Academic literature on the topic 'Load testing purposes'

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Journal articles on the topic "Load testing purposes"

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Huang, Yu Yang, Laszlo Horvath, and Péter Böröcz. "Measurement and Analysis of Industrial Forklifts Vibration Levels for Unit Load Testing Purposes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072901.

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Forklifts are one of the most common types of material handling equipment used in warehouses and distribution centers. Vibration generated by forklifts may have an effect on the performance of unit loads and product damage rates. Historical research projects have focused predominantly on the measurement of vibration for over-the-road transportation. Thus, there is still a lack of understanding of the level of vibration caused by forklifts. The goal of this study was to understand how the vibration that is experienced by unit loads while being transported by forklifts is affected by factors such as speed, road condition, unit load weight, type of forklift, and sensor location. For this study, power spectral density (PSD) measurements were collected using a Lansmont Saver 9X30 data logger. Vibration levels were measured for three different industrial forklifts on two different surface types. The forklifts were driven at two different speeds while carrying two different unit load weights. For all of these conditions, the vibration levels were measured at the forklift carriage, at the back of the fork tine heel, and at the fork tine tips. The results obtained show that the highest vibrational intensity occurred at 3–4 Hz, while the highest overall Grms value observed was 0.145 G2/Hz (between 1–200 Hz). An increase in the forklift speed caused an increase in vibration intensity. In contrast, an increase in the unit load weight carried by the forklift caused a decrease in vibration intensity. Among the three forklifts studied, the gas-powered forklift had the highest vibration intensity, and all forklifts, when driven on asphalt, experienced more vibration.
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Permana, E., and Yayat. "Design and Development of Impact Load Sensor for Dynamic Testing Purposes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 288 (January 2018): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/288/1/012060.

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Sekuła, Krzysztof, and Andrzej Świercz. "Weigh-in-Motion System Testing." Key Engineering Materials 518 (July 2012): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.518.428.

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The paper presents some results of research on the Weight-in-motion (WIM) system. The device is used for identification of loads on the road surface generated by traveling vehicles. The proposed approach utilizes the piezoelectric measurement techniques to monitor strain development in a deformable body and eventually these measurements are used for tire-pavement load identification. An advantage of the proposed concept is that no additional limitation for a vehicle velocity and direction is required in order to make the measurement feasible. The device allow to identify many parameters which can be stored for statistical and planning purposes. When an overload or an exceed in speed limit is detected the data can be sent for penalization purposes. The research includes a computer simulation of the bending plate detector using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Its objective is to validate the concept as well as to test some factors which are important with respect to the proposed load identification methodology. An experimental research involved field tests on the WIM system using a bending plate detector and inductive loops to detect a vehicle.
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Jin, Sheng Li, Harald Harmuth, and Dietmar Gruber. "Creep Testing of Refractories at Service Related Load Levels and Application for Material Simulation." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.221.

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During the operation of industrial vessels at high temperatures both elastic and inelastic behaviour of refractories may occur under intense thermomechanical loads. The latter one brings about an irreversible strain, which may cause mechanical failure of refractories and be responsible for the opening of joints. Besides material failure under tensile or shear loads, creep of refractories also may contribute to the occurrence of the irreversible strains. For quantitative assessment of the thermomechanical behaviour of an industrial vessel lining by the simulations, the accurate determination and description of creep behaviour of refractories at service related load levels is of importance. In this paper, a newly developed high temperature compressive creep testing equipment is introduced. Compared with conventional creep testing machines it enables the application of higher load levels as they occur under service conditions. A general testing procedure and displacement/time curves for various temperatures and loads are shown. For simulation purposes a Norton Bailey type creep law representing strain hardening is identified from the test results. An inverse evaluation procedure is performed for this purpose which exhibits high efficiency and robustness.
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Sike, Wang, Guo Yu, Li Jun, Xia Tian, and Lei Ming. "Gateway Electric Energy Meter Measurement System Based on Independent Load Control." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 03030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817503030.

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In order to meet the efficiency and timeliness measurement requirements for electric energy meters with different specifications in gateway energy meter testing laboratory, a new testing system based on multithreading technique is proposed here. Through identifying the different wiring modes of electric meters, integrating with newly designed CT based on zero-flux compensation principle and applying creative multi-channel load control for different tap positions, the system can provide differentiated testing loads for different meters at the same time. Meanwhile, electric energy pulses required by different electric energy meters can be worked out by one standard meter. Consequently, completely independent measurement for different meters will be achieved with improved timeliness substantially. Through simulation tests for different electric energy meters, and comparison for calculated testing time, the initial design purposes are tested and verified.
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Gola, M. M., and A. Gugliotta. "Some Experimental Results concerning the Mechanical Coupling in Endoprosthetics." Engineering in Medicine 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/emed_jour_1987_016_007_02.

