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1
Hussain, Ejaz. "Will Change in Government Affect China–Pakistan Economic Corridor? The BRI, CPEC and the Khan Government: An Analysis." Chinese Journal of International Review 01, no. 02 (September 5, 2019): 1950004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2630531319500045.
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China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was formally launched in 2015. From the very outset, skeptics raised doubts about its sustainability and meaningfulness for particularly Pakistani society, economy and the state. Nevertheless, the Sharif government in strategic interaction with its Chinese counterpart ably thwarted such controversies and ensured execution of the CPEC projects in different parts of Pakistan. Though within Pakistan, political opposition and certain nationalist political and social forces voiced their related concerns, for instance, to the “route” alignment, the federal and Punjab government led by the Sharifs held ground and accorded priority to sustain the Corridor by engaging local and provincial stakeholders. However, this was not the case with the Khan government whose commerce advisor doubted the negotiated terms and conditions of the CPEC and, therefore, called for its revision to provide a fair deal to the Pakistani side. Why did the Khan government adopt such a policy? How does such a discourse affect China–Pakistan relation in general and CPEC and the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) in particular? What made the Khan government correct its path ultimately? In other words, does change in government impact CPEC negatively? This paper attempts to address these questions empirically.
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Kurosaki, Takashi. "Determinants of Collective Action under Devolution Initiatives: The Case of Citizen Community Boards in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i3pp.253-269.
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In 2001, a scheme called Citizen Community Board (CCB), a kind of communitybased organisation (CBO), was introduced in Pakistan, under which local people propose development projects to the local government through forming a CCB, and upon approval the local government funds 80 percent of the project cost. Since 2001, however, both the number of CCBs and that of approved projects have been below the expected level. This raises a concern that the Pakistani society with limited historical experience in CBO-based development is too handicapped for the CCB scheme to be successful. This paper addresses this concern through quantifying the determinants of successful formation of a CCB and those of successful development activities conditional on the formation. The regression results using a cross-section dataset in a district in Pakistan Punjab in 2004-05 suggest that the rules within a CCB and the type of leadership are key to the success of CCB initiatives.
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Rafique, Zain, and Suet Leng Khoo. "Role of community-based organizations (CBOs) in promoting citizen participation." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 3/4 (April 9, 2018): 242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2017-0008.
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Purpose The current paper is an attempt to evaluate the role of CBOs in promoting citizen participation in the decision-making process of local government institutions of Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Among the most used evaluation techniques of participatory citizenship, the researchers have used an outcome driven approach based on “social goals.” Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which CBOs have been effectual for the promotion of participatory citizenship in decision making of local government institutions in Punjab, Pakistan. In addition, the paper also explores the influence and success level of CBOs in incorporating the preferences and needs of public in decision-making of local government services. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, data have been collected through a self-administered survey questionnaire including both open and close-ended questions. A total of 424 questionnaires were collected from citizens, local government officials and CBO members. Standard survey techniques such as frequency distribution and comparative analyses were used for data analysis. Findings In assessing the role of CBOs in educating all the stakeholders and the general public as well as to ascertain the incorporation of public needs and values into local government decision making, the paper finds that the effectiveness of CBOs is very low to fulfill its objectives. The study suggests the need to have more programs to educate CBOs, enhance public awareness campaigns and also to put into place proper mechanisms to incorporate and evaluate the public needs. Originality/value This paper fulfills the much-needed research gap by the exploring the unknown contribution of CBOs in Pakistan. The paper has added value to the current literature by highlighting that unless there is strong political will and eagerness of local bureaucracy to give up their powers, the inclusion of citizen participation through CBOs in decision making of local government would just be a futile exercise.
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Ata, Salman, Babar Shahbaz, Muhammad Arif Watto, and Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui. "Short-term Land Acquisition, Long-term Impacts: The Case of Houbara Bustard Hunting in South Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 390–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909618822072.
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Pakistan provides seasonal hunting permits to the rulers of Gulf countries for hunting of Asian Houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis macqueenii) in different parts of the country. This research deals with (transnational) seasonal land acquisition of different rangelands/deserts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. So far, no comprehensive research has been conducted in Pakistan on this issue. This research attempts to address the impact of seasonal land grabbing by the foreigners on livelihood assets of local stakeholders in South Punjab, Pakistan. Based on the idea of ‘control grabbing’, this research uses ‘sustainable livelihood framework’ as an analytical framework. Quantitative and qualitative data were acquired from three (out of a total nine) randomly selected hunting sanctuaries in the districts of Rajanpur and Dera Ghazi Khan. The results revealed that natural assets of local population (agricultural land and rangeland) are adversely affected during the entire hunting season. Limited access to natural assets (especially livestock fodder) has long-term negative impacts on livelihood diversification of the locals as the number of livestock – one of the most important assets of respondents – is continuously decreasing in the case study area. We recommend that land enclosure should be restricted to a limited area for a limited time, and that the Government should develop an effective monitoring and evaluation system.
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Ahsan, Muhammad, Tahira Asgher, and Noshaba Younus. "Comparative Study of Socio-Ideological Practices in English Textbooks in Pakistani Context." Global Political Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).30.
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The present study is an effort to examine and compare the way socio-ideological practices are projected in the Oxford English Textbook Grade 5 and the English Textbook 5 published by the Punjab (Pakistan) Textbook Board (PTB) prescribed for the government, semi-government and private schools of the Punjab province. The content analysis was employed to find out the percentages of categories and subcategories of reading passages and exercises of the prescribed English textbooks. Socio-Ideological statements were analyzed through the representation of patriotic values and gender roles in the context of local and foreign EFL textbooks. The research findings and results make it visible from the current instructional materials or prescribed English textbooks that the Oxford English textbook is superficial and shallow with respect to its treatment of the target (Pakistani) culture. The textbook is therefore inadequate to the task of teaching and transmitting socio-ideological practices in the deeper sense. Contrary to it, the PTB English textbook offers a limited ground for learning English at length.
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Mehmood, Asif. "Postcolonial Land Governance in Pakistan: Exclusionary Practices on State-Owned Farms." South Asia Research 39, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728019843708.
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Current developments in Pakistan highlight the unresolved issue of proprietary rights for long-standing tenants of state-owned farms comprising thousands of acres in various districts of Punjab. The pendulum of state response to the hereditary claims of people who have lived and worked on this land for generations swings presently towards expropriation, rather than respect for rural people’s basic rights. The scenario is further complicated because the military is a significant party to these disputes. This article scrutinises the handling of these protracted disputes over land rights and identifies emerging patterns of land governance in Pakistan that will alter the future relationship of these farmers with the government. The article shows that in this specific case, the problems are not merely a continuation of traditional local feudal powers, but now relate to new postcolonial realities, especially Pakistan’s economic co-operation with China.
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Hina, Sehrish, Asghar Ullah Khan, and Muhammad Shabbir. "DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." JUNE 02, no. 01 (June 30, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53664/jsrd/02-01-2021-04-41-48.
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The diversity in religions, races, communities, and languages are more easily acceptable than diversity in sexual orientation. There is need of development in the area of the sexual identities globally and in Pakistan specifically. This marginalized group of individuals is facing social exclusion in the society, in terms of attaining equal social opportunities of the productive life. This study investigates societal challenges specifically in economical and geographical fields of life that are affecting transgender and their emerging issues. The study was quantitative in nature and use semi structured interview schedule as tool for data collection. The target population was transgender of urban area and researcher used a case study method to collect the data in person communication with them as per need of research. The transgender has risk of housing crisis and homelessness arising from rejection by family, neighbor force to left home, and members of local community. Government should offer them valuable jobs and secure residences.
