytical approaches." Transport and Communications Science Journal 71, no. 7 (September 30, 2020): 802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.71.7.6.
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This article focuses on the uniaxial compression behavior of concrete hollow brick masonry assembly. This study was performed both by experimental and analytical approaches. In the first experimental part, the compression tests were done according to the European standard EN1052-1. It is highlighted from the tests that this concrete hollow brick masonry is a very high dispersive material and that the compression behavior of this masonry is similar and depends principally on that of bricks. In addition, the vertical splitting failure modes reflect the effect of "expanding/restraining" for this type of masonry and the elastic properties determined from these tests are comparable with the values found in the literature. Then, in the analytical approach, the simple calculations were done by different existed models to predict the compressive strength of masonry prism. A comparison of the results obtained by using these models with those of experimentation shows that only the model which takes into account the effect of vertical joints is mostly adapted for the safe design of this masonry prism under uniaxial compression load.
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Bui Thi, Loan. "Analysis of uniaxial compression behavior of hollow concrete block masonry: experimental and analytical approaches." Transport and Communications Science Journal 71, no. 7 (September 30, 2020): 802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/tcsj.71.7.6.
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This article focuses on the uniaxial compression behavior of concrete hollow brick masonry assembly. This study was performed both by experimental and analytical approaches. In the first experimental part, the compression tests were done according to the European standard EN1052-1. It is highlighted from the tests that this concrete hollow brick masonry is a very high dispersive material and that the compression behavior of this masonry is similar and depends principally on that of bricks. In addition, the vertical splitting failure modes reflect the effect of "expanding/restraining" for this type of masonry and the elastic properties determined from these tests are comparable with the values found in the literature. Then, in the analytical approach, the simple calculations were done by different existed models to predict the compressive strength of masonry prism. A comparison of the results obtained by using these models with those of experimentation shows that only the model which takes into account the effect of vertical joints is mostly adapted for the safe design of this masonry prism under uniaxial compression load.
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Made Budiwati, Ida Ayu, and I. Ketut Sudarsana. "Flexural tests of masonry beam with and without reinforced bar." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601018.
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Behaviour of reinforced masonry has been studied experimentally to determine its strength potential. The increase in either compressive or tensile strength of masonry is possible due to the existence of rebar or wire mesh. The research is carried out to determine the effect of steel rebar on flexural strength of reinforced masonry beam using local brick. The square hollow masonry beams of 330x330mm with and without reinforced bar were tested in the laboratory to determine the load and deflection curves and bending strength. The rebar was located at the centre of beam’s cross section and left unbounded. Mechanical properties of masonry’s constitute were also determined. It was found that the flexural strength of beams with rebar of 22 mm diameter was greater 11 times than that of beam without rebar. However, that strength was only 1.6 times due to the weaker end connections of the beam to the rebar. Flexural strength of reinforced masonry beam with 22 mm rebar was greater 2.7 times compared to the beam using a rebar diameter of 16 mm.
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Bernat-Maso, Ernest, and Lluís Gil. "Strength Performance of Unreinforced Brick Masonry Walls under Flexo-Compression Load. Analytical Methods." Key Engineering Materials 628 (August 2014): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.628.67.
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The structure of many historical buildings relies on unreinforced masonry load-bearing walls. In the case of large slenderness or significant eccentricity of the vertical compressive loads the mechanism formation failure mode is likely. Considering the second order bending effects and the tensile strength of the masonry is essential to accurately calculate the load-bearing capacity of these structures, which is required for maintenance tasks. An analytical methodology has proposed with this aim. This original method, the Southwell plot method and the formulations from two standard codes (ACI-530 and Eurocode-6) are applied to calculate the resistance of 18 experimentally tested walls to conclude that the proposed methodology brings correct results, the standards are conservative and the Southwell plot method is the most suitable for the analysis of the considered cases but it is not always applicable.
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Bose, Supratik, and Durgesh C. Rai. "Lateral Load Behavior of an Open-Ground-Story RC Building with AAC Infills in Upper Stories." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 3 (August 2016): 1653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/121413eqs295m.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry infills in upper stories can be beneficial for improving the seismic response of open-ground-story (OGS), reinforced concrete (RC)–frame buildings. Two reduced 1:2.5-scale models of single-story, single-bay RC frames with and without AAC infill masonry were tested for resistance properties and hysteretic behavior. Low strength and stiffness of AAC masonry, about half of the conventional brick masonry, led to improved load sharing between the infill and the frame, which helped an early development of frame yield mechanism for enhanced energy dissipation. Test results were used to evaluate the reliability of using existing strength and stiffness relations of conventional masonry infilled RC frames for AAC infilled frames. Analytical models were developed to predict the observed hysteretic behavior of tested specimens. Nonlinear analyses of a five-story, four-bay OGS-RC frame were performed for conventional brick masonry infills and relatively softer and weaker AAC infills in upper stories. The results indicated that the undesirable effect of weak/soft ground story mechanism of OGS-RC frames can be reduced to an acceptable level by using AAC infills in upper stories.