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The work continues and completes an earlier work (Gola and Gugliotta, 1982). The refined model of a special transducer-stem is here used, after implantation in a dry bone, for two purposes. First, to confirm a recent numerical finding which states a stress equivalence between physiological loads on a prosthesis-femur system and a simplified load condition, more desirable for testing purposes. Second, the separate effects of throchanteric muscle forces and of femural head forces on the stresses in the prosthetic stem are shown at various angles; superposition of effects compares well with the physiological loading case.
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Nsengiyumva, Gabriel, and Yong-Rak Kim. "Effect of Testing Configuration in Semi-Circular Bending Fracture of Asphalt Mixtures: Experiments and Statistical Analyses." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 5 (April 7, 2019): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119839343.

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The semi-circular bending (SCB) test is a simple, efficient, and easily applicable method in the pavement community to characterize fracture behavior. This makes it widely used as a quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) approach at several transportation agencies. However, public–private testing laboratories have implemented SCB test methods using different load-support fixture conditions with an insufficient understanding of how the conditions affect the results and testing variability. This could be particularly problematic when using SCB test results obtained from different load-support fixtures as QC–QA (or pass/fail) purposes. This study investigated the effect of SCB testing configurations on test results and their variability by conducting tests using six different load-support fixtures. Several fracture-related indicators such as fracture energy, flexibility index, peak load, and the coefficient of the cracking index resulting from the six different load-support fixtures were compared. Test results and statistical analyses showed that SCB tests generally showed repeatable results, whereas load-support fixtures can affect test results and their repeatability, thus care should be taken when choosing a testing fixture. The addition of roller springs generally increased the variability of the test results. It appears that the mid-span jig was detrimental to testing repeatability, and friction at the support should be avoided because it can erroneously increase fracture resistance with a higher variability.
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Moens, N., R. Runciman, D. Holmberg, and T. Gibson. "Evaluation of a short glass fibre-reinforced tube as a model for cat femur for biomechanical testing of orthopaedic implants." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 21, no. 03 (2008): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617361.

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SummaryThe biomechanical testing of tubes made of third generation short glass fibre-reinforced (SGFR) material approximating cat femurs was performed in order to determine their suitability as cat femur surrogates for the biomechanical testing of orthopaedic implants. The tubes were tested in compression, three-point bending, notch testing, and screw pullout. Thin walled (B1-tubes) had a 13% lower maximum load to failure, a 19% higher maximum strength and a 13% lower elastic modulus compared to cat femurs tested in compression. B1-tubes maximum load to failure in threepoint bending and screw pullout strength were considerably lower compared to cat femurs (29% and 63%, respectively). Notch testing was not performed on B1-tubes due to low bending strength. Thicker walled (B2-tubes) had a 23% higher maximum load to failure, a 10% higher maximum strength and a 21% lower elastic modulus compared to cat femurs tested in compression. The comparison of B2-tubes and cat femurs in three-point bending revealed a 7% increase in maximum load to failure for the B2-tubes. Drilled B2-tubes (notch testing) were weaker with a 30% lower load to failure compared to cat femurs. A screw pullout comparison of B2-tubes and cat femurs revealed a 2% increase in maximum load to failure for the B2-tubes. These tubes were intended to provide a model as a suitable surrogate for cat femurs for testing the bending strength of various orthopaedic constructs involving plates and screws. Testing revealed that third generation SGFR tubes were not suitable for these purposes and emphasizes the need to carefully evaluate the suitability of any model.
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Fleming, P. R., E. Faragher, and C. D. F. Rogers. "Laboratory and Field Testing of Large-Diameter Plastic Pipe." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1594, no. 1 (January 1997): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1594-24.

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Flexible plastic pipe is increasingly being used in the United Kingdom for drainage and ducting (conduit) purposes. This increase in use is leading to the introduction of larger-diameter pipes. The U.K. Department of Transport (DoT) uses a recently developed, theoretical method to specify installation conditions in place of traditional techniques (e.g., Spangler’s Iowa method). The DoT design method is outlined. The extensive program of laboratory and field testing carried out at Lough-borough University to determine the performance of plastic pipes under a range of loading conditions that may be expected in practice is then described. Laboratory test results compared well with the results obtained in the field once the different boundary conditions were accounted for, thereby validating the laboratory test methods by suggesting how allowance for field conditions can be made. Some reference is made to the shapes of deformation (determined from circumferential strain data) and the effect of installation conditions upon them. Pipe deformations were found to be well within acceptable, conservative limits under all load regimens, and near equilibrium of the pipe-soil system was established relatively quickly following application of a static or a dynamic load sequence to it.
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Rehman, Attique Ur, Tek Tjing Lie, Brice Vallès, and Shafiqur Rahman Tito. "Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring of Residential Water-Heating Circuit Using Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques." Inventions 5, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5040057.