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Mumtaz, Muhammad, and Saleem H. Ali. "Adaptive Governance and sub-national Climate Change Policy: A comparative analysis of Khyber Pukhtunkhawa and Punjab Provinces in Pakistan." Complexity, Governance & Networks 5, no. 1 (October 24, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/cgn-68.
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This study explores the adaptive governance and effective implementation of climate policies at the subnational level in a developing country context. We focused on Pakistan as our central case as it is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change and has also gone through a recent governance devolution process. This study is conduced to investigate climate governance at subnational level in Pakistan by looking at the province of Punjab and Khyber Pukhtunkhawah (KPK). We employ the Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework for this study. The framework as methodology is important to uncover the complexity of adaptive governance at subnational level after devolution and transformation of environmental institutions in Pakistan. Different aspects of governance such as engagement of local actors, activism of political leadership, awareness campaigns, and capacity building are the notable initiatives in the provinces. The study identifies the differences of initiatives in these provinces are manifest in subnational climate change policy differentiation, research capacity and institutional maturity. The study finds that the provincial government of the KPK follows more participatory and decentralized approach while Punjab is more centralized. The IAD framework provided an effective means of understanding these complex differences in outcome and scale.
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Batool, Hafsa, Mumtaz Anwar, Nabila Asghar, Hafeez Ur Rehman, and Asifa Kamal. "A NEXUS BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: A CASE STUDY OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9221.
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Purpose of the study: The empowerment of women is an important aim for them to be fully engaged in economic life and to achieve sustainable growth worldwide. One form of empowerment is to provide women with basic facilities.
Methodology: The study also analyzed the impact on women's empowerment by primary data taken via multi-phase cluster sampling methods of household socio-economic and cultural characteristics in Punjab. Given the diversity of nature and context, the 6-dimensional empirical polychoric principles of empowering women generate a stringent cumulative index of women's autonomy.
Main Findings: The empirical findings show that empowering women and their six-dimensional effects are positive for women's years and jobs, legal advertisements, health care institutions, social participation, safe, smooth surroundings, communication, politics and residential negative participation, unpaid housekeeping, and the fear of violence. The results show that women's empowerment is positive.
Applications of this study: This study can be more effective in the manner that to offer women free advice about their rights through electronic media, the government should establish an integrated legal cell with the local government.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research contribution in the field of women empowerment that how women can deal with legal advisory, to get jobs, protection in health and institutions.
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Qureshi, Asad Sarwar. "Groundwater Governance in Pakistan: From Colossal Development to Neglected Management." Water 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113017.
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Groundwater is playing an essential role in expanding irrigated agriculture in many parts of the world. Pakistan is the third-largest user of groundwater for irrigation in the world. The surface water supplies are sufficient to irrigate 27% of the area, whereas the remaining 73% is directly or indirectly irrigated using groundwater. The Punjab province uses more than 90% of the total groundwater abstraction. Currently, 1.2 million private tubewells are working in the country, out of which 85% are in Punjab, 6.4% are in Sindh, 3.8% are in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and 4.8% are in Baluchistan. The total groundwater extraction in Pakistan is about 60 billion m3. The access to groundwater has helped farmers in securing food for the increasing population. However, unchecked groundwater exploitation has created severe environmental problems. These include rapidly falling groundwater levels in the irrigated areas and increased soil salinization problems. The groundwater levels in more than 50% of the irrigated areas of Punjab have dropped below 6 m, resulting in increased pumping cost and degraded groundwater quality. Despite hectic efforts, about 21% of the irrigated area is affected by different levels of salinity. The country has introduced numerous laws and regulations for the sustainable use and management of groundwater resources, but the success has so far been limited. Besides less respect for the law, unavailability of needed data and information, lack of political will and institutional arrangements are the primary reasons for poor groundwater management. Pakistan needs to revisit its strategies to make them adaptable to local conditions. An integrated water resource management approach that brings together relevant government departments, political leadership, knowledge institutions, and other stakeholders could be an attractive option.
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Irfan, Muhammad, Zhen-yu Zhao, Munir Ahmad, and Abdul Rehman. "A Techno-Economic Analysis of Off-Grid Solar PV System: A Case Study for Punjab Province in Pakistan." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100708.
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Fossil fuels are the primary sources of electricity generation in Pakistan. The energy demand and supply gap have intensified recently due to the massive population and fossil fuels are unable to meet the gigantic energy requirement of the country. Meanwhile, they also have adverse environmental impacts. Remote rural regions that are far away from the national grid do not have any means to fulfill their energy needs. The off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) system has emerged to be the best energy option to electrify these remote regions. However, the strategic problem pertaining to local electricity generation is the absence of the area-specific generation capacity and economic feasibility data for solar energy. To address this problem, this study aims to assess the potential and economic viability of utilizing an off-grid solar PV system for rural electrification in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The research results reveal that there is an excellent solar irradiance in the rural areas of Punjab for electricity generation. In addition, suitable tilt angles have been calculated to increase the energy output of solar PV in the respective regions. Furthermore, this study has undertaken the economic viability for solar PV systems, and it was found that electricity generation from the solar PV costs Pakistani rupees (PKR) 7.15 per kWh and is much cheaper than conventional electricity, which costs PKR 20.7 per kWh. Besides, the system can reduce carbon emissions considerably. If 100% of the unelectrified households adopt solar PV system, then 617,020 metric tons of CO2 could be mitigated annually. Based on research findings, this study has suggested essential policy recommendations that would serve as a guideline for the government and stakeholders to maximum deploy the off-grid solar PV rural electrification programs in Punjab as well as on a national scale.
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Liaqut, Anum, Sikandar Hussain, Isma Younes, and Muhammad Shafiq. "Landuse and Community-based Assessment of 2014 Flood Damages in Tehsil Phalia, Punjab." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss2.2020.446.
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In this study the response and feedback from the flood-hit community of Phalia (Mandi Bahauddin) obtained through local interviews and filling of questionnaires have been analyzed. Secondary data were obtained from Pakistan meteorological and local revenue departments were also statistically analyzed. Several types of damages including houses, crops, diseases, economic loss, and livestock have been considered. Pre- and Post-flood changes in the landuse, by high resolution satellite data (Landsat 8 OLI) delineated coverage of inundation of 186.85 km2 area. It has been demonstrated that Phalia tehsil was severely damaged in 2014 rainfall induced flood in Chenab river which left lasting impacts on the socio-economic lives of local communities. The major damages experienced by the people of the study area included; house damages, crop damages, diseases, economic losses and livestock damages. It is necessary that government revises the flood prevention policies based on the community response to mitigate the disaster
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Rizwan, Muhammad, Muhammad Qadeer Arshad, Hafiz Muhammad Atif Munir, Mr Faisal Iqbal, and Mr Atta Hussain. "Determinants of Employees Intention to Leave: A Study from Pakistan." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 4, no. 3 (July 2, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v4i3.5871.
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In Organizations productivity is a very important issue. There are several factors that determine productivity of an organization. Nowadays Employee turnover is one of those who are considered to be one of the difficult issues in business. The effect of intension to leave has received huge attention from top management(senior executives), human resource professionals and other industrial psychologists has proven it to be one of the most costly and apparently difficult human resource challenges faced globally by different organizations in the whole world. The main purpose of this research is to discover the real causes behind the turnover and its harmful effects on the productivity of many industries. We (the authors) of this document have studied and visited numerous local organizations in both government and private sectors in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan, and observed the causes of turnover. The real aim of this research paper was to discover the existing reasons of turnover, adverse affects, and possible results that could be useful for their productivity and market shares for local industries.
