Relevant bibliographies by topics / Locally produced raw materials

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Locally produced raw materials'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Locally produced raw materials"

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Matalkah, Faris, Harsha Bharadwaj, Anagi Balachandra, and Parviz Soroushian. "Aerated Concrete Produced Using Locally Available Raw Materials." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 4 (2017): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000087.

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Aerated concrete materials were developed with abundant natural materials. Aerated concrete can provide insulating qualities complemented with secondary structural attributes when used as core in sandwich composites for building construction. A hybrid binder that comprised lime and gypsum was used. Different foaming agents were considered for production of aerated concrete, including saponin that is found abundantly in different plants. Different formulations were considered, and the stability of the foam structure as well as the density and early-age compressive strength of the resulting aerated concrete were evaluated. One formulation comprising lime-gypsum binder with saponin foaming agent, with a density of 0.53 g/cm3, was further characterized through performance of thermal conductivity, split tension, flexure, elastic and shear modulus and sorptivity tests. The results pointed at the satisfactory balance of qualities provided by the aerated concrete when compared with alternative aerated concrete materials.
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Макаров, Александр Семёнович. "The improvement of raw materials of locally produced sparkling wines." Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 4(114) (December 22, 2020): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.96.35.012.

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Систематизированы современные литературные данные о совершенствовании сырьевых ресурсов для производства игристых вин. Даны рекомендации о перспективности использования различных сортов винограда в производстве игристых вин: интродуцированных (Мальбек, Сира и др.), селекционных (Рислинг Магарача, Рислинг мускатный, Рислинг красный, Алиготе мускатное, Цитронный Магарача и др.), аборигенных (Кокур белый, Кокур белый 46-10-3, Сых дане, Сары пандас, Кефесия и др.). Выделены факторы, влияющие на основные и дополнительные показатели в системе «виноград-виноматериал-игристое вино», среди которых важными являются степень зрелости винограда, его технологический потенциал, почвенно-климатические условия произрастания винограда. Сделан вывод, что всесторонний подход к подбору сырья с учетом факторов, влияющих на его основные и дополнительные показатели, позволит сформировать сырьевые зоны для производства игристых вин высокого качества. Modern literary sources on the improvement of raw materials for production of sparklings were systematized. Recommendations on the prospects of using various grape varieties in production of sparkling wines are given. They include introduced (‘Malbec’, ‘Syrah’, etc.), selection (‘Riesling Magaracha’, ‘Riesling Muscatny’, ‘Riesling Krasny’, ‘Aligote Muscatnoye’, ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’, etc.) and native (‘Kokur Belyi’, ‘Kokur Belyi 46-10-3’, ‘Sykh Dane’, ‘Sary Pandas’, ‘Kefesiya’, etc.) grape varieties. Factors influencing the main and additional indicators in the system "grapes - base wine - sparkling wine" are highlighted. The most important factors are the degree of grape ripeness, its technological potential, soil and climatic conditions of grape growing. It is concluded that a comprehensive approach to the selection of raw materials, taking into account the factors affecting its main and additional indicators, will allow the formation of zones of raw materials for the production of high quality sparkling wines.
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Dagde, Kenneth K., Godbless Nwosa, and Chukwuemeka Ukpaka. "Formulation of White Board Marker Ink Using Locally Sourced Raw Materials." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1108.

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This research work was conducted to demonstrate the mechanism of white board marker ink production using locally sourced raw materials such as charcoal and used lube oil. In the production of the ink, the charcoal served as a pigment, used lube oil served as the primary binder or resin, ethanol served as solvent and gum Arabic served as an additive. The charcoal was obtained from processing of Mango, Oil bean (Ugba) and rubber trees, which were further crushed to their finest particles respectively and the used lube oil was obtained from mechanical engineering servicing unit of automobile engines. The crushed charcoal samples were characterized to determine the physio-chemical properties of some mineral elements such as Ca, Cu, P, K, C, S, N. however the mineral component that controlled the production of this ink was the Carbon content. The different ink samples were formulated in terms of odour, colour, hazardous reaction, pH, density and viscosity and compared with that of international standards. Results obtained showed a good match, indicating the reliability and the quality of the produced white board marker ink. The pH results for Ugba ink = 5.43, Rubber ink = 6.79, and Mango = 7.41. Empirical models were used to predict concentration with that of experimental values, a plot of concentration against time in terms of production yield revealed that the order of magnitude was rubber>Ugba>Mango whereas in terms of penetration and writing ability Ugba>rubber>mango. Furthermore, the research demonstrates the significance of the characteristics of the charcoal and the used lube oil in the quality of the end product. Finally, the research revealed that ink produced from the oil bean (ugba) charcoal and lube oil was best in terms of write-ability and quality in the production of white board marker ink.
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Adekunle, Oyawale Festus, Odior Andrew Oyakhobo, and Ibhadode Akii. "Development of a Manual Metal Arc Welding Flux from Local Raw Materials in Nigeria." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.78.