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The recent advancement in computational capabilities and deployment of smart meters have caused non-intrusive load monitoring to revive itself as one of the promising techniques of energy monitoring. Toward effective energy monitoring, this paper presents a non-invasive load inference approach assisted by feature selection and ensemble machine learning techniques. For evaluation and validation purposes of the proposed approach, one of the major residential load elements having solid potential toward energy efficiency applications, i.e., water heating, is considered. Moreover, to realize the real-life deployment, digital simulations are carried out on low-sampling real-world load measurements: New Zealand GREEN Grid Database. For said purposes, MATLAB and Python (Scikit-Learn) are used as simulation tools. The employed learning models, i.e., standalone and ensemble, are trained on a single household’s load data and later tested rigorously on a set of diverse households’ load data, to validate the generalization capability of the employed models. This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of the presented approach in the context of event detection, feature selection, and learning models. Based on the presented study and corresponding analysis of the results, it is concluded that the proposed approach generalizes well to the unseen testing data and yields promising results in terms of non-invasive load inference.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Load testing purposes"

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Konečný, Tomáš. "Návrh robotického pracoviště pro zátěžové testování." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231990.

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This thesis is focused on design of a robotic cell for load testing purposes. At the beginning the aim of work is determined by objective testing. Next part is description of a test object, current work station and the present state of work. Further is determined one variant of solutions and are selected elements of the robotic cell. The design of layout follows especially with regards to safety and is processed simplified risk analysis. The second half of the work consists of developing a driverless robot design of the measuring device. The end of thesis is price calculation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Load testing purposes"

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Germann, Thiemo, Daniel M. Martin, Christian Kubik, and Peter Groche. "Mastering Uncertain Operating Conditions in the Development of Complex Machine Elements by Validation Under Dynamic Superimposed Operating Conditions." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 236–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77256-7_19.

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AbstractMachine elements produced in large quantities undergo several development cycles and can be adapted from generation to generation. Thus, experiences from real operation can be taken into account in further development. This is not possible for innovative investment goods such as special purpose machines, as these are usually individual items. Therefore, functionality and quality of newly developed components must be assured by previous investigations.Conventional methods are inadequate at this point, as they cannot represent the actual, complex operating conditions in the later application. A reliable statement about the behavior of the system through a comprehensive validation in laboratory tests under standardized conditions is not achievable in this way due to a multitude of diversified load cases.In previous work, a method was developed to allow testing of machine elements in the laboratory under detuned operating conditions. For this purpose, disturbance variables are applied to the system using paraffin wax phase change actuators in order to simulate real operation states and to analyze the behavior of the machine element under these conditions. The investigated disturbance variables are fluctuations and asymmetries of the operating load through superimposed temperature gradients. Complex interactions between the machine element and the adjacent components or the overall system can thus be taken into account.The functionality of the methodology has been developed and briefly demonstrated so far. This paper presents the next level within the development process of the methodology. The necessary components are explained in detail and an AI black box evaluation tool is discussed. This work is based on a test bench that applies dynamically changing states of detuning under superimposed disturbances. Additionally, energy efficiency and performance of the test setup is advanced. As presented, the method opens up the possibility of validating new machine elements in the laboratory under realistic conditions.
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Bartlett, John G., Robert R. Redfield, and Paul A. Pham. "Laboratory Tests." In Bartlett's Medical Management of HIV Infection, 13–106. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190924775.003.0002.

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This chapter covers the following topics: HIV viruses including viral variants (group O and group N); immune responses to HIV and detection markers; HIV serologic tests; initial tests to detect HIV antibody; confirmatory tests to detect antibody, antigen, or RNA; false-negative and false-positive results; testing strategies and algorithms; alternative testing strategies for resource-limited countries; home tests; tests that use oral fluids; molecular tests to detect and monitor HIV infection; kinetics of viral nucleic acid production (including qualitative and quantitative RNA tests); HIV DNA assessment; uses of viral load tests; rapid molecular tests; resistance testing (including purpose and scope); resistance test methods; tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs); screening tests for other infectious agents; and recommended reading.
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"7.3. Dynamic effects on building. 3.7.4. Noise. 3.7.5. Starting time requirements. 3.7.6. Life expectation. 3.7.7. Instructions. 4. Unusual verification tests. 4.1. General remarks. 4.2. Tests with non-axial load. 4.3. Buckling tests. 4.4. Tests with specification sets subjected to bending. 4.5. Fatigue performance of servo-controlled testing systems. 4.6. Constant load devices. 4.7. Constant load tests. 4.8. Tests with sudden variations of the specimen reaction. 4.9. Transition problems in block programming. 5. Comments. 5.1. General remarks. 5.2. Possible approaches to specification of performance. 5.3. Stiffness. 5.4. Effects on stress distribution in specimens. 5.5. Friction. 5.5.1. General remarks. 5.5.2. Effects of friction on gripping devices, etc. 5.5.3. Effects of friction in load measuring devices. 5.6. Accuracy. 5.7. Energy considerations. 6. Notation. 7. Index. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Purpose." In RILEM Technical Recommendations for the testing and use of construction materials, 1530–31. CRC Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482271362-369.