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Jamshed, Ali, Irfan Ahmad Rana, Joanna M. McMillan, and Joern Birkmann. "Building community resilience in post-disaster resettlement in Pakistan." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 10, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-06-2019-0039.
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Purpose The extreme flood event of 2010 in Pakistan led to extensive internal displacement of rural communities, resulting in initiatives to resettle the displaced population in model villages (MVs). The MV concept is quite new in the context of post-disaster resettlement and its role in building community resilience and well-being has not been explored. This study aims to assess the role of MVs in building the resilience of relocated communities, particularly looking at the differences between those developed by governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Design/methodology/approach Four MVs, two developed by government and two by NGOs, were selected as case studies in the severely flood-affected province of Punjab, Pakistan. A sample of 145 households from the four MVs was collected using a structured questionnaire to measure improvements in social, economic, physical and environmental domains and to form a final resilience index. Supplementary tools including expert interviews and personal observations were also used. Findings The analysis suggests that NGOs are more successful in improving the overall situation of relocated households than government. Core factors that increase the resilience of communities resettled by NGOs are provision of livelihood opportunities, livelihood skill development based on local market demand, training on maintenance and operation of different facilities of the MV and provision of extensive education opportunities, especially for women. Practical implications The results of this study can guide policymakers and development planners to overcome existing deficiencies by including the private sector and considerations of socioeconomic development whenever resettling communities. Originality/value In resilience discourse, resettlement of communities has been extensively debated based on qualitative arguments. This paper demonstrates an approach to quantify community resilience in a post-disaster resettlement context.
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Chaudhry, Muhammad Aslam, and Robert A. Young. "Privatizing Public Irrigation Tubewells in Pakistan: An Appraisal of Alternatives." Pakistan Development Review 29, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v29i1pp.33-58.
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As part of its broader groundwater privatization programme, the Government of Pakistan is seeking to transfer to the private sector the management, operation, and maintenance functions of the system of public tubewel1s (called "SCARPs") which were installed to control waterlogging and salinity. This paper presents a micro level analysis of alternative privatization strategies. linear programming models of representative farms in SCARP I area of Punjab Province were developed to explore the efficiency and equity implications of various transition optio!'\S. Net benefits of supplemental water available from SCARP tubewel1s were estimated at about Rs 800 per acre, which are about three times higher than the existing level of O&M expenditure. Even without considering the}ong-term benefits of waterlogging control, this result implies that the SCARP programme has a high social rate of return. For particular SCARP tubewells which are uneconomical to repair and operate, replacing these tubewells with farmer-owned small tubewells appears likely to improve agricultural productivity and reduce government outlays. Operable SCARP tubewells should be kept in service unless they are replacCd by equal or greater alternative pumping capacity in the private sector to prevent waterlogging. Rural institutions should be strengthened to ensure efficient local level groundwater management.
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Waheedi, Seemi. "Analysis of Issues on Micro Credit—The Case of Two Villages in Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 723–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.723-750.
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The phenomenon of poverty was felt and observed more during the decade of 1990s, as the overall growth slowed down. While the slowed economic growth and recessionary trends contributed to poverty, the trickle “down effect” once thought, to improve living conditions, did not reach the lowest level owing largely to lack of accessibility of institutions, unjust and non-poor policies. For these reasons, in Pakistan during the decades of 60s and 80s, when the country experienced high growth rates of 6-7 percent, 34 percent of people still lived below the poverty line. Socio-economic development, improving the quality of life in general and of rural poor in particular, welfare have been the prime stated goals of government. Therefore, rural development programmes, such as, Village-Aid, Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Peoples Works Programme, Tameer-e-watan Programme, Prime Minister’s Five Points Programme etc. were introduced to improve farm productivity, which would consequently improve incomes and quality of life of rural poor. This was done through the Department of Local Government and Rural Development. Little impact on the life of the rural poor, however, was observed partly because these were administered through closed, immutable and cloistered institutions of government which are not accessible and responsive to the needs of poor. Also, the lack of focus on community participation and need for it was evident. As these programmes were managed through government departments these lacked flexibility and out-reach. The approach of administering was fixed, rigid and lacked professionalism.
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Qureshi, Madeeha Gohar, Muhammad Shahid, Farooq Ahmed, Shakeela Rafiq, and Najma Iqbal Malik. "CONGREGATIONAL RELIGIOUS PRAYERS AMID COVID-19 AND PANDEMIC SPREAD – EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 1266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93125.
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Purpose of the study: This study explored how opening up mosques amid the COVID-19 pandemic may have increased the spread chances of disease and estimated how many individuals, attending mosques post-pandemic had experienced COVID-19 related symptoms in the study area. Furthermore, it evaluated how successful were the governmental Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for attending congregational prayers in protecting masses against the pandemic in its three dimensions 1) citizens’ following SOPs themselves in mosques, 2) implementation of mosque and prayer guidelines by mosques committee and 3) imams’ contribution in mobilizing the society against the pandemic.
Methodology: Data were collected from 800 respondents between the ages of 18 to 50 years who were going to the mosques regularly during the lockdown using a purposive sampling technique. Descriptive statistics like frequencies and percentages were calculated. The 15 items self-constructed, a piloted questionnaire related to COVID-19 SOPs was used in the current study.
Main Findings: The study’s findings revealed that religious gatherings played a vital role in COVID-19 spread as 66.25% sample that was attending communal prayers at mosques felt that they may have contracted COVID-19 symptoms because of offering prayers in the mosque. Further, evaluation of anti-COVID-19 policy measures namely degree of implementation for citizen SOPs in the mosque by people themselves, degree of implementation for prayers’ SOPs as per governmental announcement by the mosque committee, and imam’s mobilization against the pandemic as per the perception of the sample of people going to mosque post-pandemic were also found to be of the medium level at best.
Applications of this study: The study gave an idea of whether the allowance of communal religious gathering with some anti-COVID guidelines as in the case of Pakistan a useful policy. It provided a useful framework for the evaluation of governmental covid-19 policies (SOPs). Finally, this study could also be useful to know the public response to SOPs and need of community stakeholders like Islamic Mosque imams in policy implementation on the grass-root level during the covid-19 pandemic.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study’s uniqueness is evaluation of success or failure of anti-COVID measures announced by the government to implement and monitor by the mosque committee. It measures how effective were local mosque imams in mobilizing people against the pandemic– an indeed missed out institutional means in policy debate of fight against the pandemic and creating awareness.
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Ullah, Sana, Ijaz Khalid, and Shazia Hassan. "Issue of SaraikiStan: Post 18th Amendment." Global Social Sciences Review II, no. I (June 30, 2017): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2017(ii-i).11.
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The paper primarily focuses on salient dynamics voiced for division of Punjab and establishment of Saraiki Province and is aiming to aware coming parliamentarians regarding the sensitive issue so that they can make themselves capable to develop skill to resolve such generic issues. The non-justifiable allocation and distribution of resources by the federal government not only created hatred between East and West Pakistan in 1971 but later on among four provinces of Pakistan as well. For the last more than seventy years, the inspirations of ethnicity and regionalism evoked by Pukhtoons, Baluchis, Muhajirs and Saraikis made the process of national integration complex and so politicized different socio-economic and issues concerning different people of different regions which sometimes led to civil war situations in Pakistan. Though state's constitution provided equal rights and opportunities to all nationalities in all spheres of life. However the feeling of provincialism or regionalism awakens in the minds when the people of a particular area are continuously neglected by the ruling class and so they are politically educated as backward and discriminated people by their local leaders. In this way, these leaders keep political hold over the specified area and its people. Regional disparities in terms of revenue and consumptions have awakened the perception of ignorance and discrimination and this is the reason that PML (N) faced severe hurdles and the repatriation of its own parliamentarians as the Saraiki community has been continuously neglected by the Punjabi dominated Political Party in the National legislature.
