Books on the topic 'Loading rate'

Tensile Testing, Second Edition is a comprehensive guide to the uniaxial tensile test and its use in determining the mechanical properties and behaviors of materials. The first six chapters cover the fundamentals of tensile testing, including the methodology, the equipment used, the effect of tensile loading on metals, the interpretation of data, and the role of tensile testing in design and manufacturing. The next six chapters deal with the testing of different classes of engineering materials, namely metals, plastics, elastomers, ceramics, and composites, and fabricated structures such as weldments and bolted and adhesively bonded joints. The book also includes three chapters on the nuances of tensile testing at extreme temperatures and strain rates and a reference section with data tables. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-806-9, follow this link.

♦ Traditionally bearings were made from polyethylene and cobalt chrome. These bearings are still most commonly used for knee replacements. In hip replacements due to osteolysis caused by polyethylene wear alternative material combinations at the bearing surface are used♦ Highly cross linked plastics have been developed and have been shown to reduce wear. There are a number of different types available which differ in their performance♦ Metal on metal bearings first used in the 1960s have also been developed and show very low wear rates. These bearings are more susceptible to edge loading and the resulting metal ion release can result in adverse biological reactions leading to failure♦ Whilst ceramic on plastic surfaces have been used for a considerable amount of time the reduction in wear is not as great as with well functioning metal on metal bearings♦ Ceramic on ceramic bearings have been used for a considerable time and show even lower wear rates than metal on metal bearings. In the past there has been an incidence of catastrophic fracture of these bearings but developments in materials technology have considerably reduced these events.

This introductory chapter begins with a review of the state of labor unions in the United States. Unionization rates in the United States declined steadily from the late 1940s (when unions represented 36 percent of U.S. workers) until the present economic recession (12.4 percent). Favorability ratings of labor unions fell sharply between 2007 and 2010—years of heightened economic crisis—to an all-time low of 42 percent. There are many factors in this decline, including the postwar pact labor leaders made with American business, the McCarthyist purge from unions of the most progressive activists during the Cold War, and a relentless employers' offensive dating from the 1970s that included rampant union busting alongside the off-loading, subcontracting, and outsourcing of previously unionized work. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to situate the struggle at Boeing inside broader narrative frames, one about the history of unions and movements for union democracy, and the other about the history of the Boeing Company and its unions in particular. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.

Scope This standard practice outlines a methodology to assess pipeline integrity because of the threat internal corrosion in onshore and offshore pipelines and other piping systems that normally carry multiphase fluids (gas, water, and oil) termed multiphase flow internal corrosion direct assessment (MP-ICDA). Liquid separators (drips), compressing stations, vessels, and other equipment not related to pipelines are not included in this standard. This standard applies to pipelines, and piping systems both onshore and offshore, containing carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxygen (O2), and other corrosive species. Additionally, this standard applies to pipelines that continuously contain a liquid phase (water and condensate and/or oil and/or petroleum compounds), a possible solids content of various mineral scales, biofilms, or corrosion product compounds, and a continuous gas phase with fluid conditions that are not specifically covered by NACE SP01101 for wet gas internal corrosion direct assessment (WG-ICDA). Additionally, solids may be included as a phase by itself and may also be included in multiphase flow analysis of fluid streams. This standard is intended for use by pipeline operators, oil/gas producers (upstream), and other pipeline industry individuals who manage pipeline integrity (both onshore and offshore) for pipelines that are normally under multiphase loading conditions and are outside the scope of NACE SP0110,1 NACE SP0206,2 and NACE SP0208.3 Rationale The standard is being revised in accordance with AMPP’s five-year review requirement. Changes in this revision include improvements on the method of evaluating the accuracy corrosion rate modeling results that are converted to wall losses with respect to the wall losses measured in the field contained in the Detailed Examination Step. It also includes guidelines that will help unify and more clearly understand the way the Detailed Examinations are reported. The MP-ICDA methodology has been developed to meet the needs of pipeline operators and producers to assess the integrity of pipelines with respect to the internal corrosion threats posed by the fluids. MP-ICDA is a structured process that combines pre-assessment, indirect inspections, detailed examination, and post-assessment to evaluate the impact of predictable pipeline integrity threats such as internal corrosion. Specifically, the goal of MP-ICDA is to identify locations with the greatest likelihood of internal corrosion and its influencing factors, such as water content, flow regime, liquid hold-up, flow velocities, temperature and pressure changes. These locations are exposed and examined in accordance with criteria established in Section 4. The results of these examinations are used as a basis for assessing the condition and integrity of the remaining pipeline segments (those with less likelihood of corrosion). Direct assessment (DA) does not depend on the ability of a pipeline to undergo inline inspection (ILI) by smart-pigging or pressure testing, making it most valuable to those pipelines unable to accept pigs or those that cannot be hydrostatically pressure tested. This standard is intended to provide an integrity assessment methodology for internal corrosion for pipelines where ILI cannot be performed; however, the MP-ICDA methodology may also serve, complement, or assist in those cases in which ILI was conducted or is contemplated to demonstrate the reliability of the ICDA process. It can also be used for optimizing the selection/justification, inspection frequency, or prioritization of pipelines that are subjected to ILI. In multiphase flow systems, subregions of a pipeline that is identified within a region that are more susceptible to internal corrosion depend on the flow pattern that are defined by flow velocities, sudden changes of geometries, changes in elevation caused by the topography of the terrain, sharp elbows, expansions, changes in internal diameter and other changes that may influence the hydrodynamics of the flow. Multiphase flow and flow regimes can be determined by the use of flow models that have a hydrocarbon phase envelope (water and hydrocarbon), and the interaction between the gas and liquid phase, and allow the prediction under flowing conditions that shows local temperature, pressure, and fluid composition for a pipeline. Depending on the flow (i.e., velocity, gas/liquid quality, temperature, pressure, wall surface conditions, etc.), and specific operating conditions, the effects of flow regimes are considered. Flow regimes and flow hydrodynamic characteristics influence the threat of internal corrosion, and thus affect pipeline integrity. The goal of MP-ICDA is to identify confirmatory or most probable locations (MPLs) along a pipeline subregion for determination of direct assessment sites. These sites are where internal corrosion damage has been identified by means of integrating available historical information in combination with the use of flow models to determine flow regimes and internal corrosion prediction models (ICPMs) that a company deems appropriate for its specific application to predict or calculate internal corrosion rates. The focus is the identification of conditions along the length of a pipeline region so that local subregion integrity threats with respect to internal corrosion are identified for prioritized damage assessment, repair, and mitigation. MP-ICDA emphasizes the identification of damage distribution on corrosion areas inside pipelines, and the corrosion rate prediction models can fit into the overall process by serving as tools to predict the corrosion rate at these locations and the estimation of wall losses within one flow pattern (e.g., stratified, slugging, annular, or mist) within a specific pipe region and/or subregion.

Paget's disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.

Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.