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Serwadda, Isah. "Impact of Credit Risk Management Systems on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Uganda." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 6 (2018): 1627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866061627.
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The paper is set to analyse the impact of credit risk management on the financial performance of commercial banks in Uganda for a period of 2006–2015 using panel data for a sample of 20 commercial banks. The study employs return on assets as a dependent variable and non‑performing loans, growth in interest earnings and loan loss provisions to total loans as credit risk measures. Secondary data is sourced from the Bank scope database, African development bank and the central bank of Uganda. The study employs descriptive statistics, regressions and correlation analysis. Regression models are to estimate the magnitude of significance of credit risk management on the performance of commercial banks in Uganda. The study revealed that credit risk management impacts on the performance of Ugandan commercial banks. The results portrayed that banks’ performance was inversely influenced by non‑performing loans which may expose them to large magnitudes of illiquidity and financial crisis. Thus given such results, the researcher recommends that banks need to enhance their credit risk management techniques not only to earn more profits but also to maintain a qualitative asset portfolio and attention be given to non‑performing loans, loan loss provision to total loans and growth in interest earnings that were found to be significant. Banks need to design appropriate credit policies that must handle all necessary conditions before advancing credit to their customers and also develop strong credit administration committees and teams that must conduct appropriate and sound loan appraisal evaluations and which must also monitor the loans throughout the required processes right from extending a loan to a customer up to the completion of loan repayments so as to mitigate credit risks.
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Namayengo, Faith, Johan A. C. Van Ophem, and Gerrit Antonides. "Women and microcredit in rural agrarian households of Uganda: Match or mismatch between lender and borrower?" Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 10, no. 2-3 (August 1, 2016): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2016/2-3/9.
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The alignment of microfinance programs with the context and expectations of the recipients is critical for ensuring clients’ satisfaction and desired program outcomes. This study sought to investigate the extent to which the objectives and design of the BRAC microfinance program match the expectations, context and characteristics of female borrowers in a rural agrarian setting in Uganda. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to obtain socio-demographic, personality and microenterprise (ME) characteristics of existing borrowers, incoming borrowers and non-borrowers and to obtain information about the microcredit program. We found that BRAC uses a modified Grameen group-lending model to provide small, high-interest rate production loans and follows a rigorous loan processing and recovery procedure. BRAC clients are mainly poor subsistence farmers who derive income from diverse farming and non-farm activities. The major objective to borrow is to meet lump-sum monetary needs usually for school fees and for investment in informal small non-farm businesses. Many borrowers use diverse sources of funds to meet repayment obligations. Defaulting on loans is quite low. The stress caused by weekly loan repayment and resolution of lump-sum cash needs were identified as reasons for women to stop borrowing. The limited loan amounts, the diversions of loans to non-production activities, the stages of the businesses and the weekly recovery program without a grace period may limit the contribution of these loans to ME expansion and increase in income.
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Mukwenda, Hilary Tusiime. "Adaptation of the ADKAR Model to the Management of the Higher Education Student Loan Scheme in Uganda." Makerere Journal of Higher Education 11, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v11i1.4.
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The financing of higher education through student loan schemes is a recent phenomenon in Uganda. It constitutes a major change in the financing of higher education in the country and, naturally, it has not been without controversy. Its processes have posed challenges to both its beneficiaries and implementers. For instance, the loan policy’s sustainability is yet to be guaranteed. It is with this understanding that this paper discusses how application of the ADKAR change management model can promote the performance and sustainability of the policy. Designed to help individuals and organisations, the model prescribes a five-step process towards adopting change and leveraging its power to bring about improvement by enhancing ability to confront new situations. In this paper, this process is proposed for ensuring effective disbursement of student loans, determination of interest rates and recovery of the loans from borrowers.
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Busingye, John. "Dynamics of loan delinquency by SME owners in Uganda." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 6, no. 10 (November 10, 2019): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.610.7220.
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The study mainly set out to investigate the factors that influence loan delinquency bySME owners in Uganda. SME ownersin Mbarara Municipality, South West Uganda provided conceptual setting of the study. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by determining the local business context influencing loan delinquency among SME owners.
The study fixated on thefactors that influence loan delinquency by SME owners in Uganda with focus on what SACCOs put into consideration in order to categorize an SME as suitable for micro-lending. The study engaged descriptive research design, where 20 questionnaires were administered to SME owners and detailed discussions of the questions conducted with 6 key informants in the SME sector. The study was grounded on David McClelland’s Acquired Needs theory and the Rational Choice theory in helping to understand the subject under investigation. The study further adopted Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) sample size determination methodology to select the respondents. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20, thematic and content analysis.
The study findings show that majority of the respondents were male with secondary level of education, majority of the SME entities had been in operation for six years and above and their ability to manage loans was boosted by education, skills and experience. While the majority of the SME owners are accessing and utilizing loan services from the SACCOs, more than half of them have ever been in delinquency over their loan contract. The study recommends that the SME owners learn how to plough back their profits into their business, conduct sound business research so as to increase their operational capital and skills in order to expand and grow their projects. The study concluded that the SME industry is a fertile ground for investment for Uganda, SME owners, and SACCOs.
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Linnemayr, Sebastian, Lydia Buzaalirwa, James Balya, and Glenn Wagner. "A Microfinance Program Targeting People Living with HIV in Uganda: Client Characteristics and Program Impact." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 3 (September 14, 2016): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957416667485.
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HIV has disproportionately affected economically vulnerable populations. HIV medical care, including antiretroviral therapy, successfully restores physical health but can be insufficient to achieve social and economic health. It may therefore be necessary to offer innovative economic support programs such as providing business training and microcredit tailored to people living with HIV/AIDS. However, microfinance institutions have shown reluctance to reach out to HIV-infected individuals, resulting in nongovernment and HIV care organizations providing these services. The authors investigate the baseline characteristics of a sample of medically stable clients in HIV care who are eligible for microcredit loans and evaluate their business and financial needs; the authors also analyze their repayment pattern and how their socioeconomic status changes after receipt of the program. The authors find that there is a significant unmet need for business capital for the sample under investigation, pointing toward the potentially beneficial role of providing microfinance and business training for clients in HIV care. HIV clients participating in the loans show high rates of repayment, and significant increases in (disposable) income, as well as profits and savings. The authors therefore encourage other HIV care providers to consider providing their clients with such loans.
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O’Hara, Nathan N., Edmond Odull, Jeffrey Potter, and Isaac Kajja. "The willingness of orthopaedic trauma patients in Uganda to accept financial loans following injury." OTA International 2, no. 4 (December 2019): e028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/oi9.0000000000000028.
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Wagner, Glenn, Yashodhara Rana, Sebastian Linnemayr, James Balya, and Lydia Buzaalirwa. "A Qualitative Exploration of the Economic and Social Effects of Microcredit among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/318957.
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HIV medical care, including antiretroviral therapy (ART), is often successful in restoring physical health and functioning. But in developing countries, HIV medical care is often insufficient to achieve social and economic health, and hence innovative economic support programs are much needed. We conducted semistructured interviews with 30 adults receiving ART and microcredit loans operated by Uganda Cares. Using content analysis, we explored the impact of the microcredit loans on the economic, social, and psychological well-being of respondents. Most respondents indicated that the microcredit loans played a positive role in their lives, helped them to keep their children in school and sustain their families, and improved their self-esteem and status in the community. In addition, we also found significant positive knowledge spill-over and network effects in the program with regard to business management and support. However, more than half of the participants indicated experiencing repayment problems either personally or with other group members due to unexpected emergencies and sickness. These findings highlight that microcredit programs have the potential of being an economic support system for HIV clients trying to reestablish their livelihoods, especially in resource-constrained settings, though more research is needed to determine the overall economic viability of such programs.
