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Journal articles on the topic 'Local geodetic networks'
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Celms, Armands, Velta Parsova, Ilona Reke, and Janis Akmentins. "Tendencies of development of local geodetic network in Riga city." Baltic Surveying 9 (December 5, 2018): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.balticsurveying.2018.013.
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Local geodetic network is very important in harmonic development of city territory. On the base of the local geodetic network, cadastral and topographic surveying works, engineering geodetic works and executive measurements of newly built buildings and engineering networks are carried out. In the territory of Riga, the local geodetic network was started to create in 1880, and in the course of time, as the city expanded, necessity to have wider reference network emerged. In 2005, in the territory of Latvia, network of continuously working base stations LatPos was launched, which ensured completely new trends in execution of measurements and accuracy reached. One year later, base station network EUPOS-RIGA was launched in the territory of Riga. It can be regarded as consistent part of Riga local geodetic network. The purpose of the research was to state, what are differences between historically used coordinates of points of the local geodetic network, and coordinates that are determined by use of real time corrections of LatPos and EUPOS-RIGA base station network. Measurements were made in the territory of Riga in period from December 2016 until April 2017. In the framework of the research, 61 point of the local geodetic network was inspected and in 38 cases GNSS observations in RTK mode were completed. In the research, catalogues of coordinates of polygonometry points of sixties and eighties were used in order to compare what differences of coordinates existed historically. The main conclusion drawn during the research – historical points of the local geodetic network shall not be used for surveying works of any kind before improvement of them and before they comply with requirements of normative acts.
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Chirila, Constantin, and Raluca Maria Mihalache. "GEODETIC NETWORKS DEVELOPMENT IN IASI CITY AND COORDINATES TRANSFORMATION IN LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 12, no. 4 (2013): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2013.077.
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Rosalen, David Luciano. "Influence of distance, geometry and number of control stations on quality of local geodetic networks for the purpose of georeferencing of rural properties." Engenharia Agrícola 34, no. 2 (April 2014): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000200012.
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The implementation of local geodetic networks for georeferencing of rural properties has become a requirement after publication of the Georeferencing Technical Standard by INCRA. According to this standard, the maximum distance of baselines to GNSS L1 receivers is of 20 km. Besides the length of the baseline, the geometry and the number of geodetic control stations are other factors to be considered in the implementation of geodetic networks. Thus, this research aimed to examine the influence of baseline lengths higher than the regulated limit of 20 km, the geometry and the number of control stations on quality of local geodetic networks for georeferencing, and also to demonstrate the importance of using specific tests to evaluate the solution of ambiguities and on the quality of the adjustment. The results indicated that the increasing number of control stations has improved the quality of the network, the geometry has not influenced on the quality and the baseline length has influenced on the quality; however, lengths higher than 20 km has not interrupted the implementation, with GPS L1 receiver, of the local geodetic network for the purpose of georeferencing. Also, the use of different statistical tests, both for the evaluation of the resolution of ambiguities and for the adjustment, have enabled greater clearness in analyzing the results, which allow that unsuitable observations may be eliminated.
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Ninkov, T. "THREEDIMENSIONAL ADJUSTMENT OF LOCAL GEODETIC NETWORKS IN ENGINEERING GEODESY." Survey Review 30, no. 234 (October 1989): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.1989.30.234.169.
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Matveev, A. Yu, I. P. Gavrilova, A. V. Kovyazin, and E. V. Brovkov. "CONSTRUCTION OF FRAME GEODETIC NETWORK FOR ENGINEERING SURVEY OF RAIL TRANSPORT FACILITIES." Engineering survey 12, no. 5-6 (August 16, 2018): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1997-8650-2018-12-5-6-58-71.
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Increasing the speed of trains along railroad tracks and the development of satellite geodetic technologies put forward new requirements for the production of the engineering survey at the rail transport facilities. Ensuring the safety of high-speed traffic is directly related to the accuracy of determining the coordinates and heights of the reference geodetic networks created for the design, construction, reconstruction and operation of railways. A large length of Railways in Russia requires solving a number of problems in the conditions of increasing the accuracy of determining the coordinates. High-speed route crosses several regions with its own local coordinate systems. Simplify the design and cadastral works and reduce to minimum linear distortions when performing geodetic measurements, allows the creation of a local coordinate system, unified for the entire route. The technology of creating a unified local coordinate system for linear objects passing through several 6-degree zones in the projection of GaussKruger and objects located at an angle to the axial Meridian is considered on the example of the railway Moscow — Saint-Petersburg — Vyborg. At the basis of a unified local system of the object, it is proposed to use an oblique cylindrical cartographic projection. Implemented a coordinate system in the form of the software, allowing to perform transformations between the local system, the world and state coordinate systems. The paper also considers the practical experience of creating a high-precision geodetic reference network for a high-speed railway traffic route, which can be used for various linear engineering structures. The created frame network can serve as a geodetic base for performing laser scanning, monitoring facilities, creating geoinformation systems and solving other problems that arise during the operation of an engineering facility.
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Mihalache, Raluca Maria, and Andreea Manescu. "Interpolation Grid for Local Area of Iasi City." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2014-0014.
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Abstract Definitive transition to GNSS technology of achieving geodetic networks for cadastre implementation in cities and municipalities, enforce establishing a unique way of linking between current measurements and existing geodetic data, with a sufficient accuracy proper to urban cadastre standards. Regarding city of Iasi, is presented a different method of transformation which consist in an interpolation grid for heights system. The Romanian national height system is „Black Sea-1975” normal heights system. Founded in 1945 by Molodenski, this system uses the quasigeoid as reference surface, being in relation with the ellipsoid through the height anomalies sizes in each point. The unitary transformation between the ETRS- 89 ellipsoidal height system and the normal one, at national level is provided through the „TransdatRo” program developed by NACLR (National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration).
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Shevchuk, Stanislav, Vadim Ponomarev, Elena Cheremisina, and Sergey Ivanov. "EXPERIENCE OF USING PRACTICE OF LOCAL AUTOMATIZED GEODETIC NETWORKS BASED ON DOMESTIC GNSS RECEIVERS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-1-28-35.
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In article the local automatized geodetic network (MAGS) that provides RTK and post-processed relative positioning for geotechnical monitoring. The net based on using of GNSS receiv-ers and software which made in Russia. The results of practical tests are showed.
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Voronkov, O., O. Baistryk, and A. Danylyuk. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF OPTIMAL HEIGHTS OF EXTERNAL GEODESIC SIGNS." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 161 (March 26, 2021): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-180-2021-1-161-109-115.
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Due to the great importance of geodetic networks for the formation of a unified coordinate system on the territory of Ukraine, external geodetic signs have been established, which need to be restored and further developed. At the design stage, the calculation of the heights of geodetic signs is performed on topographic maps. The cost of erection of geodetic signs on average is 50 - 60% of the total cost of creating a geodetic network, so there is a need to pay close attention to the choice of places to build signs that provide their optimal height. The article presents a methodical approach to determining the heights of external geodetic signs, based on the mathematical apparatus used for modeling and solving optimization problems. The principle of construction of the optimization model of the problem during the design of external geodetic signs in the conditions when their direct visibility should be provided is considered. The article considers in detail the types and structures of external geodetic signs, identifies the features of their location and construction. The resulting optimization model includes objective function, which is a quadratic form, and line restriction. This model is a model of quadratic programming, that belongs to a class of nonlinear programming models, but have their particular case and the simplest of nonlinear. This is because property quadratic model, which consists in the fact that since the problem of quadratic programming set of feasible solutions is convex, then, if the objective function is concave, any local maximum is global, and if the objective function is convex, then any local minimum is also global. The necessity of solving the problem of optimizing the heights of geodetic signs is substantiated, which is still connected with the financial costs for their construction and reconstruction. It is concluded that the approach to determining the heights of external geodetic signs presented in the article, which uses a mathematical apparatus for solving optimization problems, is an effective and efficient approach, and allows to numerically justify the minimum required and sufficient height of external geodetic signs. Using the present approach to the determination of geodetic heights external signs to optimize the financial costs of their construction, which is essential.
