Academic literature on the topic 'Load vs deflection'
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Journal articles on the topic "Load vs deflection"
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Scanlon, Andrew, and Leonid Mikhailovsky. "Full-scale load test of three-span concrete highway bridge." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 1 (1987): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-003.
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A full-scale load test to failure of a 34-year-old three-span continuous reinforced concrete highway bridge located in southern Alberta is described. The opportunity to load test the structure to failure occurred as a result of the scheduled demolition of the bridge.Load was applied to the structure in two phases. In the first phase, precast concrete sections were placed at the centre of the middle span until a load of approximately 1900 kN was reached. At this load level a mid-span deflection of 28 mm was measured for the interior span. Additional load was applied by jacking the ends of the bridge at the abutment supports. Loading continued until a maximum deflection of 157 mm was reached at mid-span. Significant cracking as well as crushing of the compression flange at mid-span were evident. On removal of load at mid-span, a residual deflection of 118 mm was observed indicating that the bridge had been loaded well into the postyield range without collapsing.Results of the test are presented in the form of plots of load vs. deflection, reactions vs. deflection, mid-span moment vs. deflection, and deflection profiles at various loading stages. In addition the calculated flexural capacity is compared with measured values. Key words: highway bridge, load test, reinforced concrete.
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Ibrahim, Ahmed, Dr Hilal Abd Elkader, and Prof Mohamed M. Husain. "Seismic Response of Slab Column Connection with Pyramid Shaped Drop Panel." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, no. 5 (2022): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.d2397.0611522.
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Both experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) was used to study the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) interior slab-column connection made with pyramid-shaped drop panel subjected to vertical and horizontal loads. The dimensions of the models at “¼ ” linear scale for laboratory testing and FE Analysis (FEA) are derived from rules for dimensions of column drops, given a prototype “9.60m” grid and a slab thickness of “320mm”. Lab specimens were tested with the drops (flat slab, rectangular and pyramid-shaped) facing up, with loadings (vertical down and horizontal in grid direction) applied by jacks towards the top of a central projecting “150mm” square column. One flat slab (“80mm” thick no drop), tested to failure under vertical load (80kN), provided values for setting variables used in the FEA. The remaining 5 lab specimens (1 flat and 1 each rectangular and pyramid-shaped 40mm and 30mm drop thicknesses), under a fixed vertical load (40kN), were tested to failure by increasing a moment at the column slab junction applied by a horizontal load to the column “500mm” above the slab. FEA results for the same conditions compared closely with experimental results. The pyramid-shaped drop models, with equal thickness to the rectangular drop models at the column faces (drops of “40mm” and “30mm”), exhibit similar maximum force resistances to the rectangular drop models. However, these resistances were achieved in the pyramid drops at higher maximum deflections – deflections being measured downwards at column centerline one half of slab thickness away from the face. A parametric study was conducted by FEA, at constant load, in vertical steps (10kN; 25kN 55kN), calculating deflections under increasing horizontal load. Calculations were made on the following definitions: Energy absorption is represented by the area under the deflection vs horizontal load curves; Ductility is the ratio of deflection at maximum to deflection at yield, and Stiffness and Overstrength factors are the slopes of the deflection load diagrams in the elastic and plastic zones respectively. Both drop type models exhibit significantly improved performance compared to the models without drops. The pyramid-shaped drop models exhibited improved energy absorption, ductility, and stiffness and overstrength compared to the rectangular drop models of the same column face thickness.
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Li, Chang Yong, Hui Yang, Yang Liu, and Ke Ke Gao. "Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Superposing with Partial Steel Fiber Reinforced Full-Lightweight Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 800–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.800.
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To improve the flexural properties and lighten the weight of ordinary reinforced concrete beam (RCB), this paper develops a new type of superposed RCB in which the tensile zone was partially cast with the steel fiber reinforced full-lightweight concrete (SFRFLC). 10 beams with different height of SFRFLC were designed. Their flexural behaviors were measured including the concrete strain at mid-span cross section, the load vs deflection curve, the cracking load and the ultimate load. It may be concluded that the test beams damage in ductile, the concrete strains at mid-span cross section basically fit the assumption of plain cross section, the variations of load vs deflection curves are similar with obvious changes at the points of the cracking of concrete and the yield of tensile reinforcements, the cracking loads are almost equal, and the ultimate loads tends to decrease with the increasing height of SFRFLC. The SFRFLC and ordinary concrete work well together, the suitable height of SFRFLC is there should be further studied.