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Kaboski, Joseph P., Molly Lipscomb, and Virgiliu Midrigan. "The Aggregate Impact of Household Saving and Borrowing Constraints: Designing a Field Experiment in Uganda." American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.171.
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We develop a model of households with multiple needs (smoothing shocks, financing investment) and constraints (limited credit, self-control issues) in order to examine the nature of household's financing constraints in a developing country, and the impact of relaxing them. We show that increased access to credit has very different implications for the aggregate model economy depending on its form: asset-financed or cash. We then illustrate how a short-term increase in access to loans leads to very distinct behavior in the short run. The relevance of the model can be evaluated using a field experiment, which we are currently implementing in Uganda.
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Nannini, Maria, Mario Biggeri, and Giovanni Putoto. "Financial protection and coping strategies in rural Uganda: an impact evaluation of community-based zero-interest healthcare loans." Health Policy and Planning 36, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 1090–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab073.
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Abstract In low- and middle-income countries, catastrophic health expenditures and economic hardship constitute a common risk for households’ welfare. Community health financing (CHF) represents a viable option to improve financial protection, but robust impact evaluations are needed to advance the debate concerning universal health coverage in informal settings. This study aims at assessing the impact of a CHF pilot programme and, specifically, of the initial phase involving zero-interest loans on health expenditures and coping strategies in a rural district of Uganda. The analysis relies on a panel household survey performed before and after the intervention and complemented by qualitative data obtained from structured focus group discussions. Exploiting an instrumental variable approach, we measured the causal effect of the intervention, and the main findings were then integrated with qualitative evidence on the heterogeneity of the programme’s impact across different household categories. We found that the intervention of zero-interest healthcare loans is effective in improving financial protection and longer-term welfare. Community perceptions suggested that the population excluded from the scheme is disadvantaged when facing unpredictable health costs. Among the enrolled members, the poorest seem to receive a greater benefit from the intervention. Overall, our study provides support for the positive role of community-based mechanisms to progress towards universal coverage and offers policy-relevant insights to timely design comprehensive health financing reforms.
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Eric, Nzibonera, and Waggumbulizi Ivan. "Loans and growth of small-scale enterprises in Uganda: A case study of Kampala Central business area." African Journal of Business Management 14, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajbm2020.8985.
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Cheng, Fang, Haisen Zhang, and Nobeji S. Boniphace. "Determinants of Off-farm Employment Participation of Women in Rural Uganda." International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, no. 54 (April 20, 2019): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.54.28.41.
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Off-farm employment in rural areas can be a major contributor to rural poverty reduction and decent rural employment. While women are highly active in the agricultural sector, they are less active than men in off-farm employment. This study analyzes the determinants of participation in off-farm employment of women in rural Uganda. The study is based on a field survey conducted in nine districts with the sample size of 1200 individual females. A two-stage Hechman’s sample selection model was applied to capture women’s decision to participate and the level of participation in non-farm economic activities. Summary statistics of the survey data from rural Uganda shows that: i) poverty and non-farm employment has a strong correlation, implying the importance of non-farm employment as a means for poverty reduction; and ii) there is a large gender gap to access non-farm employment, but the gender gap has been significantly reduced from group of older age to younger generation. The econometric results finds that the following factors have a significant influence on women’s participation in off-farm employment: education level of both the individual and household head (positive in both stages); women’s age (negative in both stages); female-headed household (negative in first stage); household head of polygamous marriage (negative in both stages); distance from major town (negative in the first stage); household size (positive in the second stage); dependency ratio (negative in the second stage); access to and use of government extension services (positive in the first stage); access to and use of an agricultural loan (negative in the second stage); and various district dummies variables. The implications of these findings suggest that those policies aimed at enhancing the identified determinants of women off-farm employment can promote income-generating opportunities for women groups in comparable contexts. In order to capitalize on these positive linkages, policies should be designed to improve skills and knowledge by providing education opportunities and increasing access to employment training, assistance services and loans for non-farm activities and by targeting women in female-headed, large and distant households. The government should increase investments in public infrastructure and services, such as roads, telecommunications and emergency support.
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Kwandayi, Hardson, Nelson Jagero, and Jimmy Matata. "De-motivators of Employees in the Public Sector in Arua District, Uganda." Business and Management Horizons 1, no. 2 (November 21, 2013): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v1i2.4596.
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De-motivation of the public sector employees is a key aspect in Public Administration as far as human resources management is concerned. It is argued that people are without a doubt the most valuable resource to any organization. It is upon this ground that this study sought to assess the factors that de-motivated staff in the public sector of Uganda, specifically Arua District Local Government. In this study, 15 district staff (Heads of departments and office assistants), 30 sub county staff (Community Development Officers, Sub County Chiefs, Accounts Assistants and Extension staff) were used as the research subjects. Self-administered questionnaires were used as research instruments. The priority de-motivators were lack of autonomy and variety, low salary, organizational politics, unending clients’ demands and ineffective communication. The study recommends that, the government should initiate low cost housing schemes including soft loans for the public sector employees. In addition, official residences should be built for the staff at their work stations, this specifically would apply to the Sub County staff who would need to endure residing near their work places and this scheme would most likely contribute to the conduciveness of work environment.
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Bongomin, George Okello Candiya, John C. Munene, Joseph Mpeera Ntayi, and Charles Akol Malinga. "Social network." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 9, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 388–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-07-2017-0157.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test for the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Design/methodology/approach The study employed a cross-sectional research design and data were collected from a total of 400 poor households located in Northern, Eastern, Central and Western Uganda. The authors adopted ordinary least square hierarchical regression analysis to test for the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. The effects were determined by calculating the significant change in coefficient of determination (R2) between the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion. In addition, analysis of variance was also used to test for variation in perceptions of the poor about being financially included. Findings The findings revealed that the dimensions of ties and interaction significantly explain financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Contrary to previous studies, the results indicated that interdependence as a dimension of social network is not a significant predictor of financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Combined together, the dimensions of social network explains about 16.6 percent of the variation in financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Research limitations/implications The study was purely cross-sectional, thus, ignoring longitudinal survey design, which could have investigated certain characteristics of the variable over time. Additionally, although a total sample amounting to 400 poor households was used in the study, the results cannot be generalized since other equally marginalized groups such as the disabled persons, refugees, and immigrants were not included in this study. Furthermore, the study used only the questionnaire to elicit responses from the respondents. The use of interview was ignored during data collection. Practical implications Policy makers, managers of financial institutions, and financial inclusion advocates should consider social network dimensions of ties and interaction as conduits for information flow and sharing among the poor including the women and youth about scarce financial resources like loans. Advocacy towards creation of societal network that brings the poor together in strong and weak ties is very important in scaling up access to and use of scarce financial services for improving economic and social well-being. Originality/value Contrary to previous studies, this particular study test the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Thus, it methodologically isolates the individual contribution of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor. The authors found that only ties and interaction are significant predictors of financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Therefore, the findings suggest that not all dimensions of social network are significant predictors of financial inclusion as opposed to previous empirical findings.