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Vinogradov, A. V. "Establishment of local coordinate systems in the transition to the geodetic system of coordinates of GSK-2011." Geodesy and Cartography 929, no. 11 (December 20, 2017): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-929-11-2-10.
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Pretty before long there will be transition to the geodetic system of coordinates of GSK-2011. For the transition period it is necessary to develop a method of recalculating coordinates from one system to another. The existing methods of recalculating coordinates are designed for recalculating coordinate points of state geodetic networks (GGS) and geodetic local networks (GSS). For small areas (administrative districts, populated areas) simplified methods are more acceptable. You need to choose the resampling methods that can be applied in small businesses, performing surveying works. The article presents the the results of calculations of changes of coordinates of the same point in GSK-2011 and SC-95 in six-degree zones of Gauss projection. It was found that in each region values of the shifts changed to small ones. Therefore, it is possible to convert the coordinates of the points by the simplified formulae. For recalculation from the coordinates of GSK-2011 in SK-95 or local coordinate system (WCS) of the administrative district it is necessary to find the origin of coordinates, scale value and rotation of the coordinate axes. The error of the conversion shall not exceed 0,001 m. The coordinates of the initial point of the local coordinate system relative to the central meridian of the local coordinate system shall be added in the list of parameters of the transition from local coordinate system to the state one.
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Papadopoulos, Nestoras, Melissinos Paraskevas, Ioannis Katsafados, Georgios Nikolaidis, and Euagelos Anagnostou. "Deformation detection through the realization of reference frames." Journal of Applied Geodesy 14, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2019-0056.
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AbstractHellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) has established and measured various networks in Greece which constitute the geodetic infrastructure of the country. One of them is the triangulation network consisting of about 26.000 pillars all over Greece. Classical geodetic measurements that held by the Hellenic Military Geographic Service (HMGS) through the years have been used after adjustment for the state reference frame which materializes the current Hellenic Geodetic Reference System of 1987 (HGRS87). The aforementioned Reference System (RS) is a static one and is in use since 1990. Through the years especially in the era of satellite navigation systems many Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks have been established. The latest such network materialized by HMGS is ongoing and covers until now more than the 2/3 of the country. It is referenced by International GNSS Service (IGS) permanent stations and consists a local densification IGS08 Reference Frame. Firstly, this gives the opportunity to calculate transformation parameters between the two systems and a statistical analysis of the residuals leads to intermediate conclusions. After that and in conjunction with existing past transformations, tectonic deformations and their directions are concluded. Moreover past GPS observations on the same pillars in compare to the newer ones give also a sense of tectonic displacements. Greece is one of the most tectonically active countries in Europe and the adoption of a modern kinematic or semi-kinematic geodetic datum is a necessity as it should incorporate a deformation model like 3d velocities on the reference frame realization. The detection of geodynamic changes is a continuous need and should be taken into consideration at each epoch.
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Akcin, Hakan, and Cahit Tagi Celik. "Performance of artificial neural networks on kriging method in modeling local geoid." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 19, no. 1 (March 2013): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702013000100006.
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Transformation of ellipsoidal heights determined by satellite techniques into local leveling heights requires geoid heights at points of interest. However, the geoid heights at each point are not available. In order to determine them, the local geoid in the transformation area must be modeled or computed by an appropriate method, one way of doing it, is to use control points both of whose ellipsoidal and local leveling heights are available. In this study, performance of geoid by ANN compared to Kriging method in modeling local geoid was presented. Moreover, the transformation ability of the methods was investigated through a geodetic test network in Bursa Metropolitan Area of Turkey. The results suggest that the model by ANN exhibit better results than the one by Kriging Method.
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Parent, C., and M. C. Pinch. "NAD83 SECONDARY INTEGRATION." CISM journal 42, no. 4 (January 1988): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1988-0028.
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The Canadian geodetic network that was adjusted with networks of other North American countries, in the July 1986 Continental Adjustment, included only the 8000-station national primary framework. There still remains many thousands of stations contained in regional and local secondary networks to integrate into the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Secondary Integration is a cooperative project organized by member agencies of the Canadian Control Survey Committee (CCSC) which first met in 1982. Since then, members have automated and evaluated secondary network data for approximately 100 000 stations established by conventional, inertial and satellite surveying methods. The task of compiling and testing Helmert blocks for input to the simultaneous adjustment of primary and secondary networks is now underway. This paper describes the plans and progress, and some of the problems that challenge us in the NAD83 Secondary Integration Project.
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Kashani, Israel. "Application of Generalized approach to Datum Transformation between Local Classical and Satellite-based Geodetic Networks." Survey Review 38, no. 299 (January 2006): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.2006.38.299.412.
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Jordan, Thomas H., and J. Bernard Minster. "Beyond Plate Tectonics: Looking at Plate Deformation with Space Geodesy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 129 (1988): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900134941.
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We address the requirements that must be met by space-geodetic systems to place useful, new constraints on horizontal secular motions associated with the geological deformation of the earth's surface. Plate motions with characteristic speeds of about 50 mm/yr give rise to displacements that are easily observed by space geodesy. However, in order to improve the existing plate-motion models, the tangential components of relative velocities on interplate baselines must be resolved to an accuracy of < 3 mm/yr. Because motions considered small from a geodetic point of view have rather dramatic geological effects, especially when taken up as compression or extension of continental crust, detecting plate deformation by space-geodetic methods at a level that is geologically unresolvable places rather stringent requirements on the precision of the measurement systems: the tangential components on intraplate baselines must be observed with an accuracy of < 1 mm/yr. Among the measurements of horizontal secular motions that can be made by space geodesy, those pertaining to the rates within the broad zones of deformation characterizing the active continental plate boundaries are the most difficult to obtain by conventional ground-based geodetic and geological techniques. Measuring the velocities between crustal blocks to ± 5 mm/yr on 100-km to 1000-km length scales can yield geologically significant constraints on the integrated deformation rates across continental plate-boundary zones such as the western United States. However, baseline measurements in geologically complicated zones of deformation are useful only to the extent that the endpoints can be fixed in a local kinematical frame that includes major crustal blocks. For this purpose, the establishment of local geodetic networks around major VLBI and SLR sites in active areas should receive high priority.
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Bolkas, D., G. Fotopoulos, and M. G. Sideris. "Referencing regional geoid-based vertical datums to national tide gauge networks." Journal of Geodetic Science 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10156-011-0050-7.
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AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate the best means for referencing a regional geoid-based vertical datum to a network of tide gauges. In this study, a network of 27 tide gauge stations scattered along the coasts of Canada are used in order to assess the replacement of the conventionally derived Canadian Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1928 with a geoid-based datum. This is in-line with the future implementation plan of Canada’s geoid-based vertical height system. A mixed least-squares adjustment was performed for various scenarios, including satellite-only global geoid models, combined global geoid models and regional geoid models. In addition, various sea surface topography and vertical ground motion models were tested for estimating orthometric heights. The resulting approximation of a local equipotential surface is compared to previously published values and considerations for referencing a geoid-based vertical datum to tide gauge networks are emphasized.
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Petráš, Václav. "Implementation of SQLite database support in program gama-local." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 7 (December 29, 2011): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.7.6.
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The program gama-local is a part of GNU Gama project and allows adjustment of local geodetic networks. Before realization of this project the program gama-local supported only XML as an input. I designed and implemented support for the SQLite database and thanks to this extension gama-local can read input data from the SQLite database. This article is focused on the specifics of the use of callback functions in C++ using the native SQLite C/C++ Application Programming Interface. The article provides solution to safe calling of callback functions written in C++. Callback functions are called from C library and C library itself is used by C++ program. Provided solution combines several programing techniques which are described in detail, so this article can serve as a cookbook even for beginner programmers. This project was accomplished within my bachelor thesis.