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Kabantsev, Oleg Vasil’evich. "Plastic deformation and fracture of masonry under biaxial stresses." Vestnik MGSU, no. 2 (February 2016): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.2.34-48.
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Masonry is a complex multicomponent composite composed of dissimilar materials (brick / stone and mortar). The process of masonry deformation under load depends on the mechanical characteristics of the basic composite materials, as well as of the parameters belonging to the elements, which define the link between brick and mortar being the structural elements. The paper provides an analysis of the experimental study results of masonry behaviour in two-dimensional stress state at primary stresses of opposite signs; identifies the mechanisms of masonry failure that are in compliance with the conditions of stress state. The work shows the key role that structural elements play in the formation of masonry failure processes. On the basis of failure mechanisms educed from the experiments, there was developed a discrete model of masonry. The processes and the corresponding strength criteria, which play a key role in the implementation of plastic deformation phase, have been detected. It has been shown that the plastic deformation of masonry under biaxial stresses occurs in case of the physical linear behavior of the basic materials (brick and mortar). It has been also substantiated that the plastic properties of masonry under biaxial stresses are determined by the processes occurring at the contact interaction nodes between brick and mortar in bed and cross joints. The values of the plasticity coefficients for masonry depending on the mechanical properties of a brick, a mortar and adhesive strength in their interaction have been obtained basing on the results of the performed numerical investigations.
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Akter, Mosfeka Mahabuba, Atique Shahariar, and Md Shafiqul Islam. "Effect of reinforcement in perforated brick arrangement for determining flexural strength and corrosion loss." Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2017.01.002.
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Brick masonry walls consist of the main elements that responsible for the global stability of brick masonry buildings when subjected to lateral loads such as wind and seismic forces. These elements are subjected to gravity forces, bending moments and shear forces due to the horizontal loading. The application of reinforcement increases the deformation capacity, controls the crack opening and allows a better distribution of stresses. Longitudinal reinforcements increase the flexural strength, even if they seem not to influence the shear behavior. Effectiveness of reinforcement on the increase of the resistance of brick masonry wall is highly related to the failure mode of the element. This paper shows the flexural strength of reinforced perforated brick masonry wall and weight loss of reinforcements for corrosion after a certain period of time. Several reinforce bar arrangements into the perforated brick masonry walls show the variety of possible applications.
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Shah, T. M., A. Kumar, S. N. R. Shah, A. A. Jhatial, and M. H. Janwery. "Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Local Brick Masonry in Pakistan." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 3 (June 8, 2019): 4298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2850.
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Masonry is the oldest form of construction in the world [1]. Research shows that it is the most widely used construction material in Pakistan and it has remained as such for more than the past hundred years. The majority of buildings in Pakistan are load-bearing burnt-brick masonry structures. Unfortunately, the brick masonry structures in Pakistan are not designed with respect to any regulatory code, because none exist. Consequently, these structures are not constructed according to a safe design and thus become hazardous and often face considerable damage and sometimes prove to be fatal. This study aims to study the behavior of local brick masonry under normal, shear and thermally challenging conditions and to model its behavior by relating the crushing strength (f’m) to the height-to-thickness ratio and temperature.
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Ombres, Luciano, and Salvatore Verre. "Analysis of the Behavior of FRCM Confined Clay Brick Masonry Columns." Fibers 8, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib8020011.
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The behavior of FRCM (Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Mortar) confined clay brick masonry columns is analyzed in this paper. The results of an experimental investigation conducted on small-scale columns made by clay brick masonry confined with steel-FRCM (or Steel Reinforced Grout, SRG), PBO (poly-paraphenylene-benzo-bisoxazole) FRCM and basalt-FRCM, tested under monotonic compressive load, are described and discussed. Tests were conducted on thirteen prismatic columns; eleven columns (two unconfined and nine confined) were tested under concentric load while an eccentric load was applied on two confined columns. For each confinement system, the parameters investigated were the ‘confinement ratio’, the ‘load eccentricity’ and the ‘overlap configuration of the fiber fabrics’. FRCM confinement improved the structural response of masonry columns in terms of ultimate strength, ultimate strain and ductility. Some models from the literature were also examined to evaluate their applicability in predicting the axial capacity of confined columns.
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Namboonruang, Weerapol, and Prayoon Yongam-Nuai. "Thermal, Strength and Leachability Characteristics of Cellulose Fibre Reinforced Lime-Soil Brick." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.386.
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This research studies on the possibility of producing a more sustainable lightweight brick. Natural cellulose fibre produced from leaf and wood aggregates, lime and soil from local area of Thailand were added into the brick with minimizing Portland cement content. Effects of varied amount of cellulose fibre contents typically (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 %) on mechanical and thermal properties of bricks are studied. Mechanical performances have been investigated with compressive, flexural strength and thermal conductivity of the samples. Also, the Leachate Extraction Procedure is observed. Results showed that adding more cellulose fibre contents can reduce the thermal conductivity, density including the compressive and flexural strength of the brick. On the other hand, the water absorption increases. It is also shown that the composite bricks can add fibre contents up to 55% by weight that can be used as non-load bearing concrete masonry units considered by the compressive strength. By conclusion, this application may be an interesting solution in order to improve sustainability and energy efficiency of the low cost house in local area of Thailand.