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Bongomin, George Okello Candiya, Atsede Woldie, and Aziz Wakibi. "Microfinance accessibility, social cohesion and survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Northern Uganda." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 27, no. 5 (June 30, 2020): 749–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-12-2018-0383.
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PurposeGlobally, women have been recognized as key contributors toward livelihood and poverty eradication, especially in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This is due to their great involvement and participation in micro small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that create employment and ultimately economic growth and development. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to establish the mediating role of social cohesion in the relationship between microfinance accessibility and survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Northern Uganda where physical collateral were destroyed by war.Design/methodology/approachThe data for this study were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire from 395 women MSMEs who are clients of microfinance institutions in post-war communities in Northern Uganda, which suffered from the 20 years' Lord Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency. The Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) software was used to analyze the data and the measurement and structural equation models were constructed to test for the mediating role of social cohesion in the relationship between microfinance accessibility and survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities.FindingsThe results revealed that social cohesion significantly and positively mediate the relationship between microfinance accessibility and survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in Northern Uganda. The results suggest that the presence of social cohesion as a social collateral promotes microfinance accessibility by 14.6% to boost survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities where physical collateral were destroyed by war amidst lack of property rights among women. Similarly, the results indicated that social cohesion has a significant influence on survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in Northern Uganda. Moreover, when combined together, the effect of microfinance accessibility and social cohesion exhibit greater contribution towards survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in Northern Uganda. Indeed, social cohesion provides the social safety net (social protection) through which women can access business loans from microfinance institutions for survival and growth of their businesses.Research limitations/implicationsThis study concentrated mainly on women MSMEs located in post-war communities in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa with a specific focus on Northern Uganda. Women MSMEs located in other regions in Uganda were not sampled in this study. Besides, the study focused only on the microfinance industry as a major source of business finance. It ignored the other financial institutions like commercial banks that equally provide access to financial services to micro-entrepreneurs.Practical implicationsThe governments in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where there have been wars should waive-off the registration and licensing fees for grass-root associations because such social associations may act as social protection tools through which women can borrow from financial institutions like the microfinance institutions. The social groups can provide social collateral to women to replace physical collateral required by microfinance institutions in lending. Similarly, the governments, development agencies, and advocates of post-war reconstruction programs in developing countries where there have been wars, especially in sub-Saharan Africa should initiate the provision of group business loans through the existing social women associations. This may offer social protection in terms of social collateral in the absence of physical collateral required by the microfinance institutions in lending. This may be achieved through partnership with the existing microfinance institutions operating in rural areas in post-war communities in developing countries. Additionally, advocates of post-war recovery programs should work with the existing microfinance institutions to design financial products that suit the economic conditions and situations of the women MSMEs in post-war communities. The financial products should meet the business needs of the women MSMEs taking into consideration their ability to fulfil the terms and conditions of use.Originality/valueThis study revisits the role of microfinance accessibility in stimulating survival of women MSMEs as an engine for economic growth in the presence of social cohesion, especially in post-war communities in sub-Saharan Africa where physical collateral were destroyed by war. It reveals the significant role of social cohesion as a social protection tool and safety net, which contributes to economic outcomes in the absence of physical collateral and property rights among women MSMEs borrowers, especially in post-war communities.
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Mugarura, Norman, and Patience Namanya. "Supervisory mandate of central banks and the spate of bank failures: who is to blame?" Journal of Money Laundering Control 23, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-10-2019-0084.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine how central Banks (in the narrow purview of Bank of Uganda) exercise their supervisory mandate to foster an efficient sound business environment for banks to operate efficiently. The authors were motivated to write on the subject of bank supervision because of the closure of Crane Bank and putting it under administration in 2016. The closure of this bank generated a lot of controversies on both sides of the political divide and in the press. Initially, the popular view was that Crane bank was poorly supervised, and as a result, it was exploited by insiders to commit money laundering, fraud, insider dealing, just to mention but a few. This put Bank of Uganda (the Central Bank) in a negative spotlight for failure to provide the required oversight of this bank. In Uganda, the supervision of banks and other financial institutions is the responsibility of Bank of Uganda. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopted a qualitative research approach using secondary data sources, including books, journal papers and websites, and evaluating primary legislation but also empirical evidence both in Uganda and other jurisdictions. The secondary data was evaluated to draw comparative analyses of causes of banks failures in countries both in Africa, Europe, USA and others jurisdictions across the globe. Findings It would be onerous to charge central banks with the responsibility of preventing bank failures, even though they would are required to institute measures to prevent banks from collapsing and its ripple effects on the economy. Effective banking supervision is a core factor for the success of every bank, but it cannot single-handedly prevent a bank from collapsing. A well-supervised bank can also fail not necessarily because of inherent weaknesses within its banking supervision, but it could fail because of extraneous factors beyond the control of individual banks. For example, Lehman Brothers Ltd (a highly leveraged of broker dealers) collapsed due to factors beyond its control, the Northern Rock and Royal Bank of Scotland in the UK were nationalised by the British Government. Research limitations/implications The limitation of the paper was that data on central banks and failed banks both in Uganda and other jurisdictions (the scope of the paper) was overwhelming, and it was daunting to sift through and analyse it in depth. Practical implications Banks play a fundamental role in the social-economic development of countries, and how they are regulated is significantly important for the stability of economies. They provide loans, guarantees and other financial products to businesses, and they are engines for economic growth and development. Social implications Banks affect, people, societies, businesses, markets and governments. Therefore, this paper has wider implications for the foregoing constituencies. Originality/value The originality of the paper is that this paper is unique, draws experiences across jurisdictions and evaluates in the narrow purview of banking regulation in Uganda.
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Okello Candiya Bongomin, George, Joseph Mpeera Ntayi, John C. Munene, and Charles Akol Malinga. "The relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in developing economies." Review of International Business and Strategy 27, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 520–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-04-2017-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish the moderating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between access to finance and growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies. Thus, this study seeks to establish whether financial literacy moderates the relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in a developing economy like Uganda. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional research design was used in the study and data were collected from 169 SMEs located in Jinja and Iganga central markets. ModGraph (excel programme) was used to test for the moderating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in developing economies. Findings The findings reveal a positive and significant moderating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in developing economies. In addition, financial literacy and access to finance also have significant and positive effects on growth of SMEs in developing economies. Research limitations/implications The study collected data from only SMEs located in Uganda, and there is an opportunity to test this finding in other developing economies. Furthermore, the findings from the study are based on quantitative data collected through use of semi-structured questionnaires. Besides, the study was purely cross-sectional; hence, it ignores the characteristics of SMEs, which could be investigated using a longitudinal study design. Practical implications The study highlights the importance of financial literacy in promoting access to finance, which is necessary for the growth of SMEs in developing economies. Owners of SMEs could attend financial literacy programmes provided by entrepreneurial skill development organizations to enable them to acquire financial knowledge and skills to make wise and better financial decisions and choices. Originality/value The study contributes to existing international entrepreneurship literature by indicating the moderating effect of financial literacy in the relationship between access to finance and growth of SMEs in developing economies. The study shows that for SMEs to access finance to grow there is a need for financial literacy that promotes effective and efficient use of loans/credits. SMEs in developing economies need financial literacy, which helps them make wise financial decisions and choices before accessing financial services like loans.
