Academic literature on the topic 'Local self Agency'
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Journal articles on the topic "Local self Agency"
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Dr., Anjay Kumar Mishra. "EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF USERS COMMITTEES FORMATION AND CONTRACTUAL PROCESS FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Arts and Humanities (IJIRAH) 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3612339.
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The bottom-up approach involving decentralization of planning and policy formulation has become popular in developing countries in last two decade. Local Government Agency (LGA) projects are planned and implemented by applying variable degrees of project management processes ranging from formal to informal. The overall objective of the study was to empirically assess Users Committees (UCs) formation and contractual process adopted at Bhaktapur district of Nepal. The primary and secondary data and information were collected through different tools as questionnaire survey, Informal Consultations, Key Informant's Interview, Checklist and field visits. The information collected from the UCs members through the questionnaire and the consultations. The data were also collected from the Engineers, Sub Engineers, Planning officers, Assistant planning officer, Account Officer, Accountant, Store keeper employed in the DDC and District Technical Office Bhaktapur through questionnaire. Five numbers of Informal Consultations were conducted at each sector of the project location involving UCs and beneficiaries. Furthermore, the key Informant's Interview was taken with the Local Development officer and Senior Divisional Engineer. The UCs formation in 80 percent of the construction projects was after the publication of notice by VDC or Municipality for the attendance from among the beneficiaries of the project. UCs in most of the projects of DCC was formed by the general mass meeting of local beneficiaries without political interferences or biases.
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Jae-Ho Kim and Won Jung Kim. "A Review on the empowerment of the special local administration agency to a local self-government." Local Government Law Journal 12, no. 4 (2012): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21333/lglj.2012.12.4.006.
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Dinesh Chandra. "America and local self-government." Knowledgeable Research A Multidisciplinary Journal 4, no. 04 (2025): 70–76. https://doi.org/10.57067/saj9sb59.
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In Britain, local government units enjoy a lot of autonomy. This autonomy is there even though Britain has a unitary government in which the central government is all powerful and the local units can exercise only those rights which have been given to them by the centre. Apart from this, in the jurisdictions which have been given to the local units by the centre, most of the local units are free to do as they wish. Central control is required so that the local units can develop equally and their work can be uniform. Local self-governance and local governance are the same but there are some fundamental differences between them due to which both of them get separated from each other. Local governance is just an agency of the government and which is controlled by the central or state government, whereas local self-governance is complete in itself and no one has any direct control over it. For example, in India, local governance is that whose head is the District Magistrate. On the contrary, institutions like Gram Panchayats, Nagar Palikas and District Panchayats come under local self-governance. Local governance does not formulate its own policies but it only implements the policies formulated by the administration (government). On the contrary, the institutions of local self-governance make policies and also get them implemented. People working in local governance are appointed by the government while the people working in local self-governance are elected by the people. This makes it clear that local self-governance is closer to democracy. Local governance does not enjoy any kind of autonomy while local self-governance is completely autonomous. There is corruption and red-tapism in local governance while this does not happen in local self-governance.
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Dalocdoc, Peter Jr. "Benguet Kankanaey self-representations in local films in Benguet, Philippines." International journal of humanities, literature and arts 8, no. 1 (2025): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijhla.v8n1.2367.
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This paper studies the self-representation of the Benguet Kankanaey, an Igorot subgroup that occupies the northern part of the province of Benguet, in local films. Guided by the post-colonial theory as the framework and textual analysis as a tool, this study underscores that local films serve as space for the Kankanaey to counter the alternate realities about them being reinforced in Philippine mainstream media. In particular, local films counter the misrepresentations by emphasizing agency. This paper further proposes that local films serve as a tool for resistance against misrepresentation in mainstream cinema. Containing constructive representations of their complex lives, the production of local films should be sustained.
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Farley, Bill. "Self-Report Accuracy in Local Economic Development Programs." Economic Development Quarterly 34, no. 4 (2020): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242420937800.
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Local economic development programs are primarily aimed at increasing employment and tax revenues. Data on these programs are collected through self-report surveys conducted by the International City Managers Association and others. This study evaluates predictors of accurate self-reporting. Using agency theory as a theoretical framework, the study measures the quantity of internal reporting components and the quality of financial reporting and evaluates how these are associated with accurate self-reporting. As a control, the condition of the local economy is also evaluated. The findings indicate a statistically significant relationship between the quality of financial reporting and the strength of a local economy with accurate self-reporting. Recommendations to improve research in this area are for the Government Finance Officers Association and the International City Managers Association to work together, with the former creating standards for reporting on local economic development programs and the latter aligning its survey with these standards.
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Won Jung Kim. "Change of police administration agency resulting from the union of local-self government." Local Government Law Journal 9, no. 3 (2009): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21333/lglj.2009.9.3.005.
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Bandura, Albert. "Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency." Psihologìâ ì suspìlʹstvo 90, no. 2 (2024): 63–94. https://doi.org/10.35774/pis2024.02.063.
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The article announces a theoretically complete and methodically substantiated author’s concept of personal self-efficacy, which justifies this integral psychosocial f u n c t i o n a l as one of the basic cognitive mechanisms of human developmental presence in the world. Essentially, it is said about the three-factorially formed (personality, environment, behavior) conscious ability and self-valued ability of a person to carry out behavior in accordance with a complex task or newly appeared problem situation and eventually successfully cope with life problems. The first two subsections, outlining the functional possibilities and various effects of self-perception of one’s efficacy (intensification of learning, mobilization of effort, selection of activity, increase in productivity, etc.), reveal the strategy and principle of the micro-analytical methodology, specifically offering graded self-efficacy scales as a set of tasks of varying difficulty, problematics, stress resistance, and other traits-parameters of the subject being examined, leading to a detailed assessment of the degree, strength, and total coefficient of self-efficacy compared to benchmark productivity in behavioral actions. In general, the micro-analytical procedure in the author’s experience of methodologization encompasses at least four s t e p s of psychological observation of a person’s or group’s behavior: focusing attention, accumulating all possible information, reproducing a behavior model, and sufficient motivation to intellectually process all this. In this important dimension of the researcher’s consciousness expansion, the author’s reflection rightly states: “A special merit of the micro-analytical approach is that specific indicators of self-efficacy provide refined predictions of human action and the affective reactivity of a person to leisure challenges.” Notably, in the subsequent subsections, causal, inductive-comparative, general-prognostic, self-motivational, causal-career, goal-oriented, and competent types of analysis of the perceived self-regulatory effectiveness of a person in his invariants, modalities, gender trajectories and peculiarities of personal and collective functioning are carried out. Here, an idea of the author of self-efficacy probes is original, which has received both conceptual understanding and empirical implementation in the treatment of phobias and other mental ailments. It is worth noting that such a separate probe is positioned as an effective psychodiagnostic tool, constructed in personalized locations of coping-strategy modeling, enabling the conduction of therapeutic procedures regarding the subjects’ perception of their own self-efficacy at a predefined low, medium, or high (maximum) level. It is argued that within the framework of the highly complex theoretical subjectification – dynamic interaction between self-referential thought, action, and social influence – there are: 1) four main sources of information (achievement of productivity, experience of observation of others’ behavior, verbal persuasion, and partners’ relationships, certain physiological states revealing the ability, strength, and vulnerability of the person); 2) four factors for successful treatment of phobic dysfunctions (identification of essential features, managing anxious excitement through thought, self-relaxation, purposeful mastery of fear overcoming skills); 3) four parameters for measuring self-feeling of physical efficacy (physical load, heart capacity, emotional stress, sexual activity); 4) four most important external stimuli of human functioning (interest in activity, reward, management of one’s own productivity, cultivation of personal effectiveness); 5) four classes of incentive-motivators to increase self-efficacy (goal-oriented, self-motivational, competency-conditioned, career advancement); 6) four channels for asserting the feeling of control over one’s actions, situations, and threats (emotional reactions, thought modeling, behavioral and cognitive control); 7) four key internal factors of perceived by a person one’s own inefficacy (anxiety due to the inability to influence events and social conditions, a sense of uselessness due to unproductiveness or ineffectiveness of actions, apathy and a tendency to dipression generated by stereotypical centering on negative results of activity, despondency as a result of irreparable loss or inability to achieve existentially desired, urgent); 8) several important prerequisites for weakening self-efficacy through a person’s refusal of personal control (difficult-to-perform personal investments of time, effort, resources and self-limits in his knowledge and organizational competence, misuse of proxy-control when pressure is exerted on authorities or rulers, etc.); 9) a number of factors slowing down the development of collective effectiveness (widespread dependence on the dominance of technique and technology, the pressure of bureaucratic structures, ethno-local disagreements, the militant factionalism of political organizations and professional groups, the pressure of social institutions, the dominance of the transnational companies interests, etc.); 10) four decisive internal barriers created by the perception of collective self-efficacy and perniciously demoralize the manifestation of joint efforts (personal passivity, feeling of societal helplessness, fragmented goal perception by participants, disappointment from the ineffectiveness of collective efforts and institutional means). At the same time, quite convincing are the author’s psychologically grounded empirical facts regarding the fundamental importance of self-efficacy as a complex-system cognitive mechanism-mediator (in the aggregate of sources, factors, internal conditions, traits-qualities) between the person and the environment, which causes the actual forms and models of their behavior. For example, observation, modeling, and reinforcement play a primary role in why and how people learn; the choice made by the person of activity “during the formation of their self-efficacy constructs one’s life path through selective development of competencies, interests, and partner preferences; a personality’s awareness of their self-efficacy leads to greater effort in performing complex tasks, and the higher the level of personal self-efficacy, the higher their productivity; people can acquire new behavior patterns through observation of the behavior models of those around them, which they can later replicate; high personal self-efficacy, enhancing the desire for successful outcomes, contributes self-respect, while low self-efficacy – being a source of failure expectations – reduces self-respect.
