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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Loaded origin in clouds

Academic literature on the topic 'Loaded origin in clouds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers

Journal articles on the topic "Loaded origin in clouds":

1

Gao, F., S. Stanič, K. Bergant, T. Bolte, F. Coren, T. Y. He, A. Hrabar, et al. "Monitoring presence and streaming patterns of Icelandic volcanic ash during its arrival to Slovenia." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 14, 2011): 3863–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-3863-2011.

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Abstract. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano starting on 14 April 2010 resulted in the spreading of volcanic ash over most parts of Europe. In Slovenia, the presence of volcanic ash was monitored using ground-based in-situ measurements, lidar-based remote sensing and airborne in-situ measurements. Volcanic origin of the detected aerosols was confirmed by subsequent spectral and chemical analysis of the collected samples. The initial arrival of volcanic ash to Slovenia was detected at ground level using in-situ measurements during the night of 17 April 2010, but was not observed via lidar-based remote sensing due to the presence of clouds at lower altitudes while the streaming height of ash-loaded air masses was above 5 km a.s.l. The second arrival of volcanic ash on 20 April 2010 was detected by both lidar-based remote sensing and airborne in-situ measurement, revealing two or more elevated atmospheric aerosol layers above Slovenia. Identification of samples from ground-based in-situ and airborne in-situ measurements based on energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed that a fraction of particles was volcanic ash from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. We performed simulations of airflow trajectories to explain the arrival of the air masses containing volcanic ash to Slovenia.

2

Cainey, Jill M. "Understanding the origin of clouds." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 3 (2007): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en07010.

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Vogt, Mario H. J., Joost W. van den Muijsenberg, Els Goulmy, Eric Spierings, Petra Kluck, Michel G. Kester, Ronald A. van Soest, Jan W. Drijfhout, Roel Willemze, and J. H. Frederik Falkenburg. "The DBY gene codes for an HLA-DQ5–restricted human male-specific minor histocompatibility antigen involved in graft-versus-host disease." Blood 99, no. 8 (April 15, 2002): 3027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v99.8.3027.

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Abstract Graft rejection or graft-versus-host (GVH) disease after HLA-identical stem cell transplantation is the result of recognition of minor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) by immunocompetent T lymphocytes from recipient or donor origin, respectively. Cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones can be isolated during graft rejection and GVH disease to identify mHags and their corresponding genes. Thus far, all human mHags identified appeared to be HLA class I–restricted. Here, we report the characterization of the first human HLA class II–restricted sex-linked mHag involved in GVH disease. Previously, we isolated an HLA-DQ5–restricted CD4+ CTL clone from a male patient with chronic myeloid leukemia who developed acute GVH disease grade III-IV after transplantation of HLA genotypically identical female stem cells. Using a panel of female HLA-DQ5+ EBV cells that we stably transfected with Y chromosome–specific genes, we determined that the HLA class II male-specific mHag (H-Y) was encoded by the Y chromosome–specific gene DBY. The H-Y epitope was localized in the DBY protein using female HLA-DQ5+peripheral blood mononuclear cells loaded with DBY protein fragments. The minimal peptide sequence leading to maximal recognition by the specific HLA-DQ5–restricted CTL clone was characterized as the 12–amino acid sequence HIENFSDIDMGE. Although the epitope differed by 3 amino acids from its X-homolog DBX, only 2 polymorphisms were shown to be essential for recognition by the CTL clone.

4

Price, R. J., S. Viti, and D. A. Williams. "On the origin of diffuse clouds." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 343, no. 4 (August 21, 2003): 1257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06762.x.

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Shchekinov, Yu A., and I. I. Zinchenko. "The origin of giant molecular clouds." Astronomy Reports 48, no. 8 (August 2004): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1787065.

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Valdivia, Valeska, Benjamin Godard, Patrick Hennebelle, Maryvonne Gerin, Pierre Lesaffre, and Jacques Le Bourlot. "Origin of CH+ in diffuse molecular clouds." Astronomy & Astrophysics 600 (April 2017): A114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629905.