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Moses, Kayizzi. "Pro-Poor tourism strategies in local communities in Uganda: A case study of lake Bunyonyi in Kabale district." International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Studies 2, no. 1 (June 2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/ijhts2021.2.1.5.
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The study examined the effectiveness of pro-poor tourism strategies on local communities in Uganda taking a case study of the Lake Bunyonyi tourist area. Using a descriptive research design, data was collected from a total of 120 community members with the aid of questionnaires. Interviews were also conducted on 10 key informants. The study found that pro-poor tourism strategies that are aimed at enhancing economic benefits to the poor are generally moderately effective as established by the composite mean. This is because the tourism enterprises have employed locals within their ranks, created opportunities for the informal sector and small businesses, boosted household income through home projects such as poultry rearing, bee keeping and fish farming. However, this has been undermined by failure by the enterprises to increased access to market opportunities indirectly to tourism enterprises and to increase community access to investment funds, loans, and micro credit schemes. The study also found that pro-poor tourism strategies that are aimed at enhancing non-financial benefits to the poor are generally moderately effective The strategies have really not succeeded as such in enhancing other non-economic livelihood benefits like; increasing access to health care, health care education for example reproductive health, HIV and malaria prevention; increasing local access to infrastructure and services for example roads, running water, internet, and telephones and improving environmental support. The study found that pro-poor tourism strategies that are aimed at enhancing community participation and partnership are generally moderately effective. The strategies have not fully succeeded in enhancing the participation and involvement of the poor in tourist activities. The study concluded that the pro-poor tourism strategies are only moderately effective in improving the economic benefits to the community, in enhancing non-economic benefits and enhancing of community participation and partnership of the poor in tourist activities.
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Jeong, Bok Gyo, and Sara Compion. "Characteristics of women’s leadership in African social enterprises: The Heartfelt Project, Bright Kids Uganda and Chikumbuso." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-11-2019-0305.
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Learning outcomes This trio of cases is appropriate for upper-level undergraduate classes or for postgraduate programs in non-profit management, leadership and community development, international development, global studies, women’s and gender studies and social entrepreneurship. It allows the instructors and students to engage with classical leadership tenets and emerging social entrepreneurship literature. Upon completion of the case study discussion and assignments, students will be able to: identify diverse obstacles that African women face in starting social enterprises; understand the ways that African women leaders build a social dimension to their enterprise; and identify characteristics of women’s leadership and critique the value of women’s leadership for establishing sustainable social enterprises. Case overview/synopsis The case stories of the three African social enterprises portray how female leaders have fostered sustainable organisations through prioritising social, over economic and governance investments. Martha Letsoalo, a former domestic worker, founded the Heartfelt Project in South Africa, which now employs fifteen women, ships products all around the world and enriches the community of Makapanstad with its workshop, training and education centre. Victoria Nalongo Namusisi, daughter of a fisherman in rural Uganda, founded Bright Kids Uganda, a thriving care facility, school and community centre that educates vulnerable children, empowers victims of gender-based violence and distributes micro-loans to female entrepreneurs. Gertrude, abandoned in Lusaka, Zambia, founded Chikumbuso, a home of resilience and remembrance to educate children and offer women employment in a cooperative business. Each case documents the founding years of the social enterprise and outlines some of the shared women’s leadership approaches. The case dilemma focuses on why and how women start social enterprises in socially and economically difficult contexts. Complexity academic level This trio of cases is appropriate for undergraduate or graduate-level programs in non-profit management, leadership and community development, international development, global studies and social entrepreneurship. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only.
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Kibanja, Grace M., and John C. Munene. "A Gender Analysis of Bank Loan Negotiations in Uganda." Journal of African Business 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2009): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228910802701544.
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Mpoza, Edward, Radha Rajasingham, Lillian Tugume, Joshua Rhein, Maria Sarah Nabaggala, Isaac Ssewanyana, Wilson Nyegenye, et al. "Cryptococcal Antigenemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antiretroviral Therapy–Experienced Ugandans With Virologic Failure." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 7 (November 3, 2019): 1726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1069.
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Abstract Background Detectable serum or plasma cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) precedes symptomatic cryptococcal meningitis. The World Health Organization recommends CrAg screening for human immunodeficiency virus–positive persons with CD4 count <100 cells/μL initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, an increasing proportion of patients with cryptococcosis are now ART experienced. Whether CrAg screening is cost-effective in those with virologic failure is unknown. Methods We retrospectively performed nationwide plasma CrAg testing among ART-experienced Ugandan adults with virologic failure (≥1000 copies/mL) using leftover plasma after viral load testing during September 2017–January 2018. For those who were CrAg positive, we obtained ART history, meningitis occurrence, and 6-month survival via medical records review. Results Among 1186 subjects with virologic failure, 35 (3.0%) were CrAg positive with median ART duration of 41 months (interquartile range, 10–84 months). Among 25 subjects with 6-month outcomes, 16 (64%) survived, 7 (28%) died, and 2 (8%) were lost. One survivor had suffered cryptococcal meningitis 2 years prior. Two others developed cryptococcal meningitis and survived. Five survivors were known to have received fluconazole. Thus, meningitis-free survival at 6 months was 61% (14/23). Overall, 91% (32/35) of CrAg-positive persons had viral load ≥5000 copies/mL compared with 64% (735/1151) of CrAg-negative persons (odds ratio, 6.0 [95% confidence interval, 1.8–19.8]; P = .001). CrAg prevalence was 4.2% (32/768) among those with viral loads ≥5000 copies/mL and 0.7% (3/419) among those with viral loads <5000 copies/mL. Conclusions In addition to the CD4 threshold of <100 cells/μL, reflexive CrAg screening should be considered in persons failing ART in Uganda with viral loads ≥5000 copies/mL.
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Ahlin, Christian, Selim Gulesci, Andreas Madestam, and Miri Stryjan. "Loan contract structure and adverse selection: Survey evidence from Uganda." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 172 (April 2020): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.02.013.
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Bouterse, Leah, and Cara Wall-Scheffler. "Children are not like other loads: a cross-cultural perspective on the influence of burdens and companionship on human walking." PeerJ 6 (September 12, 2018): e5547. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5547.
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A major portion of humans’ activity-based energy expenditure is taken up by locomotion, particularly walking. Walking behaviors have energetic outcomes and as such can be important windows into how populations and groups adjust to different environmental and task constraints. While sex differences in the speed of paired walkers have been established by others, the dynamics of how walkers adjust their speed in more varied groups and in groups containing children remains unexplored. Furthermore, little ecological data exists to illustrate the relationships between walking speed and child-carrying. Here, we aim to determine how culture impacts the effects of group composition and infant-carrying on walking speed. Because the determinants of group dynamics and parental investment are partially cultural, we examine walking behavior in the Northwestern United States and in Central Uganda. Using an observational method, we recorded the speed, load carriage, and group composition of pedestrians in a single naturalistic urban environment within each country. Our data suggest that children are treated fundamentally differently than other loads or the presence of walking partners, and that major speed adjustments are child-dependent. Our data furthermore indicate that Ugandans walk more slowly in groups than when alone, while Americans walk more quickly in groups. Clear distinctions between the groups make large generalizations about walking behavior difficult, and highlight the importance of culturally specific contexts.