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Schram, Peter. "Managing Insurgency." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 10 (2019): 2319–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719832963.
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Why would an insurgent group turn away foreign fighters who volunteered to fight for its cause? To explain variation in foreign fighter usage, I present a novel perspective on what foreign fighters offer to militant groups. Because foreign fighters possess a different set of preferences from local fighters, integrated teams of foreign and local fighters can self-manage and mitigate the agency problems that are ubiquitous to insurgent groups. However, to create self-managing teams, insurgent leadership must oversee the teams’ formation. When counterinsurgency pressure prevents this oversight, foreign fighters are less useful and the leadership may exclude them. This theory explains variation in foreign fighter use and agency problems within al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI; 2004 to 2010) and the Haqqani Network (2001–2018). Analysis of the targeting of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, AQI’s former leader, further supports the theory, suggesting that leadership targeting inhibited oversight and aggravated agency problems within the group.
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Barigai, Archita, and Lasya Heravdakar. "Empowering Communities through Non-Formal Education: A Case Study in Rural India." Journal of Education Review Provision 1, no. 3 (2023): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55885/jerp.v1i3.210.
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This study investigate Empowering Communities through Non-Formal Education in rural india. The results of the research shows that alternative forms of education can greatly benefit local communities and promote individual agency. Those who took part said they learned something new, gained self-assurance and a sense of agency, grew closer to others, felt healthier and happier, and became more active in their communities.
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Lasater, Phillip M. "The Heart of Self Formation." Dead Sea Discoveries 28, no. 3 (2021): 367–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10025.
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Abstract This article discusses the “heart” as part of the terminology for selfhood in ancient Jewish literature. After discussing a couple of criticisms of studies of the self and showing how these criticisms fail to persuade, the paper examines a range of texts in the Hebrew Bible, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and beyond for conceptions of the moral self. Special attention is given to the legal S tradition in the Scrolls as a fruitful illustration of how the self and law are recurring conceptual companions. In this legal tradition, a universalizing conception of selfhood and agency is rooted in local, practical concerns of a community.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Local self Agency"
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Hu, Bingcheng. "The relationship between local behavior and global characteristics in multi-agent systems." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2006. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/667.
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Корнєєв, М. В. "Фінансова автономія органів місцевого самоврядування". Thesis, Дніпропетровський національний університет імені Олеся Гончара, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/51559.
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У дисертації досліджено теоретичні основи фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування. Розроблено методичні підходи та практичні рекомендації щодо визначення ефективного рівня фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування.
У роботі розкрито на теоретичному рівні зміст поняття фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування. Удосконалено теоретико-методичне забезпечення встановлення рівня фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування. Встановлено існування взаємозв’язку між фінансовою автономією органів місцевого самоврядування та рівнем соціально-економічного розвитку адміністративно-територіальних одиниць. Запропоновано теоретичні засади встановлення рівня фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування. Сформовано цілісні критеріальні комплекси узагальнюючої та конкретно-територіальної оцінки рівня фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування. Розроблено теоретичні та методичні положення оцінювання впливу фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування на соціально-економічний розвиток адміністративно-територіальних одиниць з урахуванням закономірностей та імовірнісного характеру такого впливу. Удосконалено науково-методичний підхід до обґрунтування стимулюючого рівня фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування.<br>В диссертации исследованы теоретические основы финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления. Разработаны методические подходы и практические рекомендации относительно определения эффективного уровня финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления в регулировании социально-экономического развития административно-территориальных единиц.
В работе определены содержание, условия возникновения финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления как фактора социально-экономического развития административно-территориальных единиц Украины, установлены причинно-следственные связи между финансовой автономией и финансовым механизмом регулирования социально-экономическим развитием административно-территориальных единиц. Определены противоречия между формированием финансовых ресурсов местного бюджета и распределением властных полномочий органов местного самоуправления. Проанализировано соответствие между типом местного самоуправления и моделью бюджетной системы, свойственным Украине, и принятым в мировой практике.
Усовершенствовано экономическое содержание понятий “финансовая автономия органов местного самоуправления”, “финансовая автономия административно-территориальных единиц”. Определены свойства и виды финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления. Охарактеризованы формы финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления в контексте реализации концепций бюджетного унитаризма и бюджетного федерализма.
Проведена оценка достаточности методического обеспечения количественной оценки уровня финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления, рассчитаны показатели оценки финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления.
Установлено существование взаимосвязи между финансовой автономией органов местного самоуправления отдельных административно-территориальных единиц Украины и уровнем их социально-экономического развития. Кластеризованы административно-территориальные единицы Украины по формам проявления этих закономерностей и предложены теоретические аспекты относительно установления уровня финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления для отдельных групп административно-территориальных единиц.
Определена взаимосвязь уровня финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления с уровнем социально-экономического развития на примере Днепропетровской области. На основе такой взаимосвязи определен оптимальный уровень показателей оценки финансовой автономки органов местного самоуправления по расходам. По результатам расчетов оптимальных показателей опредена степень финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления по расходам.
Сформированы целостные критериальные комплексы обобщенной и конкретно-территориальной оценки уровня финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления. Разработаны теоретические и методические положения оценки влияния финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления на социально-экономическое развитие административно-территориальных единиц с учетом закономерностей и вероятностного характера такого влияния.
Усовершенствован научно-методический подход к обоснованию стимулирующего уровня финансовой автономии органов местного самоуправления.<br>In the dissertation there have been researched theoretic elements of the financial autonomy of agencies of the local self-government. There have been elaborated methods of approach and practical recommendations concerning definition of effective level of the financial autonomy of agencies of the local self-government.
In the work there has been researched theoretical conception of the financial autonomy. There has been improved theoretical and methodological ensuring to research the financial autonomy of agencies of the local self-government. There has been uncovered existence of interdependence between the financial autonomy of agencies of the local self-government and level of economical development of the administrative and territorial units. There have been elaborated approaches to govern the financial autonomy of agencies of the local self-government. There have been elaborated integral criterial complexes of generalized and concretely territorial estimation of level of the financial autonomy of agencies of the local self-government. Theoretical and methodical positions of evaluation of influencing of financial autonomy of organs of local self-government are developed on socio-economic development of administrative-territorial units taking into account conformities to the law and probabilistic character of such influencing. There has been formed scientific and methodical approach to ground stimulant level of the financial autonomy of agencies of the local self-government.
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Daly, Marwa El. "Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16511.
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Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.<br>This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
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Rui, Yikang. "Urban Growth Modeling Based on Land-use Changes and Road Network Expansion." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122182.