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Ahmed, Ibrahim, Hilal Abd Elkader Dr., and Mohamed M. Husain Prof. "Seismic Response of Slab Column Connection with Pyramid Shaped Drop Panel." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 11, no. 5 (2022): 171–79. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.D2397.0611522.
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<strong>Abstract: </strong>Both experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) was used to study the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) interior slab-column connection made with pyramid-shaped drop panel subjected to vertical and horizontal loads. The dimensions of the models at "¼ " linear scale for laboratory testing and FE Analysis (FEA) are derived from rules for dimensions of column drops, given a prototype "9.60m" grid and a slab thickness of "320mm". Lab specimens were tested with the drops (flat slab, rectangular and pyramid-shaped) facing up, with loadings (vertical down and horizontal in grid direction) applied by jacks towards the top of a central projecting "150mm" square column. One flat slab ("80mm" thick no drop), tested to failure under vertical load (80kN), provided values for setting variables used in the FEA. The remaining 5 lab specimens (1 flat and 1 each rectangular and pyramid-shaped 40mm and 30mm drop thicknesses), under a fixed vertical load (40kN), were tested to failure by increasing a moment at the column slab junction applied by a horizontal load to the column "500mm" above the slab. FEA results for the same conditions compared closely with experimental results. The pyramid-shaped drop models, with equal thickness to the rectangular drop models at the column faces (drops of "40mm" and "30mm"), exhibit similar maximum force resistances to the rectangular drop models. However, these resistances were achieved in the pyramid drops at higher maximum deflections – deflections being measured downwards at column centerline one half of slab thickness away from the face. A parametric study was conducted by FEA, at constant load, in vertical steps (10kN; 25kN 55kN), calculating deflections under increasing horizontal load. Calculations were made on the following definitions: Energy absorption is represented by the area under the deflection vs horizontal load curves; Ductility is the ratio of deflection at maximum to deflection at yield, and Stiffness and Overstrength factors are the slopes of the deflection load diagrams in the elastic and plastic zones respectively. Both drop type models exhibit significantly improved performance compared to the models without drops. The pyramid-shaped drop models exhibited improved energy absorption, ductility, and stiffness and overstrength compared to the rectangular drop models of the same column face thickness.
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Dobeš, Ferdinand, and Petr Dymáček. "On the Correlation of Fracture Quantities in Small Punch Test." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.275.
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Several possible routes are available for estimation of fracture behaviour from the results of small punch tests performed at constant rate of deflection. The routes include: (i) measurement of relevant dimensions directly on ruptured specimens, (ii) determination of critical deflections on the load vs. deflection curves and (iii) integration of these curves up to specific points. Equivalent fracture strain, fracture energy or fracture toughness are then evaluated from the obtained quantities. The mutual relations among the quantities are demonstrated by the results of small punch tests performed on a Fe-Al-based alloy in the temperature range extending from brittle up to ductile fracture appearance.
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Jemal, Bedane Halkiyo* Sultan Bedane Halkiyu &. Dr Raju Ramesh Reddy. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LOW RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS INTERMS OF PLATE STRESS AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION WITH SOLID SLAB AND RIBBED SLAB: STATIC ANALYSIS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 7 (2017): 186–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.823088.
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In this thesis paper, the comparison of frame with solid slab vs composite slab for seismic loading and gravity load are analyzed using manual and staad.provi8 software to insure either frame with solid slab or frame with ribbed slab are economical, stable and one of either capable to withstand designed load over its designed life.Additionally the structure is modeled and analyzed using staad.prov8i software and compared in terms of plate stresses, deflection and economic evaluation of low rise Residential building with solid slab or rib slab-concrete block slab using linear static analysis under gravity & lateral loading. Finally as per analysis and design, it is proved that the residential building with solid slab can resist the required structural stresses like lateral deflection, bending stress, shear deflection and provide the required structural stability against lateral and uplift pressures than structure with ribbed slab.