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It is generally believed that raw materials for the manufacture of welding electrodes are not available in Nigeria. As a result, completely manufactured electrodes are imported and where they are produced locally, all the components are imported from the home countries of the technical partners. The aim of this research therefore is to produce a welding flux formulation from local materials. Various minerals were beneficiated, pulverized and mixed in various ratios using sodium silicate as binder. The welding flux developed yielded results comparable with ISO2560: E432R11
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Olejnik, E., Ł. Szymański, P. Kurtyka, et al. "Locally Reinforcement TiC-Fe Type Produced in Situ in Castings." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 3 (2016): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0054.

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Abstract Refinement is one of the most energy consuming technological process, aimed at obtaining mineral raw materials of the proper grain size. Cast structural elements such as jaws or hammers in crushing machines operate under conditions of an intensive wear. The data indicate that 80 % of failures of machines and devices is caused by wearing of rubbing surfaces. This problem became the subject of several scientific and industrial investigations carried out in the whole world in order to produce materials ultra- wear resistant. Methods allowing to obtain wear resistant composite castings are discussed in the hereby paper. Within the performed research microstructures of the produced composite zones were presented and the comparative analysis with regard to mechanical and functional properties of local composite reinforcements in relation to the commercial alloys of increased wear resistance was performed. The results show almost twenty five times increase in wear resistance compared to manganese cast steel containing 18 % Mn.
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Bozhko, Nataliia, Vasyl Tischenko, Vasil Pasichnyi, Manyefa Polumbryk, and Oleksandra Haschuk. "Development of meat-containing minced semi-finished products based on the locally produced raw materials." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 11 (94) (2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.140052.

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Gurchumelia, Lali, Murman Tsarakhov, Salome Tkemaladze, Feliks Bejanov, and Lasha Tkemaladze. "Production and Performance Evaluation of Noble Fire Extinguishing Foam Suspensions Using Locally Available and Environmentally Friendly Natural Mineral Raw Materials." Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21, no. 1 (2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cerb.v21i1.47372.

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The main goal of this research is the fabrication of halogen free, environmentally friendly fire-extinguishing powders using local mineral raw materials and the development of technological processes for producing highly efficient fire-extinguishing foam-suspensions on the basis of the produced powders. Fire-extinguishing powders are made by mechanical treatment and mixing of raw materials: zeolite, clay shale, perlite and ammophos. The process does not need introduction of expensive, halogen-containing, hydrophobizators and ensures the cost-effective production of fire-extinguishing powders. The obtained fire-extinguishing powders are characterized by high performance properties, high fire-extinguishing capacity and coefficient of atomic oxygen recombination. Thus, they are characterized both by homogeneous and heterogeneous inhibition of combustion processes. The efficiency of the produced powders is not inferior to that of standard powders of common production. In addition, in contrast to their traditional analogs they are halogen free, environmentally friendly and cheaper (1.2-2 times cheaper). The obtained powders, unlike the ones of conventional production, have good compatibility with water and foam. Our foam-suspensions are prepared just by mechanical mixing of fire-extinguishing powders with water and surface-active substances – foamers. The process does not require chemical treatment of materials. Thus, the developed technology is simple and cost-effective. The foam-suspensions produced on the basis of the obtained powders have higher heat capacity, permeability, wetting effect like water and foam and unlike them, they allow for homogeneous as well as heterogeneous inhibition of the burning process. Thus, the so produced foam-suspensions will have higher extinguishing effect than water, foams or powders, taken separately. Based on the above, it can be suggested that the produced powders can be used for extinguishing all types of fires, including large-scale ones in a combination with water and foams.
 Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 58-64
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Khan, Kaffayatullah, Shaukat Ali Khan, Muhammad Umair Saleem, and Muhammad Ashraf. "Improvement of Locally Available Raw Bentonite for Use as Drilling Mud." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010274.