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Tereshchenko, Vyacheslav E., Andrey V. Radchenko, and Vyacheslav A. Melkiy. "GLOBAL REFERENCE SYSTEM AND ITS LOCAL REALIZATION – RUSSIAN STATE COORDINATE SYSTEM GSK-2011." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 25, no. 3 (2020): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2020-25-3-89-106.
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The article highlights the issue of interpreting reference stations networks as a local realization of the global reference system. The substantiation of the proposed approach is given and its advantages are shown. The rationale for the proposed approach is given and its advantages are shown. In particular, the top block in the structure of the formation of the Russian state coordinate system (GSK‑2011) is the fundamental astronomical and geodetic network. It is a regional realization of a global reference system. The creation of GSK‑2011 was carried out with a focus on the global International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) however geodynamic processes affecting the displacement of reference points relative to the center of the Earth's masses play a different role in the time evolution of systems. Such processes in GSK‑2011 are not subject to accounting, since the system was created to conduct various types of applied geodetic and cartographic activities in it. In this case, taking into account the constant change in the coordinates of reference points is almost never implied. In this regard, the asynchronous movement of the Russian state coordinate system (GSK‑2011) with the global reference system (ITRS) began to lead to inconsistencies in the results of high-precision positioning performed at different times, by different methods. Based on this, the necessity to find a way of matching GSK‑2011 to ITRS is urgent. The article presents the rates of change of the match parameters of the above-mentioned systems. These parameters make it possible to match the results of high-precision positioning performed in different reference systems using different methods of positioning for different epochs of the GNSS observations. The experiment carried out in the second part of the article confirms this.
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Gökdaş, Ömer, and M. Tevfik Özlüdemir. "A Variance Model in NRTK-Based Geodetic Positioning as a Function of Baseline Length." Geosciences 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070262.
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This study examines the effect of baseline length on accuracy and precision in Network Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) positioning and develops an experimental mathematical model to express this effect. The study also measures the performances of the Flaechen Korrektur Parameter (FKP) and Virtual Reference Stations (VRS) methods at different baseline lengths. The study makes use of the stations that form two Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks, one of which is local and the other national. Calculations were made to perform various geodetic operations, such as datum transformations between the two networks, identifications of positional velocities, and epoch shifting. BERNESE (v5.2) software was used to identify coordinate values assumed to be true based on International GNSS Service (IGS) products. No significant changes were observed in the RMSE values in baseline lengths of up to 40 km. In contrast, an average linear correlation of 69.2% was determined between precision and baseline length. Measurements were evaluated and tested using the variance model created as a function of the baseline length, in line with the aims of the study, and the results were found to be consistent. Moreover, in an examination of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and precision values of the FKP and VRS measurements, no significant differences were observed. The mean differences were at the millimetre level.
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Kaviris, George, Panagiotis Elias, Vasilis Kapetanidis, Anna Serpetsidaki, Andreas Karakonstantis, Vladimír Plicka, Louis De Barros, et al. "The Western Gulf of Corinth (Greece) 2020–2021 Seismic Crisis and Cascading Events: First Results from the Corinth Rift Laboratory Network." Seismic Record 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0320210021.
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Abstract We investigate a seismic crisis that occurred in the western Gulf of Corinth (Greece) between December 2020 and February 2021. This area is the main focus of the Corinth Rift Laboratory (CRL) network, and has been closely monitored with local seismological and geodetic networks for 20 yr. The 2020–2021 seismic crisis evolved in three stages: It started with an Mw 4.6 event near the northern shore of the Gulf, opposite of Aigion, then migrated eastward toward Trizonia Island after an Mw 5.0 event, and eventually culminated with an Mw 5.3 event, ∼3 km northeast of the Psathopyrgos fault. Aftershocks gradually migrated westward, triggering another cluster near the junction with the Rion–Patras fault. Moment tensor inversion revealed mainly normal faulting; however, some strike-slip mechanisms also exist, composing a complex tectonic regime in this region dominated by east–west normal faults. We employ seismic and geodetic observations to constrain the geometry and kinematics of the structures that hosted the major events. We discuss possible triggering mechanisms of the second and third stages of the sequence, including fluids migration and aseismic creep, and propose potential implications of the Mw 5.3 mainshock for the seismic hazard of the region.
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Dutchyn, Myroslav, Tetyana Grytsyuk, Iryna Bida, Liubov Dorosh, Rostyslav Pylypyuk, and Mariya Nychvyd. "RESEARCH OF INFLUENCE OF THE EARTH’S SUBSIDENCE OUTSIDE THE LOADS CONTOUR ON THE STABILITY OF THE HEIGHT POSITION OF THE POINTS OF LOCAL LEVELING NETWORKS." Geodesy and cartography 46, no. 3 (October 8, 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2020.11310.
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The influence of static loadings of the foundations of structures in the process of soil compaction of the base on the subsidence of the soil surface and the bench outside the loaded contour is considered in the work. The studies were performed on models of rectangular massive foundations using the method of equivalent soil layer, based on the theory of compaction of linear-deforming half-space. Using this method, the values of the average sedimentation of the models of rectangular foundations were calculated, taking into account all components of normal stresses and lateral soil extension. On the basis of the method of angular points of the equivalent layer, the values of subsidence of the soil surface outside the contour of the foundation models are calculated, depending on the distance from the contour of the foundation, the value of the average subsidence of the foundation and its parameters. To determine the areas of the soil surface most sensitive to the perception of static loads, lines of equal settlements of the soil surface outside the contour of the foundation models are constructed. On the basis of theoretical studies, probable magnitudes of sedimentation of soil benchmarks are calculated, depending on the subsidence of the soil surface and the distance from the contour of the foundation. The probable minimum distance from the contour of the structure to the places of laying of initial soil benchmarks is established to ensure the required accuracy of geodetic observations. The results of the conducted researches may find application in the design of geodetic observations of the settlements and deformations of the foundations of engineering structures and the choice of the locations of local level points.
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Bosse, Stefan. "Incremental Distributed Learning with JavaScript Agents for Earthquake and Disaster Monitoring." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 8, no. 4 (October 2017): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.2017100103.
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Ubiquitous computing and The Internet-of-Things (IoT) grow rapidly in today's life and evolving to Self-organizing systems (SoS). A unified and scalable information processing and communication methodology is required. In this work, mobile agents are used to merge the IoT with Mobile and Cloud environments seamless. A portable and scalable Agent Processing Platform (APP) provides an enabling technology that is central for the deployment of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) in strong heterogeneous networks including the Internet. A large-scale use-case deploying Multi-agent systems in a distributed heterogeneous seismic sensor and geodetic network is used to demonstrate the suitability of the MAS and platform approach. The MAS is used for earthquake monitoring based on a new incremental distributed learning algorithm applied to seismic station data, which can be extended by ubiquitous sensing devices like smart phones. Different (mobile) agents perform sensor sensing, aggregation, local learning and prediction, global voting and decision making, and the application.
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Lamparska, Marzena, and Mirosław Danch. "“Sucha Góra” (“Trockenberg”)—The Triangulation Point Doomed to Be Forgotten?" Land 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020109.
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The current study documents the importance of research on preserved artifacts which were previously used to take measurements of the Earth, and their importance for cultural heritage. The article reviewed the available source documents presenting the history of the astrogeodetic control point of Sucha Góra-Trockenberg as a monument of the first order triangulation network, preserved in cartographic materials and as the starting point of local geodetic networks, used in mining until 2000 in the so-called Upper Silesian Coal Basin, located in the territory of Poland and the Czech Republic. In order to determine the history of the triangulation work and the dates that the geographic coordinates of the peak were determined, field journals and other available materials were analyzed. The interesting location of this astrogeodetic control point, being in the vicinity of a UNESCO site, as well as its location in a forest and park complex, justify undertaking activities related to the conservation and promotion of this cultural heritage site.