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Jamshed, Ali, Irfan Ahmad Rana, Masood Ali Khan, Nikhil Agarwal, Ahsan Ali, and Mayank Ostwal. "Community participation framework for post-disaster resettlement and its practical application in Pakistan." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 27, no. 5 (November 5, 2018): 604–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-05-2018-0161.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a practical framework for community participation in post-disaster resettlement. Design/methodology/approach The proposed framework has been tested in two model villages (MVs) of Punjab, Pakistan. Primary data were collected through household surveys, focus group discussions and expert interviews. A survey with 67 households was conducted for obtaining qualitative data regarding community participation in post-disaster resettlement. Findings The first MV (Ittehad MV) was resettled by the local NGO, and the second (Basti Meera Mullan) by the provincial government. Results indicate that community participation significantly varied in selected MVs. NGOs have achieved positive realizations due to effective community involvement in resettlement efforts, whereas the governmental approach lacked in proactive community participation. Practical implications This framework can be used for other disasters, by refining and incorporating disaster relevant components. This research will be highly useful for disaster managers, private developers and NGOs engaged in resettling disaster-affected population. Social implications The proposed framework can help disaster-affected communities to resettle according to their terms. This can only be attained if affected communities will proactively participate in resettlement planning process. Originality/value This original framework is exclusively designed to attain sustainability for post-disaster settlement through community participation.
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Ahmad, Muhammad Irshad, and Hengyun Ma. "Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Mixed Crop–Livestock Areas: The Case of Province Punjab, Pakistan." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020586.
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The mixed crop–livestock system is a primary source of livelihood in developing countries. Erratic climate changes are severely affecting the livelihoods of people who depend upon mixed crop–livestock production. By employing the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LVI (LVIIPCC), and the livelihood effect index (LEI), this study evaluated livelihood vulnerability in southern Punjab, Pakistan. The study provides a range of indicators for national and local policy makers to improve resilience in the face of livelihood vulnerability. By incorporating more major components and subcomponents, this study identifies more specific challenges of livelihood vulnerability for future policy directions. It is interesting to find that credit and cash used for crop inputs are critical financial constraints for farmers. From the estimated indicators, this study also provides some specific policy recommendations for the four study districts of Punjab Province. These results are helpful in identifying and highlighting vulnerability determinants and indicators. Initiating and promoting better adaptive capacity and starting resilience projects for households are urgent actions required by donors and governments to reduce the livelihood vulnerability of mixed crop–livestock households in arid and semiarid areas.
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Mukhtar, Rahim, and Sulaman Hafeez Siddiqui. "Toward Socially Sustainable Tourism: The Impact of Tourism on SMEs And Livelihood Development At Tourism Destinations In Bahawalpur Pakistan." Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/sbsee.v1i1.1005.
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The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of tourism on SMEs and livelihood development at local area (tourism destination). The idea behind preparing this thesis is to study and relate to this particular scenario which is green tourism within Pakistan. Sustainable tourism should provide a better vacation experience, and for local residents to seek better tourism business opportunities. Higher quality of life is achieved through societal and cost-effective benefits. The information is based on the response of the individuals surveyed. It also includes the current and past data of tourism. To accomplish the purpose of the research, the data was acquired from the tourism related SMEs owners and managers with a sample of 250, chosen randomly of South Punjab, Pakistan The scope of the comprehensive thesis is limited to the responses of the individuals. This thesis is a modest attempt towards the conclusion that tourism research is very important because in previous years there has been a significant increase in tourism, which helps in boosting the economy. This paper is about the sustainability of tourism in which the small scale tourism related SMEs, personal improvement of SMEs owner manager, and livelihood development of local communities are the independent sub variable and the dependent variable livelihood development in the local area (tourism destination).Data analysis was conducted using a reliability test, Multicollinearity, correlation, regression, demographic and normality test. Finally, the results of this intended study revealed that there is a moderate significant of local area (tourism destination) with respect to small scale tourism related SMEs and livelihood development of local community, not significant with respect to personal improvement of SMEs owner manager. Government should try hard for the promotion and revival of tourism to increase the community development and SMEs development. Furthermore, this study recommends future researchers to focus on internal and as well as external factors of tourism and its related SMEs in Pakistan.
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Ahmad, Mahtab, and M. M. Ahmad. "Do public representatives in local governments know about “disability rights” in Pakistan? An awareness assessment case from Southern Punjab." Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 24, no. 4 (December 2011): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2011.633429.
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Wseem, Mohammad. "Political Development and Conflict Resolution in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 4II (December 1, 1997): 715–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i4iipp.715-742.
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Conflicts in Pakistan emanate from a configuration of factors relating to the state system, the unstable regional setting, and the global system at large. The state system in Pakistan has been characterised by problems of constitutionally underdeveloped provincial set-ups, dysfunctionality of elections for the prevalent system perceived by a privileged migrant leadership, a centralist authority structure, and a domineering role of army. During the last five decades, the state system passed through various phases of centralism, populism, and constitutional engineering by the military-bureaucratic establishment as well as Islamisation, largely at the expense of provincial autonomy and a sense of participation in the business of the state shared by all communities. Non-recognition of electoral mandate as the final source of legitimacy led to the emergence of ethnic movements in East Pakistan, the NWFP, Balochistan, and Sindh. The perceived Punjabisation of the state has created feelings of ethnic hostility among all regions other than Punjab. Social insecurities caused by rapid social change, such as urbanisation in general and in-migration in Karachi in particular, have fuelled ethnic hatred all around. Similarly, the influx of refugees from neighbouring countries, along with arms and drug trafficking, has led to new patterns of identity politics and higher levels of political violence. The state's relative non-performance at the local level has pushed many sectarian groups to exit from the parliamentary framework of politics towards a blatant use of arms. What)s needed is the creation of a third tier of government at the district and sub-district levels. At the top of the priority list should be a policy of decentralisation and continuity in the electoral process to bring the recalcitrant elements into the mainstream, de-weaponisation, and strengthening of political parties as interest-aggregating and policy-bearing institutions.
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Khan, Saifullah, Misbah Gull, Muhammad Nawaz, and Mahmood Ul Hassan. "Community Based Flood Catastrophe Preparedness, Vulnerability, Management and Response of Layyah District, Punjab, Pakistan (1990-2015)." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 2 (September 24, 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss2.2020.439.
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The study articulates the society supported flood disaster preparedness, vulnerability, management, and response in the Layyah district, southern Punjab, Pakistan. The area has recorded high summer temperature, low rainfall and an arid climate with an optimistic departure of one centimeter. At Taunsa barrage, the Indus river, as well as the Thal canal, show a decline in the annual flow, while it remains high at Chashma barrage having a heavy flow from July to October. Historically, the foremost disasters experienced in Layyah district are floods, earthquakes, droughts, epidemics, and fires. About 81 Potwar areas have been affected every year by flood disaster consisting of 36 medium and 45 high risks units. Obviously, the locals are the primary instrument to fight any catastrophe for their safety at the initial stage as they are admirable arbitrators of risk assessment, vulnerability, rehabilitation, excavation, and can acquire consistent estimations for their safety. The joint endeavors of the locals and government during predisaster and a post-disaster stage will make certain that how to provide crucial support as well as services to the distressed community throughout the Layyah district. The social or anthropogenic level arrangements for flood catastrophes are appreciated mutually at national and international levels.