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Background: Bentonite clays are widely used in a drilling operation and play a vital role as a drilling fluid. Bentonite clay mud performs several functions during the drilling operation and facilitates the drilling process. Objective: In this study, the locally available raw bentonite clays were investigated to evaluate its potential use as a mud for borehole drilling operation after its improvement with the additives. Method: Rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength were evaluated by using a viscometer and filtrate loss test was performed by using filter press on both locally available raw bentonite clays and the commercial bentonite named as Mill gel. Results: From the test results obtained for the up gradation of clays with the different beneficiating materials, the drastic increase in the plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength has been observed. It shows that Xanthum gum produced better results for the improvement of rheological properties of such clays. Carboxymethyl cellulose and starch were used as additives and it has been observed that carboxymethyl cellulose has improved both viscosity and filtrate loss control, whereas starch muds have the best filtration control properties. Conclusion: Improved bentonite clays have rheological and filtration characteristics that have satisfied American Petroleum Institute specification at optimum conditions of clay. It was concluded that improved clays are the suitable material for the drilling operations and suitable to substitute commercial bentonite.
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Kaliyanikumar, M., та A. Chellappa. "வாதிரியார் இனத்தின் சமூக பொருளாதார வாழ்க்கை முறை". Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, № 1 (2020): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i1.3412.

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Folk handicrafts are also created for the purpose of utilization. The techniques for these are traditionally and often caste-based. Artisans engaged in the industry use minimal tools to produce handicrafts using locally available raw materials.
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Sultana, Fauzia, Tanjila Alam, and AKMA Quader. "Bench-Scale Preparation and Qualitative Analysis of Calcium Chloride from Locally Available Raw Materials." Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 1 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18101.

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Calcium chloride has diverse industrial applications. In spite of its demand and availability of raw materials locally, there are no chemical industries in Bangladesh that produce calcium chloride as a major product. This work was undertaken to assess the feasibility of production of calcium chloride on bench-scale by limestone-hydrochloric acid process and the quality of the product. Different amounts of limestone and 35.5% hydrochloric acid (by weight) were reacted in a PVC reactor to produce calcium chloride. Solubility at different temperature, pH, and calcium content were among the parameters measured to assess the product quality. FTIR Spectroscopy was also conducted to determine the quality of the product. Solubility values of the product ranged between 96-155g/100g water for temperatures between 30-100°C; calcium content of the product was found to be 25%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18101 Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 1, December 2013: 1-3
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Locally produced raw materials"

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Gunnarsson, Folkegård Emma, and Sebastian Olivares. "Från Östgötaslätten till matupplevelse : En kvalitativ studie av värdekedjan mellan producent, grossist och restaurang på en lokal marknad." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-167022.