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Peng, Bin, Sandong Wei, Libo Long, Qizhen Zheng, Yueqiang Ma, and Leiyu Chen. "Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Historical Squat Masonry Walls Strengthened by UHPC and Reinforced Polymer Mortar Layers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102096.
Full textAbstract:
Strengthening historical brick masonry walls is important because these walls are major load-bearing members in many architectural heritages. However, historical brick masonry has low elastic modulus and low strength, historical masonry walls are prone to surface treatment or other structural intervention, and some of the walls lack integrity. These characteristics make effective strengthening of historical masonry walls difficult. To address the issue, strengthening layers made up of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) are potentially useful. To investigate the strengthening effect of the UHPC layers, the authors constructed three squat walls using historical bricks and mortar collected from the rehabilitation site of a historical building, and strengthened two of the walls with a UHPC layer and a reinforced polymer mortar layer respectively. The three walls were broken down by horizontal cyclic force along with constant vertical compression, and then the unstrengthened one was strengthened in-situ by a UHPC layer and was tested again. The experimental results indicate that the UHPC layers significantly improved the in-plane shear resistance and cracking load of the squat walls, without decreasing the walls’ ultimate deformation. They effectively strengthened both moderately and severely damaged historical masonry walls, because the UHPC filled the existing damages and improved the integrity of the masonry substrate. In addition, the UHPC layers intervened the historical walls less than the reinforced polymer mortar layer. Therefore, the UHPC layers are efficient in strengthening historical squat masonry walls.
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Maskell, Daniel, Andrew Heath, and Pete Walker. "Geopolymer Stabilisation of Unfired Earth Masonry Units." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.175.
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Contemporary domestic structures typically use masonry units that are approximately 100mm thick. There is interest in using commercial methods of manufacture to produce earthen bricks that have a similar form factor to conventional masonry The large scale adoption of thin walled unfired earth masonry is dependent on its suitability for use in a load bearing application. High moisture content leading to full saturation, for example as a result of flooding, is a concern for unstablised earth construction, especially as wall thickness reduces. The greatest barrier for earth masonry adoption is the durability of the material when affected by high moisture content. Accidental and intentional wetting of a 100mm thick load bearing unfired earth wall could lead to disproportionate collapse. The paper presents initial findings from an investigation into the use of geopolymer mechanism as a method of stabilisation. The use of geopolymer mechanism was chosen as a possible method of improving the water resilience. Soil that is used for commercial extruded fired brick production was chosen. The soil was selected as the precursor (source of the required silica and alumina) and this was mixed with various sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate activators. Specimens were tested both in their dry sate as well as following 24 hours of submersion in water. Compressive strength of cylinders after saturation, was used as an indicator of effective stabilisation. The maximum dry compressive strength achieved was 10.4N/mm2 with the addition of 5% sodium hydroxide and 20% sodium silicate after curing at 105°C. The most significant contributor to the strength gain was the addition of sodium silicate. Although some of the cylinders were able to be tested under fully saturated conditions the strengths achieved were negligible and insufficient for structural application. The potential for geopolymers as a method of stabilising unfired earth bricks is discussed with respect to the compressive strengths achieved.
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NEELAMEGAM, P., and P. SURESH KUMAR. "AN INVESTIGATION OF RETROFITTED MASONRY-INFILLED FRAMES (RMIF) WITH HYBRID FIBERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 10 (July 10, 2020): 1950220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19502202.
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A reinforced concrete frame with masonry wall infill, “framed-brick work”, is a composite basic structure demonstrated to be feasible and effective on account of in-plane smooth excitations. Numerous models have been proposed for simulation of the behavior of masonry infills. The act of utilizing infill walls has been under investigation as it has both positive and negative impacts on the behavior of the structure under horizontal load. An enormous number of experimental and diagnostic examinations have been embraced in the past to research the behavior of such frames. The paper has focused on the working principles and the fundamental highlights of a recently created retrofitted masonry infill frames (RMIF) with carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets of RMIF. The presence of CFRP retrofitted in infill frames changes the behavior of the structure under substantial loads. The behavior examination, for example, deflection, ductility and tensile strength, is investigated for clay brick and fly ash bricks examples. For approval reason, this investigation utilizes feed forward back propagation neural network (FFBN) procedure. The correlation between experimental and the predicted values demonstrated that while the mechanical properties can be predicted for each specimen up partly by a portion of these models with the exact outcome achieved as a minimum error.