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Agasha, Ester, Gladness Monamesti, and Tshepo Feela. "Loan Portfolio Quality of Microfinance Institutions in Uganda: A Qualitative Assessment." Journal of Financial Risk Management 09, no. 02 (2020): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jfrm.2020.92009.
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Bosisio, Alessandro, Matteo Moncecchi, Gabriele Cassetti, and Marco Merlo. "Microgrid design and operation for sensible loads: Lacor hospital case study in Uganda." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 36 (December 2019): 100535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2019.100535.
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Aketch, Irene, and Henry Buwule Musoke. "The Influence of Restructuring of Loan Recovery on Profitability of Commercial Banks in Uganda." Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi 3, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26677/tr1010.2021.633.
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Tumwine, Sulait, Richard Akisimire, Nixon Kamukama, and Gad Mutaremwa. "A borrowing cost model for effective performance of SMEs in Uganda." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 11, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-03-2014-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an effective cost borrowing model of qualitative factors that are relevant to micro and small enterprises (SMEs) better performance. Design/methodology/approach – A valid research instrument was utilized to conduct a survey on 359 SMEs (131 retail businesses, 125 service businesses, 48 farming businesses and 55 other businesses) and 897 respondents that are representative of 397 SMEs and 1,087 respondents. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted to ascertain the validity of the hypotheses. Findings – It was established that cost of borrowing elements (interest rate and loan processing costs) are associated with SME performance. Furthermore, cost of borrowing as a whole accounts for 31.1 percent of the variation in performance Uganda’s SMEs. Research limitations/implications – Only a single research methodological approach was employed, future research through interviews could be undertaken to triangulate. Multiple respondents in SMEs (owner, manager and cashier) were studied neglecting others. Furthermore, the study used the cross-sectional approach – a longitudinal approach should be employed to study the trend over years. Finally, cost of borrowing was studied and by the virtual of the results, there are other factors that contribute to SME performance that were not part of this study. Practical implications – There is need to intensify initiatives to encourage greater understanding and acceptance of cost of borrowing, select appropriate elements that includes interest rate and loan processing costs in order to have affordable source of financing to establish and grow SMEs, provide employment, competitive and contribute to countries GDP. Originality/value – This is the first paper in Sub-Saharan Africa to test empirically the relationship between cost of borrowing and performance of SMEs in the Ugandan context.
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Korutaro Nkundabanyanga, Stephen, Denis Kasozi, Irene Nalukenge, and Venancio Tauringana. "Lending terms, financial literacy and formal credit accessibility." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 5 (May 6, 2014): 342–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2013-0075.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between commercial bank lending terms, financial literacy and access to formal credit by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach – In this cross-sectional study, the authors surveyed 384 business owners or managers of SMEs in Uganda. The authors applied confirmatory factor analysis to reduce the number of factors and identify the important elements that capture commercial lending terms, financial literacy and access to formal credit. The authors put forward and tested two hypotheses relating to the significance of the relationship between perceived commercial bank lending terms, financial literacy and access to formal credit using structural equation modelling with analysis of moment structures 18. Findings – The results suggest a positive and significant relationship between perceived commercial bank lending terms, financial literacy and access to formal credit. Moreover, the ANOVA results serendipitously show that access to formal credit varies with type of business and turnover. However, collateral and loan repayment periods are not observed variables for commercial bank lending terms. The most significant observed variable for commercial bank lending terms is interest rates. This, together with financial literacy, explains 31 per cent of the variances in access to formal credit by SMEs in Uganda. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to the SME firms registered and operating in Kampala, Uganda and it is possible that the results are only applicable to these firms in Uganda. Nevertheless, the findings have implications to commercial banks wishing to improve the turnover of their micro-lending schemes. Practical implications – Efforts by the stakeholders to improve financial literacy of SMEs owners and managers must be matched with favourable interest rates if access to formal credit is to be enhanced. Social implications – The findings also have implications for governments aiming at improving access to finance to overcome income inequality problems, and also improve their growth. Originality/value – The results provide initial evidence of the aggregate explanatory power of interest rates and financial literacy for the criterion variable, access to formal credit by SMEs.
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Deserranno, Erika, Miri Stryjan, and Munshi Sulaiman. "Leader Selection and Service Delivery in Community Groups: Experimental Evidence from Uganda." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 240–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180248.
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In developing countries, NGOs and governments often rely on local groups for the delivery of financial and public services. This paper studies how the design of rules used for group leader selection affects leader identity and shapes service delivery. To do so, we randomly assign newly formed savings and loan groups to select their leaders using either a public discussion procedure or a private vote procedure. Leaders selected with a private vote are found to be less positively selected on socioeconomic characteristics. This results in groups that are more inclusive toward poor members, without being less economically efficient. (JEL D72, O16, O17, O22, Z13)
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Kyaligonza, Robert. "Gaps in the implementation of Uganda’s students’ loan scheme." Makerere Journal of Higher Education 9, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v9i1.4.
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Ssempebwa, Jude. "Editorial." Makerere Journal of Higher Education 11, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v11i1.
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I am delighted to welcome you to the eleventh volume of the Makerere Journal of Higher Education (MAJOHE). The two issues in the volume are being published at the same time, belatedly! However, it is a better volume, thanks to the insights (and energy) of the new additions to our management board and to the support of Mrs. Sioux Cumming (Programme Specialist at the International Network for Advancing Science and Policy [INASP]). Sioux’s support was given under the auspices of a training workshop on Improving Journal Publishing Practices and Standards hosted by the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (UNCST) in August 2019. At the workshop, I decided that, on returning home, we would upgrade some features of MAJOHE to reach the gold standard. As it turned out, however, it would take us some time and significant work to get there, which is why I am very proud to announce that we are now there. Moreover, the volume is also quite diverse—with writing drawn from Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda and touching on teacher education, technology in higher education, university governance, student loan schemes, pedagogy, TVET, student services and marketization. I hope you find the volume a useful resource. As usual, the Board and I thank the authors for submitting their work and for working hard to revise it as advised; the reviewers for giving the authors constructive feedback; and African Journals Online (AJOL) for hosting the journal online.
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Nangooba, Margaret B. "Role of Radio in Improving Livelihoods: The Case of Central Broadcasting Services’ Project to Empower Women in Savings and Loan Associations in Nsangi Sub-County, Wakiso District, Uganda." Journal of Science and Sustainable Development 7, no. 1 (October 7, 2020): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jssd.v7i1.3.
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This study investigated Central Broadcasting Services’ Project to Empower Women in Savings and Loan Associations (CBS-PEWOSA) in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso district, Uganda. Data was gathered from members of the associations using questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The findings showed that the project has increased awareness about and knowledge of solutions to community development problems ranging from culture, rural development, education, and women empowerment to agriculture. Communities have been mobilized to form groups, save and borrow to invest in Small and Medium Enterprises, which has led to improvements in their livelihoods. However, illiteracy, resistance to new ideas, under funding and limited airtime allocated to development programs on the radio are constraining the project. Recommendations for the improved effectiveness of the project are made.