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Hassan, Syeda Mahnaz, Nargis Abbas, Uzma Ashiq, and Aniqa Azam. "“End Up on the Streets”: an Evidence-based Study on Street-begging and Poverty in Sialkot, Pakistan." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v3i2.74.
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The rapid development in 21st century not only gave birth to urbanization but also accompanied emergence of slums in cities. Now days, one of the phenomena grabbing serious attention of social scientists is the association between street – begging and poverty not just in developing countries but also in the developed ones. This research paper intends to analyze the relationship that occurs between street – begging and poverty as a social issue, leading towards its prevention approaches. The study site was Sialkot, a city of province Punjab, Pakistan. It was descriptive cross – sectional and a quantitative approach in its nature. For primary data collection, descriptive survey and designed questionnaire was administered to One hundred and thirty respondent street – beggars chosen randomly from various public places in city. The data analysis phased employed simple descriptive statistics. Finally, an attempt has been made by recommending in form of a road map in order to prevent the city’s discomfort. Findings reveal that majority of beggars are poor, illiterate and needy. They make both ends meet by begging at several spaces and are deprived of generous helping hands. Moreover, begging is a consequence of several factors i.e. poverty, parental loss, physical challenges, unemployment – to name just a few. Furthermore, the recommendations include incorporation of this socio – economically marginalized group in Pakistan’s anti – poverty program. This section is in dire need of employment opportunities provided by Sialkot’s industrialist community in order to desist them from indulging in beggary. The local government authorities and policy planners must embrace multi – targeted approaches in the practice reactive interventions.
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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, M. Irshad Ahmed, and C. L. L. Gowda. "Identification of gaps in pearl millet germplasm from Asia conserved at the ICRISAT genebank." Plant Genetic Resources 8, no. 3 (November 30, 2010): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262110000365.
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The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (1CRISAT) genebank in India holds the world's largest collection of 21,594 pearl millet germplasm accessions from 50 countries including 6529 landraces from ten Asian countries. Gap analysis using passport and characterization data and geographical information system tools revealed 134 distinct districts of 14 provinces in India and 12 districts of Punjab province in Pakistan as the major geographical gaps. Different methods of identifying geographical gaps used in the study indicated Chittoor, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Prakasam and Warangal in Andhra Pradesh; Raigarh in Chattisgarh; Dewas and Rewa in Madhya Pradesh; Buldana and Hingoli in Maharashtra; Malkangiri, Nabarangapur, Naupada and Sundergarh in Orissa; Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh and Kota in Rajasthan; Thiruvallur and Vellore in Tamil Nadu; and Auraiya, Chandauli, Chitrakoot, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Hamirpur, Kushinagar, Mau, Shrawasti and Sonbhadra in Uttar Pradesh as common geographical gaps in India. A total of 208 distinct districts in 12 provinces were identified as gaps in diversity for one or more traits. Among all districts, Beed, Latur and Osmanabad in Maharashtra, India, for all traits; Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Multan and Lodhran for panicle length and Chakwal and Sargodha for panicle width in Pakistan; and southern parts of North Yemen and Lahiz provinces in Yemen were identified as gaps in the diversity. In India, Warangal in Andhra Pradesh; Rewa in Madhya Pradesh; Hingoli in Maharashtra; Vellore in Tamil Nadu; and Auraiya, Chandauli, Chitrakut, Gorakhpur and Mau in Uttar Pradesh were identified as gaps in diversity for one or more traits and found common to geographical gaps identified. In Pakistan, Lodhran, Multan and Muzaffargarh were identified as gaps common to probability and diversity methods. Area for exploration should be decided prior to launch of the collection mission in consultation with local government officials and extension officers, who are known to have knowledge in pearl millet cultivation in the identified districts. It is suggested to collect the complete passport data including georeference information while collecting the germplasm.
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Rasheed, Shumaila, Muhammad Zeeshan, and Najia Asrar Zaidi. "Challenges of Teaching English Language in a Multilingual Setting: An Investigation at Government Girls Secondary Schools of Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 4 (July 16, 2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n4p149.
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Baluchistan is a multi-linguistic and multi-ethnic province of Pakistan. In this region, the inhabitants for communication purpose speak a number of local languages such as Baluchi, Brahvi, Pashto, Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu, Sindhi and Persian. Students who attend the government schools speak these languages. This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by the secondary school female teachers while teaching the English language in their multilingual classrooms. The purposive sampling was used and 10 government secondary school female teachers participated in the study. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview protocol and classroom observation checklist. The data was analyzed by using thematic analyses technique. The findings of the study revealed a number of challenges. Teaching English language in a multilingual context is an enormous challenge for the English teachers due to linguistic diversity in the classrooms. The students in the multilingual classrooms lack confidence to use English language because they hesitate to commit mistakes. The curriculum may be inappropriate for helping students to improve their English proficiency. In the multilingual classrooms code-switching is commonly used by the teachers to instruct the students. The study suggests that; the teachers may be trained to cope with the challenges they face in their multilingual classrooms.
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Joshi, B. K., A. Singh, and R. S. Gandhi. "Performance evaluation, conservation and improvement of Sahiwal cattle in India." Animal Genetic Resources Information 31 (April 2001): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001474.
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SummaryThe Sahiwal cattle, one of the best dairy breeds of Zebu cattle in India and Pakistan, originate from the Montgomery district of Pakistan and is distributed on farmer herds in certain pockets of the bordering districts of Punjab and Rajsthan in India. The animals of this breed are also available in Kenya and are used for crossing with local East African Zebu types to improve milk production. Sahiwal cattle have deep body, loose skin, short legs, stumpy horns and a broad head with pale red to dark brown body colour. The average body weight in adult females and males is around 350 and 500 kg, respectively. The animals of this breed are maintained on various State and Central Government farms, privately owned farms, charitable trusts and a small proportion of animals are also available with the farmers. More than 1 200 breedable females are available at various farms in the country. The average lactation milk yield of Sahiwal cattle on organized farms ranges between 1 500 to 2 500 kg. However, in well-managed herds, the highest lactation milk production in certain cows is more than 4 500 kg. The overall weighted average milk yield, age at first calving, lactation length and calving interval based on the performance at various herds is around 1 900 kg, 36 months, 315 days and 420 days, respectively. The fat and Solid Non Fat (SNF) percent ranges from 4.6 to 5.2 percent and 8.9 to 9.3 percent, respectively. Quite a large proportion of pure-bred Sahiwal cattle maintained on organized breeding farms has been used for the production of cross-bred cattle. As a result, different cross-bred strains of dairy cattle viz Karan Swiss, Karan Fries and Frieswal have evolved at the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal and Military Dairy Farms. The breed has also been utilized for the production of synthetic strains like Jamaica Hope (JH), Australian Milking Zebu (AMZ) and Australian Friesian Sahiwal (AFS) in other countries. Currently, efforts are being made to characterize, evaluate and conserve the breed in field conditions. More than 0.10 million doses of frozen semen of this breed are cryopreserved at various semen banks in the country. The frozen semen is being utilized for strengthening and genetically improving the existing herds of the breed through progeny testing programmes of sires associating various herds of Sahiwal in the country.
