Academic literature on the topic 'Loan to Saving Ratio'
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Journal articles on the topic "Loan to Saving Ratio"
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Salim, Helmi Agus, and Amiroh Nurbailah. "Analisis Rasio Sebagai Dasar Pengukuran Kinerja Keuangan Pada Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Syariah BMT UGT Sidogiri." Wiga : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ekonomi 8, no. 2 (2018): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30741/wiga.v8i2.313.
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Saving and loan cooperative Syariah BMT UGT Sidogiri is one of financial institutions in which its activity is to collect fund from the members and distribute it through the mechanism of the islamic financial services business. It is from and for cooperative members, or even the candidate ones. With more and more competitors and the uncertain of the economic condition of indonesia affects unstable condition in its financial sector. To know that financial condition, needed appraisal toward Saving and loan cooperative Syariah BMT UGT Sidogiri financial performance by applying analysis against financial performance through the financial ratios.This observation using calculation concern with the data in the form of financial report. Meanwhile, the analysis tool which is used in this observation is financial ratios which covers liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, and profitability ratio.Overall from 2014-2017 analysis which is done produces good enough ratio except cash ratio analysis. That gains the smallest ratios, because in analyzing it conceptually does not invoive credit accounts, where in this Saving and loan cooperative Syariah BMT UGT Sidogiri the greatest wealth is got from credit accounts in accordance with the type of cooperative business namely Saving and loan cooperative.
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Dr., Kishor Chandra Meher. "ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE OF SAVING MOBILIZATION BETWEEN BRANCHES OF MFI, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Current Research and Modern Education 2, no. 2 (2017): 306–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1101069.
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The captioned title of research attempts to evaluate the efficiency of saving mobilization performance of Micro Finance Institutions like Amhara Credit & Saving Institutions (ACSI) in Ethiopia in general and between the two branches (Arrerty and Deneba<strong>)</strong> of North Shoa Region in particular. Data are collected through primary data such as questionnaire and secondary data from the annual reports of ACSI. While convenient sampling is used to select the branches for the study, simple random sampling has been adopted to select the saving clients from the population of both the branches. In order to derive the saving mobilization performance, five parameters have been identified for the purpose of comparison between two branches. The purpose of this study is to verify whether or not any of these parameters are better between Arrerty and Deneba branch in terms of creating demand and awareness, optimizing supportive factors to access saving, overcoming of constraint factors of access voluntary saving, to evaluate saving performance and loan to saving ratio. The inferential analysis is deployed by resorting to paired sample t test in order to compare these parameters between the two branches. The findings of the study reveal that the Arrerty branch is better in saving mobilization performance than Deneba branch in terms of creating demand and awareness of saving mobilization, in minimizing constraint factors to access saving, improvement of total saving performance and loan to saving ratio. Arrerty branch is not better than Deneba branch in optimizing supportive factors to access saving. Thus the study concludes that the overall saving mobilization performance in Arrerty branch is better than Deneba branch of ACSI, North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia.
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Bernadus Yopi Lado, Herly M. Oematan, and Siprianus G. Tefa. "Analisis Kredit Macet Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Swasti Sari Cabang Kota Kupang." Jurnal Kendali Akuntansi 3, no. 1 (2025): 89–94. https://doi.org/10.59581/jka-widyakarya.v3i1.4717.
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This study aims to analyze bad debts on the financial performance of the Kupang City Branch of the Swasti Sari Savings and Loan Cooperative. The research method used is descriptive quantitative, with data analysis techniques using bad debt analysis and financial performance analysis by measuring financial ratios such as liquidity, solvency and profitability ratios. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of financial statements of the Swasti Sari Saving and Loan Cooperative, Kupang City Branch for a period of 5 years from 2019-2023. The results showed that bad debts at the Kupang City Branch of the Swasti Sari Savings and Loan Cooperative were caused by the inability of cooperative members to pay off their obligations so that the cooperative's receivables became difficult to collect and had an impact on the cooperative's financial performance as measured by the liquidity ratio from 2019 to 2023 which decreased because the cooperative's cash decreased and its receivables increased, the Solvency Ratio indicates an increase in risk due to increased debt without balanced asset growth. The Profitability Ratio shows a decrease in net income which affects the operational sustainability of the Kupang City Branch of the Swasti Sari Savings and Loan Cooperative. The results of this study provide recommendations for the Kupang City Branch of the Swasti Sari Saving and Loan Cooperative in overcoming the risk of bad credit, namely taking a rescheduling, reconditioning, and restructuring approach, applying prudential principles, conducting regular monitoring and monitoring of financial performance and credit risk so that cooperatives can make quick and appropriate decisions to maintain financial stability and operational sustainability.
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Fahriani, Dian, and Tantri Risda Zubaidah. "Financial Performance Analysis of The Saving and Loan Cooperative." JKIE (Journal Knowledge Industrial Engineering) 10, no. 1 (2023): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/jkie.v10i1.4125.
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This study aims to determine the financial performance of cooperatives in 2017-2019. The object of this research is the Analysis of the Financial Performance of the Savings and Loan Cooperative using the analysis method of the liquidity ratio, solvency and profitability. The data from this study were obtained from the results of company documents in the form of financial statements of the Financial Performance Savings and Loan Cooperative. The results of this study indicate that the liquidity ratio is measured using the Cash Ratio, 2017 to 2019 shows that financial performance is classified as in bad condition and Current ratio, in 2017 to 2019 shows that financial performance is in good condition. The solvency ratio measured using Debt to total Equity (DER) in 2017 to 2019 shows that financial performance is classified as in poor condition and Total debt to total asset ratio in 2017 to 2019 shows that financial performance is classified as in poor condition. not good. Profitability ratios measured using Return on Assets, 2017 to 2019 show that financial performance is in poor condition and Return on Equity (ROE) itself during 2017 to 2019 shows financial performance in unfavorable conditions according to 3 aspects of financial ratios for 2017-2019 declared unhealthy.
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Ardiansyah, Fajar Alif, Sarah Yuliarini, Eva Wany, and Budi Prayitno. "ANALYSIS ON CURRENT ACCOUNT SAVING ACCOUNT (CASA), NON-PERFORMING LOAN (NPL), DAN LIKUIDITAS (LDR) TO BANKING PROFITABILITAS (ROA) SITUATION ARROUND PANDEMIC COVID 19." Media Mahardhika 21, no. 3 (2023): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/mahardika.v21i3.640.
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Interrelated of situation as pandemic covid 19 happened which was data conducted then to be tested and analyzed the effect of Non-Performing Loans, Current Account Saving Accounts and Loan to Deposit Ratios on Return on Assets in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 period. This study conducted on 48 banking listed companies which matched the criteria for the research sample. The analysis technique used multiple linear regression and SPSS version 20 as tools for data processing. The results of this study indicate that Non-performing Loans and Current Account Saving Accounts have an effect on Return on Assets. Meanwhile, the Loan to Deposit Ratio hasn’t significantly affected on Return on Assets.
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Ary, Dwi Prasetyo Murtopo, and Roni Setyawan Ignatius. "Effect of Loan Disbursement, Non-Performing Loan (NPL) and Current Account-Saving Account (CASA) Ratio on The Profitability of Digital Bank Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange." International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 07, no. 12 (2024): 8749–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14286852.
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Abstract : Technological advances have brought updates to business processes and banking services in Indonesia, namely the birth of banks that provide digital-based services to customers or called Digital Banks. The development of this digital banking ecosystem is supported by the economic conditions that have recovered after COVID pandemic ended. Digital transformation has certainly encouraged the emergence of several Digital Banks that have become Game Changers in the financial services business by offering convenience in digital products and services. A number of Digital Banks have succeeded in becoming public companies, recording credit growth, managing the non-performing loan ratio, increasing the growth of third-party funds, especially for online savings products through the digital banking products offered, and increasing the profitability ratio. Objective of this research is to determine the effect of Loan disbursement, NPL and CASA (Current Account-Saving Account) Ratio on the Profitability of Digital Bank that listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2024 research year. The population data used is go-public Digital Bank and the sample is Digital Banks that are included in the Bank Group category based on Core Capital 1 and 2. Secondary data that used in this research are quarterly and annual bank report which are available on websites of Indonesian Stock Exchange and Financial Services Authority.