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A city is considered as a complex system. It consists of numerous interactivesub-systems and is affected by diverse factors including governmental landpolicies, population growth, transportation infrastructure, and market behavior.Land use and transportation systems are considered as the two most importantsubsystems determining urban form and structure in the long term. Meanwhile,urban growth is one of the most important topics in urban studies, and its maindriving forces are population growth and transportation development. Modelingand simulation are believed to be powerful tools to explore the mechanisms ofurban evolution and provide planning support in growth management. The overall objective of the thesis is to analyze and model urban growth basedon the simulation of land-use changes and the modeling of road networkexpansion. Since most previous urban growth models apply fixed transportnetworks, the evolution of road networks was particularly modeled. Besides,urban growth modeling is an interdisciplinary field, so this thesis made bigefforts to integrate knowledge and methods from other scientific and technicalareas to advance geographical information science, especially the aspects ofnetwork analysis and modeling. A multi-agent system was applied to model urban growth in Toronto whenpopulation growth is considered as being the main driving factor of urbangrowth. Agents were adopted to simulate different types of interactiveindividuals who promote urban expansion. The multi-agent model with spatiotemporalallocation criterions was shown effectiveness in simulation. Then, anurban growth model for long-term simulation was developed by integratingland-use development with procedural road network modeling. The dynamicidealized traffic flow estimated by the space syntax metric was not only used forselecting major roads, but also for calculating accessibility in land-usesimulation. The model was applied in the city centre of Stockholm andconfirmed the reciprocal influence between land use and street network duringthe long-term growth. To further study network growth modeling, a novel weighted network model,involving nonlinear growth and neighboring connections, was built from theperspective of promising complex networks. Both mathematical analysis andnumerical simulation were examined in the evolution process, and the effects ofneighboring connections were particular investigated to study the preferentialattachment mechanisms in the evolution. Since road network is a weightedplanar graph, the growth model for urban street networks was subsequentlymodeled. It succeeded in reproducing diverse patterns and each pattern wasexamined by a series of measures. The similarity between the properties of derived patterns and empirical studies implies that there is a universal growthmechanism in the evolution of urban morphology. To better understand the complicated relationship between land use and roadnetwork, centrality indices from different aspects were fully analyzed in a casestudy over Stockholm. The correlation coefficients between different land-usetypes and road network centralities suggest that various centrality indices,reflecting human activities in different ways, can capture land development andconsequently influence urban structure. The strength of this thesis lies in its interdisciplinary approaches to analyze andmodel urban growth. The integration of ‘bottom-up’ land-use simulation androad network growth model in urban growth simulation is the major contribution.The road network growth model in terms of complex network science is anothercontribution to advance spatial network modeling within the field of GIScience.The works in this thesis vary from a novel theoretical weighted network modelto the particular models of land use, urban street network and hybrid urbangrowth, and to the specific applications and statistical analysis in real cases.These models help to improve our understanding of urban growth phenomenaand urban morphological evolution through long-term simulations. Thesimulation results can further support urban planning and growth management.The study of hybrid models integrating methods and techniques frommultidisciplinary fields has attracted a lot attention and still needs constantefforts in near future.<br><p>QC 20130514</p>
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Lin, Chin-Hui, and 林錦輝. "A Research on Openness of Information relating Aufrag executed by Local Self-government Agency." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9sh426.
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碩士<br>國立高雄大學<br>法律學系碩士班<br>96<br>Modern democratic constitutional states adopt the ways of horizontal and vertical check-and-balance to enable local self-government to work autonomy. Separation of powers between Central and Local government, should still stand on The Constitution Chapter 10.
Accordingly, commissioned matters only exist in The Constitution Article 108 and Article 111. While dealing with commissioned matters, It has not yet been clarified local villagers should ask local self-government to make the information disclosure by the Law of Openness of Government Information, or Local Government Systems Act.
The freedom of information came from the (people’s) right to know. Because the right to know was born by the freedom of expression(esp. for the freedom of speech), and we incorporate the former(the right) into the latter(the freedom). To ensure local villagers’ right to know, they could ask local self-government to make the information about self-governing matters can be open to the public. Commissioned matters were executed by local self-government, in order to reflect the local manners, making the information to the local villagers must take as a core value.
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Moyo, Charity Ntokozo. "Structure and agency in community media: a comparative case study of Alex news and Greater Alex today." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27857.
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The objective of this study was to investigate whether community print media is fulfilling its developmental mandate in society using a comparative study of Alex News and Greater Alex Today community newspapers. This study is as the result of an outcry from various stakeholders claiming that community print media is no longer playing its developmental role in society due to the impact of structure and agency. They also claim that community media is no longer representing the interests and needs of the communities that it serves and lacks community participation. There are also concerns that community print media is no longer serving historically disadvantaged communities and is failing in its role to disseminate information in the community. They claimed that the control and ownership of community media is not in the hands of the community that it is supposed to serve, but in the hands of outsiders who are after business opportunities and profit-making.
The qualitative research method was used for this study and the findings correlated with the literature reviewed. It concluded that the constraints of structure and agency is shaping the role of community media in society. Based on these findings the research recommends that government should assist the community newspapers by providing a subsidised printing machine that can be placed in a central place for easy access by the community newspapers. It also recommends that the community newspaper should transform from the traditional newspaper print to digital media to cut the printing costs and that the government should allocate more funds to MDDA.<br>Communication Science<br>M.A. (Communication Science)
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Patornilho, Daniela Henriques Miranda. "Dubai local Media: Inside the Khaleej Times." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/109810.
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In a country like the United Arab Emirates, full of contradictions, where press freedom faces multiple limitations by different organisations and a rigorous system of Laws, the way newspapers are forced to operate, or what they are expected to write, proves to be an essential source of study and knowledge. In this conjuncture, Khaleej Times stands out as the most read and widely expressed newspaper in the United Arab Emirates, reason why it was chosen as a study-case between 2016 and 2019. The collection of data from the website version of the Khaleej Times will allow a complete analysis of the news in the International panorama and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, as well as a better understanding of the coverage that is made to external events and the comprehension of the different approaches from the website towards their different sections and components.<br>Num país como os Emirados Árabes Unidos, cheio de contradições, onde a liberdade de imprensa enfrenta múltiplas limitações de diferentes organizações e um rigoroso sistema de leis, a forma como os jornais são forçados a operar, ou o que se espera que escrevam, mostra-se uma essencial fonte de estudo e conhecimento. Nesta conjuntura, o Khaleej Times destaca-se como o jornal mais lido e difundido nos Emirados Árabes Unidos, motivo pelo qual foi escolhido como estudo-caso entre 2016 e 2019. A colheita de dados no site do jornal Khaleej Times permitiu uma análise completa das notícias do panorama internacional e dos países do Oriente Médio e Norte da África (MENA), bem como um melhor entendimento da cobertura feita aos eventos externos e a compreensão das diferentes abordagens do site em relação às suas diferentes seções e componentes.
Books on the topic "Local self Agency"
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1936-, Hinz Manfred O., and Gatter Frank Thomas 1946-, eds. Global responsibility--local agenda: The legitimacy of modern self-determination and African traditional authority. Lit Verlag, 2006.
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Assmann, Stephanie. Food Education and Rural Resilience in Japan. Amsterdam University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789462985247.
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Food education initiatives exist worldwide, but Japan remains unique with its food education law known as shokuiku. The country’s impressive health metrics — high life expectancies, low obesity, and affordable health care — often lead observers to praise this approach. This book presents a more nuanced analysis. First, it challenges the assumption that food education is wholly a “good thing” by exposing underlying power mechanisms. Through food diagrams, food fairs, and school lunch programs, government ministries promote both nationalism and traditional gender roles. Second, it explores how food education operates in Japan’s rural regions, where educators champion resilience and food self-sufficiency to alleviate depopulation and economic decline. This emphasis on local food persisted even in the aftermath of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. Using Foucault’s concept of governmentality, historical contextualization, and extensive fieldwork in rural Japan, this study reveals the complex political agenda driving food education in a non-Western society.
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Hernández Navarro, Luis. Self-Defense in Mexico. Translated by Ramor Ryan. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469654539.001.0001.
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In Mexico and across other parts of Latin America local Indigenous peoples have built community policing groups as a means of protection where the state has limited control over, and even complicity in, crime and violence. Luis Hernández Navarro, a leading Mexican journalist, offers a riveting investigation of these armed self-defense groups that sprang up around the time of the 1994 Zapatista uprising in Chiapas. Available in English for the first time, the book spotlights the intense precarity of everyday life in parts of Mexico. Hernández Navarro shows how the self-defense response, which now includes wealthier rancher and farmer groups, is being transformed by Mexico’s expanding role in the multibillion dollar global drug trade, by foreign corporations’ extraction of raw minerals in traditionally Indigenous lands, and by the resulting social changes in local communities. But as Hernández Navarro acknowledges, self-defense is highly controversial. Community policing may provide citizens with increased agency, but for government officials it can be a dangerous threat to the status quo. Leftists and liberals are wary of how the groups may be linked to paramilitary forces and vulnerable to manipulation by drug traffickers and the government alike. This book answers the urgent call to understand the dangerous complexities of government failures and popular solutions.