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Restaurangutläggen har ökat sedan 2010 och efterfrågan på lokalt producerad mat har ökat allt mer senaste tiden, vars syfte inte längre enbart syftar till att mätta idag. Trender har lett till att mervärden inom mat såsom kvalité, hållbarhet och ursprung efterfrågas, varpå restauranger har anpassat sig till detta för att skapa en matupplevelse. Restauranger efterfrågar därmed en större kvantitet av lokalt producerade råvaror. Grossister verkar mellan producenter och restauranger som en länk för att förmedla råvaror och dess mervärde, men trots det finns brister vid förmedlingen. Tidigare studier har påvisat att lokala producenter har hög kunskap inom sin produktion, men lägre kunskaper inom marknadsföring. Studien syftar till att studera värdekedjan mellan producent, grossist och restaurang samt förutsättningar för en grossists värdeskapande på en lokal marknad. För att kunna besvara syftet besvaras tre forskningsfrågor, vilka ämnar till att öka förståelsen för hur värdekedjan ser ut på en lokal marknad samt öka förståelse kring grossistens roll som värdeskapande aktör. Resultatet av studien visar att värdekedjan fungerar, men att det finns brister vid förmedlingen av mervärde mellan aktörerna. Mellan varje aktör verkar distributionskanaler var mervärden flödar. Ytterligare mervärden konstaterades efterfrågas, vilka inte framgick bland alla aktörer. Vidare kunde det konstateras att det råder otydligheter kring begreppet distribution, vilket anses vara en orsakande faktor till den brist kring förmedling av mervärde som råder idag. Studien har bidragit till att belysa de brister som råder idag, för att öka medvetenhet kring dessa. Vidare har en SWOT-analys lyft fram aspekter som anses vara väsentliga att ta hänsyn till. Studien anses därför vara till nytta för aktörer inom livsmedelsbranschen, specifikt de som verkar på en lokal marknad.<br>Restaurant outlays have increased since 2010 and the demand for locally produced food has increased more recently, the purpose of which is no longer solely to fill today. Trends have created other demands which restaurants have adapted to, to create a dining experience. Restaurants are thus demanding a larger quantity of locally produced raw ingredients. Wholesalers operate between producers and restaurants as a link to mediate raw ingredients and their added value. Yet, there are deficiencies in the mediation. Previous studies have shown that local producers are knowledgeable in their production, but less knowledgeable in marketing. The purpose is to study the value chain between producer, wholesaler, and restaurant as well as the conditions for a wholesaler's value creation in a local market. To be able to answer the purpose, three research questions have been proposed, which aim to increase the understanding of how the value chain looks like in a local market and increase the understanding of a wholesaler's role as a value-creating actor. The results of the study show that the value chain works, but that there is a deficiency in the mediation of added value between the actors. Distribution channels seem to flow between each actor where added value flows. Other added values were found to be in demand, which was not apparent among all actors. Furthermore, it was found that there is some ambiguity about the concept of distribution, which is considered to be a causative factor for the lack of value-added mediation that prevails today. The study has contributed to highlighting the shortcomings that exist today, to raise awareness of these. Furthermore, a SWOT-analysis has highlighted aspects that are considered to be essential to take into account. The study is therefore considered to be of benefit to actors in the food industry, specifically those operating on a local market.
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Nilsson, Lennart. "Development of UHPC concrete using mostly locally available raw materials." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69456.

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The concrete technology has during the last century changed dramatically where the concept of high strength concrete has gone from 30MPa to well over 100MPa. UHPC has many areas of application and is used more and more frequently in all manner of structures. It is also a suitable concrete in areas and environments that are demanding and harsh for the concrete due to its overall excellent durability properties which suggest lifespans of reinforced structure elements that far exceeds what is economically available to design for today with a low cost of maintenance. The aim of this research was to produce Ultra High-Performance Concrete using mostly locally available materials. Tests were made on the binary materials where the particle packing was optimized through the Punkte method. A series of smaller mortar mixes was made where the effect of different proportions of i.e. silica fume, flyash, superplasticizer had on the concrete mix. The fresh and hardened properties of the mix as mini cone flow, slump flow, density, compressive strength and flexural strength was evaluated to obtain a mix which exhibited the properties sought for, high strength and good workability. The results showed that it is difficult to find an optimum mixture since the design of a recipe always has compromises and rarely all criteria’s can be met fully. The concrete produced had a W to C ratio between 0,21, 20wt% of silica fume, 4,5wt% of superplasticizer and max filler size of 1mm. Some mixes of the concrete were also produced with flyash replacement and with steel fibers. This resulted in concretes exhibiting compressive strength over 140MPa, flexural strength of 18MPa without fiber reinforcement and with self-consolidating properties. The replacement of cement with 30wt% of flyash resulted in better workability and long term(1year) compressive strength almost equaled the concrete without flyash replacement.
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Ma, Chuan-Tsung, and 馬傳宗. "Sustainable Planning of the Bottom Ash been Produced by Li-Ze Incineration Plant in I-Lan County - Study for Substituting Part of Raw Materials by Bottom Ash in Portland Cement." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70555803740953113252.