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Context. Molecular clouds are known to be magnetised and to display a turbulent and complex structure where warm and cold phases are interwoven. The turbulent motions within molecular clouds transport molecules, and the presence of magnetic fields induces a relative velocity between neutrals and ions known as the ion-neutral drift (vd). These effects all together can influence the chemical evolution of the clouds. Aims. This paper assesses the roles of two physical phenomena which have previously been invoked to boost the production of CH+ under realistic physical conditions: the presence of warm H2 and the increased formation rate due to the ion-neutral drift. Methods. We performed ideal magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations that include the heating and cooling of the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM), and where we treat dynamically the formation of the H2 molecule. In a post-processing step we compute the abundances of species at chemical equilibrium using a solver that we developed. The solver uses the physical conditions of the gas as input parameters, and can also prescribe the H2 fraction if needed. We validate our approach by showing that the H2 molecule generally has a much longer chemical evolution timescale compared to the other species. Results. We show that CH+ is efficiently formed at the edge of clumps, in regions where the H2 fraction is low (0.3−30%) but nevertheless higher than its equilibrium value, and where the gas temperature is high (≳ 300 K). We show that warm and out of equilibrium H2 increases the integrated column densities of CH+ by one order of magnitude up to values still ~ 3−10 times lower than those observed in the diffuse ISM. We balance the Lorentz force with the ion-neutral drag to estimate the ion-drift velocities from our ideal MHD simulations. We find that the ion-neutral drift velocity distribution peaks around ~ 0.04 km s-1, and that high drift velocities are too rare to have a significant statistical impact on the abundances of CH+. Compared to previous works, our multiphase simulations reduce the spread in vd, and our self-consistent treatment of the ionisation leads to much reduced vd. Nevertheless, our resolution study shows that this velocity distribution is not converged: the ion-neutral drift has a higher impact on CH+ at higher resolution. On the other hand, our ideal MHD simulations do not include ambipolar diffusion, which would yield lower drift velocities. Conclusions. Within these limitations, we conclude that warm H2 is a key ingredient in the efficient formation of CH+ and that the ambipolar diffusion has very little influence on the abundance of CH+, mainly due to the small drift velocities obtained. However, we point out that small-scale processes and other non-thermal processes not included in our MHD simulation may be of crucial importance, and higher resolution studies with better controlled dissipation processes are needed.

7

Gorbatskii, V. G. "Origin of clouds of the lα forest." Astrophysics 43, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02683941.

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8

Nilges, Katja, Hanni Höhn, Henryk Pilch, Claudia Neukirch, Kirsten Freitag, P. J. Talbot, and Markus J. Maeurer. "Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7 Peptide-Directed CD8+ T Cells from Patients with Cervical Cancer Are Cross-Reactive with the Coronavirus NS2 Protein." Journal of Virology 77, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 5464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.9.5464-5474.2003.

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ABSTRACT Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7 oncoproteins are required for cellular transformation and represent candidate targets for HPV-specific and major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+-T-cell responses in patients with cervical cancer. Recent evidence suggests that cross-reactivity represents the inherent nature of the T-cell repertoire. We identified HLA-A2 binding HPV16 E7 variant peptides from human, bacterial, or viral origin which are able to drive CD8+-T-cell responses directed against wild-type HPV16 E7 amino acid 11 to 19/20 (E711-19/20) epitope YMLDLQPET(T) in vitro. CD8+ T cells reacting to the HLA-A2-presented peptide from HPV16 E711-19(20) recognized also the HLA-A2 binding peptide TMLDIQPED (amino acids 52 to 60) from the human coronavirus OC43 NS2 gene product. Establishment of coronavirus NS2-specific, HLA-A2-restricted CD8+-T-cell clones and ex vivo analysis of HPV16 E7 specific T cells obtained by HLA-A2 tetramer-guided sorting from PBL or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes obtained from patients with cervical cancer showed that cross-reactivity with HPV16 E711-19(20) and coronavirus NS252-60 represents a common feature of this antiviral immune response defined by cytokine production. Zero of 10 patients with carcinoma in situ neoplasia and 3 of 18 patients with cervical cancer showed ≥0.1% HPV16 E7-reactive T cells in CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. In vivo priming with HPV16 was confirmed in patients with cervical cancer or preinvasive HPV16-positive lesions using HLA-A2 tetramer complexes loaded with the E6-derived epitope KLPQLCTEL. In contrast, we could not detect E6-reactive T cells in healthy individuals. These data imply that the measurement of the HPV16 E711-19(20) CD8+-T-cell response may reflect cross-reactivity with a common pathogen and that variant peptides may be employed to drive an effective cellular immune response against HPV.