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"gluten quality involves the addition of low levels of gluten, ied typically are compared to results obtained by some about 2%, to a standard test flour, which often is of a type of baking test. McDermott [85] compared baking "weak" type, and observing the effects on bread quality. (Chorleywood bake test) and other properties of 30 com-Water absorption is adjusted as appropriate for the gluten mercial glutens, mostly of European origin (Table 8), and levels added [23]. A stressed gluten-enriched baking test found that under his test conditions six samples were of was identified [31], which assumes that gluten is added to relatively poor quality; correlation between baking perfor-enable production of specialty breads using substantial mance and other measured properties was not high. levels of non-gluten-containing ingredients such as rye Weegels and Hamer [130] studied a group of 32 European flour, dietary fiber, bran and germ, or raisins [49]. Czucha-commercial glutens. These workers devised a test involv-j owska and Pomeranz [31] described a simple, repro-ing protein content, denaturation index (based on a series ducible method for baking undiluted gluten, highly corre-of sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation measurements), lated with the gluten-enrichment baking test. and extensigraph resistance; a model utilizing these tests A prime reason for performing end-use tests of func-was able to predict 59% of the baking quality variation of tionality, of course, is to monitor variations in the quality the glutens. Bushuk and Wadhawan [20] examined 27 of commercial wheat glutens that can occur. Differences commercial gluten samples, although only 8 were subject-among commercial gluten are usually attributable to varia-ed to extensive end-use testing; the highest correlation co-tions in the starting material, wheat or flour, and/or efficients were between loaf volume and acetic acid-solu-changes caused by production processing conditions. Dur-ble protein (r = 0.88) and between loaf volume and ing processing, the drying of gluten is critical, as noted fluorescence of acetic acid extract (r = 0.98). above, and investigators have shown that less than opti-mum heat treatment can lower the baking quality of gluten (b) Nonbaking Tests. Considerable efforts have been [14,49,98,111,130]. However, McDermott [85] reported expended in developing nonbaking tests to evaluate the no definite relationship between manufacturing variables quality or vitality of wheat gluten for baking purposes. The and gluten quality in a group of 30 commercial glutens. baking test is often cited as being labor intensive, relative-Dreese et al. [38] studied commercial and hand-washed ly expensive, requiring skilled workers, and not effectively lyophilized gluten and found that differences were more differentiating gluten quality [86]. The farinograph has attributable to washing procedures than to drying proce-been used to evaluate gluten for many years. The usual ap-dures. proach has been to test the gluten as a gluten-flour mixture Results obtained by other methods that have been stud-(e.g., Refs. 5, 18, 36, and 49), while an alternative method TABLE 8 Properties of 30 Commercial Glutens Baking performance Property Average Range Poor Average Good Increase in loaf volume, %a 10 7.7-12.2 8.3 10.2 11.8 Protein, %b 77.4 66.4-84.3 76.2 77.4 81.1 Moisture, % 7.55.3-10.2 8.877.7 Particle size, % <160 p.m 88.8 55.8-98 80.5 91 90.3 Color 68.3 56.5-75 65.2 68.9 69.5 Lipid, % 5.84.2-7.65.86.15.1 Ash, % 0.69 0.44-0.94 0.71 0.74 0.6 Chloride, %` 0.08 0.01-0.28 0.10.08 0.08 Water absorption, mug protein 2.37 1.84-2.93 2.26 2.45 2.29 SDS sedimentation volume, ml/g protein 99 55-159 70 107 127 Lactic acid sedimentation, % reduction in turbidity 18 2-68 49 11 7 Hydration time, min 0.90.2-10 2.72.40.6 Extensibility, units/min 3.80.7-9.33.23.93.9 Viscosity, cP 117 73-222 159 109 101 '2% gluten protein. Dry matter basis. `As NaCl. Source: Ref. 85." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 779–92. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-83.

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"psychiatric illness. In refusing to admit the evidence the judge considered Graham and Howe and said that if the word ‘characteristics’ was given the natural wide meaning it would include personal mental characteristics and if these were included the objective test would be undermined completely. Therefore, there must be a limited meaning in this context and it seemed to the judge it would include such things as age, sex, and serious physical disability, but he did not consider it included mental characteristics such as inherent weakness, vulnerability and susceptibility to threats. The history was inadmissible as hearsay and the doctor could not say whether the appellant was in fact threatened nor could he say whether he was affected by any threats which might have been made. The psychiatrist’s opinion that the appellant was by nature pliable or vulnerable could not concern the jury because that would circumvent the objective test. The death of his father a year or more before the offences was something within the ordinary scope of human experience (see Turner (1974) 60 Cr App R 80). In support of his argument that the judge was wrong, counsel relied on a passage from the Law Commission Report (No 83, para 228), which said that the personal characteristics of a defendant were most important. Threats directed against a weak, immature or disabled person might well be much more compelling than against a normal healthy person. However, that recommendation was not enacted by Parliament and did not represent the law. The court was bound by Graham and Howe, and Lord Lane’s judgment in Graham did not comply with the suggestion of the Law Commission. The second limb of the test, which passed an objective test, required the jury to ask themselves whether a person of reasonable firmness, otherwise sharing the characteristics of the defendant, would or might have responded as he did to the threats to which he was subjected. If the standard for comparison was a person of reasonable firmness it must be irrelevant for the jury to consider any characteristics of the defendant which showed that he was not such a person, but was pliant or vulnerable to pressure. It would be a contradiction in terms to ask the jury this question, and then to ask them to take into account, as one of his characteristics, that he was pliant or vulnerable. For the purposes of this appeal, evidence of personal vulnerability or pliancy falling short of psychiatric illness was not relevant. R v Hegarty [1994] Crim LR 353 (CA) Facts: At the appellant’s trial for robbery, and possession of an imitation weapon, his defence was duress. He claimed that some Asian men who accommodated him when he was on the run later attacked him and threatened violence against his family unless he carried out the robberies. The Crown challenged the existence of the Asians or the threats. In support of the plea of duress the appellant sought to put before the court the evidence of two medical witnesses who would testify to his mental instability. He had a conviction for manslaughter of his wife on grounds of diminished responsibility, and the." In Sourcebook Criminal Law, 567. Routledge-Cavendish, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143093-135.