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碩士<br>國立宜蘭大學<br>建築與永續規劃研究所碩士班<br>96<br>There are twenty-two incineration plants in Taiwan which are operating now, so garbage (Non-hazardous solid waste) treatment has been changed to incinerator from landfill. Li-Ze Incineration Plant in I-Lan County is one of them. It was operated by I-Lan County government since April 2006. Although Li-Ze Incineration Plant has release the pressure of waste treatment, but there is a problem that is ash residue treatment (include bottom ash and fly ash) must be solved immediately. Almost all of the bottom ash present still takes burying by the time been in I-Lan County. But the burial site volume is limited, and precious land resources. Ash residue is due to the use of sustainable treatment planning. The bottom ash accounted for 70% of ash residue. In this study, Li-Ze incinerator bottom ash at the end of the subject for the planning, will be transported to the cement plant in I-Lan County, as Portland cement alternative raw materials. Through the literature of factory certification is provided at the end of the I-Lan County slag handling specific recommendations can be developed for the national competent authority at the end of slag reuse policy for reference. The addition of Li-Ze incineration plant into the plant composition, composition and slag at the end of the end of the dissolution of Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) analysis, and send 1912.56 tons(20.79 tons/day) bottom ash to the cement plant, which resulted, Li-Ze incineration Plant at the end of slag cement major components of the composition. Li-Ze incineration plant in normal operation under the conditions of the plant in full at the end of slag (78 tons/day) as a cement substitute raw materials, the cement plant's quality of cement should be very minor, the other residue at the end of the pre-treatment, as appropriate later, the amount of bottom ash treatment in cement plant can be further increased.
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Books on the topic "Locally produced raw materials"

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Forestry Association of Nigeria. Conference. Forest resources development and the sourcing of local raw materials in Nigeria: Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria, held in Abeokuta, Ogun State, November 27-December 1, 1989. Edited by Okojie J. A and Obiaga P. C. The Association, 1989.

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Chao, Shi-Yan. Queer Representations in Chinese-language Film and the Cultural Landscape. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988033.

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Queer Representations in Chinese-language Film and the Cultural Landscape provides a cultural history of queer representations in Chinese-language film and media, negotiated by locally produced knowledge, local cultural agency, and lived histories. Incorporating a wide range of materials in both English and Chinese, this interdisciplinary project investigates the processes through which Chinese tongzhi/queer imaginaries are articulated, focusing on four main themes: the Chinese familial system, Chinese opera, camp aesthetic, and documentary impulse. Chao’s discursive analysis is rooted in and advances genealogical inquiries: a non-essentialist intervention into the "Chinese" idea of filial piety, a transcultural perspective on the contested genre of film melodrama, a historical investigation of the local articulations of mass camp and gay camp, and a transnational inquiry into the different formats of documentary. This book is a must for anyone exploring the cultural history of Chinese tongzhi/queer through the lens of transcultural media.
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Gyarmati, János, and Carola Condarco. Inca Imperial Strategies and Installations in Central Bolivia. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.17.

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The local ethnohistoric sources and the archaeological evidence, as well as the radiocarbon dates, indicate that the Inca Empire conquered the mighty polities of Central Bolivia around the mid-fifteenth century, and then created a well-structured imperial infrastructure. The rationale behind the creation of this infrastructure can be sought in the region’s agricultural potential and raw material deposits. In order to fully exploit these resources, the Inca performed a large-scale population resettlement, principally of groups from the altiplano and the mountain regions to the eastern valleys. The goods produced in these agricultural and craft centers ensured the defense of the empire’s eastern frontiers, and contributed to the provisioning of its heartland.
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Andrzej, Buko, Pela Wlodzimierz, Polskie Towarzystwo Archeologiczne, and Komitet Badań Naukowych (Poland), eds. Imported and locally produced pottery: methods of identification and analysis: Materials from I Conference of Pottery Research Group of Committee for Pre- and Posthistoric Sciences of Polish Academy of Sciences. Scientific Society of Polish Archaeologists, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Locally produced raw materials"

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Canikoğlu, Nuray, and A. Şükran Demirkıran. "Investigation of Microstructure of Ceramics Produced from Gabbro and Zeolite Raw Materials." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16919-4_16.

