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1
Sizykh, Elena. "Exports of Foreign Direct Investment from China: Global Trends and New Old Normality." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(4).288-298.
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Over the past 8 years China has been steadily holding the position in the top three global leaders of outward foreign direct investments (OFDI). Implementing the “Go Out” policy the Chinese government achieves the complex objectives of development of the national socio-economic system that is especially important in the process of its current transformation. As a major player in the capital market, China enters into complex relationships with global capital market megatrends, being influenced by them on the one hand and taking part in their formation on the other. This paper reveals the main long-term global trends in the movement of foreign direct investment such as stagnation of global investment, deglobalization and regionalization of world capital markets, restructuring of international production and global value chains and also increased investment in sustainable development goals. The study assesses the extent to which local trends of outward direct investment in the PRC are influenced by these global processes. The paper also analyzes the response of the PRC government to modern challenges provoked by the global pandemic and concludes that OFDI trends in modern conditions are sustainable. In conclusion, the forecast for the direct investment movement in the world and China in a post-COVID world is given.
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Huang, Yasheng. "How Did China Take Off?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.4.147.
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There are two prevailing perspectives on how China took off. One emphasizes the role of globalization—foreign trade and investments and special economic zones; the other emphasizes the role of internal reforms, especially rural reforms. Detailed documentary and quantitative evidence provides strong support for the second hypothesis. To understand how China's economy took off requires an accurate and detailed understanding of its rural development, especially rural industry spearheaded by the rise of township and village enterprises. Many China scholars believe that township and village enterprises have a distinct ownership structure—that they are owned and operated by local governments rather than by private entrepreneurs. I will show that township and village enterprises from the inception have been private and that China undertook significant and meaningful financial liberalization at the very start of reforms. Rural private entrepreneurship and financial reforms correlate strongly with some of China's best-known achievements—poverty reduction, fast GDP growth driven by personal consumption (rather than by corporate investments and government spending), and an initial decline of income inequality. The conventional view of China scholars is right about one point—that today's Chinese financial sector is completely state-controlled. This is because China reversed almost all of its financial liberalization sometime around the early to mid 1990s. This financial reversal, despite its monumental effect on the welfare of hundreds of millions of rural Chinese, is almost completely unknown in the West.
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Guthrie, Doug. "Organizational Learning and Productivity State Structure and Foreign Investment in the Rise of the Chinese Corporation." Management and Organization Review 1, no. 02 (July 2005): 165–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2005.00008.x.
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Over the two and a half decades of economic reform in China, two types of Chinese firms have consistently outperformed their peers. In the 1980s, it was the firms at the lower levels of the industrial hierarchy, the township and village enterprises that were closely monitored by local governments. In the 1990s and beyond, the top performers have been those Chinese firms that have formal relationships with foreign investors. While many studies on the economic reforms in China have focused on the hardening of budget constraints and the transfer of technology from foreign to Chinese firms, I focus here on the stability created by relationships with local government offices and with powerful foreign investors. Where advocates of shock therapy have argued that a rapid transition to market institutions was the best path to building a market economy, I argue that the successful practices of the market are learned gradually over time, and the Chinese firms that are stabilized by attention from local government offices and relationships with foreign investors are well-positioned to successfully navigate China's emerging markets. A quantitative analysis of 81 firms in industrial Shanghai and three case studies help illuminate the mechanisms behind these relationships.
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Cheng, Suwina, Kenny Lin, and Richard Simmons. "A city-level analysis of the distribution of FDI within China." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 10, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-01-2016-0002.
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Purpose The study aims to examine whether city-level investment climate, local government effectiveness and corporate income tax rates influence the spatial distribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) across cities in China. Design/methodology/approach The study uses regression analysis using city-level data sets. Findings The study finds that while city-level investment climate and effective local government influence the spatial distribution of FDI across Chinese cities, city-level tax rates have no such influence. Practical implications The results have implications for the design of policies aimed at enhancing FDI flows into emerging countries. Originality/value To date, few studies have investigated the investment location choice at the city level in a single country. The study contributes to the literature by examining the role of government in such investment decisions. It also adds to the previously limited research examining the role of investment climate at the micro level.
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Wang, Sung Yue, and Chung-Sok Suh. "The Impact of Business-Government Relationship on Location Choice by Korean Firms in China: A Comparative Case Study." Journal of International Business and Economy 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2006.1.2.
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Since China embarked on market-oriented reform in 1979, various kinds of economic zones have been set up to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). These economic zones often compete against each other for investment, offering better policies and creating more incentives. In most local economic zones, red tape is significantly reduced because of the establishment of local zone authorities with consolidated power to oversee FDI-related matters. Foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) need to deal with much less number of government agencies in these zones than outside these zones. But on the other hand, relationship with these zone authorities becomes crucial for FIEs targeting or operating in these zones. Prior research shows FIEs in China often make their location choices based on the preferential policies offered by different regions. But a neglected factor is that how the business-government relationship might affect foreign firms??location choice between these zones within the same locality. This paper studies the impact of the bilateral FIE-zone authority relationship on FIEs??location decisions. Drawing upon location literature and using data from case studies, the paper provides evidence on the impact of business-government relationship on two levels of location choice by Korean firms in China and advances propositions for future research.
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Lewis, Ian K., Mirror Zhou, and Elfie J. Y. Wang. "China investment policy – ensuring the mice will be caught." Journal of Investment Compliance 22, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-10-2020-0040.
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Purpose This article analyses China’s attempts at economic revival, which, starting with the Foreign Investment Law, were under way before COVID-19 but which were given extra impetus by the onset of the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The thought is that the Foreign Investment Law lacks detail, so this article looks at the three ideas with which the State Council is seeking to underpin it: key Industries, promoting investment and equal treatment. It also considers Shanghai’s experience as the first major municipality to implement the State Council’s guidance. Findings China is committed to more transparency and to opening more of its economy to foreign investors, even if it will continue to be selective about which industries it wishes to encourage. The central government wants other regional and local jurisdictions to follow Shanghai’s lead and implement its guidance, as well as bring forward more measures to make the environment more favorable for foreign investment. At the same time, the article notes that China faces some hostility from other nations and groupings, such as the US, UK and the EU, from which it would expect to receive investment. Practical implications Investors can expect more specific reforms in the different areas of the economy that China wishes to develop while recognizing that it needs foreign expertise to do so. Originality/value Insight from experienced corporate lawyers who are resident in China and have first-hand experience of the measures aimed at economic recovery.
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Zhang, Mengting, Changbiao Zhong, and Feng Yu. "The role of context-specific factors in IFDI’s influence on OFDI of developing country." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 10, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-03-2017-0008.