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GANAPATHI, S. CHITRA, A. RAMA CHANDRA MURTHY, NAGESH R. IYER, N. LAKSHMANAN, and N. G. BHAGAVAN. "EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON IN-PLANE BEHAVIOR OF BRICK MASONRY WALL PANELS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 11, no. 03 (June 2011): 431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455411004208.
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This paper presents the details of studies conducted on brick masonry units and wall panels. The investigation includes, compressive strength of brick unit, prisms, flexural strength evaluation, and testing of reinforced brick wall panels with and without opening. Nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) of brick wall panels with and without opening has been carried out by simulating the actual test conditions. Constant vertical load is applied on the top of the wall panel and lateral load is applied in an incremental manner. The in-plane deformation is recorded under each incremental lateral load. Displacement ductility factors and response-reduction factors have been evaluated based on experimental results. From the experimental study, it is observed that fully reinforced wall panel without opening performed well compared to other types of wall panels in lateral load resistance and displacement ductility. In all the wall panels, shear cracks originated at loading point and moved toward the compression toe of the wall. The force-reduction factors of a wall panel with opening are much less when compared with fully reinforced wall panel with no opening. The displacement values obtained by nonlinear FEA were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. The difference in the computed and experimental values is attributed to the influence of mortar joint which was not considered in FEA. The derived response-reduction factors will be useful for adopting elastoplastic design procedures for lateral forces generated due to earthquakes.
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Adishchev, Vladimir, Irina Kucherenko, and Maria Teterina. "Strength and rigidity of the masonry fragment in a fuzzy setting." EPJ Web of Conferences 221 (2019): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922101027.
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The strength and stiffness of masonry depend on various factors, such as the properties of the brick and mortar, their specific volume, relative position and quality of adhesive bonds. A high degree of uncertainty of these factors and a large scatter of experimental data in the testing of bricks and mortar are the important features of the masonry. In this paper, we present a mathematical model that allows us to determine the averaged characteristics of masonry based on the mechanical properties of substructural materials and their specific volume content in a fuzzy setting. All input parameters allowing to obtain fuzzy estimates of stresses and deformations of a brickwork fragment are determined by membership functions. For a representative volume of masonry, dependencies are obtained that allow to determine the level of destructive loads and the nature of destruction.
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Lei, Zhen, Jun Tong Qu, and Yong Wang. "Rehabilitation of Cracked RC-Brick Masonry Wall with Opening by BFRP Composite Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1073.
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This in-plane behavior of two one-half scale reinforced concrete (RC)-brick masonry walls with opening before and after retrofitting with basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) is investigated. One specimen was served as the reference without any strengthening scheme; another one was first tested to the severely damaged level, and then retrofitted with BFRP in a mixed strengthening configuration on two sides. Both of these specimens were tested under in-plane constant vertical load and cyclic lateral load. Test results are analyzed in terms of failure mode, maximum shear strength, ultimate drift, energy dissipation and equivalent viscous damping coefficient, which indicated that the use of BFRP composite material can effectively improve both the strength and deformation capacity of the damaged masonry wall as well as changing failure mode and maintaining the wall’s integrity.
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Aziz, Fauziah, Mohd Fadzil Arshad, and Hazrina Mansor. "The Effect of Biaxial Interlocking Block to the Masonry Wall Properties under Uniaxial Compression Load." Materials Science Forum 1041 (August 4, 2021): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1041.107.
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Biaxial Interlocking Block (BIB) is a new interlocking block system introduced in this research work. BIB was designed and expected to have the capacity to resist the biaxial load. In this research, the production of BIB was introduced, and the properties of BIB as the individual and walling unit was identified. The features of BIB in terms of density, compressive strength and MOE was identified. To define the impact BIB to the masonry wall capacity, nine walls panel and nine prisms including Solid Block (SB) and cement sand brick (CSB) have been constructed and tested under concentric compressive load. From the data obtained, the BIB walling system was calculated and identified. All the properties values of BIB masonry obtained compared with SB and CSB masonry values. The relationship of masonry properties by different types of masonry unit was also identified and discuss. From all the data and analysis carried out, it is found that the features of masonry unit have influenced the walling properties of the constructed wall. The higher compressive strength of masonry unit will enhance the capacity of the masonry walls. From this research, it is also found that BIB is having excellent properties as a walling unit as compare to SB and CSB wall. A linear relationship between the compressive strength of the samples regardless of the changing in masonry unit compressive strength has been found appropriate with the same slenderness ratio. This work offers valuable data of BIB to the masonry walls properties under compressive load.
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Wang, Jun Zhe, Andrew Heath, and Pete Walker. "Numerical Analysis of Triplet Shear Test on Brickwork Masonry." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.437.
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Shear failure is often found for masonry structure when subjected to complex loading. This paper presents the numerical analysis of shear strength test on triplet masonry specimens under different normal compressive stresses. Two different models were produced using a commercially available finite element analysis package ANSYS. The first model is a continuum model with the brick unit modeled as linear elastic material, while the mortar joints are modeled using a Drucker-Prager (DP) material or a concrete material. In the second model, the mortar joints as well as the brick/mortar interfaces were represented by a series of contact elements, and the Mohr-Coulomb failure surface was employed by these contact elements. Comparisons with the experimental results show that both models give satisfactory predictions for the maximum failure load, while the finite element model with interfaces has a better performance in terms of the load displacement response.