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Dugan, Mahni. Mobilities of Self and Place. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881811266.
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When it comes to migration, there is no level playing field. Some people are privileged, advantaged, and supported and others are marginalised, persecuted, and traumatised. The extension of the rights and equalities for which many people advocate, and provision of other extrinsic conditions are insufficient for wellbeing. This work asks: what is sufficient? What is it that people do—and can do—to change their experience from suffering to wellbeing when handling challenges of migration and other mobilities? What helps people when they are migrating? What have migrants experienced and learned that could be useful to others facing challenges of mobility and change? How can this learning be applied to promote greater social wellbeing and care of environments, in an increasingly mobile world? Mobilities of Self and Place documents rich conversations with regular migrants and refugees to critically consider migration history, human rights, place, self, and mobilities studies. The work explores ontological and epistemological questions of sense of self, sense of place, identity and agency. Mahni Dugan helps us understand how the relationship between sense of place and sense of self affects the ability of migrants to relocate with wellbeing. The movement from global to local, social to personal, intellectual to experiential offers a broad societal understanding of the phenomena and challenges of contemporary mobilities.
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Wang, Min. Multimodalities and Chinese Students’ L2 Practices. Lexington Books, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978724280.
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Multimodalities and Chinese Students’ L2 Practices: Identity, Community, and Literacy explores the complex relations and interactions among multimodality, positioning, and agency in increasingly digitized, multilingual, and multicultural contexts. Min Wang uses interview narratives, WeChat exchanges, and class observations and field notes of three Chinese international students’ lived experiences of English learning to show that these L2 learners recognized and appropriated multiple modes and digital tools for their L2 literacies practices. They used multimodalities to position themselves as L2 users who are confident, able, and competent, but sometimes also struggling and ambivalent. The practice of meaning-making, remaking, designing, and redesigning demonstrated their agency as L2 learners. Positioned as cultural and social beings, these L2 learners presented their self-understandings and self-representations through symbolic and material artifacts, interactions with local and non-local people, and engagement in WeChat discussions and ELI learning. They assumed rights, obligations, and expectations in order to become legitimate community members. In the process their agency was promoted, negotiated, or sometimes limited by micro-social structures and ongoing interactions.
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Brysk, Alison. Norm Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901516.003.0010.
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Changes in attitudes, values, and beliefs about the many manifestations of violence against women are a necessary complement to globalizing rights standards, law enforcement, public policy, and grassroots empowerment. In Chapter 10, we will analyze the requisites and results of campaigns for norm change in women’s agency, masculine identities, and sexual self-determination. Communication campaigns aim to reshape community consciousness of gender regimes in South Africa, India, and Brazil. Global programs adopted by local movements promote women’s agency and empowerment to resist violence in India and Pakistan. Both global programs and transnational coalitions work to engage men and transform violent masculinities in India, South Africa, and Brazil. Finally, we will trace a variety of civil society cultural initiatives asserting sexual self-determination in Mexico, Pakistan, Russia, Ukraine, and China.
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Brysk, Alison. Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901516.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 considers threats to sexual self-determination through case studies of FGM/C in Egypt, trafficking in the Philippines, and child marriage in India.Persisting patterns of denial of self-determination over sexuality and marriage result from state complicity with local patriarchal elites, honor cultures, and suppression of women’s agency. Sexual slavery is most characteristic of patriarchal states, but often lags in sectors of emerging economies. Violations of self-determination such as trafficking or forced marriage may also resurface in all types of gender regimes when the society or community experiences a severe crisis such as war, radical regime change, forced migration, natural disaster, or economic collapse. We will map the incidence of these violations of bodily self-determination, analyze the causal dynamics, illustrate patterns of abuse, and expose the dilemmas for rights reform. In each case, we will trace responses in the international regime, law, and human rights campaigns.
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(Editor), Thomas Gatter, and Manfred Hinz (Editor), eds. Global Responsibility - Local Agenda: The Legitimacy of Modern Self-determination and African Traditional Authority. Lit Verlag, 2003.
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Wang, Nadya. Her World, Women and Fashion in Singapore 1974-1989. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350465077.
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Between 1974 and 1989, significant changes were taking place in the lives of Singaporean women and in their local fashion industry. These shifts were not only reflected in but actively shaped by the magazine Her World. In Her World, Women and Fashion in Singapore, Nadya Wang uses dress as a lens through which to view fragments of the magazine over 15 years. Advocating for a new and decentred understanding of the evolution of the Singapore woman, Wang’s writing also traces the creation of a fashion industry that pivoted from seeking validation from global fashion cities to establishing itself as the lead of a Southeast Asian fashion community. Visual analysis of archival materials is combined with oral history interviews to demonstrate how the women of Singapore engaged with local and global ideas, fashion and beauty commodities, and imagery of models and beauty queens in their self-fashioning. Challenging existing understandings of their agency, this book attests to the creativity and adaptability of Singapore women and Singapore fashion designers.
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Bloomer, Kristin C. Possessed by the Virgin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615093.001.0001.
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This book is an ethnographic account of three Roman Catholic women in contemporary Tamil Nadu, south India, who claim to be possessed by Mary, the mother of Jesus. It follows their lives over more than a decade, describing their own, the researcher’s own, and devotees’ understandings of the women’s healing and possession practices along with questions about agency, gender roles, authenticity, and social power. It asks, how is it that some experiences of “possession” (a word introduced to India by Christian missionaries, which the book complicates through Tamil renditions) are recognized as authentic, yet others are not? What are the local conditions that enable their very possibility? Discussions of local and widespread “Hindu” practices and discourses shed light on how these women and their followers navigate their bodily experience, socioeconomic status, caste, and gender roles in a modern world of technological change and global economy—and how Church officials navigate these women. Part travelogue, part academic analysis, the book addresses a wide audience, including academics interested in the study of religion, spirit possession, anthropology, women’s and gender studies, postcolonialism, Global Christianity, Tamil culture, Mariology, fluid boundaries across “traditions,” and the relationship between the ethnographer-“Self” and “Other.”
Book chapters on the topic "Local self Agency"
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Martinet, Michael. "Local Agency Self-Inflicted Gunshot Wounds." In Fighting With FEMA. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003487869-41.
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Abdu Bushra, Yasmin. "Spatial manifestation of self-governance groups." In Saving and Being Safe Away from Home. transcript Verlag, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839471272-012.
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According to official figures from the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency, the urban population of Ethiopia is projected to nearly triple from 15.2 million in 2012 to 42.3 million in 2037, growing at 3.8 per cent a year (World Bank 2018). Urban Kenya is experiencing similarly dramatic growth, with its population soaring and boundaries expanding. However, urban lo-cal government institutional systems and infrastructure have not kept pace with rapid urbanization (UN Habitat 2017, 2022). Despite progress over the last decade in building institutions and providing infrastructure and services across all sectors, ur-ban service delivery remains weak to this day, as urban reform remains one of Ethiopia's greatest challenges. In both Addis Ababa and Nairobi, parallel varieties of self-initiated community organizations exist, among which iddirs and resident asso-ciations are the most widespread. Primarily established to provide mutual aid in difficult times or for important events, in-creasingly they have been observed to address other community concerns (Pankhurst 2008; and this volume). This research applies the constructivist grounded theory method to birth a theory that explains the terms of engagement of these communi-ty organizations with local state actors through open coding, focused coding, and theoretical coding procedures. A co-production framework has been crafted from the data embedded in the experiences and perceptions of realities within partic-ipants. The co-creation, co-operation, and co-optation modes of iddir engagements pave the way for the prospect and under-standing of a restructuring of power relationships among iddirs, resident associations, and local governments for an empow-ering exercise of the right to the city.
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Sabchev, Tihomir, Sara Miellet, and Elif Durmuş. "Human Rights Localisation and Individual Agency: From ‘Hobby of the Few’ to the Few Behind the Hobby." In Myth or Lived Reality. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-447-1_8.