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Purpose Although prior research has highlighted the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) on a country’s internationalization, it has largely focused on developed countries. As a result, the FDI performance of a developing country, which differs fundamentally from that of developed countries in their environment, remains unclear. Under the newly development environment, the traditional FDI theories have been challenged by the increasing investments from emerging and transition economies. The theory system needs a fresh situation’s supplement urgently. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of a literature review, this paper constructed an empirical model to further study the moderating effects of context-specific factors on the influence of inbound foreign direct investment (IFDI) on outbound foreign direct investment (OFDI). China was chosen as the representation of a developing country, and its data of mutual investments with 125 countries from 2003 to 2014 were used to carry out hypothesis testing. Findings The analysis and results of this paper suggested: first, for China, the overall influence of IFDI on OFDI is positive. That is to say, IFDI’s positive spillover effect is greater than the negative competition effect. Second, innovational distance’s effect on FDI is complicated. It can either be positive or negative, which calls for further investigation. Third, economic distance negatively affects OFDI and negatively moderates IFDI’s effect on OFDI, especially the export. To some extent, the moderating effect that resulted from the competition effect will reduce overseas investment by extruding some of the local enterprises. Fourth, cultural distance’s effect is closely related to the spillover effect that will positively moderate IFDI’s influence on OFDI. Originality/value This paper enriched the international investment theoretical system by adding a mechanism of multiway international investment of a developing country. The research also has a guiding significance for developing countries’ governments in coordinating mutual international investments. Also, these results have important implications for how policymakers promote OFDI and put forward new theoretical avenues for conceptualizing the internationalization process.
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Jia, Li Jie, and Guo Jie Zhao. "The Introduction of FDI and Use of Land Resources for Local Government." Advanced Materials Research 271-273 (July 2011): 863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.271-273.863.
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The introduction of land finance and foreign direct investment (FDI) lead to competition among provincial local governments in the background of fiscal decentralization. This paper analyzes the provincial data from 1999 to 2008 by a spatial econometric model. The main contents include the relationship between FDI policies in different provinces and the path dependence between FDI selection and land grant. The results showed that the FDI policies are significantly influenced by the similar policies of the surrounding provinces: the policy formulation and implementation is a complementary strategy between the studied province and surrounding provinces in the current year, and an alternative strategy in a lag. Land grant price significantly influent the entry of real estate. There is an obvious path dependence when FDI choose investment region. In this paper, these issues are analyzed with the actual situation in China.
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Nnanna, Joseph. "Is China’s investment in Africa good for the Nigerian economy?" Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-09-2014-0020.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of China’s trade agreement and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to Nigeria with special reference to the manufacturing sector utilizing the following key economic performance indicators: inflation, unemployment, income and gross domestic product, to name a few. Since the turn of the millennium, China has enjoyed a substantial presence in the African continent. In fact, the country has signed bilateral agreements with Angola, South Africa and Sudan to name a few. Recently, China established its West African trade hub in Lagos, the economic capital of Nigeria, to be strategically positioned. The results of the study revealed conclusively that although China’s investments over the years have benefited the Nigerian economy and its various firms in the manufacturing sector, the agreement signed by both countries ultimately needs to be reexamined to ensure equity. Design/methodology/approach – To thoroughly analyze the effects of China’s investments in Nigeria, this study was carried out in two phases. The first analysis of this study is anchored on a “before/after” framework based on descriptive statistical analysis of the selected economic performance indicators chosen from selected cross-national data. Accordingly, the time frame for this study runs from 1993-2012 which roughly corresponds to the era when China commenced significant investments in Nigeria. Second, employees, policymakers and individuals in the manufacturing/textile industries were interviewed. Furthermore, participation from federal as well as local government agency staff members was solicited using the Delphi technique. Findings – Empirically, the results conclusively reveal China’s dominance in the manufacturing and textile sectors in Nigeria. In other words, at face value, China’s investments are ultimately good for the Nigerian economy. However, at a micro-level analysis, the researcher examined the human factor, that is, the families of former and current employees, abandoned businesses/factories and a decaying textile industry that was once vibrant. Originality/value – To the knowledge of the researcher, this is the first study attempting to assess the impact of the rise of China on the Nigerian economy by combining key economic performance indicator in tandem with face-to-face interviews and the Delphi technique.
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Fadhillah, Anas, Arintoko Arintoko, and Kamio Kamio. "Dampak Investasi, Proyek dan Utang Luar Negeri Terhadap Kemiskinan Indonesia Tahun 2010-2020." Eksis: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis 12, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/eksis.v12i1.216.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the acceleration of poverty alleviation through investment, projects, and foreign debt from the United States, the Netherlands, China and Japan on Indonesian Poverty in 2010-2020. The technique used in the study used panel data regression. The data used in the study of poverty variables, investment variables, projects, foreign debt. Data analysis was taken from the Central Statistics Agency in 2010-2020. Based on the Chow Test and the Hausman Test, this analysis was chosen to be the Fixed Effect Model and has passed the assumptions of the classical test. The results show that investment and projects have a significant negative effect on poverty and foreign debt has no significant effect on society, which means investment, projects, poverty in Indonesia. Based on the results of this study, the implications of this study are that the central government, local governments, Bank Indonesia and related institutions increase investment and foreign projects by establishing good relations with friendly countries, facilitating investment licensing in Indonesia, good foreign debt by prioritizing growth. Economy and poverty alleviation.
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Dong, Jinglin, and Jai S. Mah. "Technology Acquisition in China’s Automobile Industry: Focusing on the Local Producers." China Report 56, no. 3 (July 14, 2020): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445520930397.
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China’s automobile industry has succeeded remarkably since the 1980s. The Chinese government welcomed foreign automobile companies to form joint ventures. The local automobile companies began to enter the market in the late 1990s. To compete with the foreign rivals, they needed to acquire advanced technologies. Meanwhile, technology transfer through foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows was not so successful. Some of the local automobile producers developed their technologies through FDI outflows. The large local automobile producers have paid much attention to their own research and development (R&D) activities. China has tried hard to build its human capital. Acquiring intellectual property rights from foreign manufacturers has been another way for the local producers to acquire advanced technologies. They have also tried to establish partnerships with the local technology groups. The ways in which the local automobile companies acquired advanced technologies may provide meaningful policy implications for the other technology-intensive industries and developing countries trying to develop the automobile industry.
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Zhao, Yuhong. "China in transition towards a circular economy: from policy to practice." Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jppel-03-2020-0014.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine China's approach to circular economy (CE) and investigate how the foreign concept of CE has been turned into a national strategy for implementation in production, circulation and consumption. This study aims to highlight the Chinese characteristics in the implementation of CE from central to local levels including the “trial and test” by pilot schemes and the role of local governments in CE transformation of industrial parks and in building CE cities. Based on what has been achieved, this paper aims to identify the gaps to be filled in the next stage of CE implementation. Design/methodology/approach This paper engages in critical analysis of state policies, plans, laws and regulations and case studies of Suzhou New District and Shanghai city in the building CE-oriented industrial park and CE city, respectively. Findings China has taken a top-down approach to CE characterised by strong government involvement in both policy and plan making and implementation at local levels. The government’s financial investment and administrative assistance proved to be crucial in the early stage of CE implementation to close the loop at industrial parks and in cities. In comparison, participation by enterprises and individuals is still weak and limited, which should be the focus of the next stage of CE implementation. Originality/value There is an absence of legal literature that studies circular economy in China. This paper fills the gap by examining the development of CE law and policy as well as CE implementation at local levels from industrial parks to cities.