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Maidiawati, Jafril Tanjung, Yulia Hayati, Agus, and Satria Rangga. "Seismic performance of brick masonry infilled frame structures with bed joint reinforcements." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015603004.
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This paper presents the evaluation of the seismic performance of brick infilled RC frame structures with bed joint reinforcements based on reversed cyclic lateral load tests. Three specimens of the structural model of 1/4 scale-down single-story single-bay brick infilled RC frame was prepared, which were brick infilled RC frames with and without bed joint reinforcements. Two specimens of brick infills with bed joint reinforcements were different in the spacing of bed joint rebars. The specimens were tested by applying a reversed cyclic lateral loading in-plane direction. During the tests, the crack propagation was observed at the peak and residual drifts of each loading cycle to recognize the failure mechanisms of the specimens. As the results, although the use of the bed joint reinforcements ineffective to increase the lateral strength of the overall infilled frame structure. The rebars in mortar bed joints role to sustain the lateral strength in plastic deformation, and provide the whole structure with high ductility. It seemed that the rebars in mortar bed joints confined the brick infills. Therefore, the infilled RC frames can survive in large deformation without failure of the infills in out of the plane direction.
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Li, Li, Hong Yi Jiang, Yi Zheng, Yu Lin Yang, and Mei Zhu Sun. "Reliability Research of Masonry Column Strengthened with CFRP Based on Monte-Carlo Method." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3079.
Full textAbstract:
CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) reinforced structure, as one kind of new technology, has been applied extensively in concrete structure, and CFRP reinforced masonry structure has been began studying and applied. But reliability research of masonry strengthened with CFRP is less, which restrains applying of CFRP. In the paper, Combined with the theory of reliability and tests, supposed that it is basic random variable that strength of brick and mortar and geometry dimension of members and effect of load, it is established that the stability probabilistic formula of brick column reinforced by CFRP under axial-loading. Its reliability is calculated, by means of Matlab. Under the action of different loads and total loads being constant, it is analyzed that the relationship of index of reliability and ratio of loading effect. Some useful results are gotten. And the result calculated is reasonable and reliable and it may supply engineering personnel with computer basis.
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Wang, Qiuwei, Qingxuan Shi, and Yi Tao. "Seismic behavior and shear strength of new-type fired perforated brick walls with high void ratio." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 5 (September 28, 2018): 1035–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218802690.
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A new type of fired perforated brick with void ratio of more than 30% has been developed to improve the applicability of brick masonry structures. When the new perforated bricks are used for load-bearing walls, it will be a question whether the seismic performance of walls could satisfy the requirements under not obviously increasing the cost. This article presents an experimental study to investigate the seismic behavior and shear capacity of new-type perforated brick walls with high void ratio. For this purpose, six cross walls and three longitudinal walls with constructional columns under low reversed cyclic loading were tested, and the failure patterns, hysteretic characteristics, skeleton curves, energy dissipation capacity, ductility and reinforcement strain were observed. The test results indicate that (1) most new-type perforated brick wall specimens display shear failure, and hysteretic curves of cross walls are plump while there is some pinch phenomenon for longitudinal walls; (2) the specimens have considerable deformation and energy dissipation capacity, with displacement ductility factors of over 2.0; (3) the bearing capacity of walls increases but the ductility decreases with an increase of vertical compressive stress, and the bearing capacity and deformation all increase while considering the effect of horizontal reinforcement; and (4) the central brick wall and construction columns could resist shear force together before the peak load, while the shear force would be mainly born by construction columns at the later loading stage. Based on the test results, the constraint coefficient in current Chinese code was modified, and the calculation formula of shear capacity for cross walls was proposed. Comparison of calculated results with test data shows that the method will provide a way to predict the shear capacity of new-type fired perforated brick walls.
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Hernoune, Houria, Benchaa Benabed, Antonios Kanellopoulos, Alaa Hussein Al-Zuhairi, and Abdelhamid Guettala. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Walls with NSM CFRP Strips Subjected to Combined Loads." Buildings 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10060103.
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Near surface mounted (NSM) carbon fibers reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement is one of the techniques for reinforcing masonry structures and is considered to provide significant advantages. This paper is composed of two parts. The first part presents the experimental study of brick masonry walls reinforced with NSM CFRP strips under combined shear-compression loads. Masonry walls have been tested under vertical compression, with different bed joint orientations 90° and 45° relative to the loading direction. Different reinforcement orientations were used including vertical, horizontal, and a combination of both sides of the wall. The second part of this paper comprises a numerical analysis of unreinforced brick masonry (URM) walls using the detailed micro-modelling approach (DMM) by means of ABAQUS software. In this analysis, the non-linearity behavior of brick and mortar was simulated using the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) constitutive laws. The results proved that the application of the NSM-CFRP strips on the masonry wall influences significantly strength, ductility, and post-peak behavior, as well as changing the failure modes. The adopted DMM model provides a good interface to predict the post peak behavior and failure mode of unreinforced brick masonry walls.