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Nabi, Ijaz. "Two Social Protection Programs in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 18, Special Edition (September 1, 2013): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2013.v18.isp.a13.
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Pakistan has launched two far reaching social protection programs. The federal government’s Benazir Income Support Program has, at its core, an unconditional cash grant for the poorest households. Responding to the concern that this runs the risk of creating a large pool of permanent government handout recipients, the federal government has also launched an ambitious skills development program. At the provincial level, the government of Punjab is implementing skills development as social welfare in the four poorest Southern Punjab districts. The paper discusses the structure of the two programs, their success at reaching the poor and the monitoring challenges to assess their overall effectiveness.
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T. Nguyen, Quynh, and Dhushyanth Raju. "Private School Participation in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2015.v20.i1.a1.
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This study uses multiple rounds of national household sample surveys to examine the extent and nature of private school participation at the primary and secondary levels in Pakistan. Today, one fifth of children in Pakistan—or one third of all students—attend private school. Private school students tend to come from urban, wealthier, and better-educated households than government school students and especially out-of-school children. The characteristics of private school students relative to their government school peers and the former’s composition differ in important ways across Pakistan’s four provinces. Private school participation among children varies largely from one household to another rather than within households, and to a greater extent than government school participation. Private schooling is spatially concentrated, with a few districts (situated mainly in northern Punjab) accounting for most private school students. The spatial distributions of private school supply and participation are strongly correlated. In the 2000s, private school participation rates grew in Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and across socioeconomic subgroups, contributing in particular to the growth in overall school participation rates for boys, urban children, and rich children. Nevertheless, the composition of private school students has become more equitable, driven mainly by Punjab, where the shares of private school students from rural and nonrich households have risen.
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Butt, Nadia, Nosheen Fatima Warraich, and Muzammil Tahira. "Development level of electronic government services." Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication 68, no. 1/2 (February 4, 2019): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-05-2018-0045.
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PurposeThis paper aims to explore the emerging trends of e-government in Pakistan with an empirical investigation of the e-government websites and the services they provide to the citizens of Pakistan. It also investigates the level of development of these e-government websites in the Punjab Web portal. The governments in Asian countries, including Pakistan, have been struggling to switch their services from traditional on-spot services to online services. Focal points of the study are development level of e-government websites, available e-services and quality.Design/methodology/approachThe e-government Web portal of Punjab province with 38 websites is center of attention in present study. Website’s content analysis method is used to study e-government websites (N= 38) from the Punjab Web portal. It used the “Four-Stage Development Model” for the four stages, namely, “publishing”, “interacting”, “transacting” and “transforming”, to study the phenomena.FindingsThe findings showed that most of the websites on the Web portal were at the first (publishing) and second (interacting) stage of development. For the provision of effective online services, websites need to be on the third (transacting) and fourth (transforming) stage. Only a few websites in the Punjab Web portal were the on transacting and transforming stages providing a mature level of services. In total, 40 different types of services are identified in 38 websites of Punjab e-government Web portal.Practical implicationsE-government, Web portals are developed to give citizens a single, easy access point to several departments’ websites and their services. This baseline study recommends to update e-government websites periodically and put more focus on technological and contextual features to enhance the accessibility and usability of the websites.Originality/valueThis is first empirical study of e-government websites to explore their services and examine existing level of website development in this region.
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Et.al, Shahid Mahmood. "The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Performance." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 2900–2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1321.
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The present study examines the relationship between HRM practices and performance of employee to be tested in Punjab police, Pakistan. The sample size in this study is 368 respondents that consists of Inspectors and Sub-inspectors of Punjab Police Department in Pakistan. We collected data using questionnaire and analysis using Smart-PLS. Our result discovered that job rotation, training and development, compensation, career planning, and performance appraisal have a positive affect to Employee Performance in Punjab Policy department, Pakistan. Based on our findings, we suggest the policymakers to provide more intensive compensation to employees, optimizing job rotation, implementing training and development, provide appropriate career planning, and making advance performance appraisal in order to improve the performance of Punjab police employees in Pakistan. This study extends existing literature of Employee Performance, it delivers new understandings on the conception and role of job rotation, training and development, compensation, career planning, and performance appraisal to stimulate the reformation of Employee Performance in the government institution such as the Punjab police department.
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Bhatti, Muhammad Nawaz. "Politics of Water Resource Management in the Indus River Basin: A Study of the Partition of Punjab." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 2 (November 14, 2020): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.6.
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The British Government of India divided the Muslim majority province of Punjab into Eastern and Western Punjab. But the partition line was drawn in a manner that headworks remained in India and irrigated land in Pakistan. The partition of Punjab was not scheduled in the original plan of the division of India. Why was it partitioned? To answer this question, the study in the first instance tries to explore circumstances, reasons, and conspiracies which led to the partition of Punjab which led to the division of the canal irrigation system and secondly, the impact of partition on water resource management in the Indus River Basin. Descriptive, historical, and analytical methods of research have been used to draw a conclusion. The study highlights the mindset of Indian National Congress to cripple down the newly emerging state of Pakistan that became a root cause of the partition of Punjab. The paper also highlights why India stopped water flowing into Pakistan on 1st April 1948 and the analysis also covers details about the agreement of 4th May 1948 and its consequences for Pakistan.
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Mushtaq, Muhammad Naveed, Muhammd Tahir, Muhammd Ali Shah, and Fehmeeda Khanam. "Development of local magnitude scale for the Northern Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Seismology 23, no. 3 (January 9, 2019): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-018-09813-y.
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Naz, Samia, Sarwat Jabeen, and Abdul Rashid. "Evaluation of Punjab Education and English Language Initiative (PEELI) Project in Pakistan." Global Regional Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-i).36.
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The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Punjab Education and English Language Initiative (PEELI) interventions (2018-19) on professional skills of primary school teachers in Punjab using Stufflebeam’s CIPP evaluation model (1983). PEELI is a collaborative project between the Government of the Punjab and British Council being implemented through Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development Punjab, Pakistan. In this qualitative research, data has been obtained through British Council’s Annual Reports, quarterly reports of third party, semi-structured interviews with four stakeholders, twelve trainers and thirty six primary school teachers in twelve districts of Punjab. The findings suggest that PEELI interventions have created positive impact on classroom delivery for making it child-centric. The study recommends the following strategies to achieve positive outcomes: needs analysis of primary teachers in the beginning of the project, equal opportunity of training to young and senior primary teachers, continuous professional development of teachers and developing follow up mechanism.
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Khattak, Saba Gul. "Women in Local Government: The Pakistan Experience." IDS Bulletin 41, no. 5 (September 10, 2010): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2010.00166.x.
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Ali, Ghulam, and Razia Musarrat. "Challenges for Federalism in Pakistan, Post Musharraf Era." Review of Economics and Development Studies 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v6i1.184.
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Federalism is a form of government that solves the challenges of diversity of a state. Many ethnic groups resides in Pakistan .Baluchistan is the biggest province having smallest number of population of the state ,Punjab the dominant province in terms of population and size has further divisions on linguistic and territorial grounds. Small provinces always raised their voices against the unjust sharing of resources, administrative posts and political positions. The study reveals that mostly resources and political and administrative positions are shared by the two dominant provinces, Punjab and Sindh and other federating units and regions are usually deprived from these prestigious positions that is causing unrest in those regions which is very harmful for the integration of the state. Post Musharraf era in Pakistan is witnessing a continuity of democratic regimes in the state and democratic government of Yousaf Raza Gailani shared maximum powers to the provinces in the form of 18th Amendment but still state of Pakistan has to do a lot more for solving the issues of the provinces.