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Zhang, Qu, Zhang, Li, and Miao. "Effects of FDI on the Efficiency of Government Expenditure on Environmental Protection Under Fiscal Decentralization: A Spatial Econometric Analysis for China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 12, 2019): 2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142496.
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Most governments strive for an ecological civilization so the efficiency of government expenditure on environmental protection (EPEE) is an important issue. While it is recognized that foreign direct investment (FDI) enhances environmental protection, this investigation focuses on the effects of FDI on the efficiency of government expenditure on environmental protection under fiscal decentralization. Analysis is conducted using an output-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) scale return model to calculate the efficiency of environmental protection spending in China. Then, a spatial model is built to test the linkages among FDI, fiscal decentralization and the efficiency of government expenditure. The results reveal that, firstly, the efficiency of government spending has been enhanced over the last 10 years. Secondly, FDI is positively correlated with the efficiency of government environmental expenditure in terms of both quantity and quality of spending and it has a positive spillover effect. Thirdly, financial decentralization is negatively correlated with the efficiency of environmental spending, but it improves the effect of FDI. Accordingly, policy proposals are that the government should improve the supervision system for environmental spending and local governments should pursue FDI, improve the structure of FDI and use its spillover effect to enhance the efficiency of environmental expenditure.
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Rovai, Serena. "Education and human resources management in high‐tech organisations in China." Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China 2, no. 2 (July 6, 2010): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561411011054814.
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PurposeAt present, in the increasingly global markets, one of the main challenges to international business is how to effectively manage human resources across cultural boundaries. In particular, high‐tech MNCs demand a specific pool of talented individuals with specific technical expertise and personal skills to be adapted to operate in an international arena. That is especially true in the case of China, which has attracted a significant variety of foreign investments from diverse countries and whose people management policies and managerial staff technical and personal skills are reported in some cases to be at a primary stage. The purpose of this paper is to explore the educational context development in China and its related influence on the recruitment and selection process in Western high‐tech MNCs in the People's Republic of China (PRC).Design/methodology/approachThis is a research paper based on multiple case studies and direct face‐to‐face interviews.FindingsChina needs highly trained and highly educated individuals who can work in a dynamic domestic and global marketplace. Under the centrally planned system, the curricula in different universities are not associated to diversification in response to China changing economic needs and scenario. In most of the Chinese universities, many of the disciplines are very narrowly defined because these institutions are responsible for the job assignment of graduates. Despite the unprecedented growth of Chinese higher education thanks to the recent government reforms, the educational system in China still needs to be further restructured in its curricula to provide a sufficient number of qualified managers but however it will take time.Originality/valueNowadays, China needs highly trained and highly educated talents who can work in a domestic highly globalised marketplace. The underlying study will provide insight into those education related factors and their impact on the labour market in China with a specific focus on the search for appropriate technomanagement talents. The paper also provides insights into those educational factors, which produce satisfactory and less‐satisfactory results in recruitment of local talents in foreign technology companies. It also suggests the need for further research in the talent management area and education in PRC in relation to the current lack of data. Recommendations for the possible integration of appropriate educational projects aiming at developing highly talented individuals into those foreign corporations are provided.
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Pu, Wenfang, and Anlu Zhang. "Can Market Reforms Curb the Expansion of Industrial Land?—Based on the Panel Data Analysis of Five National-Level Urban Agglomerations." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 4472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084472.
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As China entered marketization in the late 1980s, it soon established a market economy system and implemented tax-sharing reforms. Driven by the marketization, local governments have rapidly developed the economy under the pressure of fiscal competition caused by the reform of the tax-sharing system. Industrial land is an important factor of local economic development, and it enables local governments to invest heavily in the industrial sector to promote economic development, leading to urban expansion. In order to shed light on the relationship between the market reforms implemented by the Chinese government and the expansion of urban industrial land, this paper used the data of 77 prefecture-level cities in China’s five national-level urban agglomerations as research samples from 2007 to 2018. We first constructed the marketization rate of industrial land (MIL) and used the panel data model to examine whether China′s market reform will curb the expansion of industrial land. The results showed that: (1) land market reform can restrain the scale of industrial land expansion, and the impact is different in different urban agglomerations; (2) under the effect of marketization, foreign direct investment (FDI) has restrained the expansion of industrial land to a certain extent. The amount of industrial investment (AII), the ratio of secondary industry to GDP structure (RSG), and the number of industrial enterprises (NIE) will aggravate the expansion of industrial land. We suggest that the Chinese government should deepen the reform of land marketization and develop a differentiated land market mechanism. It is also necessary for local governments to develop stock land, improve the efficiency of industrial land use, increase the investment in advanced technology, and improve the intensive utilization of industrial land. The research provides a reference for other countries in the world that are developing in a transitional period to restrain unlimited land expansion and save land resources in the process of economic development.
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Regmi, Bhawana. "Development Diplomacy: Learning from the Chinese Aid in Building A Road in Nepal." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 2, no. 1 (August 18, 2019): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v2i1.25274.
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Infrastructures development is the backbone of a country's economy. The developing countries like Nepal have to rely upon foreign assistance for the constructions of its mega projects, which need high investment cost, technology, and capable human resources. On this scenario, China government had assisted Nepal in building the eight lanes wide and ten kilometers long Koteswor to Kalanki section of the ring road. This paper describes how local road beneficiaries in Nepal perceive the construction work based on the Chinese model and their understanding on foreign aid development. The paper is based on a qualitative study with an interpretative case study design. The study has revealed that though the development aid policy of the developed nations is useful to maintain the cordial relations with the other developing nations, but at the same time, the people-centered development should not be undermined under this whole process. The explorations of this research are useful in framing appropriate plans and policies for the governments to orient the foreign aid development as per the needs of a larger section of people.
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Nabi, Ghulam, Kalimullah Bhat, and Faheem Ghazanfar. "Does Budget Deficit and Political Stability Effect Real Exchange Rate in South Asian Countries?" Global Management Sciences Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2021(vi-i).03.
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The study investigates the effect of political stability and budget deficit on the real exchange rate. We used a panel data set of south Asian countries, including Pakistan, China, Bangladesh and India. We applied the panel unit root test, Kaos panel Cointegration and fully modified the least square in the study to reach robustness of findings. Findings reveal that real exchange rate(RER) and political stability are positively related. It supports the argument that political stability attracts foreign investment, appreciates local currency, and leads to higher RER. However, results reveal that the budget deficit is not related to RER. This study provides new empirical evidence to policymakers and government officials that political stability encourages foreign investors and appreciates exchange rate.