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Nyberg, S., U. Kallio, and H. Koivula. "GPS monitoring of bedrock stability at Olkiluoto nuclear waste disposal site in Finland from 1996 to 2012." Journal of Geodetic Science 3, no. 2 (September 1, 2013): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jogs-2013-0017.
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Abstract The Finnish Geodetic Institute has studied crustal deformations at Olkiluoto nuclear waste disposal site since mid-90’s. Biannual GPS measurement has been carried out in two local GPS networks. This paper analyses the GPS data processing effects on the coordinate solutions and presents the results of GPS monitoring from 1996 to 2012. The GPS data was processed using Bernese GPS Software 5.0. The GPS data processing and baseline analysis showed a 1.0 mm (max RMS) level agreement of observation and high bedrock stability in the area. Most of the horizontal trends were smaller than 0.1 mm/a. The troposphere estimation strategy had a clear effect on the horizontal trends at some sites. The strain rates were all very small, but we could detect motions near the Olkiluoto permanent station.
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Godah, Walyeldeen, Jagat Dwipendra Ray, Malgorzata Szelachowska, and Jan Krynski. "The Use of National CORS Networks for Determining Temporal Mass Variations within the Earth’s System and for Improving GRACE/GRACE-FO Solutions." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 3359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203359.
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Temporal mass variations within the Earth’s system can be detected on a regional/global scale using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) satellite missions’ data, while GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data can be used to detect those variations on a local scale. The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness of national GNSS CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Stations) networks for the determination of those temporal mass variations and for improving GRACE/GRACE-FO solutions. The area of Poland was chosen as a study area. Temporal variations of equivalent water thickness ΔEWT and vertical deformations of the Earth’s surface Δh were determined at the sites of the ASG-EUPOS (Active Geodetic Network of the European Position Determination System) CORS network using GRACE/GRACE-FO-based GGMs and GNSS data. Moreover, combined solutions of ΔEWT were developed by combining ΔEWT obtained from GNSS data with the corresponding ones determined from GRACE satellite mission data. Strong correlations (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.6 to 0.9) between detrended Δh determined from GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite mission data and the corresponding ones from GNSS data were observed at 93% of the GNSS stations investigated. Furthermore, for the determination of temporal mass variations, GNSS data from CORS network stations provide valuable information complementary to GRACE satellite mission data.
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Xing, Zhizhong, Shuanfeng Zhao, Wei Guo, Xiaojun Guo, and Yuan Wang. "Processing Laser Point Cloud in Fully Mechanized Mining Face Based on DGCNN." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10070482.
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Point cloud data can accurately and intuitively reflect the spatial relationship between the coal wall and underground fully mechanized mining equipment. However, the indirect method of point cloud feature extraction based on deep neural networks will lose some of the spatial information of the point cloud, while the direct method will lose some of the local information of the point cloud. Therefore, we propose the use of dynamic graph convolution neural network (DGCNN) to extract the geometric features of the sphere in the point cloud of the fully mechanized mining face (FMMF) in order to obtain the position of the sphere (marker) in the point cloud of the FMMF, thus providing a direct basis for the subsequent transformation of the FMMF coordinates to the national geodetic coordinates with the sphere as the intermediate medium. Firstly, we completed the production of a diversity sphere point cloud (training set) and an FMMF point cloud (test set). Secondly, we further improved the DGCNN to enhance the effect of extracting the geometric features of the sphere in the FMMF. Finally, we compared the effect of the improved DGCNN with that of PointNet and PointNet++. The results show the correctness and feasibility of using DGCNN to extract the geometric features of point clouds in the FMMF and provide a new method for the feature extraction of point clouds in the FMMF. At the same time, the results provide a direct early guarantee for analyzing the point cloud data of the FMMF under the national geodetic coordinate system in the future. This can provide an effective basis for the straightening and inclining adjustment of scraper conveyors, and it is of great significance for the transparent, unmanned, and intelligent mining of the FMMF.
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Nakamichi, Haruhisa, Masato Iguchi, Hetty Triastuty, Hery Kuswandarto, Iyan Mulyana, Umar Rosadi, Hendra Gunawan, et al. "A Newly Installed Seismic and Geodetic Observational System at Five Indonesian Volcanoes as Part of the SATREPS Project." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0006.
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“Integrated Study on Mitigation of Multimodal Disasters Caused by Ejection of Volcanic Products” Project was launched in March 2014 for the Galunggung, Guntur, Kelud, Merapi, and Semeru volcanoes. The objectives of the project include the development of an observational system for the prediction and real-time estimations of the discharge rate of volcanic products. Under the project, a team from the Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) and the Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) initiated the installation of a digital seismic and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observational network for the volcanoes in December 2014, and finished the installation in September 2015. The seismic and GNSS data are transmitted by wireless local area networks (WLANs) from the stations to an observatory at each target volcano. We introduced three Windows PC software for data analysis: the first for estimating the equivalent rate of ejected ash from a volcano, the second for continuous smoothing of tilt data and detecting inflation and deflation in the volcanic sources, and the third for continuously evaluating eruption urgency to predict the eruption time. The seismic and GNSS data were routinely transmitted to the Support Systems of Decision Making (SSDM) at CVGHM or BPPTKG. Data completeness varied from volcano to volcano; for example, the data acquired for Kelud volcano were relatively stable, while those for Merapi volcano were problematic, owing to a communication disruption in the WLAN. We obtained the seismic and GNSS data at the target volcanoes in the observation period since 2015 when they have been relatively quiet.
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Ilieva, Maya, Łukasz Rudziński, Kamila Pawłuszek-Filipiak, Grzegorz Lizurek, Iwona Kudłacik, Damian Tondaś, and Dorota Olszewska. "Combined Study of a Significant Mine Collapse Based on Seismological and Geodetic Data—29 January 2019, Rudna Mine, Poland." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101570.
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On 29 January 2019, the collapse of a mine roof resulted in a significant surface deformation and generated a tremor with a magnitude of 4.6 in Rudna Mine, Poland. This study combines the seismological and geodetic monitoring of the event. Data from local and regional seismological networks were used to estimate the mechanism of the source and the ground motion caused by the earthquake. Global Navigation Satellite System data, collected at 10 Hz, and processed as a long-term time-series of daily coordinates solutions and short-term high frequency oscillations, are in good agreement with the seismological outputs, having detected several more tremors. The range and dynamics of the deformed surface area were monitored using satellite radar techniques for slow and fast motion detection. The radar data revealed that a 2-km2 area was affected in the six days after the collapse and that there was an increase in the post-event rate of subsidence.
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Garcia, Louis, Karen Luttrell, Debi Kilb, and Fabian Walter. "Joint geodetic and seismic analysis of surface crevassing near a seasonal glacier-dammed lake at Gornergletscher, Switzerland." Annals of Glaciology 60, no. 79 (January 9, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.32.
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ABSTRACTSeasonal lake Gornersee forms at the confluence of Gornergletscher and Grenzgletscher, Switzerland, and experiences outburst floods annually in midsummer. To study the interplay between lake drainage, glacier movement and crevasse activity, high-frequency seismometers and GPS receivers were deployed in networks near Gornersee during the summer ablation seasons of 2004, 2006 and 2007. We use a Rayleigh wave coherence method to locate 3289, 7939 and 4087 icequakes, respectively, primarily along well-defined surface crevasses. We calculate two-dimensional strains from triads of GPS stations and find mean differential strain rates of ~300 × 10−6 d−1 with diurnal variations up to 800 × 10−6 d−1. Crevasse icequake activity and glacial velocity are highest during early season, then decrease as meltwater channels erode and subglacial water pressure decreases. Glacial response to Gornersee drainage varied year-to-year, with icequake activity promoted at some crevasses and inhibited at others, suggesting syn-drainage icequakes may be indicative of local drainage patterns and small-scale features of the stress field. Diurnal pulses in icequake activity exhibit peak activity at different times of day in different locations, coincident with a southeast-to-northwest trending concentrated shear zone near the Gornergletscher–Grenzgletscher confluence, likely due to differences in the timing of peak strain rate in these regions.