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Mustafa, Khalid, Zulfiqar Ahmad Gill, and Rashid Naeem. "Rural Institutions and Planned Change in Agriculture: A Comparative Perspective in Two Punjabs." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (December 1, 1999): 1155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.1155-1176.
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Agricultural change in the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs has been brought about by their respective governments through formal organisations—cooperatives, credit banks, agriculture departments and/or special interest groups at the local level. The changes produced during 1960s and in subsequent period were dramatic but unsettling. Many have argued that the achievement of agricultural change in the region has depended to an important extent on the effectiveness of rural institutions in executing their role as agents of planned change.1 The present paper seeks to review the debate on the role of rural institutions in producing social and economic changes in the agrarian sectors of the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs and present some of the data which have stimulated this debate. The paper commences with an overview of the agrarian change in the two Punjabs. Then the programmes of planned change in the two regions are described, and the particular institution of change—cooperatives, credit banks, agricultural departments etc. are discussed in detail. At the specific level, the study aims at delineating the role played by rural institutions in initiating, stimulating, sustaining or retarding change in agriculture sectors of the two Punjabs. The role of rural institutions as a policy instrument for the promotion of agricultural expansion is examined. And finally the paper points out the implications of the past experience for the future role of rural institutions in the two Punjabs.
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Malik, Babur Hayat, Cai Shuqin, Cai Shuqin, Abdul Ghaffar Mastoi, Abdul Ghaffar Mastoi, Noreen Gul, Noreen Gul, Hifza Gul, and Hifza Gul. "Evaluating Citizen e-Satisfaction from e-Government Services: A Case of Pakistan." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2016): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p346.
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Citizen satisfaction is a critical and decisive factor for persistent use of e-Government services as it can substantially impact on failure or success of e-Government projects. Main hurdle for e-government planners and practitioners in Pakistan is to find out the key determinants of e-satisfaction of their citizens. This article actually tries to identify the major factors that drive Pakistani citizen’s e-Satisfaction while using Punjab Province Portal (http://www.punjab.gov.pk/) in Pakistan. After extensive relevant literature review we formulated 7 hypotheses and distinguished 7 different determinants namely trust, accessibility, awareness of e-services, quality of e-services, computer anxiety, customer expectations and security/privacy. A sample of survey data from 200 employees in 8 universities in different cities of Punjab Province of Pakistan was gathered to perform data analysis. Several key outcomes based on multiple linear regression and factor analysis were exhibited. These final results would help to understand the degree of satisfaction of Pakistani citizens. E-governmental policy-makers and practitioners both would be benefitted by this analysis and results of these determinants of e-satisfaction. Some recommendations and implications of our findings were also addressed at the end.
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Yasmeen, Sadia, and Hadia Sohail. "Economics of COVID-19: A case of Punjab, Pakistan." Empirical Economic Review 3, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 10–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/eer/32/030202.
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Desperate times call for desperate measures. This study explores those assessment tools which may enlighten the current pandemic situation. It assesses the link between the COVID-19 incidence and its effects on the length of the expected recessionary period in the region. Being a developing economy, the Prime Minister of Pakistan feared that the severity of recession because of a strict lockdown may not be tolerable. This study developed a theoretical model to explain the possible parameters and tradeoffs which can help in the decision to ease the lockdown. Previously, social and print media focused on the reporting of COVID-19 cases and consequently, its mortality rate. This study used the relative forms of recovery and mortality rates to assess their quadratic/nonlinear pattern with respect to time. It is proposed here that the government should use more complicated plots to assess how COVID-19 is evolving and should also prepare a fact-finding team to assess the situation for easing the lockdown.
Received Date: June 30, 20202 Last Received: October 10, 2020 Acceptance: December 8, 2020
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Usman, Muhammad, Ijaz Ashraf, Khalid M. Chaudhary, and Umair Talib. "Factors impeding citrus supply chain in Central Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 6, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.006.01.2301.
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Pakistan is one of the largest citrus producer and leading exporter of Kinnow in world. Average production of this vital fruit comparatively lower than potential and in result, minor contributions comes to national economy and livelihoods of the growers. Present study was designed to analyze factors impeding citrus supply chain in Toba Tek Singh District of the Punjab province. Through multistage sampling technique 120 citrus growers were selected. Data were collected through face to face interview technique with the help of structured, validated, reliable and pre-tested questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings unveiled that black marketing of fertilizers, shortage of labor; lack of technical knowledge and shortage of finance were major factors impeding production of citrus crop. Monopoly of middle-man; late payments by the dealers; lack of storage facilities; high storage cost and less price of citrus set by the government were leading barriers of marketing. Study recommended that development of effective marketing system, subsidies on inputs and initiation of direct marketing for small farmers in particular. Study further urges development of affordable machinery for growers to encounter labor shortage problems.
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Khan, Iram Anjum, and Faisal Abbas. "Managing Dengue Outbreak in Lahore, Pakistan." Journal of Health Management 16, no. 4 (November 26, 2014): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063414548559.
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This article aims at exploring and analyzing reasons for the spread of dengue outbreak in Lahore, Pakistan, in 2011. This led to about 300 deaths. Also, this study intends to review the appropriateness of government response in managing the dengue outbreak. The contributing factors in the spread of dengue disease included, among others, the demographic structure of Lahore district, environmental conditions, and urbanization and slum development with lack of health facilities. Furthermore, managerial and coordination failures at the level of city district government aggravated the situation. The governance failure was manifested by the non-framing of dengue disease as a public policy concern, especially when it had affected almost 4,500 persons leading to three deaths in the year 2010. There were coordination failures with tertiary level health institutions, and the city government was unprepared. Concrete and effective steps were taken when chief minister of the Punjab province intervened personally. The strategy adopted by the provincial government was so successful that in the year 2012, there were only 252 dengue cases and no deaths were reported. However, there is still need to improve coordination at the city government level and to institute a preventive regime to manage an outbreak in the future.
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Zereen, Arifa, Zaheer-ud-din Khan, and Andleeb Anwar Sardar. "Ethnobotanical studies of wild herbs of central Punjab, Pakistan." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 20, no. 1 (June 25, 2013): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15466.
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The current research work was designed to file the indigenous knowledge on the flora of eight districts of Central Punjab, viz., Faisalabad, Pakpattan, Lahore, Nankana Sahib, Narowal, Sahiwal, Sialkot and Vehari. Frequent field trips were made during 2006-2008 to record ethnobotanical data by interviewing people of various age groups, mostly ranging between 30 to 70 years, including medicinal healers (herbalists/hakims). The total number of species recorded was 102 that belonged to 90 genera and 38 families and were being used by local people of respective districts for various purposes e.g. medicine, fuel, fodder, vegetables, fruits and for making mats and baskets.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15466Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 67-76, 2013 (June)
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Alfadda, Hind, Maryam Fatima, Abdul Ghaffar, and Muhammad Afzaal. "Critical Thinking Perspective in ESL New English Textbooks: A Case Study of Pakistan." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 9, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.9n.2p.24.