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Kewalramani, Manish, Osama Mohamed, and Abdallah Badran. "Parametric finite element analysis to investigate flexural behavior of BFRP-FRC beams." E3S Web of Conferences 347 (2022): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234702006.
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Recently, most of researchers are focusing on the use of ecofriendly and natural fibers for reinforcement in concrete. One of the most recent materials that is being used is Basalt fiber due to its low cost and exceptional characteristics over glass and carbon fibers. This material is tested to be used as alternative to conventional steel reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete structures also. Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) bars are relatively new type of FRP reinforcement material. The present paper is a parametric study for flexural behavior of concrete members reinforced using BFRP rebars using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA software – Abaqus is used for numerical simulation of selected beams. A comparison between experimentally evaluated and numerically obtained load vs midspan deflection response of beam is presented. Due to a good agreement between these two approaches, FE model was used to conduct parametric study. The parameters that were changed from experimentally tested beams are number and size (diameter) of BFRP bars to study effect of reinforcement detailing and reinforcement ratio on load vs. midspan deflection response. A comparison between experimentally determined and numerically evaluated load vs midspan deflection response was carried out and found to be consistent with mean absolute percentage error of 4.80%.
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Todupunoori, Shiva Sai, Sandeep Kumar G.A.V.S., Kiran Kumar N., and Thomas A. Cyril. "Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Bonded with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sheets." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 3 (2020): 134–38. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.C4845.029320.
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Concrete, a mixture of different aggregates bonded with cement, first developed around 150BC in Rome has been bedrock to the modern Infrastructure. It is used to build everything from roads, bridges, dams to sky scrapers. Strengthening concrete is traditionally done by using steels but the developments in technology in recent decades allowed to use fiber reinforced plastics which are externally bonded to concrete . Such composite materials offer high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. This study investigates the behavior of reinforced concrete beams bonded with fiber composites. A numerical study is conducted to study the behavior of RC beam under Static third point loading. Concrete beam specimens with dimensions of 150 mm width, 300 mm height, and 2600 mm length are modelled. These beams are externally bonded with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheets and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets. In present study, we examine the performance of reinforced concrete beams which are bonded with GFRP and CFRP sheets with various thicknesses (1, 2 & 3 mm) using ABAQUS in terms of failure modes, enhancement of load capacity, load-deflection analysis and flexural behaviour.
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Wang, Kai, and Xiaoxiong Zha. "Comparison of the Beam Mechanical Properties between the CDG Based Geopolymer Concrete and OPC Concrete." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2468, no. 1 (2023): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2468/1/012071.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the beam mechanical properties, based on the completely decomposed granite (CDG) & slag based geopolymer reinforced concrete, as well as the OPC reinforced concrete. The failure mode and bearing capacity of beam members were obtained. The load vs mid span deflection relationship and load vs displacement relationship were discussed. Furthermore, the results show the feasibility of the CDG & slag based geopolymer concrete in engineering application.
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Rivin, E. I., and B. S. Lee. "Experimental Study of Load-Deflection and Creep Characteristics of Compressed Rubber Components for Vibration Control Devices." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 2 (1994): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919412.
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Elastomeric (rubber-like) materials are extensively used in various machine design applications, especially for flexible elements of vibration/shock/noise control devices and of power transmission couplings. In order to have high performance characteristics, such elements should accommodate large static and dynamic loads and/or large deflections in a limited size. In many applications high damping, low creep and substantial nonlinearity of the load-deflection characteristic are required. Since these specifications are contradictory, they are frequently impossible to satisfy just by selecting special rubber blends. The paper describes some results of an experimental study of geometric shape influence on the above specifications. It is demonstrated that for unbonded rubber flexible elements of a cylindrical shape loaded in a radial direction, a desirable nonlinear load-deflection characteristic can be naturally obtained (e.g., so-called “constant natural frequency” characteristic for vibration isolators), and creep rate can be significantly reduced as compared with conventional shapes of bonded rubber elements loaded in compression. This can lead to increased permissible deformations and/or loads on a flexible element, and/or to possibility of using rubber blends having higher damping (which is usually associated with higher creep rates). During the course of the research, an accelerated creep test technique has been developed which allows to use state-of-the-art servohydraulic testing machines for creep evaluation. It was also demonstrated that two definitions of the relative creep rate being used in the literature are not equivalent. More consistent results are obtained using the initial (free) height of the specimen (vs the deformation after 1 min of loading) as a reference dimension.