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Klügel, Thomas, Armin Böer, Torben Schüler, and Walter Schwarz. "Atmospheric data set from the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell during the CONT-17 VLBI campaign." Earth System Science Data 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-341-2019.
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Abstract. Continuous very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations are designed to obtain highly accurate data for detailed studies of high-frequency Earth rotation variations, reference frame stability, and daily to sub-daily site motions. During the CONT-17 campaign that covered a time span of 15 days between 28 November and 12 December 2017, a comprehensive data set of atmospheric observations was acquired at the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell, where three radio telescopes contributed to three different networks which have been established for this campaign. These data were supplemented by weather model data. The data set is made available to all interested users in order to provide an optimal database for the analysis and interpretation of the CONT-17 VLBI data. In addition, it is an outstanding data set for the validation and comparison of tropospheric parameters resulting from different space techniques with regard to the establishment of a common atmosphere at co-location sites. The regularly recorded atmospheric parameters comprise many meteorological quantities (pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, radiation, and precipitation) taken from the local weather station close to the surface, solar radiation intensity, temperatures up to 1000 m above the surface from a temperature profiler, total vapor and liquid water content from a water vapor radiometer, and cloud coverage and cloud temperatures from a nubiscope. Additionally, vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, and humidity from radiosonde balloons and from numerical weather models were used for comparison and validation. The graphical representation and comparison show a good correlation in general but also some disagreements in certain weather situations. While the accuracy and the temporal and spatial resolution of the individual data sets are very different, the data as a whole characterize the atmospheric conditions around Wettzell during the CONT-17 campaign comprehensively and represent a sound basis for further investigations (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.895518; Klügel et al., 2018).
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Strange, W. E. "Establishment of GPS Strain Monitoring Networks in the Eastern United States." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.317.
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Abstract The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) in cooperation with a number of federal agencies, state and local groups and universities is establishing GPS networks in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, which can be used to monitor strain and vertical deformation. These GPS networks are tied to a framework of some 14 fixed and mobile VLBI sites. In cooperation with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), NGS established a 45 station GPS regional network in Nov.–Dec. 1987 which is tied to the VLBI framework. This network is scheduled for reobservation in 1989 and funds permitting, at regular intervals thereafter. A number of additional, more dense networks have been or are in the process of being established. The Tennessee Department of Transportation has established a 60 station statewide network to act as a reference network for surveying in conjunction with road construction. This network is expected to have an accuracy of a few parts in 107. NGS in cooperation with the NRC and the University of Maine established in 1986 a high accuracy GPS network in southeast Maine. In 1987 NGS in support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established approximately 100 stations throughout Ohio with an accuracy in the 1:106 to 1:107 range. Toward the end of 1988, NGS, working in conjunction with several state agencies and the University of Florida, will establish a statewide network of about 140 stations with an accuracy in the 1:106 to 1:107 range. NGS, in cooperation with the Department of Energy, has also established a high accuracy to 1:107 to 1:108 GPS traverse from Florida to Maine connecting stations at tide gauge sites. The State of Texas is establishing a number of permanent GPS stations in support of highway surveying. These stations will allow strain monitoring across Texas at the 1:108 level. Additional networks are in the planning stage. It is clear that large numbers of high accuracy GPS networks are being established throughout the eastern United States. Many of these networks are being established for other than geophysical purposes. In many cases the state highway departments and others are interested only in 1:106 accuracy. As a practical matter this means that to assure 1:106 accuracy a few parts in 107 accuracy (1 to 3 cm over 100 kms) is often attained, but this is by no means certain. Also there are normally no plans for systematic resurveys, only replacement of destroyed monuments. A challenge to the geophysical community is to interact with the groups undertaking the high accuracy surveys to assure that, at points of geophysical interest, satisfactory accuracies are achieved during initial epoch measurements. This means that a satisfactory number of observations are obtained and high accuracy reduction methods are used in obtaining differential positions from the data. The geophysical community must also develop plans for resurvey of geophysically interesting network components on a systematic basis.
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Zhao, Junli, Cuiting Liu, Zhongke Wu, Fuqing Duan, Kang Wang, Taorui Jia, and Quansheng Liu. "Craniofacial Reconstruction Evaluation by Geodesic Network." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/943647.
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Craniofacial reconstruction is to estimate an individual’s face model from its skull. It has a widespread application in forensic medicine, archeology, medical cosmetic surgery, and so forth. However, little attention is paid to the evaluation of craniofacial reconstruction. This paper proposes an objective method to evaluate globally and locally the reconstructed craniofacial faces based on the geodesic network. Firstly, the geodesic networks of the reconstructed craniofacial face and the original face are built, respectively, by geodesics and isogeodesics, whose intersections are network vertices. Then, the absolute value of the correlation coefficient of the features of all corresponding geodesic network vertices between two models is taken as the holistic similarity, where the weighted average of the shape index values in a neighborhood is defined as the feature of each network vertex. Moreover, the geodesic network vertices of each model are divided into six subareas, that is, forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and chin, and the local similarity is measured for each subarea. Experiments using 100 pairs of reconstructed craniofacial faces and their corresponding original faces show that the evaluation by our method is roughly consistent with the subjective evaluation derived from thirty-five persons in five groups.
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Tréhu, Anne M., Alexander de Moor, José Mieres Madrid, Miguel Sáez, C. David Chadwell, Francisco Ortega-Culaciati, Javier Ruiz, Sergio Ruiz, and Michael D. Tryon. "Post-seismic response of the outer accretionary prism after the 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile." Geosphere 16, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02102.1.
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Abstract To investigate the dynamic response of the outer accretionary prism updip from the patch of greatest slip during the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake (Chile), 10 ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) were deployed from May 2012 to March 2013 in a small network with an inter-instrument spacing of 7–10 km. Nine were recovered, with four recording data from intermediate-band three-component seismometers and differential pressure gauges, and five recording data from absolute pressure gauges (APGs). All instruments were also equipped with fluid flow meters designed to detect very low rates of flow into or out of the seafloor. We present hypocenters for local earthquakes that have S-P times <17 s (i.e., within ∼125 km of the network), with a focus on events located beneath or near the network. Most of the seismicity occurred either near the boundary between the active accretionary prism and continental basement or in the outer rise seaward of the trench. For many outer-rise earthquakes, the P and S arrivals are followed by a distinctive T-phase arrival. Very few earthquakes, and none located with hypocenters deemed “reliable,” were located within the active accretionary prism or on the underlying plate boundary. Nonvolcanic tremor-like pulses and seafloor pressure transients (but no very-low-frequency earthquakes or fluid flow) were also detected. Many of the tremor observations are likely T-phases or reverberations due to soft seafloor sediments, although at least one episode may have originated within the accretionary prism south of the network. The transient seafloor pressure changes were observed simultaneously on three APGs located over the transition from the active prism to the continental basement and show polarity changes over short distances, suggesting a shallow source. Their duration of several hours to days is shorter than most geodetic transients observed using onshore GPS networks. The results demonstrate the need for densely spaced and large-aperture OBS networks equipped with APGs for understanding subduction zone behavior.
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Margaryan, Venera. "Analysis of Quasi-Geoid Model Created for Territory of the Republic of Armenia." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.484.