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Yitayaw, Mekonnen. "Effect of Outreach on Financial Sustainability and Profitability of Saving and Credit Cooperatives in Eastern Ethiopia." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no. 2 (2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.2.12.
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This study scrutinized the effect of outreach on financial sustainability and profitability of SACCOs in Eastern Ethiopia using balanced panel data from 33 SACCOs over the period of 2017-2019. Quantitative approach and explanatory design were employed to realize the stated objective. This study used secondary data sources, mainly audited financial statement of the SACCOs, in the study period. The analysis revealed that SACCOs in Eastern Ethiopia are profitable but not financially sustainable. Random effect model results show that gross loan to asset ratio, yield on gross loan portfolio, managerial and operational efficiency has statistically significant and positive effect on the financial sustainability of SACCOs, while average loan size has statistically significant but negative effect. Likewise, gross loan to asset ratio, managerial efficiency, and average loan size has statistically significant and positive effect on the profitability of SACCOs in Eastern Ethiopia. However, the portion of women borrowers and number of active borrowers has statistically significant but negative effect on the profitability of the SACCOs in the study area. Finally, the study suggests that increasing the number of borrowing clients and sales volume (loan portfolio) could benefit SACCOs in Eastern Ethiopia from economics of scale.
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Puspadewi, Ni Kadek Dealita, and I. Wayan Budi Satriya. "Pengaruh Perputaran Kas, Loan to Deposit Ratio, dan Pertumbuhan Jumlah Nasabah Terhadap Profitabilitas." Hita Akuntansi dan Keuangan 5, no. 3 (2024): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/hak.v5i3.4351.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cash turnover, loan to deposit ratio, and growth in the number of customers on profitability during the Covid-19 pandemic in savings and loan cooperatives throughout the Pedungan Village. The population used in this study were 30 savings and loan cooperatives throughout the Pedungan Village. Determination of the sample using a purposive sampling technique to obtain 10 companies as a sample, with 3 years of observational data to obtain 30 observational data. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis show that cash turnover has no effect on profitability, the load to deposit ratio has a positive and significant effect on profitability, and growth in the number of customers has no effect on profitability during the Covid-19 pandemic in savings and loan cooperatives throughout the Pedungan Village.
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Edi, Bagus Qomaruzzaman Ratu, Karim Budiono, and Musaiyadi Musaiyadi. "ANALYSIS OF FINANCING EFFECTIVENESS IN SHARIA COOPERATIVES BMT BINA TANJUNG IN JEMBER." Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi 18, no. 2 (2022): 243–58. https://doi.org/10.31967/relasi.v18i2.603.
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According to the Decree of the Minister (Kepmen) of Cooperatives and UKM of the Republic of Indonesia Number 91 of 2004 Sharia Financial Services Cooperatives (KJKS) are cooperatives whose business activities are engaged in financing, investment, and savings according to the pattern of profit sharing (sharia). In carrying out its function as a property development house, the BMT Bina Tanjung Sharia Cooperative encourages saving activities and supports the financing of economic activities. The objectives of this study are (1) to determine the effectiveness of sharia financing that has been carried out by the BMT Bina Tanjung Sharia Cooperative in Jember; (2) Knowing the Net Performing Loan (NPL) financing of Sharia Cooperative BMT Bina Tanjung in Jember. This study uses the analysis of Financing Effectiveness and Net Performing Loan Ratio (NPL). By using the purpose sample technique with 30 selected customer respondents, the results include; (a) The effectiveness of financing distribution at the BMT Bina Tanjung Sharia Cooperative in Jember resulted in an average disbursement of financing to customers in the January 2021 to December 2021 range of 105.5%. This means that if the achievement results are more than 100%, then the financing of the BMT Bina Tanjung Sharia Cooperative in Jember is in the Very Effective category, (b) The Net Performing Loan (NPL) calculation shows that the NPL ratio of financing in the BMT Bina Tanjung Jember Sharia Cooperative is above the Bank's ideal number. Indonesia is 5%, which is 7.3%, meaning that there are more bad loans than current loans.
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Matdio Siahaan, Maurits Sipahutar, Tony Renhard Sinambela, Paiaman Pardede, Parel Naibaho, and Rodeyar Pasaribu. "Financial Ratio Analysis to Measure Financial Performance of Cum Anugerah Bekasi Cooperative." International Journal of Professional Business Review 8, no. 7 (2023): e02371. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i7.2371.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the financial performance of the Savings and Loans Cooperative CUM Anugerah Bekasi in 2018-2020, seen from the liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, and profitability ratio. Design/methodology/approach: This type of research uses quantitative descriptive research, namely collecting, processing and interpreting the data obtained to provide a clear picture of the situation under study using financial formulas. The object of this research is the financial report of the CUM Anugerah Bekasi Savings and Loan Cooperative in 2018-2020. Findings: The results of the analysis of the Financial statements of the CUM Anugerah Bekasi Savings and Loans cooperative using financial ratio analysis are less good. So it can be concluded that the financial performance of the Savings and Loans Cooperative CUM Anugerah Bekasi. Research, Practical & Social implications: This study confirms the need for the ability to process a savings and loan system in cooperatives. Because employees who have quality in managing cooperatives will greatly influence the progress of cooperatives. Originality/value: Sustainability of short-term savings and loans Cooperatives must be fulfilled on time. because if there is an increase in congestion, the cooperative will produce less profit.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Loan to Saving Ratio"
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Mendicino, Caterina, and Maria Teresa Punzi. "House Prices, Capital Inflows and Macroprudential Policy." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4281/1/wp180.pdf.
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This paper evaluates the monetary and macroprudential policies that mitigate the procyclicality arising from
the interlinkages between current account deficits and financial vulnerabilities. We develop a two-country
dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with heterogeneous households and collateralised debt. The model predicts that external shocks are important in driving current account deficits that are coupled with run-ups in house prices and household debt. In this context, optimal policy features an interest-rate response to credit and a LTV ratio that countercyclically responds to house price dynamics. By allowing an interest-rate response to changes in financial variables, the monetary policy authority improves social welfare, because of the large welfare gains accrued to the savers. The additional use of a countercyclical LTV ratio that responds to house prices, increases the ability of borrowers to smooth consumption over the cycle and is Pareto improving. Domestic and foreign shocks account for a similar fraction of the welfare gains delivered by such a policy. (authors' abstract)<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Ahiabor, Frederick S. "Determinants of project finance loan terms." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36313.
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Project finance has become a vital financing vehicle for undertaking capital-intensive and infrastructure investments. In 2017 alone, the value of deals signed using project finance was estimated at approximately $229 billion. Despite its increasing importance, little is known regarding the impact of project-level, and country characteristics on the loan terms. This thesis proceeds in examining these determinants along three empirical essays. The first essay (Chapter 3) focuses on how domestic lead arrangers certification (in emerging markets) impact the pricing of project finance loans. Using a sample 1270 project finance loan tranches signed between 1998 and 2011, and worth over $300 billion, the chapter posits that domestic lead arrangers certification reduce search and information cost, which in turn, reduces the financing cost. The results, after controlling for endogeneity of certification decision, indicate a reduction of 47 basis points in the spread offered on PF loans. The magnitude of this reduction differs across industries, geographic region, and income classification of the project countries. The second essay (Chapter 4) examines the relationship between PF contractual structures and loan outcomes, using a sample of 5872 project finance loan tranches signed between 1998 and 2013, and worth approximately $1.2 trillion. The chapter hypothesises that (i) non financial contracts (NFCs) (that is, contracts used to manage the various project functions), reduces overall project risk, (ii) the involvement of project sponsors as key counterparties to the non-financial contracts is an additional signal of project s potential worth, and (iii) the effects observed in (i and ii) are stronger, if sponsor counterparties have verifiable credit ratings. After matching loan tranches with NFCs to those without, the results indicate that the use of NFCs reduce both the loan spreads and leverage ratios. This impact is higher if the sponsor counterparties are credit-rated. The results are also stronger for developing countries. The third essay examines the impact of country-level institutions on project finance loan spread and leverage ratio, using a sample of 3,362 loan tranches signed between the year 1998 - 2012. The chapter investigates whether political and legal institutions are substitutes (or complements), that is, if improvement in one absorbs the weakness of the other, and vice versa. Further, the essay examines if project finance network of contracts substitutes for these institutions. The results indicate that political and legal institutions are substitutes. Specifically, improvements in political institutions lead to a reduction in both the loan spread and leverage ratio for countries with weak legal and governance institutions. The chapter also finds that where NFCs are included in PF, the impact of political institutions on loan spread reduces. On the other hand, the impact of political institutions on leverage ratio is higher when NFCs are used. The findings from the three research chapters provide interesting insights on how lenders and sponsors create value through contract design.