Book chapters on the topic "Load vs deflection"
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Ameduri, Salvatore, Bernardino Galasso, Antonio Concilio, Donato Perfetto, Francesco Caputo, and Pietro Catalano. "Preliminary Design of a SMA Bending Vortex Generator." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3233/atde250360.
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The paper introduces the preliminary activities carried out within the RADAR project (ContRollo Attivo Del flusso AeRdinamico, in Italian, or Active Control of the Aerodynamic Flow), funded by the (Italian) Aerospace Research Program (PRORA), DM 662. Its main objective is to enhance the aerodynamic efficiency of a small-medium range aircraft through turbulent flow control techniques, for the environmental impact alleviation in terms of both gas and acoustic emissions. A key innovation involves the design of an adaptive vortex generator to mitigate tip stall and facilitate span-wise load control operations. This concept entails a compact metallic plate, flush with the wing skin if stowed, and a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) active layer, enabling plate deflection upon heating, and consequently modifying the aerodynamic field. The study herein reported presents a theoretical framework for the preliminary modeling of a 2-layer SMA bending plate. The approach is based on: momentum equilibrium between the SMA actuator and an aluminum plate working as elastic recovery element; stress-induced SMA phase transformation by bending loads. The behavior of the SMA plate is described through the elastic line equation, formulated in terms of deflection angle versus the curvilinear abscissa (wide deflection range). Additionally, by knowing the constitutive law of the SMA material, the resulting load-unload curves for the SMA are computed in terms of applied moment vs resulting deflection at various temperatures. These curves are then compared to the moment-deflection profile of the antagonistic elastic aluminum plate. Under specific assumptions herein adopted, the diagram allows to identify specific points representing the pre-load/ stowed condition of the vortex generator device, and its fully deployed configuration.
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Barbhuiya, Salim. "Nanomechanical Characterization of Cement-Based Materials." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6304-6.ch002.
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Nanoindentation technique is used to assess the mechanical properties of materials at nano-level. A very small tip (usually diamond) produces indents at the surface of the material to be tested. A load vs. deflection curve is generated and is used to study the elastic properties of materials. Generally, it is used for obtaining the hardness and Young's modulus of materials at nano-meter scale. Currently, the method to evaluate the mechanical properties by nanoindentation is restricted to homogeneous materials. Cement-based materials are heterogeneous in nature. Therefore, nanoindentation study of cement-based materials is critical and requires several important steps, which need to be performed accurately. This chapter provides a review of the theory of nanoindentation, instruments being used for nanoindentation, sample preparation techniques, indentation strategy, and determination of nanomechanical properties and data analysis for cement-based materials.
Conference papers on the topic "Load vs deflection"
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Shoup, Terry E., and Lilia Sanchez. "A Least-Squared Optimization Approach to the Design of Belleville Springs." In ASME 1991 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1991-0143.
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Abstract Belleville spring washers, also known as coned-disk springs were patented in France by Julien Belleville in 1867 and were the topic of a fundamental engineering study by Almen and Laszlo in 1936. The main advantage to these devices is their compactness and their ability to handle large loads. The deflection of these springs has been found to be nonlinear and stiffening springs have been shown to be quite useful for the design of vibration isolation mounts where combined vibration and shock loading are present. It is the purpose of this investigation to demonstrate the use of the method of least-squares optimization to design Belleville springs having prescribed load-vs-deflection performance behavior.
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Walker, James D., Sidney Chocron, Thomas Z. Moore, et al. "EFFECT OF PRE-BENDING AND HYSTERESIS OF A METAL PLATE ON BLAST-LOADING DEFORMATION: DATA VS. NUMERICAL SIMULATION." In 2024 NDIA Michigan Chapter Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium. National Defense Industrial Association, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-3641.