Keywords: Media; Radio; CBS PEWOSA; Livelihoods
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Bob, Ssekiziyivu, Bananuka Juma, Nkote Nabeta Isaac, and Tumwebaze Zainabu. "Borrowers characteristics, credit terms and loan repayment performance among clients of microfinance institutions (MFIs): Evidence from rural Uganda." Journal of Economics and International Finance 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jeif2017.0848.
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Ayele, Gashaw Tsegaye. "Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda: Loan Outreach to the Poor and the Quest for Financial Viability." African Development Review 27, no. 2 (June 2015): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12128.
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Musinguzi, Laban Kashaija. "The role of social networks in savings groups: insights from village savings and loan associations in Luwero, Uganda." Community Development Journal 51, no. 4 (December 19, 2015): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsv050.
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Kiragga, Agnes N., Ellon Twinomuhwezi, Grace Banturaki, Marion Achieng, Juliet Nampala, Irene Bagaya, Joanita Kigozi, et al. "Outcomes of retained and disengaged pregnant women living with HIV in Uganda." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): e0251413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251413.
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Introduction Loss-to-follow-up among women living with HIV (WLWHIV) may lead to unfavorable outcomes for both mother and exposed infant. This study traced WLWHIV disengaged from care and their infants and compared their outcomes with those retained in care. Methods The study included WLWHIV who initiated ART during pregnancy at six public clinics in Uganda. A woman was defined as disengaged (DW) if she had not attended her 6-week post-partum visit by 10 weeks after her estimated date of delivery. DW were matched with retained women (RW) by age and duration on ART. Nurse counselors traced all selected DW via telephone and community visits to assess vital status, infant HIV sero-status and maternal HIV viral load through blood draws. Results Between July 2017 and July 2018, 734 women (359 DW and 375 RW) were identified for the study. Tracing was attempted on 349 DW and 160 (44.6%) were successfully located and enrolled in the study. They were matched with 162 RW. Among DW, 52 (32.5%) transferred to another health facility. Very few DW, 39.0% were HIV virally suppressed (<1000 copies/ml) compared to RW 89.5%, P<0.001). Among 138 babies born to DW, 4.3% tested positive for HIV compared to 1.4% among babies born to RW (P = 0.163). Conclusion Pregnant and breastfeeding WLWHIV who disengage from care are difficult to find in urban environments. Many have detectable viral loads, leading to the potential for an increased risk of MTCT. Efforts to reduce disengagement from care are critical for the successful elimination of MTCT in resource-limited settings.
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Ssekiziyivu, Bob, Rogers Mwesigwa, Mayengo Joseph, Isaac Nkote Nabeta, and Oluwafemi Oyemomi. "Credit allocation, risk management and loan portfolio performance of MFIs—A case of Ugandan firms." Cogent Business & Management 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1374921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1374921.
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Nkundabanyanga, Stephen Korutaro, Brendah Akankunda, Irene Nalukenge, and Immaculate Tusiime. "The impact of financial management practices and competitive advantage on the loan performance of MFIs." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2014-0104.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of financial management practices and competitive advantage on loan performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Design/methodology/approach In this cross-sectional study, the authors surveyed 70 MFIs in Kampala, Uganda. The authors applied principal component analysis to reduce the number of factors and identify the important elements that capture financial management practices, competitive advantage and loan performance of MFIs. The authors put forward and tested three hypotheses relating to the significance of the relationship between these three variables of MFIs using the statistical software package, SPSS and also apply the normal theory approach developed by Sobel (1982) and Baron and Kenny (1986) in testing the mediation by competitive advantage. Findings Robust financial management practices are associated with better loan performance of MFIs. Results also reveal a significant positive relationship between the competitive advantage of the MFIs and their loan performance. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship between competitive advantage and loan performance is found. Moreover results also show a full mediation effect of competitive advantage on the association of financial management practices and loan performance, implying that the association of financial management practices of the MFIs on their loan performance is entirely through their competitive advantage. Research limitations/implications Although there is plenty of literature on loan performance, financial management practices and competitive advantage, there is scarce literature on their effective conceptualization. This together with the imprecise definition of competitive advantage may have affected conceptualization of the authors study. Thus, in this study, the authors do not claim highly refined measurement concepts. Moreover, many of the extant studies for instance have measured loan performance quantitatively, yet process factors which are inherently qualitative in nature can better explain variances in loan performance concept. More research is therefore needed to better refine qualitative concepts used in this study. Practical implications Efforts by the MFIs management to improve loan performance must be matched with adoption of financial management practices that provide MFIs with sustained competitive advantage over their rivals. Originality/value In order to explain loan performance of MFIs, and drawing from social economics, management and accounting strands, this study shows that assessing the role of competitive advantage in the relationship between financial management practices and loan performance is imperative. Also, many of the extant studies have measured loan performance quantitatively, yet process factors or antecedents which are inherently qualitative in nature can better explain variances in loan performance concept. Thus this study calls for the refinement of loan performance concept and accounting for endogeneity.
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Morrison, Charles S., Korey Demers, Cynthia Kwok, Stanley Bulime, Anne Rinaldi, Marshall Munjoma, Megan Dunbar, et al. "Plasma and cervical viral loads among Ugandan and Zimbabwean women during acute and early HIV-1 infection." AIDS 24, no. 4 (February 2010): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0b013e32833433df.
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Sekabira, Haruna. "Capital Structure and Its Role on Performance of Microfinance Institutions: The Ugandan Case." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 3 (March 15, 2013): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n3p86.
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<p>Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) rejuvenate economic prowess in developing countries, after severe shocks like wars, droughts and floods. MFIs are a promising tool to tackle poverty and improve food security. Sustainability of MFIs based on their capital structure ensures sustainability in poverty reduction and improved food security. The limited literature on the impacts of capital structures on MFI performance necessitated the study. Panel data from 14 MFIs was collected based on availability and accessibility. The sources of data were financial and income statements covering five years. Econometric analysis using STATA software was done following methodologies of Bogan and Rosenberg. MFIs lent to both individuals and groups and 79% were not regulated by the Central Bank, 86% had their funding sources as loans, grants, excluding deposits/savings and 73% attained operational self-sufficiency. Debt and grants were negatively correlated to operational and financial sustainability. When sustainability was more constricted to financial sustainability, debt and share capital remained noteworthy. Other than grants, debt was paid back on competitive market interest rates most especially debts from money lenders, whereas share capital fetched in revenues to the MFIs at market interest rates from the borrowers. Grants and debt had a substantialdamagingconsequence on MFI performance. Capital structure was essential in MFIs’ sustainability. MFI specific characteristics, like management were also important. Subject to sampling uncertainties, the results indicate that adding to regulation by Central Bank, MFIs must specialize their lending to reduce portfolio at risk. MFIs must reduce dependence on debts and grants and resort to accumulating share capital for long-term sustainability.</p>
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Brown, Michael, Patrice A. Mawa, Sarah Joseph, Joseph Bukusuba, Christine Watera, James A. G. Whitworth, David W. Dunne, and Alison M. Elliott. "Treatment ofSchistosoma mansoniInfection Increases Helminth‐Specific Type 2 Cytokine Responses and HIV‐1 Loads in Coinfected Ugandan Adults." Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 1648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429668.