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AbstractHuman rights have been facing criticism on many fronts, including the challenges of the “enforcement gap” and the “citizenship gap”, laying bare the shortcomings with regard to the implementation of human rights law as well as regarding its protection of highly vulnerable groups such as refugees. Research on the effectiveness of human rights, the “localisation” of human rights through invocations and practices on the ground, the increased engagement of local authorities with human rights, are all responses to such challenges to some degree. Based on empirical research conducted within municipalities in four countries, this chapter focuses on a missing piece of the puzzle in terms of conceptual and empirical research: the role of “individual agency”. We adopt a socio-legal perspective on human rights and demonstrate that individual agency can make an important contribution to the effective implementation of human rights in the field of migration governance. Behind the black box of the state and local authorities, we find individuals who use human rights—as law, practice and discourse—in local policymaking, in circumstances where invoking human rights is not self-explanatory. Finally, we put forward the notion that reasons such as individual background, motivations, and interactions between individuals influence municipal officials’ engagement with human rights, and we reflect on the conceptual and practical implications that result from this.
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Kledzik, Emilia. "Between Pedagogy and Self-Articulation: Roma Necessary Fictions in East Central Europe." In East Central Europe Between the Colonial and the Postcolonial in the Twentieth Century. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17487-2_9.
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Abstract“Necessary fictions,” a term coined by Homi K. Bhabha (The theory of reading, The Harvester Press, Brighton, 1989), refers to literature of postcolonial nations rewriting their history in such a way as to compensate for the lack of independence and agency in the colonial period. The Roma nation in East Central Europe has all the features of what in postcolonial studies is defined as the subaltern—no voice and representation of their own. This minority, due to a range of reasons, did not create such “necessary fictions” that we could compare to the postcolonial ones. The lack of such literary self-presentation in the national languages of East Central Europe has often been seen as a challenge for non-Romani or/and assimilated Roma writers. This was especially the case after World War II, when a massive action of enforced settlement of this nomadic nation took place across all communist countries, and there was a strong need to promote Roma culture as a—although not equivalent—part of local national landscapes. A need to “translate” Roma culture in the literary language was an important part of the state-planned assimilation. These translations were meant as the substitute for the authentic “necessary fictions” archive of literature. This trend continued after the political breakthrough of 1989, already in a different social context.
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Pandolfini, Valeria, Borislava Petkova, and Thomas Verlage. "Youth Aspirations Towards the Future: Agency, Strategy and Life Choices in Different Structural Contexts." In Landscapes of Lifelong Learning Policies across Europe. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96454-2_4.
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AbstractThrough a comparative analysis of three case studies built on the intersection of three young adults’ trajectories and three LLL policies in Germany, Italy and Bulgaria, this chapter aims to explore the interplay between opportunity structures and subjective choices. We focus on the educational and professional dimensions, putting them in relation within the LLL policy young adults accessed with their aspirations, self-representations, the living conditions they face in the local context and the welfare (Esping-Andersen, The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990) and transition (Walther, YOUNG, 14(2), 119–139, 2006) regimes characterizing their countries. Relying on the Capability Approach (Sen, Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999; Nussbaum, Women and human development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), we explore how young people’s capacity to cope with challenges and their ability to actively navigate obstacles are influenced by the wider discursive and institutional opportunity structures in which they unfold their life paths. The analysis reveals how youths make their choices according to their “capacity to aspire” (Appadurai 2004) and the social, cultural and economic factors at play in exercising their navigational capacities; being able (or unable) to define life plans potentially constitutes a “new” factor of inequality. The possibilities of better capturing the complex relationship between structural limits, possibilities and subjective aspirations in shaping individuals’ choices and actions within specific opportunity structures are discussed.
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Dang, Thi Phuong Anh, Tú Anh Hà, and Quang Anh Phan. "Writing Non-fiction Books on National Culture for Vietnamese Children in the Age of Globalisation: The Process of Building Intercultural Competence." In Vietnamese Language, Education and Change In and Outside Vietnam. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9093-1_10.
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AbstractThis paper tracks down the process of writing non-fiction books on national culture for Vietnamese children to help them understand their identity and respect cultural differences in the age of globalisation. By self-reflecting on the writing experience, this essay elucidates the process of building intercultural competence in its relationship with national identity through the case study of “Kể chuyện văn hóa Việt”. The paper provides a discussion among the three authors in the format of an interview with the co-author who also wrote the non-fiction book series that we focus upon. The first part reflects on intercultural competence as a concept, and the second half considers how the book series emerged and put this concept into practice. The research results show that constructing national identity, individual agency, and intercultural competence for children must be transferred naturally from each book’s topic to the flow of the story. In this case, the most striking feature is the main character’s interaction with his family. In addition, the context needs to integrate both global and local elements. The series creates situations in which there is a comparison between the past and the present, between Vietnam and other countries. It helps readers engage in different worldviews and address diversity by examining their community and nation, thus becoming more tolerant of others. This paper suggests guidance for creating similar books and helps the audience understand the author’s journey to create a trade book series featuring culture-related content.
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Snooks, Roland. "Fibrous Assemblages and Behavioral Composites." In The Funambulist Papers, Volume 1. punctum books, 2013. https://doi.org/10.21983/p3.0053.1.31.
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The emergence of complexity theory has shifted the conceptualiza-tion of form from the macro scale to a concern for the operation of the complex systems that underlie formation. It is from the micro-scale local interactions of complex systems that behavioral strategies for the generation of composite materials have emerged, strategies where architectural form, structure and ornament emerge from the design of material behavior, specifically the design of behavior within composite materials.The inherently organizational understanding of form offered by com-plexity theory has been the basis for Kokkugia’s development of behavioral design methodologies. This behavioral approach draws from the logic of swarm intelligence and operates through the self-or-ganization of multi-agent systems. These methodologies operate by encoding simple architectural decisions within a distributed system of autonomous computational agents. It is the interaction of these local decisions that self-organizes design intention, giving rise to a form of collective intelligence and emergent behavior at the global scale. Behavioral design methodologies represent a shift from ‘form being imposed upon matter’ to ‘form emerging from the interaction of localized entities within a complex system.’
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Bayala, Eric. "Transformative Effects of Remittances on Health Behavior, Community Resilience, and Gender Dynamics in Burkina Faso." In Remittances as Social Practices and Agents of Change. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81504-2_10.
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AbstractFor five decades, the village of Niaogho in the Centre-Est region of Burkina Faso has faced an outmigration to Italy. Together with its local partner “Association pour le Developpement de Niaogho” (ADN), the hometown association called “Association pour le Devéloppement Niaogho en Italie” (ARNI) initiated health infrastructure projects in Niaogho. By applying a cross-sectional study using household surveys and interviews, this chapter examines the effects of the diaspora’s individual (household level) and collective (community level) remittances on health behavior, community resilience, and gender dynamics in Niaogho.The findings show that the ARNI projects and especially the activities of its women’s section contributed to better access to health infrastructure and enhanced prenatal and postnatal care through the transfer of bonding and bridging social capital. Overall, community resilience in Niaogho improved, but at the same time, the dependency on financial remittances increased, reducing self-determined initiatives and especially affecting the women left behind.
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Cots, Francesc, J. David Tàbara, Jérémie Fosse, and Gerard Codina. "Exploring the Role of Identities and Perceptions of the Future in a Post-coal Mining Region: The Demolition of Andorra Coal-fired Cooling Towers (Spain) as a Tipping Point." In Springer Climate. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50762-5_10.
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AbstractIn May 2022, the last cooling tower of the coal-fired power plant in the Spanish region of Andorra in Teruel province was demolished. After forty years in operation such an event had a huge emotional effect on the local population, since much of the local identity and tradition was built around this industrial emblem. On the one hand, it represented a final symbolic farewell to a way of life around coal, now perceived to have inevitably ceased to exist. On the other hand, it highlighted the need to accelerate the full regional transformation towards a new socio-economic structure whose agents of change, content and new identities were not yet well-defined. Our research explores the role of identities and perceptions of the future as key constraining or enabling factors in tipping former carbon-intensive regions towards clean energy and sustainable development pathways. Understanding how local populations see their uncertainties about the future, and examining other views on relative deprivation and inequality, are central in developing enabling governance arrangements and continuous learning feedback loops required in rapid socio-energy transformations. We found out that embracing transformative change towards green transformations may entail adopting more diversified, self-defined complex forms of collective sense-making processes based on project identities.
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Ali, Murad. "Monitoring and Evaluation in South-South Cooperation: The Case of CPEC in Pakistan." In The Palgrave Handbook of Development Cooperation for Achieving the 2030 Agenda. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8_13.