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<title>ABSTRACT</title> <p>V-shaped hulls for vehicles, to mitigate buried blast loads, are typically formed by bending plate. Such an approach was carried out in fabricating small test articles and testing them with buried-explosive blast load in Southwest Research Institute’s (SwRI) Landmine Test Fixture. During the experiments, detailed time dependent deflections were recorded over a wide area of the test article surface using the Dynamic Deformation Instrumentation System (DDIS). This information allowed detailed comparison with numerical simulations that were performed with LS-DYNA. Though in general there is good agreement on the deflection, in the specific location of the bends in the steel the agreement decreases in the lateral cross section. Computations performed with empirical blast loads developed by SwRI and by more computationally intensive ALE methods in LS-DYNA produced the same results. Computations performed in EPIC showed the same result. The metal plate was then bent numerically so that the initial plate had both hardening and residual stresses from the fabrication. When blast loaded, though the deflection reduced due to the hardening in the bends in the plate, the qualitative disagreement with the lateral cross section remains. The study then focused on the material strength model for the steel. It was observed that the difference in behavior between the experiments and the computations occurs in a region where the hull metal is unloading from its formative bend. It is argued that using a kinematic yield surface with hysteresis, rather than an isotropic one with no hysteresis as is commonly done with the Johnson-Cook model, better models the unloading and hence can better match the deformation seen in the experiments.</p>
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Wang, Bo, Yung-Sup Shin, and Eric Norris. "Hull Deformation Effect on Membrane-Type LNG Containment Systems." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54903.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the maximum allowable hull deformation, which includes global elongation and local deflection, and the capacity of the CCS in membrane-type LNG vessels. The LNG CCS mainly consists of the primary barrier (e.g. a corrugated membrane for GTT MK III system and an invar membrane for GTT NO 96 system) and the insulation panel which is attached to the inner hull through mastics or couplers. The excessive hull elongation due to dynamic wave loads may cause fatigue damage of the primary barrier. Thus, the maximum allowable hull elongation (global deformation) can be determined based on the fatigue strength of the primary barrier. On the other hand, the excessive hull deflection due to cargo or ballast water pressure may cause failure of the insulation panel and the mastic. Therefore, the maximum allowable hull deflection (local deformation) in the hull design can be determined based on the strength of the insulation panel and the mastic. In the present paper, the determination of fatigue life vs. strain curves of materials has been summarized for the primary barrier. Fatigue curves based on either structural fatigue tests or standard specimen tests can be applied in fatigue assessment of a primary barrier. As an example, the finite element (FE) analysis has been conducted on the MK III CCS with the hull structure under pressure loads. Two different load cases including full load and ballast load conditions have been considered to evaluate the structural integrity of the insulation system in numerical simulations. FE results show that the mechanical behavior of the insulation system and the mastic under the maximum allowable hull deflection has been examined based on the yielding strength of each individual component. Finally, the complete procedure to determine the maximum allowable hull elongation and the maximum allowable hull deflection has been developed for meeting the requirements of containment system design for membrane-type LNG carriers.
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Venkataramana, K., V. Bhasin, K. K. Vaze, A. K. Ghosh, and H. S. Kushwaha. "Calculation of B2′ Stress Indices for Elbows Using Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61814.
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Nuclear power plant components are designed to withstand reversed dynamic loading like earthquake loading. Such reversed dynamic loads may induce plastic deformation in nuclear power plant components like pipe elbows. Plastic deformation in nuclear power plant components is limited by equation (9) of ASME Boiler &Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, NB-3652. ASME B&PV Code was revised in the year 2000 to accommodate plastic ratcheting as a mode of failure instead of plastic collapse under reversed dynamic load. The modified Code contains B2′ index, which is given as 2/3 rd of B2 index for butt-welded elbows. In the earlier work [1] B2′ indices were determined for several elbows using quasi-static nonlinear finite element analysis. In the present work an attempt is made to determine the ratio B2/B2′ for elbows using plastic nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis. Elbows of different sizes were considered in the present study. For each elbow linear static, linear dynamic, plastic nonlinear static and plastic nonlinear transient dynamic analyses are carried out to determine B2′ index in terms of B2 index. Elastic-perfectly plastic material model is used for the elbows. Collapse loads are obtained under static and dynamic conditions. Load vs. deflection curves are obtained for elbows under linear static and nonlinear quasi-static analyses. Deflection vs. time-curves are obtained from linear dynamic and plastic nonlinear dynamic analyses. The ratio B2/B2′ is computed for elbows of different sizes. The computed stress indices are compared with the Code values.