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Abstract: National Geodesic Network of WGS-84 system was founded in the territory of the Republic of Armenia from 2002 to 2007, which includes zero, first, and second class 1115 stations and there were other 229 State Geodesic Triangular Network stations. The observation at these stations has been done by GPS system. Each of the above mentioned stations covers on the average 27 square kilometers of the territory of Armenia. The data obtained during GPS observations have become the foundation for creating local quasi-geoid models and obtaining differences of heights (geoid wave value) of normal and WGS-84 ellipsoid surfaces. On the basis of gravimetric data a quasi-geoid model has been computed and developed. To creat the model coordinates of four geodetic satations encompassing the area of the Republic of Armenia have been used. To get the digital model of the selected area was diveded into five-minute sections by latitude and longitude and then coordinates of geodetic points have been taken. The above mentioned points were recalculated from the local system to WGS-84 system. The creation of the local elippsoid quasi-model is conditioned by the difference of 3D coordinates difference of three-dimensional of each point’s position. The values of the geoid wave vary within the range of 17.4547 meters, the average difference being almost in the centre of the area and is 21.2522 meters. To obtain the digital model of the quasi-geoid at the given local ellipsoid at each 100m a square matrix (of the network) was made by coordinates of recomputed points.
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Karachevtseva, I. P., A. A. Kokhanov, J. F. Rodionova, A. Yu Zharkova, and M. S. Lazareva. "MAPPING OF INNER AND OUTER CELESTIAL BODIES USING NEW GLOBAL AND LOCAL TOPOGRAPHIC DATA DERIVED FROM PHOTOGRAMMETRIC IMAGE PROCESSING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 13, 2016): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-411-2016.
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New estimation of fundamental geodetic parameters and global and local topography of planets and satellites provide basic coordinate systems for mapping as well as opportunities for studies of processes on their surfaces. The main targets of our study are Europa, Ganymede, Calisto and Io (satellites of Jupiter), Enceladus (a satellite of Saturn), terrestrial planetary bodies, including Mercury, the Moon and Phobos, one of the Martian satellites. In particular, based on new global shape models derived from three-dimensional control point networks and processing of high-resolution stereo images, we have carried out studies of topography and morphology. As a visual representation of the results, various planetary maps with different scale and thematic direction were created. For example, for Phobos we have produced a new atlas with 43 maps, as well as various wall maps (different from the maps in the atlas by their format and design): basemap, topography and geomorphological maps. In addition, we compiled geomorphologic maps of Ganymede on local level, and a global hypsometric Enceladus map. Mercury’s topography was represented as a hypsometric globe for the first time. Mapping of the Moon was carried out using new images with super resolution (0.5-1 m/pixel) for activity regions of the first Soviet planetary rovers (Lunokhod-1 and -2). New results of planetary mapping have been demonstrated to the scientific community at planetary map exhibitions (Planetary Maps Exhibitions, 2015), organized by MExLab team in frame of the International Map Year, which is celebrated in 2015-2016. Cartographic products have multipurpose applications: for example, the Mercury globe is popular for teaching and public outreach, the maps like those for the Moon and Phobos provide cartographic support for Solar system exploration.
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Karachevtseva, I. P., A. A. Kokhanov, J. F. Rodionova, A. Yu Zharkova, and M. S. Lazareva. "MAPPING OF INNER AND OUTER CELESTIAL BODIES USING NEW GLOBAL AND LOCAL TOPOGRAPHIC DATA DERIVED FROM PHOTOGRAMMETRIC IMAGE PROCESSING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 13, 2016): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-411-2016.
Full textAbstract:
New estimation of fundamental geodetic parameters and global and local topography of planets and satellites provide basic coordinate systems for mapping as well as opportunities for studies of processes on their surfaces. The main targets of our study are Europa, Ganymede, Calisto and Io (satellites of Jupiter), Enceladus (a satellite of Saturn), terrestrial planetary bodies, including Mercury, the Moon and Phobos, one of the Martian satellites. In particular, based on new global shape models derived from three-dimensional control point networks and processing of high-resolution stereo images, we have carried out studies of topography and morphology. As a visual representation of the results, various planetary maps with different scale and thematic direction were created. For example, for Phobos we have produced a new atlas with 43 maps, as well as various wall maps (different from the maps in the atlas by their format and design): basemap, topography and geomorphological maps. In addition, we compiled geomorphologic maps of Ganymede on local level, and a global hypsometric Enceladus map. Mercury’s topography was represented as a hypsometric globe for the first time. Mapping of the Moon was carried out using new images with super resolution (0.5-1 m/pixel) for activity regions of the first Soviet planetary rovers (Lunokhod-1 and -2). New results of planetary mapping have been demonstrated to the scientific community at planetary map exhibitions (Planetary Maps Exhibitions, 2015), organized by MExLab team in frame of the International Map Year, which is celebrated in 2015-2016. Cartographic products have multipurpose applications: for example, the Mercury globe is popular for teaching and public outreach, the maps like those for the Moon and Phobos provide cartographic support for Solar system exploration.
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Maciuk, Kamil, Inese Vārna, and Chang Xu. "Characteristics of seasonal variations and noises of the daily double-difference and PPP solutions." Journal of Applied Geodesy 15, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2020-0042.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLong term GNSS observations provided by networks of the continuously operating reference stations (CORS) allow for determination of the global and local tectonic plate movements and seasonal variations. In recent years, PPP (Precise Point Positioning) technique has become increasingly popular and most likely in the future will replace relative positioning with CORS stations. In this paper, we discuss the difference of the velocity and seasonal component estimates of 25 Latvian CORS stations on the basis of daily PPP solutions from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory and double-difference solutions from the Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics of the University of Latvia. Time series of each coordinate component for 9-year time period were determined by the usage of the Tsview software and seasonal existence of linear, annual, semi-annual factors and their uncertainties were determined. Breaks (e. g., antenna and receiver changes) were also taken into account. We then assessed the noise characteristics of these time series with the use of overlapping Hadamard variance (OHVAR). The result shows that OHVAR is computationally cheap, and the dominating power-law noise, including flicker and random walk. However Hadamard deviation of the PPP and double-difference solutions scatters differently for a whole year averaging time due to the different GNSS data strategies.
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Bitelli, G., F. Bonsignore, I. Pellegrino, and L. Vittuari. "Evolution of the techniques for subsidence monitoring at regional scale: the case of Emilia-Romagna region (Italy)." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 372 (November 12, 2015): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-315-2015.
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Abstract. The recent decades have seen a significant evolution of the methodologies and techniques for the monitoring of subsidence on a regional scale: from the traditional levelling technique to GNSS and finally to SAR interferometry. The case study of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, is a prime example of this evolution. As known, the Emilia-Romagna plain is subject to a phenomenon of subsidence with a natural and an anthropogenic component, both of varying amounts depending on the area. The first contributes a few mm/year; the second, particularly evident in the last 60 years, is mainly correlated to excessive withdrawal of fluids from underground and reaches higher values (in the past, subsidence rates of several cm per year were observed in the Po delta and near Bologna). The geodetic monitoring of subsidence started in the 1950s by different entities, establishing and measuring levelling networks of varying size and with various characteristics, mainly located where the phenomenon was most clearly manifest. These local initiatives were not able to provide a consistent understanding of the phenomenon throughout the entire Emilia-Romagna plain. The first regional-scale monitoring of the Emilia-Romagna plain was initiated in 1999, with a large levelling network (about 3000 km) and a coupled network of 60 GNSS points. In subsequent years, the monitoring approach has mainly focused on the most modern remote sensing techniques integrated with each other, with the adoption of the method DInSAR calibrated to a GNSS Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS) database. The application of DInSAR methods resulted in subsidence maps with a greater level of detail. The paper analyzes the methodology choices made during 1999–2012, through three successive campaigns that adopted and integrated the different techniques.