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AbstractPakistan is a key country in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) where the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is under implementation. An investment model of financing through loans, grants and private investments, CPEC is an example of South-South cooperation (SSC) having a number of benefits for both countries. Aimed at developing energy, industry, and communication infrastructure, the corridor initially valued at $46 billion but is now worth $62 billion. CPEC is expected to contribute significantly to socio-economic development and regional connectivity and trade. The main research question is, while implementing projects in Pakistan, to what extent China adheres to its avowed principles comprising features such as mutual respect, non-conditionality, equality, building local capacity and addressing actual needs of partner countries. Based mainly on the analysis of primary data collected during fieldwork in Pakistan, this research explores the extent to which the official narrative influences the actual practice of China’s development cooperation on the ground. To critically examine CPEC, this chapter uses a monitoring and evaluation framework developed by the Network of Southern Think Tanks (NeST), which is dedicated to generating systematic and clearly comparable knowledge on SSC (Besharati et al. 2017). The findings illustrate that, as per the five broad dimensions of the SSC framework, the China–Pakistan partnership under CPEC has performed well in the four areas of inclusive national ownership, horizontality, self-reliance and sustainability, and development effectiveness, but it has lagged in accountability and transparency.
Conference papers on the topic "Local self Agency"
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Milosavljević, Marko, and Dejan Đorđević. "Agency for Spatial and Urban Planning of the Republic of Serbia: Competences and significance for local self-government, planning and development of settlements." In Planska i normativna zaštita prostora i životne sredine. University of Belgrade - Faculty of Geography, Belgrade, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/lspupn24093m.
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With the amendments to the Law on Planning and Construction from August 2023, the Agency for Spatial Planning and Urbanism of the Republic of Serbia was established. In the first part of this work, the normative framework of the Agency's management will be presented. A special focus will be on the competences that the Agency has and the tasks entrusted from the Ministry of Construction, Transport, and Infrastructure in Republic of Serbia. In the second part of this paper, the normative frameworks defined by the amendments to this law will be presented, which refer to the competence of the local self-government unit and the Agency as the competent authority for coordination, preparation, management, and implementation of spatial and urban planning documents under the competence of the Republic of Serbia. The ways of arranging the settlement and providing professional assistance in the preparation of planning documents to the local self-government units will be pointed out, as well as other activities that will be presented in more detail in this paper. The expected results of this work will indicate the mutual cooperation of the competent authorities with a special review and proposals for improving the current actions in the field of planning and arrangement of settlements in the Republic of Serbia.
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Tej, Juraj, Roman Vavrek, and Viera Papcunová. "Innovations in the field of inter-municipal cooperation." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-56.
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The role of local self-government is to increase the quality of life of inhabitants while respecting the principles of sustainable development and at the same time to ensure the adequacy, availability and quality of public services provided in its territory. The current structure of local self-government in the conditions of Slovakia clearly points to the differences between municipalities, which is illustrated by their different number in individual size categories, although they have the same competencies. Cities and municipalities in the conditions of Slovakia to provide original and transferred competencies mostly independently, but especially in the field of performance of the transferred state administration they enter into mutual cooperation. We evaluated the types of inter-municipal cooperation within two basic groups of inter-municipal cooperation - the traditional forms of cooperation and innovative forms of cooperation. The analysis showed that in the conditions of Slovakia, the most traditional way of inter-municipal cooperation is represented by joint municipal offices. We have also identified innovative approaches in the field of inter-municipal cooperation - such as agreement on shared services, co-ownership´s agency or the SMART cities concept. Such a new inter-municipal cooperation can thus be an important and beneficial change, which can help solve problems arising from the suboptimal size of individual municipalities.
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Josifov, Nemanja, Marko Sedlak, and Milan Mladenović. "The importance of regional development agencies in promoting the regional economy in the territory of Serbia." In Zbornik radova – VI Kongres geografa Srbije sa medunarodnim ucešcem. University of Belgrade - Faculty of Geography, Belgrade, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/kongef24100j.
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The paper presents the roles played by regional development agencies in the territory of Serbia, which relate to the promotion of regional development and strengthening the competitiveness of the region. An overview of their establishment, operations, missions, and visions for the prosperity of the region is given. Attention is paid to the procedures that must be fulfilled for the regional development agency to receive accreditation and be able to operate successfully. The goal is to consider how regional development agencies influence the stimulation of the entire economy of the region. The interaction between regional development agencies and local self-government units, as well as their relationship with the economy, scientific and professional public, is emphasized. Conditions for evaluation are presented, as well as possibilities for further improvement of work efficiency. The importance of regional development agencies in strengthening cultural life and promoting interregional cooperation was presented. The focus is also on the interactions that exist between regional development agencies, but also on the relationship that the state level of administration has towards their work and operations.
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Humann, James, and Yan Jin. "Evolutionary Design of Cellular Self-Organizing Systems." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12485.
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In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to discover interaction rules for a cellular self-organizing (CSO) system. The CSO system is a group of autonomous, independent agents that perform tasks through self-organization without any central controller. The agents have a local neighborhood of sensing and react only to other agents within this neighborhood. Their interaction rules are a simple set of direction vectors based on a flocking model. The five local interaction rules are assigned relative weights, and the agents self-organize to display some emergent behavior at the system level. The engineering challenge is to identify which sets of local rules will cause certain desired global behaviors. The global required behaviors of the system, such as flocking or exploration, are translated into a fitness function that can be evaluated at the end of a multi-agent based simulation run. The GA works by tuning the relative weights of the local interaction rules so that the desired global behavior emerges, judged by the fitness function. The GA approach is shown to be successful in tuning the weights of these interaction rules on simulated CSO systems, and, in some cases, the GA actually evolved qualitatively different local interaction “strategies” that displayed equivalent emergent capabilities.
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Hernandez, Susan D., and Mary E. Clark. "Building Capacity and Public Involvement Among Native American Communities." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1251.
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Abstract The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) supports a number of local community initiatives to encourage public involvement in decisions regarding environmental waste management and remediation. Native American tribal communities, in most cases, operate as sovereign nations, and thus have jurisdiction over environmental management on their lands. This paper provides examples of initiatives addressing Native American concerns about past radioactive waste management practices — one addresses uranium mining wastes in the Western United States and the other, environmental contamination in Alaska. These two projects involve the community in radioactive waste management decision-making by encouraging them to articulate their concerns and observations; soliciting their recommended solutions; and facilitating leadership within the community by involving local tribal governments, individuals, scientists and educators in the project. Frequently, a community organization, such as a local college or Native American organization, is selected to manage the project due to their cultural knowledge and acceptance within the community. It should be noted that U.S. EPA, consistent with Federal requirements, respects Indian tribal self-government and supports tribal sovereignty and self-determination. For this reason, in the projects and initiatives described in the presentation, the U.S. EPA is involved at the behest and approval of Native American tribal governments and community organizations. Objectives of the activities described in this presentation are to equip Native American communities with the skills and resources to assess and resolve environmental problems on their lands. Some of the key outcomes of these projects include: • Training teachers of Navajo Indian students to provide lessons about radiation and uranium mining in their communities. Teachers will use problem-based education, which allows students to connect the subject of learning with real-world issues and concerns of their community. Teachers are encouraged to utilize members of the community and to conduct field trips to make the material as relevant to the students. • Creating an interactive database that combines scientific and technical data from peer-reviewed literature along with complementary Native American community environmental observations. • Developing educational materials that meet the national science standards for education and also incorporate Native American culture, language, and history. The use of both Native American and Western (Euro-American) educational concepts serve to reinforce learning and support cultural identity. The two projects adopt approaches that are tailored to encourage the participation of, and leadership from, Native American communities to guide environmental waste management and remediation on their lands. These initiatives are consistent with the government-to-government relationship between Native American tribes and the U.S. government and support the principle that tribes are empowered to exercise their own decision-making authority with respect to their lands.
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Ribeiro, Luis, Jose Barata, Bruno Alves, and Joao Ferreira. "Global Vs Local: A Comparison of Two Approaches to Perform Diagnosis in Networks of Mechatronic Agents." In 2010 4th IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saso.2010.36.
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Chen, Chang, and Yan Jin. "A Behavior Based Approach to Cellular Self-Organizing Systems Design." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48833.
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Multi-agent systems (MAS) have been considered a potential solution for developing adaptive systems. The design of MAS however is difficult because the global effect emerges from local actions and interactions that can be hard to specify and control. In order to achieve high level resilience and robustness of MAS and retain the capability of specifying desired global effects, we propose a cellular self-organizing (CSO) system framework and a biologically inspired behavior based design approach (BDA) and a field based regulative control mechanism (FBR). The BDA approach links global functional requirements with the local behavior design of a CSO system. FBR is a real-time, dynamical, distributed mechanism that regulates the emergence process for CSOs to self-organize and self-reconfigure in complex operation environments. BDA and FBR together extend the system adaptability without imposing global control over local agents. This paper describes the models of CSO, BDA and FBR and demonstrates their effectiveness by presenting simulation based case studies in which CSO agents explore an unknown environment and move an object to designated locations.