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Kinthala, Nareen Kumar, Manga Patnaik, Mohit Khandelwal, Phani Kumar Kakani, and Elavarasan Palaniappan. "Material Selection of a Parcel Shelf for Structural Performance and Perceived Quality Improvement through an Assessment of a Wide Range of Composite and Sustainable Materials." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8249.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper addresses the need for improved material selection in parcel shelves, a key component in passenger vehicles used to conceal the trunk area. The focus is on weight optimization, structural integrity, and perceived quality improvement using sustainable and ultra-lightweight composite materials. Traditional materials such as PET Woodstock, while durable, contribute significantly to vehicle weight, which is a drawback in the context of electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed composite material alternatives offer a high strength-to-weight ratio and have been shown to improve the load vs. deflection ratio, enhance aesthetics, and reduce manufacturing complexity and costs. This study outlines the testing and evaluation process of varying GSM and thicknesses of composite materials, demonstrating superior stiffness, reduced deflection under load, and enhanced ease of assembly. This work contributes to the ongoing efforts to achieve lightweighting, cost efficiency, and sustainability in automotive component design.</div></div>
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Sheikh, Shamim Ahmed, and Zahra Kharal. "Corrosion-resistant Reinforced Concrete Columns." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0946.
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<p>To address this issue of corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete, large scale columns reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars were tested under simulated earthquake loads. In addition to the moment - curvature and shear - deflection responses, ductility factors, and work and energy dissipation parameters were used to evaluate column performance. Twenty-five columns with circular and square sections can be compared to investigate variables such as axial load level, amount and type of reinforcement, i.e. GFRP vs steel. GFRP-reinforced columns were found to behave with stable post-peak response and achieved high levels of deformability and energy dissipation. The optimum solution with respect to column strength, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation, and corrosion resistance appears to be a hybrid column with steel longitudinal bars and GFRP transverse reinforcement.</p>
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Wang, Jianjun, Minfu Lu, Daqing Zou, and Sheng Liu. "Investigation of Interfacial Fracture Behavior of a Flip-Chip Package Under a Constant Concentrated Load." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0505.
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Abstract In this paper, the interfacial fracture behavior of a flip-chip package subjected to a constant concentrated line load was investigated using a unique 6-axis submicron tester coupled with a high density laser moiré interferometry. The real-scale three-point bending flip-chip specimen, capable of measuring the crack growth rate (along the interface) and the interfacial fracture toughness was developed. The results show that the crack propagation along the interface of the passivated silicon chip/underfill under a constant concentrated load can be categorized into three stages: (1) stable crack propagation stage, (2) unstable crack propagation stage, and (3) quasi-crack arrest stage. There exist two obvious transition points between the stable crack propagation stage and the unstable crack propagation stage, and between the unstable crack propagation stage and the quasi-crack arrest stage. The moiré interferometry technique was used to monitor and measure the crack length during the test. The crack growth rate along the interface of the passivated silicon chip/underfill was calculated in terms of the load line deflection vs. time curve obtained from the test. In addition, the relationship between the crack length and the load line deflection was calibrated by using finite element analysis. The near tip displacement fields of the flip-chip package was also determined by the same method. The energy release rate was computed by using these near tip displacement variables through an analytical expression derived by authors. The interfacial fracture toughness Gc was determined by the energy release rate corresponding to the crack length at the quasi-crack arrest stage measured in the test. The interfacial fracture toughness Gc and the phase angle ϕ of the flip-chip package considered at the interface where the passivated silicon chip meets the underfill are about 35 J/m2 and −65° respectively.
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Jones, Michael D., Kamran M. Nikbin, and Catrin M. Davies. "Load Line Displacement Partitioning in Creep Crack Growth Analyses of 316H Stainless Steel." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84303.