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Hrasnica, Mustafa, Fadil Biberkic, and Senad Medic. "In-Plane Behavior of Plain and Strengthened Solid Brick Masonry Walls." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.694.
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Unreinforced masonry structures are generally vulnerable to earthquake actions. Brittle masonry walls are very stiff and attract considerable seismic forces which cannot be sustained without cracking. In order to enhance ductility and load bearing capacity, certain strengthening techniques need to be applied. An experimental program concerning in-plane behavior of solid clay brick masonry walls was performed at the Institute for Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Sarajevo, in cooperation with Institute for Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design, University of Stuttgart. The physical models include two unconfined unreinforced full scale masonry walls L/H/D=233/237/25cm and two strengthened full scale walls jacketed on both sides with 5cm thick concrete and reinforced with Q196 steel mesh. Twelve reduced scale walls L/H/D = 100/100/25cm were additionally constructed in order to test different strengthening methods which include one-or two-sided jacketing and CFK 150 strips. Specimens were exposed to cyclic shear as well as to monotonic push over loading program for different vertical stress levels with the aim to quantify shear strength, stiffness and energy dissipation. For lower vertical loads the tested walls exhibit rigid body rotation in each displacement cycle. For higher precompression mixed flexural and shear failure mode was registered, characterized by toe crushing and diagonal cracking. No separation of jacketing from the masonry was detected. Numerical models of tested wall panels were developed using finite element programs.
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Susila, Gede Adi, Parthasarati Mandal, and Thomas Swailes. "Strengthening and Retrofitting Strategy for Masonry (New Build Construction in Indonesia)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 845 (July 2016): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.845.181.
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In Indonesia, number of non-engineered structures have significantly been found which the houses were built by unskilled workers using masonry either unconfined or confined. The non-engineered housing units developed in urban region are also vulnerable to seismic hazard due to the use of low quality of material and constructions method. Those structures are not resistant to extreme lateral loads and their failure during an earthquake can lead to significant loss of life. This paper is concerned with the structural performance of Indonesian low-rise buildings made of masonry under lateral seismic load. Experimental testing of masonry has been carried out in Indonesia to establish the quality of materials and to provide material properties for numerical simulations. The results found that the strength of Indonesia-Bali clay brick masonry are below the minimum standard required for masonry structures built in seismic regions, being at least 50% lower than the requirement specified in British Standard and Eurocode-6 (BS EN 1996-1-1:2005). In general, structural tests under monotonic and cyclic loading have been conducted to determine the load-displacement capacity of local hand-made masonry wall panels in order to: (1) evaluate the performance of masonry structure, (2) investigate the dynamic behaviour of the structure, and (3) observe the effect of in-plane stiffness and ductility level. Detailed numerical models of the experimental specimens were simulated in Abaqus using three-dimensional solid elements. Cohesive elements were used to simulate the mortar behaviour, exhibiting cracking and the associated physical separation of the elements. A range of available material plasticity models were reviewed: Drucker-Prager, Crystalline Plasticity, and Cohesive Damage model. It was found that the combination of Crystalline Plasticity model for the brick unit and the Cohesive Damage model for the mortar is capable of simulating the experimental load-displacement behavour fairly accurately. The validated numerical models have been used to (1) predict the lateral load capacity, (2) determine the cracking load and patterns, (3) carry out a detailed parametric study by changing the geometric and material properties different to the experimental specimens. The numerical models were used to assess different strengthening measures such as using bamboo as reinforcement in the masonry walls which the performance of wall found to be better
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Liu, Xi Yuan, Jia Cong Wang, Yan Wu Wang, and Gang Li. "Contrast Investigation on Aseismatic Behavior of Masonry Wall Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Sheet and Steel-Meshed Cement Mortar." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 2092–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2092.
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Based on the experiment of four brick masonry walls under low-cyclic lateral loading, the effectiveness of the method of using the continuous carbon fiber sheet(CFS) and steel-meshed cement mortar to strengthen the brick masonry walls for improving their aseismatic performance is studied. The failure mechanism and aseismatic behavior of the walls are analyzed. Finally, the destructive mode, load bearing capacity, deformation, hysteresis characteristics and ductility are also analyzed qualitatively for the individual wall.
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Shah, Syed Azmat Ali, Khan Shahzada, and Qazi Samiullah. "INFLUENCE OF BRICK MASONRY INFILLED WALL ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME." NED University Journal of Research XVII, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35453/nedjr-stmech-2018-0013.