9

Wolf, Veronika, Thomas Kuhn, Mathias Milz, Peter Voelger, Martina Krämer, and Christian Rolf. "Arctic ice clouds over northern Sweden: microphysical properties studied with the Balloon-borne Ice Cloud particle Imager B-ICI." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23 (December 7, 2018): 17371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17371-2018.

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Abstract. Ice particle and cloud properties such as particle size, particle shape and number concentration influence the net radiation effect of cirrus clouds. Measurements of these features are of great interest for the improvement of weather and climate models, especially for the Arctic region. In this study, balloon-borne in situ measurements of Arctic cirrus clouds have been analysed for the first time with respect to their origin. Eight cirrus cloud measurements have been carried out in Kiruna (68∘ N), Sweden, using the Balloon-borne Ice Cloud particle Imager (B-ICI). Ice particle diameters between 10 and 1200 µm have been found and the shape could be recognized from 20 µm upwards. Great variability in particle size and shape is observed. This cannot simply be explained by local environmental conditions. However, if sorted by cirrus origin, wind and weather conditions, the observed differences can be assessed. Number concentrations between 3 and 400 L−1 have been measured, but the number concentration has reached values above 100 L−1 only for two cases. These two cirrus clouds are of in situ origin and have been associated with waves. For all other measurements, the maximum ice particle concentration is below 50 L−1 and for one in situ origin cirrus case only 3 L−1. In the case of in situ origin clouds, the particles are all smaller than 350 µm diameter. The PSDs for liquid origin clouds are much broader with particle sizes between 10 and 1200 µm. Furthermore, it is striking that in the case of in situ origin clouds almost all particles are compact (61 %) or irregular (25 %) when examining the particle shape. In liquid origin clouds, on the other hand, most particles are irregular (48 %), rosettes (25 %) or columnar (14 %). There are hardly any plates in cirrus regardless of their origin. It is also noticeable that in the case of liquid origin clouds the rosettes and columnar particles are almost all hollow.

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Pulido, F. A., B. R. McNamara, A. C. Edge, M. T. Hogan, A. N. Vantyghem, H. R. Russell, P. E. J. Nulsen, I. Babyk, and P. Salomé. "The Origin of Molecular Clouds in Central Galaxies." Astrophysical Journal 853, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa54b.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Loaded origin in clouds":

1

Silva, Valeria Cristiane. "Sensor para medição do campo eletrico." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259374.

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Orientador: Jose Pissolato Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T18:17:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_ValeriaCristiane_M.pdf: 9885573 bytes, checksum: eee5ffee7c0a540498ec7bb5a8436b15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a elaboração e a construção de um sensor utilizado na detecçãode intensidade de campo elétrico e consequentemente de descargas atmosféricas. O sensor de diâmetro igual a 10 cm é constituído por uma placa girante composta por quatro aletas, que tem seu movimento de rotação controlado por um mini motor de 12000 rpm, e uma placa fixa, denominada placa de medição, composta por oito aletas que são responsáveis por produzir uma tensão alternada referente ao campo elétrico ao qual o sensor está submetido. Quando o rotor (placa girante) gira sobre o estator (placa de medição), ele expõe a placa de medição ao campo elétrico e isola-o deste campo quando está sobre ele. Dessa forma corta-se o campo elétrico normal estático ou que varia muito lentamente. O medidor de campo elétrico (EFM - do inglês Eletric Field Mill ) cria um campo "variável" que irá induzir uma carga elétrica no estator. A magnitude e polaridade da carga são dependentes da magnitude e polaridade do campo elétrico. A placa de medição gera um sinal da ordem de milivolts, sendo necessário a utilização de amplificadores para torná-lo significante para análise. O sinal amplificado será então digitalizado e enviado à um software para visualização dos dados gerados pelo sensor. Neste trabalho apresenta-se também um estudo sobre origem de cargas nas nuvens, formação de tempestade, assim como formação e classificação dos raios.
Abstract: This paper presents the development and construction of a sensor used to detect intensity of electric field and consequently of lightning. The sensor diameter of 10 cm consists of a plate consisting of four revolving vanes that has its rotation controlled by a small motor to 12000 rpm and a fixed plate, called a measuring board, composed of eight vanes that are responsible for produce a alternating voltage electric field concerning which the sensor is subjected. When the rotor (revolving vanes) turns on the stator (plate measurement), it exposes the plate for measuring the electric field alone, and the field when this is over it. Thus is cut to the normal static electric field or which varies very slowly. The electric field meter (EFM - the English Electric Field Mill) creates a field "variable" that will induce an electric charge in the stator. The magnitude and polarity of the load are dependent on the magnitude and polarity of the electric field. The measurement plate generates a measurement signal of the order of millivolts, requiring the use of amplifiers to make it significant for analysis. The amplified signal is then digitized and sent to a software for visualization of data generated by the sensor. In this work it is also a study of origin of cargoes in the clouds, formation of storm as well as training and classification of rays.
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