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Elkasabi, Yaseen, Hans Darmstadt, and Akwasi A. Boateng. "Coke Produced from Lower-Oxygen Fast-Pyrolysis Oil, A New Approach to Produce Renewable Anode Raw Materials." In Light Metals 2017. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_146.

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Ekpunobi, Uchenna, Christopher Ihueze, Philomena Igbokwe, et al. "Production of Electrical Porcelain Insulators from Local Raw Materials: A Review." In Clay and Clay Minerals [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98902.

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This paper reviewed the production of electric porcelain insulators utilizing from local raw materials from developing countries. The raw materials used were feldspar, quartz/silica and kaolin. The chemical composition, mineralogy, and thermal properties of the raw materials were characterized using AAS, XRD, and TGA respectively. Different weight percentage combinations of the individual raw materials were investigated by the authors. Most of the results showed relatively acceptable porcelain insulators properties such as low water absorption, porosity, high insulation resistance, dielectric strength and bulk density. The paper showed that electric porcelain insulators with good properties can be produced from available local raw materials in some developing countries using appropriate formulations. However, for production of improved porcelain insulators properties, suggestions were made on the areas for future research.
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"Crop Waste to Livestock Feed and Livestock Waste to Soil." In Optimizing the Use of Farm Waste and Non-Farm Waste to Increase Productivity and Food Security. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7934-2.ch004.

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Significant waste but edible biomass and fuel that can be utilized as raw materials are available locally. With internal efficiencies of recycling of nutrients in an integrated farming system and appropriate technologies, such waste can be optimized for the production of livestock feed and potting soil. These items are pivotal to the productivity and efficiency of sustainable farming. Once the initial set up cost can be laid out, the operation can be self-propelled to larger scales with economic benefits at the farm level as well as at the national level. There has been the argument that livestock feed requires large acreages under grain production which is not feasible in small economies of scale and in the context of small island developing states. The paradox is that there is high cost to produce waste which is not utilized and is a loss to the enterprise.
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Price, T. Douglas. "Centers of Power, Weapons of Iron." In Europe before Rome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914708.003.0009.

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The introduction of iron after 1000 BC brought new tools and weapons to Europe. Smelting technology and higher furnace temperatures were likely the key to iron production, which is generally thought to have originated in Anatolia around 1400 BC among the Hittites, but there are a few earlier examples of iron artifacts as old as 2300 BC in Turkey. Iron produced sharper, more readily available implements and was in great demand. In contrast to copper and tin, whose sources were limited, iron was found in a variety of forms in many places across the continent. Veins of iron ore were exploited in Iberia, Britain, the Alps, the Carpathian Mountains, and elsewhere. Bog iron was exploited in northern Europe. Carbonate sources of iron in other areas enabled local groups to obtain the raw materials necessary for producing this important material. At the same time, the collapse of the dominant Bronze Age civilizations of the Aegean changed the flow of raw materials and finished products across Europe. Greece fell into a Dark Age following the demise of the Mycenaean city-states. The Etruscans were on the rise in Italy. Rome was a small town at the border of the Etruscan region. Soon, however, new centers of power in classic Greece and Rome emerged, bringing writing and, with it, history to Europe. Again, we can observe important and dramatic differences between the “classic” areas of the Mediterranean and the northern parts of “barbarian” Europe. The chronology for the Iron Age in much of Europe is portrayed in Figure 6.2. The Iron Age begins earlier in the Mediterranean area, ca. 900 BC, where the Classical civilizations of Greece, the Etruscans, and eventually Rome emerge in the first millennium BC. Rome and its empire expanded rapidly, conquering much of western Europe in a few decades before the beginning of the Common Era and Britain around ad 43, effectively ending the prehistoric Iron Age in these parts of the continent. The Iron Age begins somewhat later in Scandinavia, around 500 BC.
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"Mars Habitat Using Locally Produced Materials." In Out of This World: The New Field of Space Architecture. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781563479878.0311.0315.

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"African-Produced Raw Materials and Industrial Production in England." In Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511583940.009.

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Patil, P. D. "Biodegradable Plastics from Renewable Raw Materials." In Degradation of Plastics. m, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901335-2.