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Mtimkhulu, Ayibongwe Joseph. "The impact of financial intermediaries on the savings-investment ratio in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014.
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This study examined whether or not financial intermediation can explain the variations in the savings-investment ratio in South Africa during the period 1990 to 2012. The study specifically tests the McKinnon Conduit Effect hypothesis which states that increasing interest rate raises the capacity of financial savings via financial intermediaries based on data from South Africa. Apart from informal graphical test, this study employed formal tests such as the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips Perron stationarity tests to test the properties of the variables considered, including interest rates, for stationarity. In order to ascertain the long-run and short-run dynamics between its variables, the Johansen co-integration test is utilized, while the Error Correction Mechanism is also employed. Results from the study state that financial assets (a proxy for financial intermediation), income and real interest rate all positively impact the savings-investment ratio. Additionally, short-run analysis results showed that income, financial assets and real interest rates positively influence the savings-investment ratio. Real interest rates were seen as being both positive and statistically significant. Therefore the study recommended that the financial services sector and the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) should work together as this will result in the improvement of efficiencies in price discovery with regards to bank charges, access to banking facilities and the timely provision of services in order to encourage savings (for investment purposes) in the South African economy.
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Roubcová, Veronika. "Optimalizace financování bydlení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240144.
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This thesis deals with the possibilities of financing their own housing. The theoretical part will explain the basic concepts of housing finance. The work is described in the financing of legal entities and individuals. A separate chapter is devoted to mortgage loans. A separate chapter is devoted to building savings, which is more often used variant of housing finance. The practical part will be finding funding options to purchase their own home. Self housing will work in this particular object that will be compiled as part of the work and budget. On the basis of specific conditions, will be offered by banks mortgage loans. At the conclusion of the chosen optimal financing plan.
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Punzi, Maria Teresa, and Katrin Rabitsch. "Effectiveness of macroprudential policies under borrower heterogeneity." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5731/1/wp253.pdf.
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We study the impact of macroprudential policies using a novel model which takes into account households´ ability to borrow under different loan-to-value ratios which are tied to their collateral values. Such model generates a larger
amplification in real and financial variables, compared to standard models that assume homogeneity in the leveraging and deleveraging process. Conditional on this model, we consider the implications of macroprudential policies that aim to lean against an excessive credit cycle. In particular, we allow macroprudential authorities to tighten excessive lending to higher leveraged households, whose riskiness had been evaluated too optimistically. We find thata policy that targets only the group of households that most strongly deleveraged after an adverse idiosyncratic housing investment risk shock, is welfare-improving
at social and individual levels, relative to a macroprudential policy which targets all households in the economy.<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Rabitsch, Katrin, and Maria Teresa Punzi. "Borrower heterogeneity within a risky mortgage-lending market." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5429/1/wp241.pdf.
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We propose a model of a risky mortgage-lending market in which we take explicit account of heterogeneity in household borrowing conditions, by introducing two borrower types: one with a low loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, one with a high LTV ratio, calibrated to U.S. data. We use such framework to study a deleveraging shock, modeled as an increase in housing investment risk, that falls more strongly on, and produces a larger contraction in credit for high-LTV type borrowers, as in the data. We find that this deleveraging experience produces significant aggregate effects on output and consumption, and that the contractionary effects are orders of magnitudes higher in a model version that takes account of borrower heterogeneity, compared to a more standard model version with a representative borrower.<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Thomas, Soby. "Residential mortgage loan securitization and the subprime crisis / S. Thomas." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4591.
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Many analysts believe that problems in the U.S. housing market initiated the 2008–2010 global
financial crisis. In this regard, the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) shook the foundations of the
financial industry by causing the failure of many iconic Wall Street investment banks and prominent
depository institutions. This crisis stymied credit extension to households and businesses
thus creating credit crunches and, ultimately, a global recession. This thesis specifically discusses
the SMC and its components, causes, consequences and cures in relation to subprime mortgages,
securitization, as well as data. In particular, the SMC has highlighted the fact that risk, credit ratings,
profit and valuation as well as capital regulation are important banking considerations. With
regard to risk, the thesis discusses credit (including counterparty), market (including interest rate,
basis, prepayment, liquidity and price), tranching (including maturity mismatch and synthetic),
operational (including house appraisal, valuation and compensation) and systemic (including maturity
transformation) risks. The thesis introduces the IDIOM hypothesis that postulates that the
SMC was largely caused by the intricacy and design of subprime agents, mortgage origination and
securitization that led to information problems (loss, asymmetry and contagion), valuation opaqueness
and ineffective risk mitigation. It also contains appropriate examples, discussions, timelines
as well as appendices about the main results on the aforementioned topics. Numerous references
point to the material not covered in the thesis, and indicate some avenues for further research.
In the thesis, the primary subprime agents that we consider are house appraisers (HAs), mortgage
brokers (MBs), mortgagors (MRs), servicers (SRs), SOR mortgage insurers (SOMIs), trustees,
underwriters, credit rating agencies (CRAs), credit enhancement providers (CEPs) and monoline
insurers (MLIs). Furthermore, the banks that we study are subprime interbank lenders (SILs),
subprime originators (SORs), subprime dealer banks (SDBs) and their special purpose vehicles
(SPVs) such as Wall Street investment banks and their special structures as well as subprime investing
banks (SIBs). The main components of the SMC are MRs, the housing market, SDBs/hedge
funds/money market funds/SIBs, the economy as well as the government (G) and central banks.
Here, G either plays a regulatory or policymaking role. Most of the aforementioned agents and
banks are assumed to be risk neutral with SOR being the exception since it can be risk (and regret)
averse on occasion. The main aspects of the SMC - subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as
data - that we cover in this thesis and the chapters in which they are found are outlined below.
In Chapter 2, we discuss the dynamics of subprime SORs' risk and profit as well as their valuation
under mortgage origination. In particular, we model subprime mortgages that are able to fully
amortize, voluntarily prepay or default and construct a discrete–time model for SOR risk and profit
incorporating costs of funds and mortgage insurance as well as mortgage losses. In addition, we
show how high loan–to–value ratios due to declining housing prices curtailed the refinancing of
subprime mortgages, while low ratios imply favorable house equity for subprime MRs.
Chapter 3 investigates the securitization of subprime mortgages into structured mortgage products
such as subprime residential mortgage–backed securities (RMBSs) and collateralized debt obligations
(CDOs). In this regard, our discussions focus on information, risk and valuation as well as
the role of capital under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. Our research supports the view that incentives
to monitor mortgages has been all but removed when changing from a traditional mortgage model to a subprime mortgage model. In the latter context, we provide formulas for IB's profit
and valuation under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. This is illustrated via several examples. Chapter 3
also explores the relationship between mortgage securitization and capital under Basel regulation
and the SMC. This involves studying bank credit and capital under the Basel II paradigm where
risk–weights vary. Further issues dealt with are the quantity and pricing of RMBSs, RMBS CDOs
as well as capital under Basel regulation. Furthermore, we investigate subprime RMBSs and their
rates with slack and holding constraints. Also, we examine the effect of SMC–induced credit rating
shocks in future periods on subprime RMBSs and RMBS payout rates. A key problem is whether
Basel capital regulation exacerbated the SMC. Very importantly, the thesis answers this question
in the affirmative.