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Accelerated creep crack growth tests in the laboratory can lead to greater levels of plasticity at the tip of a creep crack than would be experienced in service. This is problematic when trying to determine C* which is used to model the stress field ahead of a crack. Deflection partitioning methods must be used in order to determine the contribution to the load line displacement rate as a result of creep which in turn is used to calculate C*. This partitioning can lead to negative values of the creep load line displacement rate due to the high contribution from plasticity. The amount of assumed plasticity is likely to be erroneously high as it is currently assumed that the material behaviour fits a Ramberg-Osgood model, when in reality such a fit does not predict the behaviour well over a large range of stress. This work compares the load line displacement determined from solutions based on a Ramberg-Osgood model with those calculated from finite element simulations using uniaxial tensile data to model the plasticity. The simulations formulated crack growth by means of a crack length vs time criterion using experimental crack growth data. It is found that the theoretical solutions do over predict the amount of plastic deformation compared to the numerical results. It is also found that for the short term test considered, the load-line displacement due to creep deformation was small compared to that from crack growth.
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Kandasamy, Sugumar, Sukumar T, Vamsi Krishna Pendyala, and Anbarasu Govindarasu. "Study the Effect of Pneumatic Valve Characteristics due to Linear and Non-Linear Damping System." In International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0160.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Pneumatic valves are widely used in heavy commercial vehicles’ air braking systems. These valves are mainly used in the braking system layout to maintain the vehicle stability during dynamic conditions. Rubber components are inevitable in valves as a sealing element, and it is very difficult to predict the behavior due to its nonlinear nature. Basically, this valve efficiency is defined in terms of performance and response characteristics. These characteristics are determined in the concept stage itself using 1D simulation software. AMESim software has a variety of elements to use in a unique way for performance and response behavior prediction. For pneumatic valves, 1D analysis is an effective method and it gives good correlation with actual test results. During the modelling of pneumatic valves, some of the contacts between rubber and metals are controlled by various parameters such as damping, contact stiffness and desired phase angle. Instead of giving these parameters to a linear contact element, rubber elements can be used to reduce the variations and increase the correlation with test results. Some of the challenges during modelling the rubber elements are, there is no incorporated rubber element with gap, end-stop controls, and it requires, load Vs deflection characteristics of the rubber (prediction of load and deflection). This paper deals with the modelling and parameterization of a typical pneumatic valve with linear and Non-linear contact elements. Outcome from the 1D simulation results have been validated with the experimental test results.</div></div>
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Momeni, Amir Farid, Robert J. Peterman, B. Terry Beck, Chih-Hang John Wu, and Naga Narendra B. Bodapati. "Effect of Prestressing Wire Indentation Type on the Development Length and Flexural Capacity of Pretensioned Concrete Crossties." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5739.
Full textAbstract:
Load tests were conducted on pretensioned concrete prisms cast with 13 different 5.32-mm-diameter prestressing wire types that are used in the manufacture of pretensioned concrete railroad ties worldwide. The tests were specifically designed to evaluate the development length and bonding performance of these different reinforcements. The prestressing wires were denoted “WA” through “WM” and indentation types included smooth, spiral, chevron, diamond, and 2-dot and 4-dot. Four wires were embedded into each concrete prism, which had a 3.5″ (88.9 mm) × 3.5″ (88.9 mm) square cross section. The wires were initially tensioned to 7000 pounds (31.14 KN) and gradually de-tensioned when the concrete compressive strength reached 4500 psi (31.03 Mpa). A consistent concrete mixture with type III cement, water-cement ratio of 0.32 and a 6-in. slump was used for all prisms. Prisms were tested in 3-point-bending at different spans to obtain estimations of the development length of each type of reinforcement. Two identical 69-in.-long (175.26 cm) prisms were load tested, at both ends, for each reinforcement type evaluated. First prisms were tested at 20-in. (50.8 cm) from one end and 13-in. (33.02 cm) from the other end, whereas the second prisms were loaded at 16.5-in. (41.9 cm) from one end and 9.5-in. (24.13 cm) from the other end. Thus, a total of 52 load tests (13 wire types × 4 tests each) were conducted in this study. During each test, a concentrate load with the rate of 300 lb/min (1334 N/min) was applied at mid-span until failure occurred, and values of load, mid-span deflection, and wire end-slip were continuously monitored and recorded. Plots of load-vs-deflection were then compared for prisms with each wire type and span, and the maximum sustained moment was also calculated for each test. The load tests revealed that there is a very large difference in the development length of the different wire types currently used in the manufacture of pretensioned concrete railroad ties. The results imply that there would also likely be large differences in the reserve capacity (beyond first cracking) for pretensioned concrete crossties fabricated with these different reinforcements.