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Song, Yijia, Ruichen Deng, Ruoxi Liu, and Qian Peng. "Effects of Special Economic Zones on FDI in Emerging Economies: Does Institutional Quality Matter?" Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 8409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208409.
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This study attempts to prove that emerging markets could partially improve institutional quality in a specific area and benefit the local economy despite the rest of the area having poor institutions. Interestingly, we observed that despite the presence of institutions of comparative disadvantage, emerging economies continue to constantly attract significant foreign direct investment. Hence, this study focuses on a type of place-based policy in China that provides a standard favorable institutional environment in a specific area. Using data from China’s Annual Survey of Industrial Firms and combining official lists of Chinese special economic zones (SEZs), we obtained a dataset of 2660 SEZs from 1998 to 2018, and a sample of 37,251 from 1998 to 2013. Then, we empirically examined the impact and mechanism of SEZs on foreign investment by using time-varying difference-in-difference specification. After a sequence of validity and robustness checks, we found that the establishment of SEZs significantly enhances foreign entry. We also found that partial institutional quality improvement of SEZs is a key mechanism in the location of foreign investment. We conclude that it is beneficial for the government to impose place-based policies such as SEZs that improve partial institutional quality efficiently and promote the local economy.
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Liu, Bo, Desheng Xue, and Yiming Tan. "Deciphering the Manufacturing Production Space in Global City-Regions of Developing Countries—a Case of Pearl River Delta, China." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 6850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236850.
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In the context of economic globalization, the manufacturing production space in the global city-regions of developing countries have presented significant spatial characteristics, attracting attention to the problems of intensive and sustainable development of production space. Taking global city-region in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) as an example, manufacturing production space based on remote sensing (RS) technology and point of interest (POI) data extraction was more precise and continuous, which had more advantages for further analysis of spatial characteristics and influencing factors in multi-scale, and precise policy recommendations. The results show that: (1) under different scales, the distribution characteristics of manufacturing production space and the agglomeration characteristics of spatial form are different. It is not simply extensive agglomeration or diffusion that can accurately explain its diversified spatial characteristics. Meanwhile, for the local manufacturing production space optimization control, the local government should apply advanced experience according to local conditions instead of simply and roughly promotion or containment. (2) Influencing factors show a strong positive correlation with the urbanization rate, the number of foreign direct investment (FDI) enterprises and gross industrial production, and which shows a weak negative correlation with fixed asset investment and the employment population. In conclusion, the spatial characteristics of manufacturing production space in global city-regions in developing countries is significantly different from that in Western countries, and its influencing factors have similarities and differences. Therefore, when conducting multi-scale space optimization and sustainable regulation, the government should consider more about the actual multi-scale spatial characteristics of manufacturing production space and its influencing factors instead of copy the Western experience.
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Simpson, Tim. "Neoliberal exception? The liberalization of Macau’s casino gaming monopoly and the genealogy of the post-socialist Chinese subject." Planning Theory 17, no. 1 (October 24, 2016): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095216672499.
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Following Portugal’s return of Macau to the People’s Republic of China in 1999, the local government liberalized the city’s casino gaming monopoly and opened the industry to foreign investment. As a result, Macau has become the world’s most lucrative site of casino gaming revenue, and a model for other regional states which are pursuing casino gaming-driven development. This article entails a post-structural analysis of neoliberal governance in Macau and a genealogy of the resulting post-socialist consumer subject. Framed by a critical engagement with Aihwa Ong’s theory of “neoliberalism as exception,” analysis reveals that Macau’s economic growth was enhanced, not by optimizing technocratic rationalities, but by reactive measures taken up by different actors, at several different scales, to address three governance crises of public order, public finance, and public health. What appear to be neoliberal interventions in the Macau economy are often exposed as contemporary iterations of latent governmental forms. These various factors form a dispositif, or apparatus, of subjectification.
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ABDULRAZQ, MUSTAFA. "Adapting State Capitalism to Compensate for shortcomings of private sector in Iraq." Journal Ishraqat Tanmawya 27 (June 2021): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51424/ishq.27.28.
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The Iraqi decision-maker decided to move to a market economy after 2003, without the private and public sectors being able to compete against the policies of economic openness. Because of the great risks, local capital has fled and at the same time foreign investment has not been attracted, so the public sector has taken on the burden of tackling unemployment, which led to disguised unemployment and the spread of corruption and bureaucracy, so it is important to search for a policy that compensates for the shortcoming of the private sector while absorbing the disguised unemployment. It is appropriate for the Iraqi economy to follow the policy of "state capitalism" as it has been followed by many countries, both at the stage of creating free economies (Japan, Switzerland, Germany) or to support the development process (China, India, Brazil), or when faced with economic crises (1929,2008) In this policy, government spending is directed towards the establishment of productive (not administrative or service) projects that aim at profit and generate a capital accumulation that can support the government budget and absorb the surplus workers (disguised unemployment), especially since these projects have been examined by the (Nation Investment Commission), will be protected by government policies, as well as lower labor costs, mainly driven by the government budget, and the ultimate goal is to create a competitive production sector that Iraq can then sell to the private sector. Keywords: State Capitalism, General Policy, Economic Reform, Iraqi policy, Economic transition, Financial Policy, Government Investment, Government Projects
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Chen, Cheng, Dan Li, and Caixia Man. "Toward Sustainable Development? A Bibliometric Analysis of PPP-Related Policies in China between 1980 and 2017." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010142.
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This article aims to fill the void in the literature regarding the sustainable development of public–private partnerships (PPPs) by answering the following research questions: (1) Between 1980 and 2017, what were the PPP-related policy priorities in the three different historical phases of the Chinese national agenda that we have identified herein? (2) Have the PPP-related policies shown a pattern of moving toward sustainable development, and if so, to what extent? Against a criteria framework of evaluating how PPP-related policies could contribute to sustainable development, this article conducted a quantitative bibliometric analysis of 299 PPP-related policy documents issued by the Chinese central government between 1980 and 2017. By visualizing the networks of policy keywords and policy-issuing departments, this article identified the PPP-related policy priorities in the following three distinct historical phases: Phase I (1980–1997), the encouragement of foreign investment in the public infrastructure; Phase II (1998–2008), the encouragement of the marketization of the urban public utilities; and Phase III (2009–2017), the intensive institutionalization and extensive application of PPPs for solving the local debt problem. Corresponding to the abovementioned policy priorities, this article found that the pattern of PPP-related policies has shifted from the total absence of sustainable development policies in Phase I, to a few sustainable development policy attempts in Phase II, and finally, to a tendency toward policies favoring sustainable development in Phase III.