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"The important point here is that no act of fertilisation is involved and it is on this point that the arguments were made. The original Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 was amended in 2000 so that cloned embryos were covered, but the definition of an embryo, that is a fertilised egg, was not altered. Since a cloned embryo has not undergone fertilisation it is not in fact covered by the Act. So although a contradiction in terms, for the purpose of the law a cloned embryo is not an embryo. The outcome of this was that the High Court decided that the licensing arrangements for embryo cloning did not hold for implantation of cloned embryos. All of a sudden it became apparent that producing an infant from a cloned adult cell was not ruled out. This legislative anomaly was that it should never have been exposed by a court ruling; it should have been dealt with by Parliament long ago. When Dolly the sheep was born in 1997 it was immediately obvious that sex may not be the only way to produce new offspring. In the US, the government quickly took this on board and revised its own definition of an embryo. In the UK, the committee of MPs dealing with science and technology warned the government of the potential problems this definition of an embryo might cause. On Friday, 18 January 2002, the Master of Rolls, Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, sitting with two other judges, said that an embryo created by cloning did fall within the legal definition of an embryo, even though no fertilisation had taken place. This finally brought human cloning in the UK for medical research into the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. Whether you agree or disagree with the principles involved there are many questions which are raised. Broadly speaking, there are two types of cloning in use here. One is cloning fertilised embryo cells and the other is cloning of other cells. But what is the difference? If nature can, and does, produce complete individuals from a single cell, then at what point do we say that cloning a cell is tantamount to usurping the position of nature. But it is the very nature of human curiosity to try to understand the world about us, including how it is that we cannot artificially create a viable organism. Put bluntly, if it happens in nature, why can’t we do it? This debate is complicated because identical twins can be seen as clones of each other. Although semantic debates in themselves can be interesting it would at this stage be worth considering what we mean by ‘clone’ and why it results in some very specific grammar. A clone is any group of cells, which includes a complete organism, which derives from a single progenitor cell. So Dolly the sheep is a clone of her mother, cloned from a cell of her mother. Identical twins are clones of each other from an original ovum. So not only do we clone by accident, in the case of identical twins, but for at least the last half century we have been cloning human cells deliberately and this deliberate cloning has been done in the quest for methods of prenatal diagnostics. When foetal cells are removed so that they can be tested for large scale genetic defects, such as Down’s syndrome and other conditions not compatible with life, the cells are routinely grown before the testing is carried out. Each group of cells is a clone of the first one which started dividing, each clone has the entire genetic content of the foetus from which it originated, but no one would suggest that there is sentience or soul present. Many of the samples of cloned cells are then frozen." In Genetics and DNA Technology: Legal Aspects, 111. Routledge-Cavendish, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843146995-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Load testing purposes"

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Pasquali, M., P. Tricoli, and C. Villante. "Testing methodologies of supercapacitors for load-leveling purposes in industrial applications." In 2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccep.2011.6036372.

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Toburen, Tina, Allen Kephart, and Rhonda Walker. "Energy Efficiency by Optimizing Annual Testing Schedules: Coordinating RATA Testing With Other Annual Test Requirements." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81094.