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Oparin, G. A., V. G. Bogdanova, and A. A. Pashinin. "Automation of distributed data management in applied microservices package for scientific computations." In The International Workshop on Information, Computation, and Control Systems for Distributed Environments. Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47350/iccs-de.2020.20.
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We offer a specialized toolkit for automating both knowledge management when creating an applied microservices package and data accumulating during its application for scientific computations in a hybrid computing environment. The decentralized solving of the declaratively formulated problem is carried out by an active agent group. This group is self-organized by logical inference on the distributed knowledge base of a subject domain. The developed toolkit automates the creating and updating of the local knowledge base of the manager-agent of applied microservices package, as well as the local knowledge bases of distributed computational agents. Local knowledge bases are formed using a description of the interface of computational microservices managed by these agents. Microservice ensembles, corresponding to the active group, are stored in the knowledge base of the manager-agent. The developed toolkit uses this information for testing microservice in the case of its update. In hybrid computing, this toolkit provides synchronizing, archiving, and saving of calculated data. Hybrid infrastructure combines the reliability and availability of using on-premises computers with scaling to the cloud when peak loads occur. The conducted experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the presented approach for solving practically significant scientific problems.
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Sfeir, Neyla Antoine, Hideo Fujimoto, and Akira Iwata. "A Multi-Agent Interactive Approach to Assembly Modeling." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/flex-6010.
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Abstract This paper introduces a new interactive multi-agent approach to automate the assembly modeling problem in order to generate the parts precedence relations of a product starting from its design data. Assembly parts are considered as self-interested intelligent agents with local information and goals. Centralized approaches based on graphical representation resulted so far in both combinatorial and information complexity, especially when dealing with actual complex industrial products. The proposed decentralized approach overcomes exhaustive combinatorial search, while the ability to store and exchange dynamic information among agents reduces the oversimplification of graphical representation. Furthermore, the incorporation of human agents helps the system to overcome the limitations of artificial intelligence. This approach offers a promising platform for assembly planning automation with minimum human intervention especially for all-new products.
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Kiff, Robin, and Matthew Campbell. "An Agent-Based Approach to Synthesizing Structures." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46049.
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This paper discusses a new method for the automated synthesis of structures. By creating a framework to implement the synthesis, several methods are compared for the application of building tall self-supporting towers. These towers are evaluated in a physics simulation and comprised of multiple nodes and connections. In this paper, a new agent-based method is compared to existing search methods including random search, A*, and Hill-Climbing search. With the agents making local changes to nodes in the tower, the method achieves better results with less time and memory.
Reports on the topic "Local self Agency"
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Rarasati, Niken, and Rezanti Putri Pramana. Giving Schools and Teachers Autonomy in Teacher Professional Development Under a Medium-Capability Education System. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/050.
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A mature teacher who continuously seeks improvement should be recognised as a professional who has autonomy in conducting their job and has the autonomy to engage in a professional community of practice (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010). In other words, teachers’ engagement in professional development activities should be driven by their own determination rather than extrinsic sources of motivation. In this context, teachers’ self-determination can be defined as a feeling of connectedness with their own aspirations or personal values, confidence in their ability to master new skills, and a sense of autonomy in planning their own professional development path (Stupnisky et al., 2018; Eyal and Roth, 2011; Ryan and Deci, 2000). Previous studies have shown the advantages of providing teachers with autonomy to determine personal and professional improvement. Bergmark (2020) found that giving teachers the opportunity to identify areas of improvement based on teaching experience expanded the ways they think and understand themselves as teachers and how they can improve their teaching. Teachers who plan their own improvement showed a higher level of curiosity in learning and trying out new things. Bergmark (2020) also shows that a continuous cycle of reflection and teaching improvement allows teachers to recognise that the perfect lesson does not exist. Hence, continuous reflection and improvement are needed to shape the lesson to meet various classroom contexts. Moreover, Cheon et al. (2018) found that increased teacher autonomy led to greater teaching efficacy and a greater tendency to adopt intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) instructional goals. In developed countries, teacher autonomy is present and has become part of teachers’ professional life and schools’ development plans. In Finland, for example, the government is responsible for providing resources and services that schools request, while school development and teachers’ professional learning are integrated into a day-to-day “experiment” performed collaboratively by teachers and principals (Niemi, 2015). This kind of experience gives teachers a sense of mastery and boosts their determination to continuously learn (Ryan and Deci, 2000). In low-performing countries, distributing autonomy of education quality improvement to schools and teachers negatively correlates with the countries’ education outcomes (Hanushek et al., 2011). This study also suggests that education outcome accountability and teacher capacity are necessary to ensure the provision of autonomy to improve education quality. However, to have teachers who can meet dynamic educational challenges through continuous learning, de Klerk & Barnett (2020) suggest that developing countries include programmes that could nurture teachers’ agency to learn in addition to the regular content and pedagogical-focused teacher training materials. Giving autonomy to teachers can be challenging in an environment where accountability or performance is measured by narrow considerations (teacher exam score, administrative completion, etc.). As is the case in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, teachers tend to attend training to meet performance evaluation administrative criteria rather than to address specific professional development needs (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). Generally, the focus of the training relies on what the government believes will benefit their teaching workforce. Teacher professional development (TPD) is merely an assignment for Jakarta teachers. Most teachers attend the training only to obtain attendance certificates that can be credited towards their additional performance allowance. Consequently, those teachers will only reproduce teaching practices that they have experienced or observed from their seniors. As in other similar professional development systems, improvement in teaching quality at schools is less likely to happen (Hargreaves, 2000). Most of the trainings were led by external experts or academics who did not interact with teachers on a day-to-day basis. This approach to professional development represents a top-down mechanism where teacher training was designed independently from teaching context and therefore appears to be overly abstract, unpractical, and not useful for teachers (Timperley, 2011). Moreover, the lack of relevancy between teacher training and teaching practice leads to teachers’ low ownership of the professional development process (Bergmark, 2020). More broadly, in the Jakarta education system, especially the public school system, autonomy was never given to schools and teachers prior to establishing the new TPD system in 2021. The system employed a top-down relationship between the local education agency, teacher training centres, principals, and teachers. Professional development plans were usually motivated by a low teacher competency score or budgeted teacher professional development programme. Guided by the scores, the training centres organised training that could address knowledge areas that most of Jakarta's teachers lack. In many cases, to fulfil the quota as planned in the budget, the local education agency and the training centres would instruct principals to assign two teachers to certain training without knowing their needs. Realizing that the system was not functioning, Jakarta’s local education agency decided to create a reform that gives more autonomy toward schools and teachers in determining teacher professional development plan. The new system has been piloted since November 2021. To maintain the balance between administrative evaluation and addressing professional development needs, the new initiative highlights the key role played by head teachers or principals. This is based on assumption that principals who have the opportunity to observe teaching practice closely could help teachers reflect and develop their professionalism. (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). As explained by the professional development case in Finland, leadership and collegial collaboration are also critical to shaping a school culture that could support the development of professional autonomy. The collective energies among teachers and the principal will also direct the teacher toward improving teaching, learning, and caring for students and parents (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010; Hargreaves, 2000). Thus, the new TPD system in Jakarta adopts the feature of collegial collaboration. This is considered as imperative in Jakarta where teachers used to be controlled and join a professional development activity due to external forces. Learning autonomy did not exist within themselves. Hence, teachers need a leader who can turn the "professional development regulation" into a culture at schools. The process will shape teachers to do professional development quite autonomously (Deci et al., 2001). In this case, a controlling leadership style will hinder teachers’ autonomous motivation. Instead, principals should articulate a clear vision, consider teachers' individual needs and aspirations, inspire, and support professional development activities (Eyal and Roth, 2011). This can also be called creating a professional culture at schools (Fullan, 1996). In this Note, we aim to understand how the schools and teachers respond to the new teacher professional development system. We compare experience and motivation of different characteristics of teachers.
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Chofor Che, Christian Aimé. Reinforcing decentralisation and constitutionalism under the 1996 Constitution of Cameroon for peace-building and development. IFF, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2023.36.