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Li, Xiaolong, Lin Tian, Liang Han, and Helen (Huifen) Cai. "Interest rate regulation, earnings transparency and capital structure: evidence from China." International Journal of Emerging Markets 15, no. 5 (December 11, 2019): 923–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-04-2018-0164.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use samples from Chinese-listed companies to investigate the effects of interest rate deregulation and earnings transparency on company’s capital structure in China over the period of 2003–2015. In particular, the authors study the link between state-owned enterprises (SOEs), economic growth targets and marketization in China’s unique institutional context. Design/methodology/approach Based on the methodology of quantitative analysis, the authors use baseline and cluster analysis for all samples with full set of controls, for robustness tests of alternative proxy of interest rate control by using a cluster analysis at the firm level, regarding endogeneity tests conducted fixed effect model with adding instrument variables (IV), two-period factors regression method via IV and system generalized method of moments for dynamic analysis. Findings The results show that earnings transparency increases firm leverage and the additional tests suggest that such an effect takes place via a mechanism by reducing the cost of debt finance. However, information transparency could moderate the effects of interest rate deregulation on corporate capital structure. In addition, it finds that SOEs are less sensitive toward the changes of interest rates in China because lending to SOEs is policy-oriented and lacks of market evaluation of business risk. Government control is conducive to enhancing the transparency of the whole industry; however, market-oriented reform is conducive to enhancing the transparency of the company’s own information. Research limitations/implications The paper makes contribution to the relationship between earnings disclosure quality and capital structure in the Chinese unique institutional context, such as taking the progressive interest rate reform, SOES, different economic growth target and different marketization level in each province of China. The authors suggest that investors will pay more attention to the company’s own unique information transparency in the provinces with a high degree of marketization. As a potential direction for future research, the authors will investigate how the earnings transparency has impact on capital structure, and how such impact would depend on the transparency of specific business, the cap of foreign shareholding and the convenience of investment. Practical implications This research would be the target of banking market reform in order to bring a fair financing environment for all businesses in China. It implies that current experiment of interest rate liberalization in China is not as efficient as it could be in allocating funds across all businesses. State banks, SOEs and local governments are still the biggest players on both the demand and supply sides of the Chinese credit markets. Social implications The social implication of this paper lies in the fact that first, it provides additional evidence on the effect of market-oriented reforms through how the information transparency interacts with the financial decisions making of corporations. Second, it offers policy implication to banking market deregulation in China. Originality/value The paper makes contribution to the relationship between earnings disclosure quality and capital structure in the Chinese unique institutional context. This research tests the existing literature, such as Francis et al. (2004) and Zhang and Lu (2007), and suggests that informationally transparent firms have a higher debt ratio and lower effective interest costs on bank loans. In addition, this paper further explores the role played by interest rate deregulation in corporate finance, and in turn market fund allocation. This paper sheds new light on information transparency and explores the relationship between earnings disclosure quality and debt financing behaviors of Chinese publicly listed companies over the period of 2003–2015.
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Phillips, D. R., and A. G. O. Yeh. "The Provision of Housing and Social Services in China's Special Economic Zones." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 5, no. 4 (December 1987): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c050447.
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The development since the late 1970s of four Special Economic Zones in South China, in which a variety of economic change is being piloted, has now been widely documented. These zones have certain similarities with Export Processing Zones in some other countries within Southeast Asia, although they are more comprehensive in development and include the provision of housing for foreigners and local Chinese, as well as social services and many other facilities. Housing and service provision has, to an extent, however, lagged behind the economic and physical development of the Chinese zones. The authorities in the zones have begun to view housing as an item worthy of investment, and the coexistence of foreign firms and joint ventures with Chinese-owned undertakings within the zones has meant that incomes and aspirations, and hence demands for facilities, are often higher than elsewhere in the country. This has meant an important re-examination of socialist principles in the zones. Housing in particular is becoming a commodity which is of higher quality than elsewhere in China and can be bought and sold, and many types of social and retail services are also being provided by individuals and firms rather than by the state or larger production units. In this paper the authors examine some of the changes currently being witnessed in these zones and the dilemmas which they pose for a government still attempting to maintain an avowed socialist orientation in its policy. In particular, they discuss the emergence of competition for housing and resources, and consider the extent to which the commodification of social facilities is compatible with the continuation of socialist state policy.
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Jiang, Xiaoyu, Yangfen Chen, and Lijuan Wang. "Can China’s Agricultural FDI in Developing Countries Achieve a Win-Win Goal?—Enlightenment from the Literature." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010041.
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Since 2014, there have been increasing numbers of undernourished people in the world, mainly distributed in developing countries. At the same time, the rapid growth of China’s agricultural FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) has attracted international attention. There are different opinions on whether China’s fast-growing agricultural investment can contribute to promoting global food security. The objective of the article is to clarify the consensus and differences of current research, and explore the actual impacts of China’s agricultural FDI. This paper adopts the Grounded Theory to sort out the characteristics, reasons, and impacts of China’s agricultural FDI and their intrinsic relationship. The results show that private enterprises are the mainstay of China’s agricultural FDI, mainly concentrated in developing countries in Asia and a few developed countries such as Singapore, New Zealand, and the United States. As the investment model is transformed from land leasing to mergers and acquisitions, China’s agricultural investment links are transformed from planting to full-industry chain operations. The motives of Chinese agricultural FDI are affected by corporate goals, national strategies, and the international environment. For China, overseas agricultural investment guarantees national food security, helps expand the agricultural product market, and enhances China’s influence. For the host country, China’s agricultural investment brings about agricultural technology, management experience, and employment opportunities. However, in the actual investment process, the investment model of land leasing has caused the instability of local farmers’ livelihoods, and the excessive pursuit of profits by Chinese companies has also led to an unfair distribution of agricultural products. All of these may bring some challenges to the social and economic development of the host country to a certain extent, affecting the realization of win-win goals. In order to achieve a win-win goal, at the enterprise level, Chinese companies should make the investment model fit the interests and development goals of the host country, rationally choose the investment location, and abide by local rules. At the government level, the Chinese government should guide enterprises to focus on the less developed countries and regions that are most in need of introducing agricultural investment, and provide enterprises with risk protection. At the international level, it is necessary to strengthen the formulation and improvement of international agricultural investment rules, guide the public to form an objective understanding of agricultural investment behavior and impact, and create a suitable environment for international agricultural investment.
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Badal, BP, and Suman Kharel. "Opportunities and Challenges of Tourism Industry in the Context of Visit Nepal 2020." Tribhuvan University Journal 33, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v33i1.28683.
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Welcoming two million tourists in 2020, is itself a challenge and the challenge from another side is a great opportunity for Nepalese tourism development. Only tourism can transform the nation because other sector of economy requires extensive capital and skillful human resource. Nepal cannot compete with India in Agricultural Production and with China in other industrial productions. Nation’s investment in Agriculture and Industries are in high risks. At this crucial juncture of time Nepal government has announced visit Nepal 2020, which could be a milestone of Nepalese Economic Development. To analyze the challenges and opportunities to welcome 2 million tourists in 2020 the study has been designed. Tourism is a social phenomenon that promotes the movement of visitors to a region or destination in the world with certain natural or artificial features aimed to leisure and rest. Methodologically, it is a qualitative descriptive analysis of available secondary information on Nepalese tourism industry and academia. The method analyzes entire facts qualitatively and interprets the meaning of tourism information.