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Infilled walls are considered as nonstructural elements in reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. However, they can interact with the bounding frame when subjected to lateral load and can change the load resisting mechanism and failure pattern. This paper presents the results of two full scale (single storey and single bay) RC frames which were tested using quasi-static loading. Of these, one was a bare frame whereas the second frame was constructed with infilled brick masonry wall. The data of hysteresis curves, strength, capacity curve, stiffness, energy dissipation, displacement ductility, overstrength factor, response modification factor and performance levels have been presented and discussed. The test results highlighted the positive influence of infilled wall on stiffness, strength, energy dissipation and ductility of RC frame. It was also observed that response modification factor is sensitive to the frame geometric configuration.
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Bencardino, Francesco, Antonio Cecchi, Massimiliano Franceschi, Mattia Nisticò, Luciano Ombres, and Salvatore Verre. "Structural Behavior of Small-Scale Masonry Panel with Fiber Reinforced Mortar under Compressive Load." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.472.
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The use of fiber reinforced mortar for structural retrofitting/new construction of masonry structures has become increasingly popular in the last years. A preliminary study on the mechanical performances under compression of masonry panels is performed by selecting three different mortar types. The panels were composed of mortar and clay bricks; the mortars adopted are the following: i) commercial type mortar, ii) traditional mortar and iii) traditional mortar with the addition of a cellulose-based industrial non-hazardous waste. In particular, the study proposes the use of deink paper sludge as mortar filler as an example of sustainable end-of-life reuse. Using the collected experimental results involving the mortars and clay brick form a regression analysis on compressive strengths was performed in order to evaluate the influence of the deink paper sludge on the compressive behavior of the panel.
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Nanda, Radhikesh Prasad, Hasim Ali Khan, and Apurba Pal. "Seismic Retrofitting of Unreinforced Brick Masonry Panels with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgee.2017010102.
Full textAbstract:
The out-of-plane performances of brick masonry panels with different retrofitting patterns using glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) have been studied under three-point loading test. The panels were retrofitted on one side and both sides with different geometric configurations. The retrofitted specimens increased the failure load from 19.6 kN (UR) to 79.2 kN. It was observed that the flexural strength of the retrofitted patterns increased from 31.58% to 150% when compared to un-retrofitted specimens. Also, the bending moment of the retrofitted panels increased from 5.94 kNm to 8.96 kNm when retrofitted with one side, while it goes up to 14.88 kNm when retrofitted with both side as compared to un-retrofitted specimens. Further, it also observed that the panel with cross retrofitting showed more efficiency in terms of flexural strength, bending moment, stiffness and deformation capacity.
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Dizhur, Dmytro, Arturo Schultz, and Jason Ingham. "Pull-Out Behavior of Adhesive Connections in Unreinforced Masonry Walls." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 4 (November 2016): 2357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/011115eqs006m.
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The connections between walls of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings and flexible timber diaphragms are critical building components that must perform adequately before desirable earthquake response of URM buildings may be achieved. Field observations made during the initial reconnaissance and the subsequent damage surveys of clay brick URM buildings following the 2010/2011 Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquakes revealed numerous cases where anchor connections joining masonry walls or parapets with roof or floor diaphragms appeared to have failed prematurely. These observations were more frequent for adhesive anchor connections than for through-bolt connections (i.e., anchorages having plates on the exterior facade of the masonry walls). Subsequently, an in-field test program was undertaken in an attempt to evaluate the performance of adhesive anchor connections between unreinforced clay brick URM walls and roof or floor diaphragm. The study consisted of a total of almost 400 anchor tests conducted in eleven existing URM buildings located in Christchurch, Whanganui and Auckland. Specific objectives of the study included the identification of failure modes of adhesive anchors in existing URM walls and the influence of the following variables on anchor load-displacement response: adhesive type, strength of the masonry materials (brick and mortar), anchor embedment depth, anchor rod diameter, overburden level, anchor rod type, quality of installation, and the use of metal mesh sleeves. In addition, the comparative performance of bent anchors (installed at an angle of minimum 22.5° to the perpendicular projection from the wall surface) and anchors positioned horizontally was investigated. Observations on the performance of wall-to-diaphragm connections in the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes, a summary of the performed experimental program and test results, and a proposed pull-out capacity relationship for adhesive anchors installed into multi-leaf clay brick masonry are presented herein.
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Leone, Marianovella, Valeria Rizzo, Francesco Micelli, and Maria Antonietta Aiello. "Experimental Analysis on Bond Behavior of GFRCM Applied on Clay Brick Masonry." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.542.
Full textAbstract:
External bonded reinforcements (EBR), made by fibrous meshes embedded in a cementitious/hydraulic lime mortar, are getting a great deal of attention, mostly for strengthening, retrofitting and repair existing structures. In this context, the interest versus the FRCM (Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix) is growing. The mechanical performance of these mortar-based reinforcements is not well known at the date and it needs to be investigated in terms of bond and tensile strength, strain and stiffness, in relation to the type of both substrate and fibers. The present work reports the results of an experimental study, still in progress, on different pre-cured GFRP grids embedded in inorganic matrices and applied on clay brick masonry. First, the mechanical properties of both pre-cured GFRP grid and GFRCM reinforcements were obtained through tensile tests. Then, the experimental investigation on bond behavior was carried out by direct shear bond test. The test results were collected and processed to evaluate bond strength, failure mode, load-slip relationship.