2

Lloyd, Gary James. "Observations of the origin and distribution of primary and secondary ice in clouds." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/observations-of-the-origin-and-distribution-of-primary-and-secondary-ice-in-clouds(fbe41932-ddf0-49c2-b634-89575e919037).html.

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A detailed understanding of cloud microphysical processes is crucial for a large range of scientific disciplines that require knowledge of cloud particles for accurate climate and weather prediction. This thesis focuses on 3 measurement campaigns, encompassing both airborne and ground based measurements of the microphysical structures observed in cold, warm and occluded frontal systems around the United Kingdom, stratocumulus clouds in the Arctic and many different clouds observed over a 6 week period at a high-alpine site in the Swiss Alps. Particular attention was paid to the origin and distribution of both primary and secondary ice and the dominant features associated with ice phase processes. During investigation of cold, warm and occluded frontal systems associated with mid-latitude cyclones around the U.K., secondary ice was often found to dominate the number and mass concentrations of ice particles in all systems. The presence of large liquid droplets was sometimes observed in close proximity to regions of secondary ice production. The existence of these provides a possible mechanism by which rime-splintering is greatly enhanced through the creation of instant rimers as the large drops freeze. In-situ measurements during the cold frontal case were used to calculate rates of diabatic heating during a comparison between bin-resolved and bulk microphysics schemes. Observations in arctic stratocumulus clouds during spring and summer seasons revealed higher ice concentrations in the summer cases when compared to the spring season. This is attributed to secondary ice production actively enhancing ice concentrations in the summer, due to the higher temperature range the clouds spanned. At Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps, ground based measurements allowed us to obtain high spatial scale resolution measurements of cloud microphysics and we found transitions between high and low ice mass fractions that took place on differing temporal scales spanning seconds to hours. During the campaign measurements of aerosol properties at an out of cloud site, Schilthorn, were made. When analysing a Saharan Dust Event that took place a possible link between the number of U.V. fluorescent particles and the number of ice particles was found in the temperature range around -10 ºC.

3

Faramaz, V., S. Ertel, M. Booth, J. Cuadra, and C. Simmonds. "Inner mean-motion resonances with eccentric planets: a possible origin for exozodiacal dust clouds." OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623054.

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High levels of dust have been detected in the immediate vicinity of many stars, both young and old. A promising scenario to explain the presence of this short-lived dust is that these analogues to the zodiacal cloud (or exozodis) are refilled in situ through cometary activity and sublimation. As the reservoir of comets is not expected to be replenished, the presence of these exozodis in old systems has yet to be adequately explained. It was recently suggested that mean-motion resonances with exterior planets on moderately eccentric (e(p) greater than or similar to 0.1) orbits could scatter planetesimals on to cometary orbits with delays of the order of several 100 Myr. Theoretically, this mechanism is also expected to sustain continuous production of active comets once it has started, potentially over Gyr time-scales. We aim here to investigate the ability of this mechanism to generate scattering on to cometary orbits compatible with the production of an exozodi on long time-scales. We combine analytical predictions and complementary numerical N-body simulations to study its characteristics. We show, using order of magnitude estimates, that via this mechanism, low-mass discs comparable to the Kuiper belt could sustain comet scattering at rates compatible with the presence of the exozodis which are detected around Solar-type stars, and on Gyr time-scales. We also find that the levels of dust detected around Vega could be sustained via our proposed mechanism if an eccentric Jupiter-like planet were present exterior to the system's cold debris disc.