The tourism industry’s viability is based on its natural and cultural environment. The environment encompasses air, land, water, art, history, architect, festivals, and hospitability of people. The foreign tourists and excursionists’ primary interest in Nepal is to study its culture and nature not dust, dirt, and mismanagement of roads etc. Mayors of local governments must be aware on these issues. Nepal’s unique form of musical expression and cultural vibes are becoming lost resulting in cultural dilution. Accessibilities and identification of tourist circuit along with standard food and well accommodation facilities are prior for tourism development for visit Nepal 2020.
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Tan, Qingshan. "Endogenous economic growth in China." Chinese Public Administration Review 2, no. 1/2 (November 1, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v2i1/2.42.
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China has enjoyed spectacular economic growth over the past twenty years or so. However, Chinese regional economic development has relied on forein direct investment, export-oriented industralization, and other traditional growth models. While China can perhaps continue to rely on exports, cheap labor, and a huge domestic market for foreing invetment for some time to come, sooner or later the question will arise: How long can China sustain economic growth based on her current strategies?We propose in this article the endogenous growth model as an alternative and long-term growth strategy, and focus largely on its treatment of knowledge as an independent factor of production in Chinese regional economies. This article thus proposes a new institutional framework defined as a trilateral commission. The commissioners are designed to advise and enhance communication between local and regional government leaders and administrators on knowledge-based collaboration and coordination among business, government, and the research community, as well as on the issue of knowlege generation and utilization.
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HUANG, JR-TSUNG, and MING-LEI CHANG. "FISCAL TRANSPARENCY AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CHINA." Singapore Economic Review 63, no. 04 (September 2018): 839–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590817420127.
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This study aims to explore the influence of fiscal transparency on foreign direct investment (FDI, hereafter) in China under the consideration of the spatial dependence of FDI. The study adopts panel data for 30 provinces from 2010 to 2014 to estimate a one-way fixed-effect spatial Durbin model. The primary finding of this study is that a higher level of fiscal transparency will attract more FDI, while keeping other factors constant and considering the spatial dependence of FDI. Other explanatory variables, such as gross regional product and the density of railways, also have statistically significant influences on FDI. Consequently, this study suggests that the Chinese local governments should improve their fiscal transparency in order to attract more foreign capital and further stimulate their economic development as well as China’s economic growth as a whole.
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Ye, Min. "Policy Learning or Diffusion: How China Opened to Foreign Direct Investment." Journal of East Asian Studies 9, no. 3 (December 2009): 399–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s159824080000672x.
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When China embarked on economic reform in the late 1970s, its leaders aspired to learn from Japan's developmental policies that were restrictive of foreign capital. In the 1990s, China strove again to emulate Japan and South Korea in restricting foreign direct investment and promoting indigenous corporations. Despite these efforts, China's industrial catch-up was in fact led by FDI, in sharp contrast to the classic Japanese/Korean paradigm where FDI was strictly circumvented. Why was China unsuccessful in learning restrictive FDI policies? How did a new developmental path emerge in China? The answer lies in China's strong networks with diaspora communities. Through a diffusion mechanism, ties between local governments and diaspora capital helped initiate and catalyze China's FDI liberalization, despite the central efforts to learn from Japan and South Korea. Two critical reform episodes are examined: (1) the establishment of special economic zones and (2) the reform of state-owned enterprises.
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de Jonge, Alice. "Australia-China-Africa investment partnerships." critical perspectives on international business 12, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-01-2014-0003.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the potential for “triangular cooperation” between investment partners from Australia, China and host African nations to contribute to the economic development in Africa. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses a number of complementarities between Australian and Chinese investors in mining, agriculture, energy, research and education and finance – sectors vital to Africa’s future development. These complementarities are examined in light of recent development studies on the benefits of triangular cooperation and recent literature examining links between foreign direct investment (FDI) policy and economic development. Findings – The paper concludes that there is much to be gained by making the most of the existing and potential synergies between Australian, Chinese and local investors in African settings. Research limitations/implications – The implications of this paper are, first, that African nations should keep the benefits of triangular cooperation in mind when designing FDI policies and, second, that Australian and Chinese investors should be more willing to explore potential investment partner synergies when investing in Africa. The paper also suggests an agenda for future research into how good design of FDI policies might best promote healthy economic development in African nations. Practical implications – Australian and Chinese companies should be more willing to explore potential avenues for cooperation when investing in Africa, while African governments should be more mindful of how rules and policies can maximise the local benefits of FDI. Social implications – African governments should be more mindful of the quality, rather than the quantity of FDI when drafting relevant laws and policies. Originality/value – The value of the paper is in applying the concept of “triangular cooperation” to direct investment. The paper also provides an original focus on Australia-China investment synergies in African settings.
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Ye, Min. "UTILITY AND CONDITIONS OF DIFFUSION BY DIASPORAS: EXAMINING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT LIBERALIZATION IN CHINA AND INDIA." Journal of East Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (July 2016): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2016.3.
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AbstractDiffusion studies have rightly emphasized external ideas and resources that propel liberalization in the developing world. There remain two gaps: first, the literature has not covered the types of diffusers and the ways diasporas may shape liberalization in their homelands; second, it pays little attention to internal diffusion after national adoption within a country. This article explores the utility and conditions of diffusion by diasporas and examines the roles of diasporas and internal diffusion in China and India's FDI liberalization. In both countries, diasporas were main diffusers that led national adoption of liberalism at home. In China, however, entrepreneurial diasporas' networks with local governments helped expansive internal diffusion. India's professional diasporas did not strongly engage local governments or domestic companies. National adoption in India was followed by reversal and partial internal diffusions. India's software services provide a similar diffusion by diasporas to that in China.
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Lu, Kelan (Lilly). "County-Level Determinants of the Spatial Distribution of Taiwanese Direct Investment in Mainland China." Asian Survey 55, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 766–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.4.766.
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This paper investigates whether and why the Taiwanese investors in mainland China are pursuing a different location selection strategy from other foreign direct investors. I find that, compared to the general foreign direct investors, Taiwanese direct investors seem to be more dependent on the autonomy of local governments, especially as investment in a locality increases.
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Zeng, Shaolong, Lingyun Gao, Rui Shen, Yingying Ma, and Haiping Li. "Fiscal Decentralization, Pollution and China’s Tourism Revenue." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051925.
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This paper focuses on the role of local governments in the development of tourism in China by examining 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2018. The results of empirical research show that fiscal decentralization in China provides local governments with incentives for the development of high pollution industries and of large state-owned enterprises, which do not help the sustainable development of tourism. In addition, there is an “inverted U-shaped” relationship between pollution level and tourism development. Although the growth of China’s tourism industry is pollution-based currently, tourism revenue is considered to decline once a threshold is reached. The competition from local governments for foreign investment is conducive to the improvement of environmental quality and increase in tourism revenue. Based on this, we have proposed a series of sustainable tourism development measures.