Chapter 4 explores issues related to subprime data. In particular, we present mortgage and securitization
level data and forge connections with the results presented in Chapters 2 and 3.
The work presented in this thesis is based on 2 peer–reviewed chapters in books (see [99] and [104]),
2 peer–reviewed international journal articles (see [48] and [101]), and 2 peer–reviewed conference
proceeding papers (see [102] and [103]).<br>Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Lee, Kyubang. "The demand for owner-occupied housing : a study of the simultaneity among housing demand, the choice of loan-value ratio and the length of stay /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1278610468.
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Wall, Taylor A. "Saving America's Automobile Industry: The Bailouts of 1979 and 2009, An Overview of the Economic Conditions, Factors for Failure, Government Interventions and Public Reactions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/43.
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This paper will discuss the bankruptcies experienced by U.S. automakers in both 1979 and 2009. The main factors which led the automakers into financial ruin was the uncontrolled power of labor unions, the severe financial impact of oil embargos, the aggressive imposition of federal regulations and the increasing dominance of Japanese imports. After discussing these important factors, the paper will describe the specifics of Chrysler’s bailout experience in 1979 with the positive public acceptance of the government loans, largely due to the character of Lee Iacocca. After delving into Chrysler, this paper will explain the specifics of the government’s bailout of General Motors and Chrysler in 2009. The paper will also review the government’s position regarding the significant economic impact of letting the U.S. automakers fail. In conclusion, this paper will demonstrate that although the 1979 bailout was better perceived by the American public, the long term impact of 2009 bailout has the potential to produce a more strategic change in the U.S. auto industry.
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Benešová, Lucie. "Možnosti financování bydlení v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224925.
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This diploma thesis deals with the financing options of housing in the Czech Republic with the focus on building society saving accounts and mortgage loans. At first, it explains the basic parameters of these products. Then, the second part is aimed at the possibilities of credit products offered on the market. Finally, the third part shows the representative example of a family and it suggests a possible way to finance their own housing on the basis of assessment of major advantages and disadvantages of credit types.
Books on the topic "Loan to Saving Ratio"
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Jonhar, ed. Pengaruh loan to deposit ratio (LDR) dan capital adequacy ratio (CAR) terhadap tingkat keuntungan bank: Laporan penelitian. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Lembaga Penelitian, Universitas Andalas, 1996.
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King, William E. Saving face: An alternative and personal history of the savings and loan crisis. Somerset Publications, 2008.
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Uganda Cooperative Savings and Credit Union. Country saving and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) status: July 2008. UCSCU, 2008.
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William, Borges, ed. Saving the savings and loan: The U.S. thrift industry and the Texas experience, 1950-1988. Praeger, 1989.
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Singh, Ajit Kumar. Estimation of incremental capital output ratio in Uttar Pradesh: 2004-05 to 2009-10. Giri Institute of Development Studies, 2012.
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Finegan, Patrick G. Master financial statements: Who murdered savings & loans. Palindrome Press, 1991.
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D, Bilowa, ed. Lutter contre la pauvreté par l'épargne et le crédit. CEPAS, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Loan to Saving Ratio"
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Fauzia, L. R., S. A. T. Rahayu, and A. A. Nugroho. "The implication of loan-to-value ratio on credit housing demand in Indonesia." In Business Innovation and Development in Emerging Economies. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429433382-33.
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Pedro, Tiago, André Martins, António Rodrigues, and Pedro Vieira. "On the Use of Load Balancing for Saving Capacity in Dual Layer 3G Radio Access Networks." In E-Business and Telecommunications. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67876-4_20.
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von Weizsäcker, Carl Christian, and Hagen M. Krämer. "The Natural Rate of Interest and the Optimal Rate of Interest in the Steady State." In Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_2.
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AbstractThe “natural rate of interest” is the hypothetical, risk-free real rate of interest that would obtain in a closed economy, if net public debt were zero. It is considerably less than the optimal steady-state rate of interest, which is equal to the system’s growth rate. This holds for a very general “meta-model.” The fundamental equation of capital theory holds on the optimal steady-state path: T = Z − D, where T is the overall economic period of production, Z is the representative private “waiting period” of consumers and D is the public debt ratio. Prosperity is at least 30% lower at the natural rate of interest than at the optimal rate.
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Polienko, Wladislaw, and Klaus Holschemacher. "Influences of the Effectiveness of a Column Confinement with Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC)." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3_51.
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AbstractIn the present paper the results of uniaxial compression tests conducted on textile reinforced concrete (TRC)—confined reinforced concrete (RC) columns are reported. By confining the column with TRC, the lateral expansion of the concrete can be impeded. The resulting multiaxial compressive stress state allows to enhance the components axial capacity. Due to the corrosion-resistant textile, the usual concrete cover in reinforced concrete construction is reduced, which allows slender but at the same time highly load-bearing components to be created. Consequently TRC provides a sustainable, environmentally friendly and lighter option for column reinforcement due to the material savings. The aim of this study is the investigation of various influences on the achievable strengthening effect. The impact of ratio of textile reinforcement and the applied fine grain concrete jacket is evaluated. In addition, the influence of the concrete strength of the strengthened component on the overall increase in load-bearing capacity was investigated. With the help of experiments on TRC reinforced RC columns with a circular cross-section mechanical property and constraint mechanism under uniaxial compression were documented and analyzed. Based on the test results, stress distribution and failure mechanisms of the reinforced specimens is studied. Furthermore, stress-strain relationship of strengthened members is investigated. The results show an increasing in both strength and ductility related to the unstrengthened reference columns. The specimens with a lower compressive strength can achieve a higher degree of reinforcement. A high ductility of the reinforced columns could also be observed.
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Fiorenza, Shieryn, Liliana Inggrit Wijaya, and Bertha Silvia Sutejo. "The Effect of Dividend Policy, Profitability, and Leverage on Share Price Volatility of Service Sector Enterprise Indexed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange During 2015–2019." In Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022). Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_17.
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AbstractThis research analyzes the effect of dividend payout ratio, dividend yield, earnings volatility, and debt-to-equity ratio on share price volatility in service sector enterprise indexed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2015–2019 period. This study used a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression. The findings of this study indicate that observations on the Indonesia Stock Exchange show that the dividend payout ratio has a compelling positive effect on share price volatility. This is because the higher the dividend yield, or the more enterprise pay dividends each year, the more volatile the stock price will be because the demand for the company’s shares increases [1]. However, the dividend yield has no compelling adverse effect on share price volatility because investors prefer capital gains over dividends. After all, the tax imposed on dividends is higher. Then earnings volatility has a compelling positive effect. This is because, traditionally, profit has been used as an indicator to measure a company’s financial performance [2]. Enterprise with consistent earnings are less likely to surprise investors with unexpected earnings announcements. The debt-to-equity ratio has a marginally favorable impact on stock price volatility. This is because, according to the trade-off hypothesis, the company’s decision to employ debt can be viewed as a way to avoid tax on loan interest payments and financial distress expenses produced by the growth of company debt.
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Ndou, Eliphas, and Thabo Mokoena. "Does an Unexpected Loosening in the Loan to Value Ratio Has Any Distributive Effects via the Inequality Channel?" In Inequality, Output-Inflation Trade-Off and Economic Policy Uncertainty. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19803-9_13.
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Cheng, Yong, Sheng Zhang, Chao Huan, and Zhang Lin. "Optimization on Fresh Outdoor Air Ratio of Stratum Ventilation for Both Targeted Indoor Air Quality and Maximal Energy Saving." In Indoor Environment and Sustainable Building. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6855-4_13.
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Diksith, S., Roshan S. Shetty, B. Swarnika, and Prakash Rao Gurpur. "Optimizing Building Orientation, Window-to-Wall Ratio, and Calculated Solar Shades and Strategies to Enhance the Building’s Daylight Performance and Energy-Saving Potential." In Sustainable Resilient Built Environments. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8811-2_46.