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Nearly every power plant in the US must undergo annual Relative Accuracy Test Audits (RATA testing) to confirm the values reported by their continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). In order to perform a RATA test, the plant must operate at one or more stable loads for a number of hours. Depending on the type of unit and fuel, the required load levels for RATA testing can range from low, mid and high loads for coal-fired units to a single (normal) load for oil and gas fired units or four loads (from partial load to maximum load) for units utilizing 40 CFR Part 75 Appendix E alternative monitoring systems. Many plants operate in a dispatch environment where the plant is not in control of their load from hour to hour, and some even from minute to minute, such as those operating under Automatic Generation Control (AGC). Scheduling plant loads for the RATA testing must often be done far in advance and can come at a high price when factoring in fuel costs. Because it can be a significant undertaking to schedule the loads for a series of RATA tests, it makes economic sense to schedule other testing also requiring unit stability concurrently with the RATA tests. One of the most important tests that fits this category is performance testing for plant capacity and/or heat rate. Many plants are now required to perform capacity and/or heat rate demonstrations on a periodic basis to support their power purchase agreements or transmission reliability requirements. But even plants without performance test requirements can benefit from gathering performance related data during RATA testing. For plants dispatched based on demonstrated heat rates, understanding the heat rate impact of operating in AGC or at partial loads is essential. Awareness of expected heat rate is also vital for plants that must nominate their fuel consumption requirements in advance. If the RATA test loads are planned correctly, performance data collected during the RATA test periods can be used not only to fulfill required demonstrations for capacity and heat rate, but also to determine the actual annual degradation (recoverable and non-recoverable) observed for the plant equipment. Test data can also be used to build or update performance forecasting tools for dispatch purposes. Depending on the complexity of the RATA testing, multiple load points may be available (from minimum to maximum load) which can provide data on fuel consumption at various loads, supporting fuel purchasing and planning requirements for the plant. This paper intends to outline the value of coordinating annual performance tests with RATA tests in terms of manpower, load scheduling and fuel consumption. This paper will also discuss a number of issues that may arise when coordinating multiple tests — which could be performed by numerous independent parties, as well as the additional benefits which can be gained by collecting adequate performance data during RATA test periods.
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Chan, Brendan J., Corina Sandu, Erin Hissong, and Steve Southward. "Development and Design of a Cost-Efficient Tire Mechanics Testing Apparatus." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49013.

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Most tire models need experimentally obtained data as input for simulation purposes. The study of tire mechanics requires the accuracy and repeatability of a controlled environment. However, the accessibility and cost of tire testing machines make it prohibitive for exploring tire mechanical properties for academic studies. Moreover, most industrial tire testing machines are designed for general tire testing, and would require an extensive amount of time and resources to adapt for academic research. To study tire mechanical behavior for modeling purposes, a tire mechanics test apparatus has been developed at the Center for Vehicle Systems and Safety (CVeSS), Virginia Tech. The tire mechanics test apparatus has been designed as an interchangeable attachment to an existing modular quarter car test rig developed at the Institute for Advanced Learning and Research (IALR) in Danville, Virginia, to save on cost, as well as to maintain repeatability of testing. The physical limitations of maximum tire vertical load for various tire testing machines are also among the main motivations for developing the tire mechanics test apparatus. The current configuration of the tire mechanics test apparatus provides the capability to study the vertical load - deflection characteristics of the tire, as well as the static footprint of the tire under various vertical loads. Future planned enhancements to the setup include the addition of a soil bin and an instrumented rolling drum for tire shear force studies.
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Mastropasqua, Luca, Stefano Campanari, Gianluca Valenti, Anna Guariniello, Stefano Modena, and Francesco Ghigliazza. "Testing and Preliminary Modelling of a 2.5 kW Micro-CHP SOFC Unit." In ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2016-59327.

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The experimental activities, carried out at the Laboratory of Micro-Cogeneration (LMC) of the Department of Energy at Politecnico di Milano are hereby outlined in relation to the testing of four 2.5 kWel AC SOFC-based micro-CHP units developed by SOLIDpower S.p.a. The novelty of the work consists in carrying out a complete thermodynamic and environmental performance characterisation of the studied commercial system in a third-party laboratory. The main objectives of the experimental campaign have been the investigation and assessment of the electric and heat recovery performances in different cogeneration thermal power demand loads. The generator has been tested in five different thermal loads, whilst operated at full electric load, in order to simulate the coupling with thermal appliances of diverse nature. The cogeneration water inlet temperature has been varied from 20°C (as in more complex cogeneration systems which may envisage a thermal storage and additional pre-heating section) to 50°C (as for district heating purposes or heating of sanitary water). Each measurement has been acquired with a redundant approach for statistical purposes aiming to the reduction of uncertainty and to guarantee procedure robustness. Moreover, the design point experimental characterisation has been supported by an overall process calibration and simulation performed by means of an in-house software (GS), developed at the Department of Energy. Each component has been modelled using a 0D approach, such that the required mass and energy balances of the plant can be compared with those obtained from the experimental activity. In conclusion, the overall performances have met the expectations, being characterised by a net electric efficiency of approximately 39% and a total efficiency which may overcome 95%.
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Drahos, Bradley, Amer Safdari, Faizan Malik, Rebecca Smith, Matt Kubala, Jack Norfleet, Conner Parsey, Shikha Goodwin, and Timothy M. Kowalewski. "Design of a Handheld Tissue Grasping Device to Measure Tissue Mechanical Properties In-Vivo or in a Laboratory Setting." In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9089.