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Zhou, Wubiao. "Changing Lanes in China: Foreign Direct Investment, Local Governments, and Auto Sector Development. Eric Thun." Administrative Science Quarterly 52, no. 1 (March 2007): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2189/asqu.52.1.148.
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Zhang, Le-Yin. "Changing Lanes in China: Foreign Direct Investment, Local Governments, and Auto Sector Developments. Eric Thun." China Journal 60 (July 2008): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/tcj.60.20648008.
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Ohara, Moriki. "Changing Lanes in China: Foreign Direct Investment, Local Governments, and Auto Sector Development - by Eric Thun." Developing Economies 45, no. 3 (August 2, 2007): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2007.046_3.x.
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Chen, Jie, Haiyong Zhang, and Qian Zhou. "Rule by Law, Law-Based Governance, and Housing Prices: The Case of China." Land 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060616.
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Although some attempts have been made to elucidate the relationship between law-based governance and housing prices, the existing literature still provides limited knowledge about the mediating mechanisms through which law-based governance correlates with housing prices. This study specifically investigates how the association between the rule of law and housing prices is sensitive to public satisfaction, and how the connection is heterogeneous across geographic and socioeconomic groups. Using panel data of Chinese cities over the period 2014–2017, our econometric estimation results indicate that law-based governance may enlarge financial loans and foreign investment and then raise housing prices, which is robust to different specifications. Moreover, the relationship is heterogeneous across city groups and sensitive to the degree of satisfaction with the rule of law quality. Additionally, we demonstrate that the mediating role of financial loans is larger than that of foreign investment. In the stage of emerging economies’ pursuit of the rule of law, our findings have useful implications for local governments to control rapidly rising housing prices by reducing loans and foreign investment.
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Chung, Jae Ho. "A Sub-Provincial Recipe of Coastal Development in China: The Case of Qingdao." China Quarterly 160 (December 1999): 919–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000001387.
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No monocausal explanation will suffice to account for the complex process of economic development. At different times and under different politico-economic circumstances, different combinations of actors and institutions are involved as agents of development, which include factories, investment banks, entrepreneurial bourgeoisie, foreign capital and the state. When “telescoping” the arduous process of development is the key imperative, the role of the state becomes particularly crucial in designing overall development strategies, governing the market by getting the prices wrong, and controlling the major sources of financing development. It should be noted, however, that the state is a multi-layered structure of authority with its own intra- and inter-governmental dynamics. As the extensive literature on the East Asian Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) almost uniformly adopts the highly encompassing term of state, it largely fails to differentiate the roles performed by the central and local governments in executing “developmental intervention.”
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Samphantharak, Krislert. "The Rise of China and Foreign Direct Investment from Southeast Asia." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 30, no. 2 (June 2011): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341103000204.
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This paper discusses foreign direct investment from Southeast Asia to China. With the exception of some government-linked companies, most investments from Southeast Asia have been dominated by the region's overseas Chinese businesses. In addition to cheap labour costs, large domestic market and growing economy, China has provided business opportunities to investors from Southeast Asia thanks to their geographic proximity and ethnic connections, at least during the initial investment period. However, the network effects seem to decline soon after. As the Chinese economy becomes more globalised and more competitive, the success of foreign investment in China will increasingly depend on business competency rather than ethnic relations.
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Shen, Wenhao. "New developments on regulation of cryptocurrency in China." Journal of Investment Compliance 22, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-11-2020-0045.
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Purpose To describe recent regulatory developments in China on digital renminbi (RMB), initial coin offerings (ICOs), cryptocurrency holdings, cryptocurrency exchanges and blockchain technology. Design/methodology/approach Describes a digital RMB pilot program, seven government agencies’ bans on ICOs and cryptocurrency exchanges, the legality of holding and trading cryptocurrencies in China and the government’s endorsement of blockchain technology. Findings No PRC law or regulation prohibits Chinese investors from holding or trading cryptocurrencies but Bitcoin is defined as a virtual commodity, not a currency. Despite a ban on ICOs and cryptocurrency exchanges, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) and other government agencies endorse blockchain technology as long as its goal is to service the real economy. Originality/value Expert guidance from lawyer with experience in foreign investment, cross-border mergers and acquisitions, capital markets, fund formation and venture capital and private equity investments in China.
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Batmanova, Victoria, Ellada Tikhonovich, Tatyana Chigareva, and Yuan Lyudai. "Tendencies and Prospects of China’s Investments into Russian Regions." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 2 (August 2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2019.2.4.
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The article examines the growing role of China in global investments. During 15 years of economic development of the country, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) became the second country in the world acting as a recipient of investments and the second (third) investor sending its funds abroad. After the maximum volume of foreign direct investments (FDI) from the PRC in 2016, 2017 was marked by the drop of FDI. This is connected with China’s control over FDI withdrawal from the country, increasing protectionism from other countries and the aggravating situation for Chinese investors in foreign markets. The drop of investments is connected with a number of reasons. On the one hand, the government of China has strengthened the control over the capital drain from the country in the form of investments. Another reason is the growth of trade protectionism. The complicating external conditions for Chinese investors in connection with the policy of the USA are also worth paying attention to. The 19th National Congress of China mentioned “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) strategy as the main plan for organizing the investment process in the nearest future. Today the effort concentration process (investments into infrastructure, interaction with the countries along the new economic silk belt) is observed. Russia and its regions are included into the Northern corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative and can leverage the advantages of the cooperation with China. China has already invested funds into perspective projects in Russian regions and in the nearest future they are expected to grow within the Belt and Road Initiative.
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DI, WENHUA. "Pollution abatement cost savings and FDI inflows to polluting sectors in China." Environment and Development Economics 12, no. 6 (December 2007): 775–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x07003944.
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ABSTRACTThis paper uses a nested logit model to examine whether potential pollution abatement cost savings adjusted by institutional and socio-economic conditions influence the location choices of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) among Chinese provinces. It incorporates individual polluting firms’ characteristics instead of looking only at location attributes. The results show that (i) FDI firms in polluting industries tend to locate in provinces with higher potential abatement costs savings adjusted for local environmental regulation; (ii) relatively dirtier firms are more likely to locate in less developed provinces or provinces with fewer similar polluting industries; (iii) firms in pollution-intensive industries are more sensitive to regulation and development status than firms in non-polluting industries; and (iv) firms tend to locate in provinces where they have more bargaining power with local governments. These findings suggest the existence of domestic pollution havens in China.
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Luk, Sherriff Ting Kwong, and Ivy Siok Ngoh Chen. "Federal Express: Expansion Strategies for the China Market." Asian Case Research Journal 10, no. 02 (December 2006): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927506000776.