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Duringer, Jennifer, Rajarshi Mazumder, Valerie Palmer, A. Morrie Craig, and Peter Spencer. "Case-Control Study of Nodding Syndrome in Acholiland: Urinary Multi-Mycotoxin Screening." Toxins 13, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050313.
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This case-control study adds to the growing body of knowledge on the medical, nutritional, and environmental factors associated with Nodding Syndrome (NS), a seizure disorder of children and adolescents in northern Uganda. Past research described a significant association between NS and prior history of measles infection, dependence on emergency food and, at head nodding onset, subsistence on moldy maize, which has the potential to harbor mycotoxins. We used LC-MS/MS to screen for current mycotoxin loads by evaluating nine analytes in urine samples from age-and-gender matched NS cases (n = 50) and Community Controls (CC, n = 50). The presence of the three mycotoxins identified in the screening was not significantly different between the two groups, so samples were combined to generate an overall view of exposure in this community during the study. Compared against subsequently run standards, α-zearalenol (43 ± 103 µg/L in 15 samples > limit of quantitation (LOQ); 0 (0/359) µg/L), T-2 toxin (39 ± 81 µg/L in 72 samples > LOQ; 0 (0/425) µg/L) and aflatoxin M1 (4 ± 10 µg/L in 15 samples > LOQ; 0 (0/45) µg/L) were detected and calculated as the average concentration ± SD; median (min/max). Ninety-five percent of the samples had at least one urinary mycotoxin; 87% were positive for two of the three compounds detected. While mycotoxin loads at NS onset years ago are and will remain unknown, this study showed that children with and without NS currently harbor foodborne mycotoxins, including those associated with maize.
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CHAPMAN, COLIN A., LES KAUFMAN, and LAUREN J. CHAPMAN. "Buttress formation and directional stress experienced during critical phases of tree development." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 3 (May 1998): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000261.
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Patterns of buttress formation in tropical trees vary greatly within and among species. In Kibale National Park, Uganda, some form of a buttres was found on 23% of the 78 species (1785 trees) sampled from a variety of distantly related families. Large differences in buttress formation were documented within a single family and even within the same genus. Previous studies have suggested that buttresses are mechanical adaptations to counter asymmetric loads experienced during brief critical phases in a tree’s development and these persist after the need for a mechanical support has disappeared. As a tree grows from the understorey, up to the canopy, or emerges from the canopy, the potential number of occasions that a tree will experience directional stress increases. Many canopy level trees will probably have been in the vicinity of a treefall gap during their development, while emergent trees may experience gap exposure in addition to wind stresses associated with canopy emergence. Therefore, it is predicted that understorey trees should have fewer and less developed buttresses (after correcting for overall tree size) than canopy trees, which should have fewer and less developed buttresses than emergent trees. Detailed measurements of buttresses from 194 trees of eight species support this prediction. There was no evidence that trees thought to have experienced directional stress associated with selective logging almost 30 y ago had increased the number or size of existing buttresses. The pattern of buttressing in Kibale generally supports the idea that buttresses are mechanical adaptations to counter episodic asymmetric loads, and that buttresses persist after the need for a mechanical support has disappeared.
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Collins, Kalonji R., Miguel E. Quiñones-Mateu, Mianda Wu, Henry Luzze, John L. Johnson, Christina Hirsch, Zahra Toossi, and Eric J. Arts. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)Quasispecies at the Sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InfectionContribute to Systemic HIV-1 Heterogeneity." Journal of Virology 76, no. 4 (February 15, 2002): 1697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.4.1697-1706.2002.
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ABSTRACT We have recently reported an increased heterogeneity in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope gene (env) in HIV-1-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) compared to patients with HIV-1 alone. This increase may be a result of dissemination of lung-derived HIV-1 isolates from sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and/or the systemic activation of the immune system in response to TB. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, blood and pleural fluid samples were obtained from HIV-1-infected patients with active pleural TB in Kampala, Uganda (CD4 cell counts of 34 to 705 cells/μl, HIV-1 plasma loads of 2,400 to 280,000 RNA copies/ml, and HIV-1 pleural loads of 7,600 to 4,500,000 RNA copies/ml). The C2-C3 coding region of HIV-1 env was PCR amplified from lysed peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pleural fluid mononuclear cells and reverse transcriptase-PCR amplified from plasma and pleural fluid HIV-1 virions of eight HIV-1 patients with pleural TB. Phylogenetic and phenetic analyses revealed a compartmentalization of HIV-1 quasispecies between blood and pleural space in four of eight patients, with migration events between the compartments. There was a trend for a greater genetic heterogeneity in the pleural space, which may be the result of an M. tuberculosis-mediated increase in HIV-1 replication and/or selection pressure at the site of infection. Collectively, these findings suggest that HIV-1 quasispecies in the M. tuberculosis-infected pleural space may leak into the systemic circulation and lead to increased systemic HIV-1 heterogeneity during TB.
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Byrne, Catherine M., Christine Johnston, Jackson Orem, Fred Okuku, Meei-Li Huang, Habibur Rahman, Anna Wald, et al. "Examining the dynamics of Epstein-Barr virus shedding in the tonsils and the impact of HIV-1 coinfection on daily saliva viral loads." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): e1009072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009072.
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is transmitted by saliva and is a major cause of cancer, particularly in people living with HIV/AIDS. Here, we describe the frequency and quantity of EBV detection in the saliva of Ugandan adults with and without HIV-1 infection and use these data to develop a novel mathematical model of EBV infection in the tonsils. Eligible cohort participants were not taking antiviral medications, and those with HIV-1 infection had a CD4 count >200 cells/mm3. Over a 4-week period, participants provided daily oral swabs that we analysed for the presence and quantity of EBV. Compared with HIV-1 uninfected participants, HIV-1 coinfected participants had an increased risk of EBV detection in their saliva (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10–1.47) and higher viral loads in positive samples. We used these data to develop a stochastic, mechanistic mathematical model that describes the dynamics of EBV, infected cells, and immune response within the tonsillar epithelium to analyse potential factors that may cause EBV infection to be more severe in HIV-1 coinfected participants. The model, fit using Approximate Bayesian Computation, showed high fidelity to daily oral shedding data and matched key summary statistics. When evaluating how model parameters differed among participants with and without HIV-1 coinfection, results suggest HIV-1 coinfected individuals have higher rates of B cell reactivation, which can seed new infection in the tonsils and lower rates of an EBV-specific immune response. Subsequently, both these traits may explain higher and more frequent EBV detection in the saliva of HIV-1 coinfected individuals.
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Hogarth, J. Ryan. "Promoting diffusion of solar lanterns through microfinance and carbon finance: A case study of FINCA-Uganda's solar loan programme." Energy for Sustainable Development 16, no. 4 (December 2012): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2012.08.003.
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Nasuuna, Esther, Joanita Kigozi, Alex Muganzi, Nelson Sewankambo, and Damalie Nakanjako. "Short report: knowledge and perceptions of health workers that strengthen adherence for paediatric and adolescent clients on the intensive adherence counselling program in Kampala, Uganda. A qualitative study." African Health Sciences 21, no. 1 (May 23, 2021): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i1.5s.
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Background: Health care workers (HWs) support HIV positive children and adolescents with detectable HIV viral loads on the intensive adherence counselling (IAC) program to achieve viral suppression through individual adherence counselling. Low re-suppression rates of 23% showed low program effectiveness in fifteen public health facilities.