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This study examines ESL textbooks of English language of grade 9th and 10th of Punjab model schools in Pakistan. In order to achieve the goals of research, the qualitative method was used and applied Paul Elder’s Critical Thinking Model (2008) on the text books of grades 9 and 10. The collected data was analyzed qualitatively. Activities mentioned in the textbooks of grades 9 and 10 of Punjab textbook board were extracted and analyzed in the light of Paul and Elder’s CT model. ESL teachers’ interviews regarding the said textbooks serve as an insight into the role of critical thinking among learners. Mention the period of analysis. There relevance exists between the exercises given in English textbooks with the model of critical thinking prosed by Paul and Elder. However, the teachers of Government schools are unaware of the critical thinking perspective and some sessions of critical thinking training need to be offered to the English school teachers of Government schools. The results of the study have significant implications for material developers. The study recommends that the Government of Punjab may provide a training program to the teachers who may get some sort of training and implement on the students the best of teaching practices in Pakistan. In the same context, the analysis of interviews shows that teachers have been playing a passive role in the promotion of CT in the teaching process. Hence, there is a need to organize some training sessions to make them aware of the basic concept and importance of CT in Pakistan.
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Manan, A., B. Shahid, A. Sultan, and U. I. Ahmed. "Consumer Demand for Beverages in Pakistan." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0020.
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AbstractThis current research endeavors to study important factors having significant impact on consumer’s choice of beverages in Punjab province of Pakistan. Beverages in two major categories of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ have been studied to examine consumer consumption pattern. Data has been collected through interview from 80 respondents belonging to two major cities of Punjab, i.e. Lahore and Faisalabad, by incorporating stratified random sampling technique. These two cities of Punjab were selected because of big departmental stores opening like Metro Cash and Carry store, Al-Fateh and others. A pre tested and well-arranged questionnaire was used for data gathering from respondents. To estimate the outcome of factors affecting choices of consumers (demand function), multivariate analysis was incorporated. Results of this research showed that consumption pattern of cold beverages was affected significantly by consumer income, cold beverages prices, city selected for survey and number of adolescents in a family, whereas factors which affected the consumption of hot beverages were food expenditure, living area, marital status, income, working persons in a family, family size. Due to availability of copious brands of beverages, consumption is escalating with the passage of time and consumers are eager to pay but owing to high rates they are not relishing full taste of beverages. So, local industry should produce cost effective and quality drinks to enhance usage.
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Akram, Sidra, Mian Muhammad Azhar, Abdul Basit, Muhmmad Ikram Ul Haq, and Muhammad Waris. "PANDEMIC COVID-19: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS BY PUNJAB AND SINDH GOVERNMENTS IN PAKISTAN." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9242.
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Purpose: The study analyzes the growing situation of Covid-19 in Pakistan and highlights the recent scientific and social developments made during this pandemic. The paper highlights the exertions of the government of Pakistan in general and especially the preventing measures taken by the Punjab and Sindh government to fight this pandemic. The paper discusses the emergency preparedness and response to the Covid-19 in Pakistan.
Method: This research uses publicly available data to inspect the current situation of epidemic Covid-19 and its preventive measures in Pakistan, especially in Punjab and Sindh province. Besides, documents on the website of the daily situation report of NIH (National Institute of Health), WHO covid-19 dashboard (services and coordination) Ministry of National Health Regulation, different scholarly articles, and already existing world reports have been reviewed and analyzed
Main Findings: The outbreak of Covid-19 was experienced first time in December 2019 at Wuhan city of China which spread promptly in China and then all-inclusive in 213 other countries including Australia, Asia, Europe, America, and Pakistan as well. Experts believed that in a developing country like Pakistan, its effects would be devastating. It has caused approximately 2, 862, 664 deaths and affected more than 131, 837, 512 people worldwide, while its statistics are growing fast. However, several steps have been adopted to overcome Covid-19 worldwide. Even, drastic measures were taken with limited resources in Pakistan to curb the growing situation of Covid-19 such as lockdown, awareness campaign, quarantine facilities, special hospitals, and laboratories for testing the virus.
Application of the Study: The results of this research help the Pakistani government to make their policies more target-ordinated and systematic to cure this pandemic to restore its vigilance with available resources against Covid-19 and trained human capacities, laboratory networks, policy formulation, and national emergency preparedness.
The originality of the Study: This research contributes that confusion and uncertainty between the policies of the federal government and provinces on lockdown measures could lead the thousands of untimely deaths. Experts believed that in a developing country like Pakistan, its effects would be devastating. Despite its limited resources, Pakistan took a stand against an epidemic coronavirus and made it a single-point agenda by all the provinces of Pakistan.
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Ali, Asghar, Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal, and Muhammad Ramzan. "National Action Plan and Universities: An Assessment of Students Perception in Multan, Pakistan." Global Political Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(vi-i).12.
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The study aimed to assess students perceptions of the National Action Plan and the impact on the attitudes of South Punjab University students. The study was reserved for male and female students studying at selected universities in South Punjab in 2016. Systematic random sampling was used to draw the sample. The total sample consists of 539 students. A questionnaire (5-point Likert Scale) was prepared and used to collect data. The data collected were analyzed using percentages, average scores, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA. This study has a constructive purpose of improving the security situation of universities in the south of Punjab and making students think about the whole scenario. The results of the statistical analysis showed that terrorism had changed the lives of students, the Government should take more measures to eliminate terrorism, and students should refrain from thinking about terrorist attacks.
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Amjad Chaudhry, Shahid. "Punjab Fiscal Resources Review." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 3, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 59–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1998.v3.i2.a4.
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This study raises policy issues arising from the fact that the present tax-expenditure policies and institutional set-up at both the provincial and local government levels of the Province of the Punjab are dated and need revision. There is now an active awareness within the Punjab Province that substantial changes are necessary. The broad outlines of these required changes which have been identified in this study
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Imran, Kashif, Evelyn S. Devadason, and Cheong Kee Cheok. "Developmental Impacts of Remittances on Migrant-Sending Households: Micro-Level Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of South Asian Development 14, no. 3 (December 2019): 338–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174119887302.
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This article analyzes the overall and type of developmental impacts of remittances for migrant-sending households (HHs) in districts of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, an HH-based human development index is constructed based on the dimensions of education, health and housing, with a view to enrich insights into interactions between remittances and HH development. Using high-quality data from a HH micro-survey for Punjab, the study finds that most migrant-sending HHs are better off than the HHs without this stream of income. More importantly, migrant HHs have significantly higher development in terms of housing in most districts of Punjab relative to non-migrant HHs. Thus, the government would need policy interventions focusing on housing to address inequalities in human development at the district-HH level, and subsequently balance its current focus on the provision of education and health.
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Muddassir, Muhammad, Mohamed Saleh Al Shenaifi, Hazem Salah Kassem, and Bader Alhafi Alotaibi. "Adoption of Improved Maize Production Technologies in Punjab Province, Pakistan." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 2 (May 10, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i2.1.
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The study assessed farmers’ awareness and adoption of maize production technologies in Punjab Province, Pakistan. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect data from 120 farmers in the study area through personal interview using a structured interview schedule. The study found that 48.3% of the respondents had obtained information about agricultural practices from extension agents and that 65% of the respondents regularly visited the agricultural extension department. Furthermore, 62.5% of the respondents had a high awareness about improved maize cultivation practices and 53% had already adopted the techniques. Farmers who visited the agricultural extension department had a higher awareness and were more likely to adopt improved maize cultivation practices compared with farmers who did not visit the agricultural extension department. Farmers’ education level, cultivated area, and whether they visited the extension department were the key determinants of adoption of new technologies. Government policies in the province should aim to improve methods of extension delivery for the implementation of effective farming practices in small-scale farming systems.
Key words: Awareness, adoption, farmers, agricultural extension, maize, Pakistan.