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Abstract With medical institutions increasing the use of medical simulators for educational purposes it is detrimental that the knowledge gap regarding tissue mechanical properties be researched further in depth. The grasper device discussed throughout this paper aims to provide researchers a handheld device capable of testing soft organs and tissue in-vivo and ex-situ in a laboratory setting. The device consists of two load cells on the inner jaws of the grasper to measure compressive force and an encoder to monitor the graspers angular position which yields tissue position and strain. Accompanying the grasper is a GUI written in Rust which is capable of data file management, and providing a 10 second live feed of load cell and encoder readings. The grasper device is currently being employed in a study testing the tissue mechanical response of porcine tissue at states ranging from in-vivo to ex-situ post freeze. The results from this test, and subsequent tests using the grasper have the capability of providing much needed knowledge regarding tissue mechanical properties to improve medical simulators and medical education as a whole.
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Khan, J. R., W. E. Lear, S. A. Sherif, E. B. Howell, J. F. Crittenden, and P. L. Meitner. "Testing and Modeling of a Semi-Closed Gas Turbine Cycle Integrated With a Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15403.

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A novel cooling and power cycle has been proposed that combines a semi-closed cycle gas turbine called the High Pressure Regenerative Turbine Engine (HPRTE) with a vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS). The refrigeration cycle (VARS) interacts with the power cycle (HPRTE) solely through heat transfer in the generator and the evaporator. Waste heat from the recirculated combustion gas of the HPRTE is used to power the absorption refrigeration unit, which cools the high-pressure compressor inlet of the HPRTE to below ambient conditions and also produces excess refrigeration, in an amount which depends on ambient conditions. Water produced as a product of combustion is intentionally condensed in the evaporator of the VARS, which is designed to provide sufficient cooling for three purposes: chilling the inlet air to the high pressure compressor, water extraction, and for an external cooling load. In a previous study, the combined cycle was modeled using zero-dimensional steady-state thermodynamics, with the specified values of efficiencies and pressure drops for the turbo-machinery and heat exchangers. The model predicts that the combined cycle with steam blade cooling for a medium-sized engine will have a thermal efficiency of 49%, in addition to the external refrigeration load generated in the cycle which is 13% of the net work output. It also produces about 1.4 kg of water for each kg of fuel (propane) consumed. A small experimental unit demonstrating the HPRTE/VARS combined cycle has been constructed and is currently being tested in the Energy & Gas-dynamic Systems Laboratory at the University of Florida. A 45 HP Rover 1S-60 engine is integrated with a NH3/H2O vapor absorption refrigeration unit having a capacity of 19 Ton Refrigeration. The engine flow-path has been significantly modified to include partial recirculation of exhaust products, turbocharging, and recuperation, thus implementing the HPRTE concept. In addition, a significant modeling effort has been undertaken to simulate the combined cycle operation under design and off-design conditions. Initial experimental results show good agreement with the model predictions, including overall efficiency and water extraction rates.
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Camporeale, S. M., B. Fortunato, and M. Mastrovito. "A High-Fidelity Real-Time Simulation Code of Gas Turbine Dynamics for Control Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30039.

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A novel high-fidelity real-time simulation code based on a lumped, non-linear representation of gas turbine components is presented. The aim of the work is to develop a general-purpose simulation code useful for setting up and testing control equipments. The mathematical model and the numerical procedure are specially developed in order to efficiently solve the set of algebraic and ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamic behavior of the gas turbine engine. The paper presents the model and the adopted solver procedure. The code, developed in Matlab-Simulink using an object-oriented approach, is flexible and can be easily adapted to any kind of plant configuration. For high-fidelity purposes, the mathematical model takes into account the actual composition of the working gases and the variation of the specific heats with the temperature, including a stage-by-stage model of the air-cooled expansion. Simulation tests of the transients after load rejection have been carried out for a single-shaft heavy-duty gas turbine and a double-shaft industrial engine. Time plots of the main variables that describe the gas turbine dynamic behavior are shown and the results regarding the computational time per time step are discussed.
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Beheshti, Hamid Kh, Hamid M. Lankarani, and Sivaraman Gopalan. "A Hybrid Multibody Model for Aircraft Occupant/Seat Cushion Crashworthiness Investigation." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84041.

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Seat cushion is in the primary load path between the seat and the occupant, and the potential for injuries to an occupant in an accident highly depends on it. The seat cushion is able to dissipate the kinetic energy due to impact in a controlled manner. Wide varieties of energy absorbing materials are used in aircraft interiors for occupant safety and ergonomic purposes. Flexible polyurethane foams are one among those used in seat cushions. Although comfort and aesthetics play an important role in the seat cushion design, safety is among the top criteria. Studies on seat cushions have demonstrated that the seat cushions generally amplify the lumbar/pelvis transmitted load to the occupant, making the seat cushion design further complicated for crashworthy design. The certification of seat cushion requires that their performance be demonstrated by dynamic full scale sled testing. Due to the high costs involved in dynamic testing, a mathematical hybrid multi-body model is developed in this study to simulate the dynamic responses of a bare iron seat, the seat cushion and the occupant represented by crash test dummy. The model is utilized to predict the lumbar load sustained when subjected to the FAR Part 23 and 25 dynamic test conditions for transport and general aviation category aircraft. The model is also used to determine the relative displacement and velocity of occupant against the seat pan. The results from the dynamic model are validated with full-scale sled tests performed at the National Institute for Aviation Research (NIAR), and hence can be utilized as a design tool for the selection of proper seat cushions.
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Kitazawa, Daisuke, Hiroki Shimizu, and Yoichi Mizukami. "Tank Model Testing on the Fish Cage Installed in Variable Depths in Current and Waves." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11239.