4

Chynoweth, Katie Mae. "On the origin of neutral hydrogen clouds in nearby galaxy groups the role of galaxy interactions /." Diss., 2010. http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-03202010-181233/.

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Books on the topic "Loaded origin in clouds":

1

Bakes, Emma L. O. The astrochemical evolution of the interstellar medium. Vledder, The Netherlands: Twin Press Astronomy Publishers, 1997.

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2

N, Kylafis, and Lada Charles J, eds. The Origin of stars and planetary systems. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic, 1999.

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The origin of stars and planetary systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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J, Lada Charles, Kylafis N, and NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Physics of Star Formation and Early Stellar Evolution (2nd : 1998 : Crete, Greece), eds. The origin of stars and planetary systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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(Editor), Charles J. Lada, and N. D. Kylafis (Editor), eds. The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems (NATO Science Series C:). Springer, 1999.

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Protostars and Planets VI. University of Arizona Press, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Loaded origin in clouds":

1

Weik, Martin H. "loaded origin." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 911. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_10421.

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Blitz, Leo, and Jonathan P. Williams. "Molecular Clouds." In The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems, 3–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4509-1_1.

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Bregman, Joel N. "The Origin of the High-velocity Clouds." In High-Velocity Clouds, 341–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2579-3_16.

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Clube, S. V. M. "Molecular Clouds: Comet Factories?" In Dynamics of Comets: Their Origin and Evolution, 19–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5400-7_3.

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Irvine, William M. "The Composition of Interstellar Molecular Clouds." In Composition and Origin of Cometary Materials, 203–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4211-3_19.

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Bally, John. "The Origin and Structure of Molecular Clouds." In CO: Twenty-Five Years of Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy, 54–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5414-7_11.

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Myers, Philip C. "Physical Conditions in Nearby Molecular Clouds." In The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems, 67–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4509-1_3.

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Ehrenfreund, Pascale, and Karl M. Menten. "From Molecular Clouds to the Origin of Life." In Astrobiology, 7–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_2.

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Elmegreen, Bruce G. "The Origin and Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds." In The Physics of Star Formation and Early Stellar Evolution, 35–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3642-6_2.

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McKee, Christopher F. "The Dynamical Structure and Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds." In The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems, 29–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4509-1_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Loaded origin in clouds":

1

Watabe, Yasuyuki. "Obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei by Circumnuclear Starburst-Origin Clouds." In THE EVOLUTION OF STARBURSTS: The 331st Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Seminar. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2034992.

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Gebauer, Iris, Wim De Boer, Leo Bosse, Alexander Neumann, and Peter L. Biermann. "Molecular clouds as the origin of the Fermi gamma-ray GeV-excess." In 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.301.0908.

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Zhang, G. L., C. Wang, and S. H. He. "The origin of coronal mass ejections and magnetic clouds: Thermally or magnetically driven?" In Proceedings of the eigth international solar wind conference: Solar wind eight. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51512.

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Li, Jingguang. "A Research on the Origin and the Main Characteristics of Culture-loaded Words." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cesses-19.2019.138.

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Fujita, Yutaka, Yutaka Ohira, Shuta J. Tanaka, Fumio Takahara, Isao Tanihara, Hooi Jin Ong, Atsushi Tamii, et al. "Molecular Clouds as a Probe of Cosmic-Ray Acceleration in a Supernova Remnant." In THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES: OMEG—2010. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3485123.

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Webster, Christopher R. "Advanced Mid-IR laser spectrometers for identifying the origin of earth’s cirrus clouds and life on Mars." In 2006 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo.2006.4627634.

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K. Scherbakova, Valeria, and Alla A. Krasnoshtanova. "OBTAINING MICROPARTICLES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE LOADED WITH MICROBIAL LIPASE." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/09.