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China's expanding trade had fuelled the increase in demand for express services. The government was expected to open the industry fully to foreign players by end 2005. Foreign express firms planning to enter or expand in this fast growing market would face a number of challenges — an underdeveloped and disparate transportation infrastructure, complicated and unclear customs procedures, protectionism by local government, and tight business control and bureaucracy. Federal Express initially used a local pick-up and delivery agent to serve the China market. Dissatisfied with its low market share after years of operating in China and convinced that the market would grow rapidly after the country's accession to the WTO, the senior management at FedEx decided to re-examine their long-term marketing strategy in China. The case examines the air express business in China and FedEx's alternatives for expansion.
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Ross, Lester, and Kenneth Zhou. "China issues new cybersecurity review measures." Journal of Investment Compliance 22, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-10-2020-0039.
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Purpose To describe and analyze the implications of the new Measures (the “Measures”) for Cybersecurity Review jointly promulgated on April 27, 2020 by twelve Chinese government departments led by the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC). Design/methodology/approach Defines the scope of the Measures, explains the functions and obligations of critical information infrastructure operators (each, a CIIO), outlines the self-assessment and cybersecurity review process and discusses the implications of the Measures for foreign companies doing business in China. Findings The Measures impose an obligation on CII operators to apply for a cybersecurity review when they intend to procure network products and services that present or may present a national security concern. Such review will focus not only on national security and data leakage concerns, but also on supply-chain security concerns. The cybersecurity review will likely further the decoupling between China and the US. Practical implications While the Measures are not formally intended to discriminate against foreign products and services, the promulgation of the Measures will have a significant impact on foreign companies that supply network products or services to CII operators in China. Originality/value Practical guidance from lawyers with extensive experience in advising Chinese, US, European and other companies on laws and regulations related to competition, cross-border investments, joint ventures, strategic alliances and international trade matters.
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Liang, Xiao, Yuqing Liang, Chong Chen, and Meine Pieter van Dijk. "Implementing Water Policies in China: A Policy Cycle Analysis of the Sponge City Program Using Two Case Studies." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 5261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135261.
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This study carries out an in-depth analysis of urban water policy implementation in China through a policy cycle analysis and case study of Sponge city program. The policy cycle analysis articulates discrete steps within the policy formulation and implementation process, while the case studies reflect the specific problems in water project implementation. Because of the principal–agent relation between central and local government, a ‘‘double wheel’’ policy cycle model is adopted to reflect the policy cycles at central level and at local level. Changde city and Zhuanghe city, two demo cities in the Sponge city program, are chosen for the analysis. The policy cycle analysis shows that the central government orders local government to implement policy without clear direction on how to attract private sector participation. The evaluation of central government did not include private sector involvement, nor the sustainability of the investments. This promotes the local government’s pursuit of project construction completion objectives, without seriously considering private sector involvement and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost. The local governments do not have political motivation and experiences to attract private investments into project implementation. The case study in the two demo cities shows that local government subsidies are the main source of O&M funding currently, which is not sustainable. The water projects are not financially feasible because no sufficient revenue is generated to cover the high initial investments and O&M cost. The lack of private sector involvement makes it difficult to maintain adequate funding in O&M, leading to the unsustainability of the water projects. It is not easy to achieve private sector involvement, but it could be the key to realizing urban water resilience in a more sustainable way.
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Sjöholm, Fredrik, and Nannan Lundin. "Foreign Firms and Indigenous Technology Development in the People's Republic of China." Asian Development Review 30, no. 2 (September 2013): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00015.
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The People's Republic of China (PRC) is currently promoting indigenous technology development through support of Chinese firms and, arguably, by restricting operations of foreign multinational firms. This policy seems to overlook the impact of foreign firms on technology development in local firms. For instance, technology might leak out to local firms though spillovers. Moreover, competition from foreign firms might force local firms to engage in technology development. We examine the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on technology development in the PRC. We start by surveying a large and growing literature on FDI and spillovers in the country. Most previous studies find evidence of positive spillovers. We then continue to examine the effect of FDI on competition in the Chinese manufacturing sector and the effect of competition on firms’ research and development (R&D). Our analysis is conducted on a large dataset including all large- and medium-sized Chinese firms over the period 1998–2004. Our results show that FDI increases competition but there are no strong indications of competition affecting investments in R&D.
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Ng, Linda Fung-Yee, and Chyau Tuan. "Spatial agglomeration, FDI, and regional growth in China: Locality of local and foreign manufacturing investments." Journal of Asian Economics 17, no. 4 (October 2006): 691–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2006.06.008.
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Libânio, Gilberto. "Mr. Bolsonaro e os Chineses: uma sugestão de interpretação." Brazilian Keynesian Review 4, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v4i2.181.
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<p>This paper aims to discuss the potential impacts of Jair Bolsonaro’s government on Brazil-China relations. Firstly, it presents the recent history of relations between the two countries, particularly in regards to international trade and to Chinese FDI (foreign direct investment) in Brazil. Secondly, the paper speculates on the potential effects of a detachment of Brazil from China, in case the recurrent discourse of members of the new government, including the new president, is put into practice, regarding a political realignment with the USA and a consequent distancing of the Asian giant. The main conclusion of the article is that China plays a crucial role in Brazil’s foreign economic relations and that there’s no justification for any kind of disruption in this relationship, due to the risk of negative effects on Brazli’s trade balance and reception of foreign investments.</p>
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Melber, Henning, and Roger Southall. "Zimbabwe’s Foreign Policy Under Mnangagwa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620986579.
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Under the presidency of Mnangagwa, Zimbabwe’s foreign policy is characterized by the desire to ‘re-engage’ with the West with a view to securing the removal of sanctions and encouraging investment. In this, it has received the backing of the African Union and Southern African Development Community states. Simultaneously, the violence of the Mnangagwa regime has reinforced the reluctance of the West to remove sanctions, and Zimbabwe has even begun to test the patience of its neighbours. The government has placed renewed faith in the ‘Look East Policy’, but China is seeking to match its investments with tighter control.
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Su, Fubing, Ming Li, and Ran Tao. "Transfer-Based Decentralization and Poverty Alleviation: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in China." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 49, no. 4 (2019): 694–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjy044.
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Abstract China launched a massive poverty alleviation program in the 1990s that focused on nationally designated poverty counties. By injecting earmarked transfers with clear spending mandates, the central government hoped for major investments in productive capacities in the poverty counties so they could develop sustainably. Comparing fiscal data of county governments through a regression discontinuity approach, we show that the opposite was true. Poverty county officials failed to make extra investments in production-oriented areas while diversion of central transfers for administrative consumption was rampant. This article develops a better empirical strategy to challenge some earlier findings. Theoretically, this article offers a different case of elite capture under a non-democratic regime. Our focus on poverty regions also reveals the importance of maintaining bureaucratic support in local politics. It complements the popular notion that Chinese local officials are mostly geared toward growth.