Objectives: We set out to determine the knowledge and perceptions of HWs that support this program to improve its effectiveness.
Methods: We conducted a qualitative study where five HWs that oversee clinical care for children on ART were interviewed about the program. Data on their knowledge of the program, and perceptions on why it was not effective was collected. Thematic analysis using the inductive approach was used. Transcripts were read, coded and emergent themes determined.
Results: Five HWs participated and all were knowledgeable about the program. Two themes emerged as barriers to IAC program effectiveness, patient factors and health system factors. Patient factors were failure to attend appointments, failure to change adherence practices, and lack of consent. Health system factors were work overload, delay in getting results and drug stock outs.
Conclusion: HWs are knowledgeable about the IAC program and client specific barriers should be addressed to improve viral suppression for children.
Keywords: Intensive adherence counselling; health care worker barriers.
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Nasuuna, Esther, Joanita Kigozi, Alex Muganzi, Nelson Sewankambo, and Damalie Nakanjako. "Short report: knowledge and perceptions of health workers that strengthen adherence for paediatric and adolescent clients on the intensive adherence counselling program in Kampala, Uganda. A qualitative study." African Health Sciences 21 (May 23, 2021): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i.5s.
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Background: Health care workers (HWs) support HIV positive children and adolescents with detectable HIV viral loads on the intensive adherence counselling (IAC) program to achieve viral suppression through individual adherence counselling. Low re-suppression rates of 23% showed low program effectiveness in fifteen public health facilities.
Objectives: We set out to determine the knowledge and perceptions of HWs that support this program to improve its effectiveness.
Methods: We conducted a qualitative study where five HWs that oversee clinical care for children on ART were interviewed about the program. Data on their knowledge of the program, and perceptions on why it was not effective was collected. Thematic analysis using the inductive approach was used. Transcripts were read, coded and emergent themes determined.
Results: Five HWs participated and all were knowledgeable about the program. Two themes emerged as barriers to IAC program effectiveness, patient factors and health system factors. Patient factors were failure to attend appointments, failure to change adherence practices, and lack of consent. Health system factors were work overload, delay in getting results and drug stock outs.
Conclusion: HWs are knowledgeable about the IAC program and client specific barriers should be addressed to improve viral suppression for children.
Keywords: Intensive adherence counselling; health care worker barriers.
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Mayer, Bryan T., Elizabeth M. Krantz, Anna Wald, Lawrence Corey, Corey Casper, Soren Gantt, and Joshua T. Schiffer. "Estimating the Risk of Human Herpesvirus 6 and Cytomegalovirus Transmission to Ugandan Infants from Viral Shedding in Saliva by Household Contacts." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020171.
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Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are common in early childhood. In a prospective Ugandan birth cohort study, most infants acquired HHV-6 (24/31; 77%) and CMV (20/30; 67%) during follow-up. To assess the transmission risk, we modeled a dose–response relationship between infant HHV-6 and CMV infections and weekly oral viral shedding by mothers and all other (“secondary”) children in the home. Oral viral loads that were shed by mothers and secondary children were significantly associated with HHV-6 but not CMV transmission. While secondary children had higher and more frequent HHV-6 shedding than their mothers, they had a lower per-exposure transmission risk, suggesting that transmission to maternal contacts may be more efficient. HHV-6 transmission was relatively inefficient, occurring after <25% of all weekly exposures. Although HHV-6 transmission often occurs following repeated, low dose exposures, we found a non-linear dose–response relationship in which infection risk markedly increases when exposures reached a threshold of > 5 log10 DNA copies/mL. The lack of association between oral CMV shedding and transmission is consistent with breastfeeding being the dominant route of infant infection for that virus. These affirm saliva as the route of HHV-6 transmission and provide benchmarks for developing strategies to reduce the risk of infection and its related morbidity.
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Nyenje, P. M., L. M. G. Meijer, J. W. Foppen, R. Kulabako, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Transport and retention of phosphorus in surface water in an urban slum area." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2013): 10277–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-10277-2013.
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Abstract. The transport of excessive phosphorus (P) discharged from unsewered informal settlements (slums) due to poor on-site sanitation is largely unknown. Hence, we investigated the processes governing P transport in a 28 km2 slum-dominated catchment in Kampala, Uganda. During high runoff events and a period of base flow, we collected hourly water samples (over 24 h) from a primary channel draining the catchment and from a small size tertiary channel draining one of the contributing slum areas (0.5 km2). Samples were analyzed for orthophosphate (PO4-P), particulate P (PP), total P (TP) and selected hydro-chemical parameters. Channel bed and suspended sediments were collected to determine their sorption potential, geo-available metals and dominant P forms. We found that P inputs in the catchment originated mainly from domestic wastewater as evidenced by high concentrations of Cl (36–144 mg L-1), HCO3 and other cations in the channels. Most P discharged during low flow conditions was particulate implying that much of it was retained in bed sediments. Retained P was mostly bound to Ca and Fe/Al oxides. Hence, we inferred that mineral precipitation and adsorption to Ca-minerals were the dominant P retention processes. Bed sediments were P-saturated and showed a tendency to release P to discharging waters. P released was likely due to Ca-bound P because of the strong correlation between Ca and total P in sediments (r2 = 0.9). High flows exhibited a strong flush of PP and SS implying that part of P retained was frequently flushed out of the catchment by surface erosion and resuspension of bed sediment. Our findings suggest that P accumulated in the channel bed during low flows and then was slowly released into surface water. Hence, it will likely take some time, even with improved wastewater management practices, before P loads to downstream areas can be significantly reduced.
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Yassin, M. E. "Comparative Evaluation of RT-LAMP and RT-PCR for Detection of HIV-1 in the Sudan." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S138—S139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.303.
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Abstract Introduction/Objective Rapid, simple, cost effective, nucleic acid based test for detecting HIV-1 in areas with limited resources is badly needed. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a technique that allows the amplification of nucleic acids DNA and RNA with high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity under isothermal conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate RT-LAMP method for HIV-1 detection in comparison with RT-PCR. Methods In the present study, ninety EDTA blood samples were studied; seventy samples were collected from HIV-1 infected patients and 20 samples from HIV-1 negative participants. All samples subjected to RT-LAMP and RT-PCR assay targeting HIV-1 p24 gene. Additionally nine positive samples were subjected to viral load measurement using COBAS® TaqMan® HIV-1 Test, version 2.0 (v2.0), and five samples were subjected to direct DNA sequencing of p24 gene phylogenetic analysis. Results Of the 70 HIV-1 positive samples, 68 (97.1%) and 61 (87.1%) positive samples were detected using RT-LAMP and RT-PCR respectively. Whereas, all the 20 HIV-1 negative samples were confirmed negative by RT- LAMP, 2 (10%) were positive by RT-PCR. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) for both RT-LAMP and RT-PCR assays was determined to be 130 and 325 copies/ml respectively. The viral loads for the nine samples ranged between 1.92E+4 C/ml – 1.04C6/ml. The sequencing of five samples showed similarity of the Sudanese isolates with the neighboring countries Uganda, Saudi Arabia and also Senegal and even more closely sub-grouped with the Tanzanian counterpart. Conclusion RT-LAMP was successfully performed under minimal laboratory conditions demonstrating it as a very useful for use in fields setting and limited resources region.