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At present, lipases of animal and microbial origin are increasingly used in human practice, namely in cheese production, milk chocolate production, confectionery industry, dry egg powder, production of flour, leather industry (for degreasing wool, bristles, leather), silk production, washing agents, as well as biodiesel. However, the practical use of lipase is limited by its low stability, reduced storage activity, and inability to reuse. One way to overcome these disadvantages is to microencapsulate the enzyme into various carriers. One promising carrier is calcium carbonate, characterized by ease of production and low cost. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to select the conditions for including lipase in the calcium carbonate microparticles. As the subject of the investigation, lipase of bacteria p. Pseudomonas fluorescens with activity of 27 u/mg was used in the work. This paper compares two methods of including protein molecules in carbonate microparticles: adsorption in pores (previously prepared carrier microparticles are added to the protein solution) and microencapsulation (formation of microparticles occurs simultaneously with inclusion of protein molecules). For both ways the capacity of microparticles of a carbonate of calcium by a bacterial lipase was determined and it was established that the maximum capacity equal was 0.2 mg/mg was reached when using a method of adsorption in pores. The specific activity of lipase in this case is 5.21 units/mg. The dynamics of bacterial lipase release from carbonate microparticles has been investigated. It has been found that within 90 minutes the degree of lipase release from microparticles does not exceed 28%, and the decrease in its specific activity does not exceed 10%. This fact suggests a higher prolongation of the action of lipase included in calcium carbonate microparticles compared to native. The operational stability of the bacterial lipase included in the calcium carbonate microparticles was evaluated as compared to native lipase. It was found that the temperature optimum did not occur, it remained at 37 ° C, but the operating stability increased in the lower temperature area. The optimum pH shifted from the slightly alkaline (pH 8.0) towards the neutral (pH 7.0), wherein in the region of alkaline pH values the operational stability of the microencapsulated lipase significantly increases. Microencapsulation of bacterial lipase into carbonate microparticles has been shown to increase storage stability by a factor of twice that of native.

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Guo, Zheying, Raffaella De Vita, Jennifer G. Barrett, and Joseph G. Freeman. "Determination of Damage Criteria in Medial Collateral Ligaments." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40751.

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The effect of consecutive and gradually increasing strain on the mechanical behavior of rat medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) was studied to characterize and understand the damage evolution process. Displacement-controlled tensile tests were conducted on femur-MCL-tibia complexes (FMTCs) harvested from 9 Sprague Dawley rats. Each FMTC was loaded to a given displacement, unloaded, and re-loaded to another increasing displacement several times until complete failure occurred. From the recorded tensile stress-strain data, two different phenomena indicative of initiation and propagation of damage were observed: an elongation of the toe region and a decrease in stiffness of the linear region. The threshold strain at which the elongation of the toe region first appeared was found to be (2.59±1.37)% while the threshold strain at which the decrease in stiffness first occurred was determined to be (5.11 ± 1.25)%. These results suggest that there are two different mechanisms that control the damage process in ligaments and further investigation is needed to elucidate their micro-structural origin.

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Singh, Udai K., and Graham C. Smith. "A Comparison of Measured and Predicted Unsteadiness in a Transonic Fan." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-274.

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The two dimensional, viscous, non-linear unsteady code UNSFLO has been used to model a highly loaded transonic fan stage along a mid-span section. This paper examines the results of this unsteady calculation, and compares with time resolved measurements taken on a continuous flow test rig. The main features of the time resolved experimental data are shown to be captured by the calculation. Comparison of losses for steady and unsteady calculations show that the stator loss is significantly increased by the blade row interaction effects. The origin of static pressure fluctuations within the stator passage has also been examined.

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Chidlow, Stewart J., William W. F. Chong, and Mircea Teodorescu. "Semi-Analytic Iterative Solution for the Adhesive Contact Between a Micro-Indenter and a Graded Elasticity Coating." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35110.

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This paper proposes a hybrid (semi-analytic) solution for determining the contact footprint and subsurface stress field in a two-dimensional adhesive problem involving a multi-layered elastic solid loaded normally by a rigid indenter. The subsurface stress field is determined using a semi-analytic solution and the footprint using a fast converging iterative algorithm. The solid to be indented consists of a graded elasticity coating with exponential increase of decay of its shear modulus bonded on a homogeneously elastic substrate. By applying the Fourier Transform to the governing boundary value problem, we formulate expressions for the stresses and displacements induced by the application of line forces acting both normally and tangentially at the origin. The superposition principle is then used to generalize these expressions to the case of distributed normal pressure acting on the solid surface. A pair of coupled integral equations are further derived for the parabolic stamp problem which are easily solved using collocation methods.