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Schaffrin, Burkhard, and Sibel Uzun. "On the reliability of errors-in-variables models." Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis de Mathematica 16, no. 1 (September 25, 2012): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/acutm.2012.16.05.
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Reliability has been quantified in a simple Gauss–Markov model (GMM) by Baarda (1968) for the application to geodetic networks as the potential to detect outliers – with a specified significance and power – by testing the least-squares residuals for their zero expectation property after an adjustment assuming “no outliers”. It was shown that, under homoscedastic conditions, the so-called “redundancy numbers” could very well serve as indicators for the “local reliability” of an (individual) observation. In contrast, the maximum effect of any undetectible outlier on the estimated parameters would indicate “global reliability”.
This concept had been extended successfully to the case of correlated observations by Schaffrin (1997) quite a while ago. However, no attempt has been made so far to extend Baarda’s results to the (homoscedastic) errors-in-variables (EIV) model for which Golub and van Loan (1980) had found their – now famous – algorithm to generate the total least-squares (TLS) solution, together with all the residuals. More recently, this algorithm has been generalized by Schaffrin and Wieser (2008) to the case where a truly – not just elementwise –weighted TLS solution can be computed when the covariance matrix has the structure of a Kronecker–Zehfuss product.
Here, an attempt will be made to define reliability measures within such an EIV-model, in analogy to Baarda’s original approach.
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Celms, Armands, Ilona Reke, Miks Brinkmanis-Brimanis, and Vivita Pukite. "Evaluation of the Local Geodetic Network in Jurmala City." Baltic Surveying 10 (June 1, 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.balticsurveying.2019.001.
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In order to evaluate the accuracy of the local geodetic network of Jurmala City, in research, comparison of forty-seven selected polygonometry network point coordinates with the obtained data was made by performing measurements by real time cinematic (RTK) method in LatPos base station system. Points were chosen so in order to cover evenly the entire territory of the city. At present, gradual renewal and improvement of the local geodetic network takes place in Jurmala. The linear discrepancy of coordinates obtained in measurements varies from 0.016 m to 0.259 m, mean linear discrepancy in the measured points is fixed 0.110 m. Discrepancy of plane coordinates in different regions of Jurmala is not even. It is rather even within approximate boundaries of the determined regions, this is indicated by different directions of offset vectors, which in eastern part of the city are pointed mainly in NW direction, in central part directions are pointed in W direction, but in the western part of the city pointed in NE direction. Concerning heights, only for 3 of measured points discrepancy exceeds 0.05 m error and there are no connection concerning some specific region. 15% of the measured points of the local geodetic network are with appropriate accuracy of plane coordinates. The linear discrepancy of plane coordinates for points of the local geodetic network, which are measured by RTK method and compared with data from the improved network is 0.024 (m), which indicates the high accuracy of RTK method in measurement data. In Jurmala City, obtaining of data by GNNS data receivers is encumbered by large density of trees. Therefore the local geodetic network in city has very important role in order to ensure performance of geodetic measurements of high quality in the territory of the city. Aim of the research is to evaluate the accuracy of the local geodetic network of Jurmala City. The following tasks have been set for achieving the aim: research of the given problem, visit of the local geodetic network points, performing control measurements, data processing and analysis.
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Ziggah, Y. Y., I. Yakubu, and B. Kumi-Boateng. "Analysis of Methods for Ellipsoidal Height Estimation – The Case of a Local Geodetic Reference Network." Ghana Mining Journal 16, no. 2 (December 20, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v16i2.1.
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Ghana’s local geodetic reference network is based on the War Office 1926 ellipsoid with data in latitude, longitude and orthometric height without the existence of ellipsoidal height. This situation makes it difficult to apply the standard forward transformation equation for direct conversion of curvilinear geodetic coordinates to its associated cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) in the Ghana local geodetic reference network. In order to overcome such a challenge, researchers resort to various techniques to obtain the ellipsoidal height for a local geodetic network. Therefore, this paper evaluates, compares, and discusses different methods for estimating ellipsoidal height for a local geodetic network. The investigated methods are the Abridged Molodensky transformation model, Earth Gravitational Model, and the Orthometric Height approach. To evaluate these methods, their estimated local ellipsoidal height values were implemented in the seven-parameter similarity transformation model of Bursa-Wolf. The performance of each of the methods was assessed based on statistical indicators of Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Horizontal Position Error (HE) and Standard Deviation (SD). The statistical findings revealed that, the Abridged Molodensky model produced more reliable transformation results compared with the other methods. It can be concluded that for Ghana’s local geodetic network, the most practicable method for estimating ellipsoidal height is the Abridged Molodensky transformation model. Keywords: Abridged Molodensky Model, Earth Gravitational Model, Orthometric Height, Geodetic Network
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Alvarez, Gabriel O. "Identifying and Allocating Geodetic Systems to historical oil gas wells by using high-resolution satellite imagery." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-4-2018.
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Hydrocarbon exploration in Argentina started long before the IGM created a single, high-precision geodetic reference network for the whole country. Several geodetic surveys were conducted in every producing basin, which have ever since then supported well placement. Currently, every basin has a huge amount of information referenced to the so-called “local” geodetic systems, such as Chos Malal – Quiñi Huao in the Neuquén Basin, and Pampa del Castillo in the San Jorge Basin, which differ to a greater or lesser extent from the national Campo Inchauspe datum established by the IGM in 1969 as the official geodetic network. However, technology development over the last few years and the expansion of satellite positioning systems such as GPS resulted in a new world geodetic order. Argentina rapidly joined this new geodetic order through the implementation of a new national geodetic system by the IGM: POSGAR network, which replaced the old national Campo Inchauspe system. However, this only helped to worsen the data georeferencing issue for oil companies, as a third reference system was added to each basin. Now every basin has a local system, the national system until 1997 (Campo Inchauspe), and finally the newly created POSGAR network national satellite system, which is geocentric unlike the former two planimetric datums. The purpose of this paper is to identify and allocate geodetic systems of coordinates to historical wells, whose geodetic system is missing or has been erroneously allocated, by using currently available technological resources such as geographic information systems and high-resolution satellite imagery.
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Popov, Sergey, Vladimir Zaborovsky, Leonid Kurochkin, Maksim Sharagin, and Lei Zhang. "Method of Dynamic Selection of Satellite Navigation System in the Autonomous Mode of Positioning." SPIIRAS Proceedings 18, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 302–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/sp.18.2.302-325.
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Today, the list of applications that require accurate operational positioning is constantly growing. These tasks include: tasks of managing groups of Autonomous mobile robots, geodetic tasks of high-precision positioning, navigation and monitoring tasks in intelligent transport systems. Satellite navigation systems are a data source for operational positioning in such tasks. Today, global and local satellite navigation systems are actively used: GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo. They are characterized by different completeness of satellite constellation deployment, which determines the accuracy of operational positioning in a particular geographical point, which depends on number of satellites available for observation, as well as the characteristics of the receiver, landscape features, weather conditions and the possibility of using differential corrections. The widespread use of differential corrections at the moment is not possible due to the fact that number of stable operating reference stations is limited - the Earth is covered by them unevenly; reliable data networks necessary for the transmission of differential corrections are also not deployed everywhere; budget versions of single-channel receivers of the navigation signal are widely used, which do not allow the use of differential corrections. In this case, there is a problem of operational choice of the system or a combination of satellite positioning systems, providing the most accurate navigation data. This paper presents a comparison of static and dynamic methods for selecting a system or a combination of satellite positioning systems that provide the most accurate definition of the object's own coordinates when using a single-channel receiver of navigation signals in offline mode. The choice is made on the basis of statistical analysis of data obtained from satellite positioning systems. During the analysis, the results of post-processing of data obtained from satellite navigation systems and refined with the use of differential corrections of navigation data were compared.