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Pungercar, Vesna, Martino Hutz, and Florian Musso. "3D Print with Salt." In 3D Printing for Construction with Alternative Materials. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09319-7_5.
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AbstractSustainable materials and additive manufacturing have the potential to increase material efficiency and minimize waste in the building process. One of the most promising materials is salt (sodium chloride). It is highly available as a residue of desalination and potash production processes and attracts attention due to its material properties (storage of humidity and heat). This research presents an investigation and evaluation of using salt as an alternative material in additive manufacturing. Thus, the focus of the study was on small-scale 3D printing with paste extrusion. Experimental studies of different salt mixtures with different binders, printing properties and other parameters were analyzed in three stages. In the first phase (P1) the mixing ratio of salt and potential binders (clay, gypsum, cement and starch) was defined; in the phase two (P2) the most promising mixture was selected, modified by additives and investigated by 3D image scan measurements; and in the last third phase (P3) the potential applications of salt in additive manufacturing were presented. As the research shows, the salt in material extrusion processes can substitute the main material by up to 70%, is successfully manipulated with different additives (to improve the workability of the printing mortar) and is highly dependent on the printer`s settings. For future full-scale 3D printing with salt many steps still have to be taken. However, incorporating salt in additive manufacturing showed a potential of saving material resources, addressing environmental issues and initiating new construction processes.
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Cargill, Thomas F., and Naoyuki Yoshino. "Reforming the Postal Savings System and the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program: Summing Up of the Issues, Reform, and Recommendations." In Postal Savings and Fiscal Investment in Japan. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199257348.003.0005.
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Abstract The PSS and the FILP are important features of Japanese post war finance, and despite an official policy of financial liberalization for over two decades, they have continued to expand their roles in Japan’s financial system. As of fiscal year-end 1999 (31 March 2000), postal deposits represented 34 percent of total household deposits and 18 percent of individual assets. Postal deposits accounted for 62 percent of FILP lending, and the FILP budget represented 10.9 percent of GNP. Postal life-insurance accounts for 30 percent of total life insurance sales. Postal deposits as a percentage of total deposits, postal life insurance as a percentage of total life insurance, and the ratio of the FILP budget to GDP were larger in 2000 than at any time since the start of reindustrialization in 1950.
Conference papers on the topic "Loan to Saving Ratio"
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Krykhovets, Oleksandra, and Valentyna Slobodyanyk. "Preparation and Characteristics of Films Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Starch for Environmentally Friendly Packaging." In 8th International Congress "Environment Protection. Energy Saving. Sustainable Environmental Management". Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-er3mdb.
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The following article represents the research on the elaboration of biodegradable films for environmentally friendly packaging based on polyvinyl alcohol, corn starch, glycerin, and borax. Growing consumption of packaging results in greater waste; the biggest part of which comprises problematic plastic packaging that is difficult and expensive to recycle. The majority of biodegradable packaging materials have insufficient technological characteristics. It is due to that the development of composite compositions based on inexpensive raw materials is a necessary condition to extend the range of high-quality safe packaging capable of minimizing environmental impact. The objective of the study is to obtain film materials based on polyvinyl alcohol, corn starch, and glycerin with the addition of sodium tetraborate and to study its mechanical and surface properties. The compositions for the film samples are prepared by an aqueous solution of Polyviol 6 04/140 polyvinyl alcohol to which water-soluble corn starch is added. The mixture is gelatinized, cooled, and glycerin and borax are added under stirring. Films are obtained by casting onto a glass substrate. The films obtained are almost transparent to the sight, soft and flexible by touch, showing good stretchability. The values of tensile strength for the films containing polyvinyl alcohol-starch, as measured by a dynamometer on a universal testing machine, are 1.5-1.7 times higher than that of samples without starch. The values for elongation at break of the films tested fall between 280 and 425%. Surface property testing of the obtained films is performed with an instrument for the determination of the wetting contact angle. Distilled water and ethylene glycol are used as test liquids for wetting. Wetting kinetics analysis of the films by water and ethylene glycol shows the possibility to make high-quality marking with necessary consumer information on them. Biodegradable films with a polyvinyl alcohol-starch mass ratio of 5:2 exhibit the best mechanical and surface properties. From a performance point of view, PVA, starch, and borax-containing films could be used as biodegradable packaging.
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Feng, M., Y. X. Tao, E. Inclan, and R. Bartra. "Evaluation of Energy Usage for a Teaching and Research Complex." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14959.
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The evaluation of energy performance for a teaching and research complex located in South Florida was carried out by auditing the energy bills, on-site data monitoring, and numerical simulation by computer. To facilitate the process of on-site data monitoring, a remotely controlled, wireless thermal monitoring system was deployed in the building. The system can automatically collect the temperature, relative humidity ratio, illumination intensity, and building electricity usage data for analysis. The contribution and savings potential of each energy consumption component is analyzed for the whole building. From the audit result it is obvious that laboratory equipment is the dominant electricity consumption factor. The fluctuation pattern of electricity usage due to artificial lighting demonstrates the effectiveness of occupancy sensors for energy saving during evenings, weekends and holidays. The trend of HVAC chilled water consumption rate follows closely with the indoor and outdoor temperature difference. Since the HVAC coil load represents the building's total cooling requirement, the ratio between chilled water rate and temperature difference reflects the building's comprehensive thermal resistance. This coefficient can be used as a new building energy index for future energy audits of similar buildings. Finally, computer software simulates several proposed energy saving scenarios, e.g. reducing the HVAC fresh air percentage, adding energy wheel to recycle the wasted cooling, etc. The result shows that installing energy wheel can save more cooling load than other methods, however such benefit is compromised by its extra motor electricity usage.
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Omojaro, Peter, Cornelia Breitkopf, and Simon Omojaro. "Passive Cooling With Phase Change Material Energy Storage." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18204.
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A passive induced cooling system using phase change material (PCM) energy storage is presented in this analysis for providing indoor cooling and energy saving. Also, the latent heat performance of the PCM is analyzed. The supplied cooling capacity was evaluated using an indoor cooling temperature performance while the PCM characteristic performance was achieved by relating the applications sensible heat ratio efficiency to the charging and discharging effectiveness of the PCM. This is carried out for an office building in a warm humid climate. Obtained result delivered 24.54 % of the required indoor cooling load for 24°C indoor cooling temperature. Moreover, delivered indoor cooling capacity increased at constant increasing mean indoor temperature and PCM melting temperatures. Application sensible heat ratio efficiency was 77.66 % and average energy saving of 37.77 % in total energy operation cost was obtained. A CO2 emission reduction of 0.071 tons can also be achieved by the system.
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Bhargava, R., M. Bianchi, G. Negri di Montenegro, and A. Peretto. "Thermo-Economic Analysis of an Intercooled, Reheat and Recuperated Gas Turbine for Cogeneration Applications: Part I — Base Load Operation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0316.
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This paper presents a thermo-economic analysis of an intercooled, reheat (ICRH) gas turbine, with and without recuperation, for cogeneration applications. The optimization analyses of thermodynamic parameters have permitted to calculate variables, such as low-pressure compressor pressure ratio, high-pressure turbine pressure ratio and gas temperature at the waste heat recovery unit inlet while maximizing electric efficiency and “Energy Saving Index”. Subsequently, the economic analyses have allowed to evaluate return on the investment, and the minimum value of gross payout period, for the cycle configurations of highest thermodynamic performance. In the present study three sizes (100 MW, 20 MW and 5 MW) of gas turbines have been examined. The performed investigation reveals that the maximum value of electric efficiency and “Energy Saving Index” is achieved for a large size (100 MW) recuperated ICRH gas turbine based cogeneration system. However, a non-recuperated ICRH gas turbine (of 100 MW) based cogeneration system provides maximum value of return on the investment and the minimum value of gross payout period compared to the other gas turbine cycles, of the same size and with same power to heat ratio, investigated in the present study. A comprehensive thermo-economic analysis methodology, presented in this paper, should provide useful guidelines for preliminary sizing and selection of gas turbine cycle for cogeneration applications.