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Ismail, Najif, Tamer El-Maaddawy, Amanullah Najmal, and Nouman Khattak. "Experimental in-plane performance of insulated concrete and brick masonry wall panels retrofitted using polymer composites." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 51, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.51.2.85-91.
Full textAbstract:
Masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame buildings built prior to the introduction of modern seismic provisions have been observed to undergo damage in and around the masonry infill walls during most recent moderate to severe earthquakes. Fibre reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) is one of several retrofitting options available to limit such earthquake induced damage to infill walls. An experimental program was undertaken herein to experimentally investigate the effectiveness of FRCM as a strengthening solution for vintage (i.e. built between 1880 and 1930) un-reinforced brick masonry (URM) and insulated concrete masonry (IMU) infill walls. A total of 16 masonry assemblages were tested under in-plane diagonal load, of these 8 were constructed replicating vintage URM whereas the remainder were constructed using modern IMU. IMU is a preferred masonry type in hot and humid regions owing to its superior insulting capability. Different polymer fabrics (i.e., carbon, glass and basalt) were applied over both faces of test walls, with two replicate test walls receiving the same FRCM strengthening details. One test wall of each masonry type was tested as-built to serve as a control specimen for comparison. One wall of each masonry type received two layers of basalt FRCM. The investigated aspects included stress-strain behaviour, stiffness, and ductility. Shear strength increment observed due to single layer of FRCM application was 422-778% for vintage URM and 307-415% for modern IMU. FRCM also substantially increased the ductility capacity of the masonry assemblages.
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Yang, Jing, and Wen Fang Zhang. "The Seismic Performance Analysis of Brick Masonry Wall between Windows with Central Reinforced Concrete Constructional Columns." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 1221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.1221.
Full textAbstract:
To research the seismic performance and failure mode of longitudinal independent brick masonry wall between or not between windows with setting central reinforced concrete constructional columns under the lateral function and vertical load, this paper used ABAQUS finite element analysis software to model the walls between or not between windows and be in stress analysis, obtaining the reaction force- displacement curve of loading location and the maximum horizontal displacement at the top of wall. Calculate and compare the shear strength and flexural capacity of walls. The results show that the brick masonry wall between windows with central constructional columns occurred shear failure, but the wall without windows occurred flexural failure. And compared with the wall between windows, the ductility increased, the shear capacity reduced and the seismic performance improved. Propose that can set up a isolated seam between the windowsill wall and longitudinal wall invented by Zhang Wenfang etc., and turn window wall to wall without windows to improve the seismic behavior of wall between windows.
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Islam, Syed Mofachirul, Roslan Hashim, A. B. M. Saiful Islam, and Ryan Kurnia. "Effect of Peat on Physicomechanical Properties of Cemented Brick." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/328516.
Full textAbstract:
The popularity of low cost, lightweight, and environmentally affable masonry unit in building industry carries the need to investigate more flexible and adaptable brick component as well as to retain the requirements confirmed in building standards. In this study, potential use of local materials used as lightweight building materials in solving the economic problems of housing has been investigated. Experimental studies on peat added bricks have been carried out. It demonstrates the physicomechanical properties of bricks and investigates the influence of peat, sand, and cement solid bricks to the role of various types of constructional applications. The achieved compressive strength, spitting strength, flexural strength, unit weight, and ultrasonic pulse velocity are significantly reduced and the water absorption is increased with percentage wise replacement of peat as aggregate in the samples. The maximum 20% of (% mass) peat content meets the requirements of relevant well-known international standards. The experimental values illustrate that, the 44% volumetric replacement with peat did not exhibit any sudden brittle fracture even beyond the ultimate loads and a comparatively smooth surface is found. The application of peat as efficient brick substance shows a potential to be used for wall and a viable solution in the economic buildings design.
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WITZANY, Jiří, Tomáš ČEJKA, Miroslav SÝKORA, and Milan HOLICKÝ. "ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HISTORIC MIXED MASONRY." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 22, no. 3 (September 14, 2015): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.914088.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of load-bearing masonry structures of historic buildings are built of mixed or stone masonry composed of regular or irregular (so-called quarry) masonry units – bricks, sedimentary and metamorphic rock – possessing often very different physical and mechanical characteristics. The identification of residual mechanical properties of stone or mixed masonry of irregular walling units requires the application of a suitable diagnostic method, the assessment of the phase of degradation processes and the choice of an appropriate probabilistic model for the strength of mixed masonry. The presented experimental research involves the analysis of the heterogeneity (homogeneity) of mixed masonry of a church from the 17th century. The probabilistic model for masonry strength is developed on the basis of destructive and non-destructive testing of masonry units and mortar. It appears that the probabilistic approach leads to a design value by 75% higher than the deterministic approach.