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A fish cage should be submerged to reduce hydrodynamic forces from high waves if the fish cage is installed in an exposed sea area. Usually, the submergible fish cage is suspended from the framework at a fixed depth. The framework is set by floats and anchors at the middle position between water surface and the top surface of the submergible fish cage. The submergible fish cage will be used not only for reduction of hydrodynamic forces but for the other purposes such as choosing the best environment for cultured fishes in the vertical direction, and escaping from the flood with high-level nitrogen or turbidity, harmful algal blooming, and floating ices. In such cases, it is useful for the fish cage to be installed in variable depths. The purpose of the present study is to examine the safety of the fish cage installed in variable depths in current and waves by means of tank model testing. The mooring system consists of a fish cage and four floats. The vertical position of the fish cage is variable by adjusting the buoyancy of these floats. First, the drag of the fish cage was examined by towing test, and the results were compared with the drag estimated by the existing studies. The effects of interaction among twines, the angle of attack, wake, and the top and bottom nets were discussed. Then the fish cage was moored in the water tank, which has the length of 50 m and the width of 10 m. The tank model has a scale of 1/100 of the full-scale model of the fish cage used for tuna farming. The model was made according to Tauti’s similarity law. The water depth was set at 0.68 m by adjusting the position of the variable floor. The motion of the fish cage and four floats, and the tension of the mooring lines between the fish cage, floats, and anchors were measured by the underwater video camera and load cells, respectively. As a result, the drag of the fish cage could be estimated from the experimental results of the drag of a plane net since the results include the effect of interaction among twines. The effects of the angle of attack and the reduction in water current velocity inside the cage were also taken into account. The drag of the fish cage could be estimated well by the above method, while it was underestimated by 10% in comparison with the experimental data. In the water tank testing of the mooring system, the tension of the mooring line increased rapidly with the increase in water current velocity since the drag of the fish cage was proportional to the 1.8th power of water current velocity and increased due to the inclination of the fish cage. The increase in the tension due to wave-induced forces to the fish cage could be negligible when the fish cage was submerged. The safety and the design guideline of the mooring system should be assessed by the simulations using a numerical model, which is being developed by the authors. The experimental data obtained in the present study will be useful for the validation of the numerical model.
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Rizkalla, Hany, Page Strohl, and Peter Stuttaford. "Prediction and Mitigation of Thermally Induced Creep Distortion in Gas Turbine Combustors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27815.

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In an effort to maximize efficiency and decrease emissions, modern gas turbine combustors are exposed to extreme operating conditions which if not accounted for during the design process, can lead to premature failure of the combustion components. Of interest to this article are some operating conditions that, in many instances can expose the gas turbine combustion chambers (liners) to asymmetric thermal loads. Highly asymmetric thermal loads at high temperatures can inflict severe distress on combustion liners attributing to thermal creep distortion and Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF). Modern low emission pre-mix combustion systems such as the Dry Low NOx (DLN) 2.6 in the GE F Class machines and PSM’s FlameSheet combustor employ firing curves that involve “staging” when the gas turbine is ramping up or down in load or is simply operating in part-load condition. During such staging process, the flame resides in only certain sectors of each combustor while the other sectors are cold, these part load conditions can cause high thermal gradients leading to high thermally induced stresses in the liners. High thermal stresses at high metal temperatures can induce severe visco-plastic (creep) geometric distortion in liners upon prolonged exposure to such conditions. Extreme thermally induced creep distortion can eventually lead to liners’ catastrophic failures due to buckling and/or rupture. Under mild circumstances permanent creep distortion of liners can lead to non-optimal combustion and hence attributing to non optimal operation of the gas turbine. Several means can be employed during the design process to avoid and/or account for creep distortion, some of which are discussed in this article. Although linear elastic analysis is usually used by design engineers to predict liner thermal deflection under part load conditions, it is important to note that even though the resulting stresses may be within the material’s elastic range, creep relaxation leading to permanent liner deformation may still occur over time causing non-optimal base load operation and degradation to the gas turbine efficiency. In most cases predicting thermally induced creep distortion over time can only be done using iterative numerical techniques such as FEA coupled with the material specimen creep testing. A case study involving a F class FlameSheet liner will be discussed and used for illustrative purposes. ANSYS non-linear creep FEA modeling was used to predict the creep deformation results over time using Haynes 230 specimen test data. The predicted numerical analytical results matched well with actual hardware characterized data, thus validating the analytical technique.
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