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Okamoto, S. "Energy Consumption and Technical Potential of Energy Saving in a Hospital." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54017.
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This paper describes a study starting from an analysis of typical energy demand profiles in a hospital setting followed by the feasibility study of a cogeneration system (CGS). The concept is a future autonomous system for the combined generation of electrical, heating and cooling energy in the hospital. The driving cogeneration units are two high-efficiency gas engines; this is used to produce the electrical and heat energy. Gas engine is used as a driving unit because of high needs for electrical and heating energy. The natural gas-fuelled reciprocating engine is used to generate 735kW of power. In our case electrical energy will be used only in the Hospital. A deficit in electricity can be also purchased from the public network. The generated steam will be used to drive three steam-fired absorption chillers and delivered to individual consumers of heat. This system is capable of doing simultaneous heating and cooling. No obstacles were recognized for the technical feasibility of CGS. The average ratio between electric and thermal load in the Hospital is suitable to make CGS system operate. A feasibility analysis performed for a non-optimized CGS system predicted a large potential for primary energy saving.
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Okamoto, S. "Energy Saving by ESCO (Energy Service Company) Project in Japanese Hospital." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10576.
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This paper describes a study starting from an analysis of typical energy demand profiles in a hospital setting followed by the case study of a cogeneration system (CGS) by an ESCO (Energy Service Company) project. The concept is a future autonomous system for the combined generation of electrical, heating and cooling energy in the hospital. The driving cogeneration units are two high-efficiency gas engines; this is used to produce the electrical and heat energy. Gas engine is used as a driving unit because of high needs for electrical and heating energy. The natural gas-fuelled reciprocating engine is used to generate 735kW of power. In our case electrical energy will be used only in the Hospital. A deficit in electricity can be also purchased from the public network. The generated steam will be used to drive three steam-fired absorption chillers and delivered to individual consumers of heat. This system is capable of doing simultaneous heating and cooling. No obstacles were recognized for the technical feasibility of CGS. The average ratio between electric and thermal load in the Hospital is suitable to make CGS system operate. An analysis performed for a non-optimized CGS system predicted a large potential for energy savings.
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Kondo, Takashi, and Makoto Hirano. "A Study of a Variable Compression Ratio Engine With a Double Piston System." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66453.
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Improvement in the thermal efficiency of automobile engines is being demanded as a means to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, which are considered to be the main cause of global warming. Improving thermal efficiency by means of higher compression ratios is known. But, in the case of gasoline engines, there is a limit for high compression ratios caused by knocking under high load conditions. Therefore, various variable compression ratio (VCR) mechanisms have been devised. However, in previous attempts, structural issues have arisen, whereby structural weight has increased, thereby necessitating excessive power at the time of operation. Previous attempts have also necessitated the makeup of an exclusive engine design, which therefore has not been practically utilized. In this study, a double piston method was devised. This mechanism enables the remodeling of a VCR engine through the replacement of only the piston system without changing the dimensions of the engine. In addition, this mechanism operates by piston inertial force. Therefore, it does not need excessive power and enables a lightweight, power-saving engine. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the prototype VCR engine are described based on the experimental results obtained in tests conducted with the engine.
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Long Ni, Wei Song, Fancheng Zeng, and Yang Yao. "Energy saving and economic analyses of design heating load ratio of ground source heat pump with gas boiler as auxiliary heat source." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5775205.
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Qian, Guoping, Zhenghua Lu, Juntao Tian, Lianfang Liu, Chong Xi, and Xiaoying Zhou. "Implementation of Predictive Adaptive Cruise Control Strategy Based on ADAS Map." In SAE 2023 Intelligent Urban Air Mobility Symposium. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-7111.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Heavy vehicles are major fuel consumers in road transportation, and the traditional way to reduce fuel consumption is to reduce weight, resistance, improve mechanical transmission efficiency, and improve engine thermal efficiency. However, European heavy-duty truck companies took the lead in realizing predictive cruise control (PCC) technology on the basis of cruise through intelligent network technology, based on ADAS maps, and achieved good fuel saving effects. In this paper, by studying the fuel consumption characteristics of trucks, designing the dynamic parameters of the load and whole vehicle, the predictive adaptive cruise control (PACC) technology is realized based on the predictive cruise strategy, and the statistics of fuel saving rate under different cruise ratio conditions are analyzed through the big data platform.</div></div>
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Bhargava, R., and A. Peretto. "A Unique Approach for Thermo-Economic Optimization of an Intercooled, Reheat and Recuperated Gas Turbine for Cogeneration Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0206.
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In the present paper, a comprehensive methodology for the thermo-economic performance optimization of an intercooled reheat (ICRH) gas turbine with recuperation for cogenerative applications has been presented covering a wide range of power-to-heat ratio values achievable. To show relative changes in the thermo-economic performance for the recuperated ICRH gas turbine cycle, results for ICRH, recuperated Brayton and simple Brayton cycles are also included in the paper. For the three load cases investigated, the recuperated ICRH gas turbine cycle provides the highest values of electric efficiency and Energy Saving Index for the cogenerative systems requiring low thermal loads (high power-to-heat ratio) compared to the other cycles. Also, this study showed, in general, that the recuperated ICRH cycle permits wider power-to-heat ratio range compared to the other cycles and for different load cases examined, a beneficial thermodynamic characteristic for the cogeneration applications. Furthermore, this study clearly shows that implementation of the recuperated ICRH cycle in a cogeneration system will permit to design a gas turbine which has the high specific work capacity and high electric efficiency at low value of the overall cycle pressure ratio compared to the other cycles studied. Economic performance of the investigated gas turbine cycles have been found dependent on the power-to-heat ratio value and the selected cost structure (fuel cost, electric sale price, steam sale price etc.), the results for a selected cost structure in the study are discussed in this paper.
Reports on the topic "Loan to Saving Ratio"
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Yani, Nor. PENGARUH CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO (CAR) DAN NON PERFORMING LOAN (NPL) TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS (STUDI KASUS PADA BANK BUMN). Jurnal Madani: Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Humaniora, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33753/madani.v1i2.18.
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Férnandez Lafuerza, Luis, and Jorge E. Galán. Should macroprudential policy target corporate lending? Evidence from credit standards and defaults. Banco de España, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36477.
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We provide compelling evidence of the association between credit standards at loan origination in the corporate sector and default risk, a topic that has received little attention in the literature in comparison to the study of this relationship in the mortgage market. Using data from the Spanish credit register merged with corporate balance sheet information spanning the last financial cycle, we demonstrate that leverage and debt burden ratios at loan origination are key predictors of future corporate loan defaults. We also show that the deterioration in lending standards is strongly correlated to the build-up of cyclical systemic risk during periods of financial expansions. Specifically, limits on the debt-to-assets ratio and the interest coverage ratio could serve as effective tools to mitigate credit risk during economic expansions. We identify that the strength of these associations varies significantly across different sectors and is dependent on firms’ size, age and the existence of prior relationships with the bank. Real estate firms and small and medium-sized enterprises exhibit the strongest relationship between credit standards and future default. Overall, our findings provide strong support for the effectiveness of macroprudential measures targeting the corporate sector and contribute to providing guidance for the implementation of borrower-based measures in key segments of corporate credit.
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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.
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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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Perez-Reyna, David, Tomás Rodríguez Barraquer, and Jorge Tovar. Competition in the Colombian Banking Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013441.
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In this paper, we analyze the competition in the Colombian banking sector using bank-level monthly balance sheet information. We estimate the changes in measures of market power due to the exogenous introduction of a liquidity regulation. Our results suggest that introducing a net stable funding ratio increased the Lerner index in the short term, thus signaling a higher exercise of market power. We rationalize these changes in a simple theoretical model that allows us to analyze the tightening of liquidity requirements for banks. Our empirical results are consistent with banks with higher market power in the loan market than in the deposit market.
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Agénor, Pierre-Richard, and Luiz A. Pereira da Silva. Cyclically Adjusted Provisions and Financial Stability. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011733.