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Ganesamoorthy, Kathiresan, and Duraisamy Jayanthi. "Further results on the outer connected geodetic number of a graph." Publications de l'Institut Math?matique (Belgrade) 108, no. 122 (2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pim2022079g.
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For a connected graph G of order at least two, an outer connected geodetic set S in a connected graph G is called a minimal outer connected geodetic set if no proper subset of S is an outer connected geodetic set of G. The upper outer connected geodetic number g+ oc(G) of G is the maximum cardinality of a minimal outer connected geodetic set of G. We determine bounds for it and find the upper outer connected geodetic number of some standard graphs. Some realization results on the upper outer connected geodetic number of a graph are studied. The proposed method can be extended to the identification of beacon vertices towards the network fault-tolerant in wireless local access network communication. Also, another parameter forcing outer connected geodetic number fog(G) of a graph G is introduced and several interesting results and realization theorem are proved.
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Maciuk, Kamil, Agnieszka Peska-Siwik, Ahmed El-Mowafy, Lukasz Borowski, and Michal Apollo. "Crustal Deformation Across and beyond Central Europe and Its Impact on Land Boundaries." Resources 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10020015.
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Land is a critical and limited natural resource. The Land Administration System (LAS) has been developed to resolve and adjudicate over any disputes that might arise concerning the rights and boundaries of land. Land registration and cadastre are types of land recording that need to be established. To secure the property rights, we must be sure of accuracy of the boundary points determining the size of the property. However, in addition to typical factors considered when determining the boundary point positions, such as accuracy of geodetic networks and measurement errors, the global and local crustal deformation, resulting, e.g., from the movement of tectonic plates, should be considered. In this work, the focus is on the movement of points inside the European plate due to tectonic movement, without taking into account local events caused by erosion, landslides, etc. The study area is Europe, and particular attention was paid to Poland, which is located in the centre of the European continent and does not have significant anomalous sub-areas, making it an authoritative research object. In this study, we analysed the velocity of point displacements and the boundary deformation, using GPS observations. For this reason, we used both global (IGS) and regional (ETRF) reference frames, to show differences in point velocities for the studied areas. Overall, for the needs of the real estate cadastre in Poland, information about parcel boundary points must be obtained with an accuracy better than 0.30 m. Within 25 years, the border mark may be shifted by 0.13 m due to tectonic plate movement, which is within the required accuracy. Pursuant to the current legal regulations, the measurements of the boundary points can be performed with any method, ensuring the required accuracy (0.30 m). The most commonly used are direct measurements (GNSS and tacheometry) and photogrammetric measurements. It is recommended that periodic verifications and update of the cadastre data in Poland be carried out at least once every 15 years. In the case of such relatively frequent verification and possible modernisation of data, the potential impact of tectonic plate movement on the relative boundary point displacement can be ignored, particularly in the short term. However, for a long time period it has an influence. We suggest “relatively frequent” cadastral boundary verification to be able to ignore such influence.
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SILVA, E. V., and A. SEIXAS. "Analysis of the Stability of the Local Altimetric Geodetic Network Densified on the Campus Recife UFPE." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ 42, no. 2 (August 9, 2019): 350–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2019_2_350_365.
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Foumelis, M. "Velocity field and crustal deformation of broader Athens plain (Greece) from a dense geodetic network." Journal of Applied Geodesy 13, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2019-0012.
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Abstract The broader area of Athens, a region exhibiting relatively low crustal deformation, was stroke in 1999 by a catastrophic earthquake posing serious questions regarding strain accumulation in slow deforming regions located within active geodynamic regimes. In the present study, the establishment of a dense geodetic network, primarily designed to monitor local tectonic movements is reported. A comprehensive GNSS velocity field, over the period 2005–2008, as well as calculated geodetic strain rates is presented. It is shown that a single strain tensor is insufficient to express the heterogeneity of the local geodetic field. Local variability of strain is successfully depicted, indicating the western part of Athens as the area of higher strain accumulation. Maximum dilatation rates occur along a NNE-SSW direction between Parnitha Mt. and Thriasio basin. The observed dilatation can be associated to WNW-ESE trending active fault zones, which appear to abruptly terminate towards East along a major NNE-SSW Miocene tectonic boundary. These findings are consistent to the stress field responsible for the Athens 1999 earthquake, also in agreement with geological and tectonic observations. Finally, the implications of the observed motion field on the understanding of the kinematics and dynamics of the region as well as the role of inherited inactive tectonic structures are discussed.
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Ziggah, Yao Yevenyo, John Ayer, Prosper Basommi Laari, and Eric Frimpong. "COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION USING FEATHERSTONE AND VANÍČEK PROPOSED APPROACH - A CASE STUDY OF GHANA GEODETIC REFERENCE NETWORK." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.19-26.
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Most developing countries like Ghana are yet to adopt the geocentric datum for its surveying and mapping purposes. It is well known and documented that non-geocentric datums based on its establishment have more distortions in height compared with satellite datums. Most authors have argued that combining such height with horizontal positions (latitude and longitude) in the transformation process could introduce unwanted distortions to the network. This is because the local geodetic height in most cases is assumed to be determined to a lower accuracy compared with the horizontal positions. In the light of this, a transformation model was proposed by Featherstone and Vaníček (1999) which avoids the use of height in both global and local datums in coordinate transformation. It was confirmed that adopting such a method reduces the effect of distortions caused by geodetic height on the transformation parameters estimated. Therefore, this paper applied Featherstone and Vaníček (FV) model for the first time to a set of common points coordinates in Ghana geodetic reference network. The FV model was used to transform coordinates from global datum (WGS84) to local datum (Accra datum). The results obtained based on the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in both Eastings and Northings were satisfactory. Thus, a RMSE value of 0.66 m and 0.96 m were obtained for the Eastings and Northings while 0.76 m and 0.73 m were the MAE values achieved. Also, the FV model attained a transformation accuracy of 0.49 m. Hence, this study will serve as a preliminary investigation in avoiding the use of height in coordinate transformation within Ghana’s geodetic reference network.
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Radovanovic, R. S., N. EI-Sheimy, T. Richert, and W. F. Teskey. "Local datum definition and geodetic network positioning using global navigation satellite systems." Journal of Geodesy 78, no. 4-5 (October 20, 2004): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-004-0400-7.
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Jiang, Z., F. Wang, J. Bai, and Z. Li. "CONSTRUCTION THEORY AND NOISE ANALYSIS METHOD OF GLOBAL CGCS2000 COORDINATE FRAME." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-679-2018.
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The definition, renewal and maintenance of geodetic datum has been international hot issue. In recent years, many countries have been studying and implementing modernization and renewal of local geodetic reference coordinate frame. Based on the precise result of continuous observation for recent 15 years from state CORS (continuously operating reference system) network and the mainland GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network between 1999 and 2007, this paper studies the construction of mathematical model of the Global CGCS2000 frame, mainly analyzes the theory and algorithm of two-step method for Global CGCS2000 Coordinate Frame formulation. Finally, the noise characteristic of the coordinate time series are estimated quantitatively with the criterion of maximum likelihood estimation.
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Pacina, Jan. "Geodetic surveying as part of archaeological research in Sudan." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 14, no. 1 (June 27, 2015): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.14.1.4.
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<p>Surveying is an important part of any archaeological research. In this paper we focus on the archaeological research in north Sudan (6<sup>th</sup> Nile cataract) and the surveying methods applicable under the local conditions. Surveying in the Third World countries is affected by the political situation (limited import of surveying tools), local conditions (lack of fixed points, GNSS correction signal), inaccessible basemaps and fixed point network. This article describes the methods and results obtained during the three archaeological seasons (2011-2014). The classical surveying methods were combined with KAP (Kite Aerial Photography) to obtain the desired results in form of archaeological maps, detailed orthophoto images and other analyses results.</p>