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Cameroon faces an array of serious governance challenges today which include difficulties in handling the country’s inherited dual-state colonial heritage, particularly the perception of marginalisation by the Anglophone community. Other challenges include usurpation of duties of decentralised authorities by deconcentrated authorities, providing adequate service delivery at the local government level, upholding constitutionalism, limiting ethnic tensions, tackling minority concerns and a weak fiscal decentralisation agenda. An examination of the constitutional and legal framework of decentralisation under the 1996 Constitution, shows that these issues have not been adequately addressed under the current dispensation. Thus, there is need for some fundamental changes that would strengthen self and shared rule for better service delivery especially at the local government level. There is also a need for more power sharing at the central government level, the need for robust constitutionalism and human rights and a better fiscal decentralisation agenda.
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Juco, Marianne, Ricxie Maddawin, Robert Hector Palomar, Mark Gerald Ruiz, and Charlotte Justine Diokno-Sicat. Baseline Study on the State of Devolution in the (Pre-Mandanas) Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2023.09.
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Two key recent events pushed forward the country’s decentralization agenda. In 2019, the Mandanas-Garcia Supreme Court (“Mandanas”) ruling increased the tax base for intergovernmental fiscal transfers in support of local governments’ autonomy and revenue-raising capacity. In 2021, Executive Order No. 138 (EO 138) laid the guidelines for effectively transitioning functions and responsibilities from the national to the local governments. Part of the directives in EO 138 is the design and review of devolution transition plans (DTPs). Given the country’s current state of devolution, uncertainty arises on how local government units (LGUs) will manage to fully assume all devolved functions and whether the prescribed devolution transition period is sufficient. By evaluating LGU-crafted DTPs, this study aims to establish the baseline of current (pre-Mandanas) devolved functions and capacities. The results can serve as a pivotal starting point to evaluate performance and progress in the phased adoption of devolved functions. Key takeaways from the exercise include (i) the high variation in LGU prioritization of devolved functions and LGU capacity, (ii) complete full devolution by 2024 is not achievable based on the self-assessment of LGUs, (iii) capacity development interventions to aid in the devolution agenda is mostly centered on manpower and training requirements. Further, the study recognizes (i) the need for a mechanism for further data collection of accurate and comprehensive baseline data for devolved functions of LGUs, (ii) the need for an asymmetric decentralization strategy from the national government, and (iii) the need for greater coordination and guidance from national agencies, especially on disaster risk reduction and management.
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Harris, Jeremy, Thomas Liebig, and David Khoudour, eds. How Do Migrants Fare in Latin America and the Caribbean?: Mapping Socio-Economic Integration. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005007.
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Over the last decade, the migration landscape in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has changed significantly. In this context, the socio-economic integration of immigrants is an increasingly high priority on the regional development and policy agenda. For this reason, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have collaborated on this joint exercise that builds on OECDs previous experience in measuring migrant inclusion as well as IDBs expertise in building data around the state of migration in Latin America and the Caribbean, and UNDPs presence on the ground and experience working with national and local governments in the region to advance their development priorities. This report provides a general overview of the state of socio-economic integration of migrants in 12 LAC countries by 2021. It presents a series of quantitative indicators related with, for instance, labor market informality, self-employment, youth employment, school attendance, reading literacy and living conditions. This exercise also relies on selected policy indicators that shed light on the regulatory framework within which migrants integration takes place. The objective is to provide decisionmakers and policymakers in host countries with useful indicators to better understand where the gaps are in terms of migrants integration and to help them identify the areas where they should focus their efforts and scarce resources.
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Ang, Len, and Sokphea Young. Civil Society Organisations and Youth Civic Engagement in Cambodia. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2021. https://doi.org/10.64202/wp.132.202110.
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Civic engagement is “how citizens participate in the life of a community to improve conditions for others or to help shape the community’s future” (Adler and Goggin 2005, p. 236). In Cambodia, civic engagement has been promoted by civil society organisations (CSOs) since 1993. The organisations covered by the abbreviation “CSO” are many in Cambodia, but they consist of, and are not limited to, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), youth associations, community-based organisations (CBOs), self-help groups and small clubs. There are around 3,000 NGOs registered officially with the Ministry of Interior as local NGOs and with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation as international NGOs (INGOs) (Suárez and Marshall 2014). The core development work of many of these NGOs is not focused entirely on human rights, democratic development and governance, and environmental issues: they are also working to improve livelihoods by integrating rural development approaches within their agendas (Mansfield 2008). The exact figure of CBOs remains obscure (Brown 2008; UNCT 2009) as some have not registered officially with the relevant authorities while others have merely emerged to address a particular development issue and then halted operations. CBOs still exist in every village and are visible or invisible to outsiders (Öjendal 2013). Those NGOs and CBOs focus more broadly on local development; however, there has been an emerging trend of NGOs funding youth civic engagement, seeking not only to enhance youth capacity for employment opportunities, but also to engage in democratic development and participation (OECD 2017). The ultimate aim of promoting youth engagement in civic activities is to mobilise young adults to be members of NGOs and CSOs (BBC Media Action and UNDP 2014; Ginwright and James 2002; Rogers, Mediratta and Shah 2012; Terriquez 2015). Past studies have demonstrated that young people tend not to associate with CSOs (UNDP 2010; CDRI 2017; Heng, Vong and Chheat 2014). In the context of funding channelled towards youth programs, the relevant NGOs and CSOs have a role in promoting youth civic engagement. The question is, could CSOs engage more fully and successfully with youth, not only to promote capacity development for employment opportunities, but also to enable civic activities, especially when those young people are disenchanted? This is coupled with the rise of political pressure on particular civic activities of CSOs after the 2013 national election, and constitutes a core context for this study. At a time of changing “space” for CSOs, this study will address the following questions: 1) How do CSOs, including organisations, associations and clubs, keep young people engaged? 2) How do CSOs motivate and enrol young people in civic activities at a time when the “space” relating to civil society and polity in the country is changing? and 3) How can CSOs be supported to provide long-term mobilisation of young people to sustain civic engagement? Addressing these questions will contribute to an understanding of youth and civic engagement in an era of changing space, and advance previous studies in the country (Mansfield 2008; BBC Media Action and UNDP 2014; Heng, Vong and Chheat 2014; OECD 2017; Peou and Zinn 2015; Eng and Hughes 2017; Eng et al. 2019). This paper draws on comparative discussions with three types of organisation chosen for this study in terms of their strategies relating to, and effectiveness in, promoting civic engagement according to their agenda. The first is an independent organisation – A – receiving funding from international donors. Organisation A’s program activities and approaches to promote youth civic engagement are, however, characterised as “co-optation or integration” as they implement their program with local government/ local authorities, and the ruling party. The second organisation – B – received funding from international donors but operates its programs independently. The third organisation – C – is classified as State-dependent. It is operated in alignment with the State, and has a central office headed by a senior government official. This organisation’s structure is entwined with the State system, from national to provincial, down to commune and village levels. This paper argues that organisation C, the State’s and ruling party’s de facto union of youths, dominates civic forms of youth engagement in Cambodia as its operational activities and branches are affiliated with the structures of the State systems and the current leading political party - the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP). With sustained financial and political support, organisation C has been capable of engaging more youths to take part in its activities. Meanwhile, organisations A and B have manoeuvred their strategies of civic engagement through limited “spaces”, leveraging activities under the control and monitoring process of the State. In this context, organisation C has been more sustained in promoting youth participation in the activities that it has identified, given the diverse sources of financial support it has access to. Organisations A and B appear less sustainable in terms of their strategies to engage with young people and they rely substantially on international donors to fund their activities. To unpack the preceding arguments further, the remainder of this working paper will begin with: (i) a review of the relevant literature on the “space” CSOs occupy and on civic engagement in Cambodia; and (ii) the detailed methodologies of data collection and data analysis. It will then present: (iii) the empirical results, and (iv) the concluding discussion.
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Bénin: Target men to increase use of health services. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2001.1001.
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After initiating health sector reforms in 1994, the Bénin government established the Integrated Family Health Project, known as PROSAF. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, PROSAF operates in the Borgou region, which is mostly rural and has the country’s most severe health problems. PROSAF managers wanted to understand why local people were not using health services, despite their poor health. As noted in this brief, managers requested that the African Population and Health Research Centre (APHRC) study the way households and communities make decisions on health care. In a study conducted in 2000 with support from the Population Council, APHRC identified sociocultural factors that might impede access to health care in the region and recommended approaches to overcome these obstacles. Study findings included that adult men make unilateral decisions in household resource allocation and health care; people prefer alternative health care, mainly traditional healers or self-medication, because of their low cost; use of modern medicine tends to occur as a last resort, and only when symptoms are advanced; communication about FP is limited, both between husbands and wives and between parents and children.