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This paper studies the extent to which alternative loan loss provisioning regimes affect the procyclicality of the financial system and financial stability. It uses a DSGE model with financial frictions (namely, balance sheet and collateral effects, as well as economies of scope in banking) and a generic formulation of provisioning regimes. Numerical experiments with a parameterized version of the model show that cyclically adjusted (or, more commonly called, dynamic) provisioning can be highly effective in terms of mitigating procyclicality and financial instability, measured in terms of the volatility of the credit-output ratio and real house prices, in response to financial shocks. The optimal combination of simple cyclically adjusted provisioning and countercyclical reserve requirements rules is also studied. The simultaneous use of these instruments does not improve the ability of either one of them to mitigate financial instability, making them partial substitutes rather than complements.
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Cabrera, Wilmar, Santiago Gamba, Camilo Gómez, and Mauricio Villamizar-Villegas. Examining Macroprudential Policy through a Microprudential Lens. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1212.
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In this paper, we examine the financial and real effects of macroprudential policies with a new identifying strategy that exploits borrower-specific provisioning levels for each bank. Locally, we compare similar firms just below and above regulatory thresholds established in Colombia during 2008--2018 for the corporate credit portfolio. Our results indicate that the scheme induces banks to increase the provisioning cost of downgraded loans. This implies that, for loans with similar risk but with a discontinuously lower rating, banks offer a lower amount of credit, demand higher quality guarantees, and impose a higher level of provision coverage through the loan-loss given default. To illustrate, a 1 percentage point (pp) increase in the provision-to-credit ratio leads to a reduction in credit growth of up to 15pp and lowers the probability of receiving new credit by up to 11pp. When mapping our results to the real sector, we find that downgraded firms are constrained in their investment decisions and experience a contraction in liabilities, equity, and total assets.
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Badel, Alejandro, and Mauricio Cárdenas. La crisis de financiamiento hipotecario en Colombia: causas y consecuencias. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011861.
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Este trabajo presenta evidencia según la cual la crisis reciente del sector hipotecario en Colombia fue consecuencia del incremento en la relación entre el saldo de los créditos y el valor de las garantías (LTV o loan-to-value ratio) que aumentó la vulnerabilidad de los hogares al ciclo económico. El incremento del LTV fue ocasionado por el efecto conjunto del mayor endeudamiento de los hogares, las reglas de indexación de los saldos de los créditos hipotecarios vigentes hasta 1999 y la desvalorización de los inmuebles que se registró a partir de 1995. Por su parte, la dramática contracción en los desembolsos de nuevos créditos puso en marcha un fuerte ciclo recesivo tanto del sector de la construcción como de la economía en general, lo cual se tradujo en un mayor nivel de desempleo que deterioró aún más en la calidad de los créditos hipotecarios. El trabajo argumenta que la crisis se profundizó y prolongó por factores extraeconómicos, asociados a la fuerte inestabilidad jurídica que obstaculizó tanto la oferta como la demanda de crédito entre 1999 y 2001. Las conclusiones enfatizan la importancia de evitar las burbujas asociadas a fuertes entradas de capitales así como la necesidad de ajustar los avalúos inmobiliarios en función del ciclo económico para moderar el riesgo asumido por deudores y acreedores durante la fase expansionista.
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Guevara-Castañeda, Diego Alejandro, Leonardo Villar-Gómez, Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, February 2025. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.01-2025.
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In 2024, the macroeconomic adjustment process continued, characterized by a sustained reduction in inflation that began in 2023 and a decline in the current account deficit of the balance of payments. This adjustment took place in the context of a contractionary monetary policy, with a gradual reduction in the monetary policy interest rate. GDP grew by 1.7%, driven by investment and consumption, while employment increased by 2.2%. Foreign reserves remained at adequate levels, and Banco de la República recorded a profit of COP 10,041 billion, benefiting from the returns on foreign reserves. Macroeconomic environment The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank estimate that the global economy grew by 3.2% in 2024, a rate similar to that observed in 2023 (3.3%). This occurred in a context of moderating inflation and declining monetary policy interest rates in most countries. Global inflation moderated over the course of 2024. However, inflation rebounded toward the end of the year in some advanced economies, mainly due to rising energy costs. In Latin America, inflation trends were mixed. While some economies experienced sustained price stability, in most cases, inflation remained above the targets set by their respective central banks. Monetary policy interest rates in most Latin American economies continued to decline, reflecting a moderation in inflation and inflation expectations. However, some countries in the region recently raised interest rates in response to renewed inflationary pressures. Oil production increased in 2024, leading to a 3% decrease in oil prices, with Brent crude averaging around USD 80 per barrel. However, geopolitical tensions prevented a more pronounced decline. The U.S. dollar appreciated against most currencies, driven by expectations that the Federal Reserve (Fed) would implement more gradual policy rate cuts. In 2025, global economic growth is projected to be similar to that of 2024, supported by declining inflation, wage recovery, sustained employment growth, and a less restrictive monetary policy stance. However, geopolitical tensions and U.S. trade policies introduce uncertainty. More gradual reductions in the Fed’s interest rate are expected, with the possibility of pauses if inflationary pressures resurface. In Latin America, central banks are expected to continue cutting interest rates, although monetary policy may remain contractionary where inflation has not yet reached target levels. Domestic economic activity Colombia’s GDP grew by 1.7% in 2024, reflecting a moderate recovery compared to the previous year. This occurred in an environment of lower interest rates, improved domestic demand, and an increase in remittances and exports. Private consumption and fixed capital investment—particularly in infrastructure projects such as the Bogotá metro—contributed to economic growth. However, investment in housing declined. Agricultural and services sectors led economic growth, while mining and manufacturing contracted. The loan portfolio experienced low nominal growth, though some segments showed signs of recovery toward the end of the year. For 2025, economic activity is expected to continue recovering, approaching its productive capacity and aligning with the convergence of inflation toward its target. Employment Employment grew by 2.2% in 2024, resulting in the creation of 508,000 jobs. This expansion was driven by rural areas, where employment increased by 3.2%, surpassing the 1.4% growth in urban areas. The commerce, accommodation, manufacturing, public administration, health, and education sectors were the primary contributors to job creation. Wage employment grew by 2.7%, exceeding pre-pandemic levels, while non-wage employment increased by 1.8%, leading to a decline in informality to 55.6%. The national unemployment rate fell by 0.6 percentage points, reaching 9.7%, with a more pronounced reduction in rural areas. For 2025, the unemployment rate is expected to remain stable, supported by a positive economic outlook. Inflation and Monetary Policy Headline inflation in Colombia fell significantly from 9.3% in 2023 to 5.2% in 2024, primarily due to a restrictive monetary policy that moderated domestic demand and contributed to a reduction in the current account deficit. Core inflation (excluding food and regulated products) declined from 8.4% to 5.2%, reflecting the effectiveness of contractionary monetary policy. Inflation of goods dropped sharply, from 7.1% to 0.6%, due in part to the resolution of logistical disruptions and the appreciation of the peso. In contrast, services inflation declined more moderately, from 9% to 7%, influenced by indexation to past inflation and the increase in the minimum wage. Prices of food decreased from 5.0% to 3.3%, driven by lower pressures on processed food prices, benefiting from reduced costs of imported raw materials and a favorable exchange rate. Prices of regulated items dropped to 7.3%, following smaller adjustments in gasoline prices (after the required increases in 2023) and lower electricity and public service tariff increases, except for gas prices, which continued to rise. Inflation is expected to continue converging toward the 3% target in 2025, with headline inflation projected to close the year at around 4.1%, continuing its downward path into 2026. However, new risks have emerged, including a recent rise in producer costs, a significant increase in the minimum wage, and a rebound in inflation expectations. Balance of payments Colombia’s current account deficit narrowed to 1.7% of GDP between January and September 2024, down from 2.5% in the same period in 2023. This improvement was driven by higher remittance inflows, an improved services trade balance, and lower factor income outflows. Remittances reached a record USD 11,848 million, with the United States and Spain as the main sources of these inflows. A decline in the profits of foreign direct investment (FDI) companies, particularly in the oil and coal sectors, also contributed to reducing external imbalances. The trade deficit widened due to a greater imbalance in the trade of goods within a context of lower commodity prices. However, this was partially offset by strong agricultural and industrial exports. Additionally, the good performance of service exports, supported by higher international tourist arrivals, helped contain a larger trade imbalance. The financial account recorded net capital inflows equivalent to 1.1% of GDP, lower than the 2.5% recorded in 2023, primarily due to a decline in foreign direct investment in mining, transportation, and oil. This was partially offset by growth in financial and business services investment. The current account deficit is estimated to have closed 2024 at 1.8% of GDP, with a projected widening to 2.5% in 2025, in line with higher expected economic growth and stronger domestic demand. Public finances According to preliminary figures from the 2025 Financial Plan (PF-25) presented by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (MHCP), Colombia’s General Government deficit reached 4.8% of GDP in 2024, marking a 2.1 percentage-point increase compared to 2023. This deterioration was mainly driven by a worsening in the balances of the Central National Government (GNC) (2.6 pp) and the Social Security subsector (0.4 pp), partially offset by a 0.8 pp improvement in Regional and Local Government balances. The reduction in the deficit position of the Fuel Price Stabilization Fund (FEPC for its acronym in Spanish) was notable, following gasoline price adjustments, which closed the gap between the reference price and local market prices. However, fiscal pressures persist due to ongoing subsidies for ACPM (diesel fuel). The total and primary deficits of the Central Government stood at 6.8% and 2.4% of GDP, respectively, driven by a decline in tax revenue—particularly from income and external taxes—alongside increased government spending. The net debt of the Central Government increased to 60% of GDP, exceeding previous forecasts. For 2025, a total and primary deficit of 5.1% and 0.2% of GDP is projected, with tax revenue expected to grow by 22.6%. Compliance with the fiscal rule and the stabilization of public finances will be critical in 2025, given the potential impact of fiscal slippage on the country’s risk premiums. Failure to meet fiscal targets could raise interest rates for both the Government and the broader economy. Maintaining credibility in fiscal policy will be key to preventing macroeconomic adjustments from exerting additional pressure on interest rates. International Reserves As of December 31, 2024, Colombia’s net international reserves stood at USD 62,481 million, reflecting an increase of USD 2,873 million during the year. This growth was primarily driven by returns on reserves, which reached 3.65%, benefiting from higher global interest rates, and Banco de la República's reserve accumulation program, which added USD 1,479.4 million to reserves. According to the IMF’s reserve adequacy methodology, Colombia maintains a reserve ratio of 1.29. This falls within the adequate range (1.0 – 1.5), indicating that Colombia’s reserves are sufficient to withstand extreme external shocks and balance of payments risks. Profits obtained by Banco de la República The Bank's profits reached a record COP 10,041 billion in 2024, resulting from revenues of COP 13,948 billion and expenses of COP 3,907 billion. Profits increased by COP 815 billion compared to 2023, primarily due to lower expenses, although partially offset by a decline in revenues. For 2025, profits are projected at COP 10,512 billion, supported by the high expected profitability of foreign reserves. However, this projection is subject to uncertainty related to reserve performance and monetary base growth.
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Financial Stability Report - First Half of 2023. Banco de la República, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem1.eng-2023.
Full textAbstract:
Banco de la República’s main goal is to preserve the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy that is intended to stabilize output and employment at long-term sustainable levels. Properly meeting the goal assigned to the Bank by the 1991 Constitution critically depends on preserving financial stability. This is understood to be a general condition in which the financial system channels domestic savings and evaluates and manages the financial risks in a way that facilitates the performance of the economy and efficient allocation of resources while, at the same time, it is able to, on its own, absorb, dissipate, and mitigate the appearance of risks that may arise as a result of adverse events. Banco de la República’s Financial Stability Report provides a diagnosis of the financial system’s and its debtors’ recent performance and indicates the main risks and vulnerabilities that could have an effect on the stability of the Colombian economy. The objective is to share this information with the financial market participants and the public and encourage public debate on trends and risks that affect the system. The results presented here also serve the monetary authority as a basis for making decisions that will enhance financial stability. The analysis presented in this edition of the Report makes it possible to conclude that the Colombian financial system has liquidity and capital adequacy levels that are not only above those required by internationally accepted parameters but would even be sufficient to face the occurrence of extreme low-probability risks. In particular, during the last six months, the aggregate capital adequacy of credit institutions rose 22 basis points and reached 18.1% in February 2023. The liquidity coverage ratio indicator and the net stable funding ratio, in turn, were 202.0% and 111% and thus well above the regulatory minimums of 100%. The period of analysis in this Report includes the period of stress that occurred in the U.S. regional bank segment and at Credit Suisse and caused nervousness regarding possible risks to global financial stability. The characteristics and risks that generated problems in those entities are analyzed in this Report and the Colombian financial system is evaluated considering different sources of vulnerability. Some characteristics that protect the Colombian financial system are: (i) a cautious balance sheet structure on both the asset and liability sides of the entities; (ii) the widespread practice of valuing the investment portfolio at market prices, and (iii) the appropriate management of liquidity risk. In line with a higher interest-rate scenario and a slowdown in local economic activity, the credit growth rate has slowed down in recent months while there have been signs of deterioration in the loan portfolios. Credit, which had been exhibiting excessively high growth levels last year, especially in the consumer category, has slowed down while past-due and risky loans have rebounded. This is also driven mainly by the consumer portfolio which is reflecting the growth in risks assumed by financial institutions in previous quarters. In spite of the lower portfolio performance seen currently and projected for the future, the high level of household indebtedness in Colombia, especially in the consumer segment, continues to be considered a source of vulnerability for the Colombian financial system as was the case in the previous edition of this Report (see section 2.2.1). Nevertheless, the financial system continues to reflect soundness and stability: credit institutions (CIs) are keeping liquidity and capital adequacy indicators well above the minimums established by regulation while nonbanking financial institutions (NBFIs) have registered an increase in their profits.The adjustments in the monetary policy stance since September 2021, the effect of the macroprudential measures implemented by the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia (FSC) at the end of last year associated with a higher requirement in terms of loan loss provisions, and stricter conditions in the allocation of loans by CIs are behind the projection of a loan portfolio growth rate that is likely to continue declining in the coming months. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate sustainable flows of sufficient credit and liquidity funds, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system.
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Financial Stability Report - First Half of 2019. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem1.eng-2019.
Full textAbstract:
This Financial Stability Report presents the appreciation of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of Colombia) on the recent performance of credit institutions and their debtors, as well as on the main risks and vulnerabilities that could have some effect on the financial stability of the Colombian economy. The Report intends to inform both participants in financial markets and the general public, besides promoting public debate on the trends and risks that may affect the financial system. The results herein presented also serve the monetary authority as an input in their decision-making to promote financial stability within the general context of the objectives of price stability and macroeconomic stability. 1. The financial system completed the process of adjustment to the macroeconomic shocks that have been observed since 2014: - Credit Risk - Lower profitability than the historical average - Low credit growth 2. The Colombian economy has a resilient financial system. This, together with recent advancements in prudential regulation, make it unlikely that domestic credit conditions may become a source of macroeconomic disturbance. 3. The economic recovery has allowed for: - Lower growth of non-performing loans - Lower growth of risky loans - Recovery of profitability - A trend towards a slight recovery in credit growth 4. The expected widening of the current account deficit of the Colombian economy and the latent risk of lower-than-expected growth for some trading partners pose vulnerabilities that, in the face of negative shocks, could affect the stability of the financial system. 5. Credit risk continues to materialize in sectors such as construction and agriculture; at the same time, its intensity has reduced in housing debt. Box 1. Indicator of Additional Probability of Recession Box 2. Aggregate Vulnerability Indicator Box 3. Indicator of Financial Conditions Box 4. The Role of the Supervisor in the Reversal of the Recent Deterioration in the Loan Portfolio Box 5. An Analysis of Financial Vulnerability using the Heuristic Method Box 6. Foreign Exchange Position and Capital Adequacy Ratio Box 7. Considerations Regarding the Memory of Credit Bureaus