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Fossil oil prices are soaring steeply due to the depleting petroleum raw materials. Extensive research has been carried out around the globe to develop efficient processes that can replace oil-derived polymers (conventional plastic) with bio-based polymers that originate from renewable resources. Fossil-oil based plastic products take decades to degrade, leading to the unwanted accumulation of plastic waste that can be seen all around. Further, greenhouse gases emission occurs during the production and destruction of synthetic plastic. Therefore, plastic waste has become a massive threat to the biosphere and needs to be addressed immediately. To overcome this issue, a new type of plastic can be produced from bio-resources that can fulfill even the energy demand in today's world. This new form of plastic must be accommodated fast in daily life, considering the range of applications of plastics. Biodegradable plastics made from renewable raw materials can retain all the benefits of petroleum-based plastic without having any negative impacts on the environment. Bioplastics are not toxic in nature and can easily decay back into carbon dioxide via degradation. The products made from bioplastics may be commercialized, considering their superior properties over conventional plastic. The discovery and implementation of plastic made from renewable raw material resources could be a giant leap into the sustainable future.
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Derrien, Michel L. "Chapter 18 Selective Hydrogenation Applied to the Refining of Petrochemical Raw Materials Produced by Steam Cracking." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)65364-1.

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Gokmen, Mehpare Karahan. "Accounting Perspective for Sustainable Supply Chain Management." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8970-9.ch009.

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Growing interest in sustainability has gained momentum due to increased globalization. Especially the proliferation of international trade has reinforced the importance of sustainability in supply chains. Internal and external stakeholders are also willing to be informed about these sustainability practices. Accounting provides a proper communication media with sustainability reports. Hence, accounting ensures its relevance in preparation of reports with the inclusion of required information. Additionally, uniformity is brought among sustainability reports that increase comparability and understandability of them. The aim of this chapter is to reveal how companies represent their sustainable supply chain practices in sustainability reports. At the result of the research on companies in Borsa Istanbul it is found that preference for local suppliers, sustainability assessment for suppliers, raw material sustainability, product safety and quality and stakeholder engagement are commonly represented practices that are related with sustainable supply chains.
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Conference papers on the topic "Locally produced raw materials"

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Ilyina, V. P., and P. V. Frolov. "Ultramafic rocks of the Aganozero chromium ore deposit (South Karelia) as a non-conventional magnesium-silicate raw material for the production of new ceramic materials." In Mineralogical and technological appraisal of new types of mineral products. Karelian Research Center of RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/tm13_11.

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Ultramafic rocks of the Aganozero chromium ore deposit located in South Karelia are of practical interest as a high-Mg raw material for industrial application. The preliminary results of the study of high-Mg rocks and minerals from the Aganozero deposit for the production of new materials are reported. The high technological level and economic efficiency of the ceramic materials produced, based on Karelia’s high-Mg rocks and industrial minerals, were achieved by reducing energy consumption and simplifying the technological process. The practical application of local types of mineral products will increase the raw materials potential for the production of various types of refractories and industrial ceramics.
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Yahaya, M. A. C., Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu, A. B. M. A. Kaish, Khalid Mohammed Breesem, Ideris Zakaria, and Manal Mohsen Abood. "Development of geopolymer mortar utilizing locally produced fly ash in Malaysia." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS ENGINEERING & SCIENCE (IConMEAS 2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0000273.

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Oh, Sang Hyun, Sung Il Kim, Ki Ho Park, and Byeong Hyeok Yu. "A Numerical Study on Improvement of Coating Uniformity by Controlling the Pressure at the Exit of the Slot Die Nozzle." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5139.

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Abstract In this study, numerical analysis was carried out to investigate the effects of slot die nozzle exit rear pressure on coating uniformity improvement in coating nozzles which are widely used in industry. Coating uniformity in coatings of viscosity materials such as inks and surface coating solutions is closely related to the quality of the product. Especially, coating uniformity is an important performance indicator for slot die coatings, which are used primarily in the production of optical or chemical products such as displays, touch screens, solar panels, and batteries. In general, the average thickness of a thin film in a slot die coating is determined by the supply flow rate and the moving speed of the plate. However, due to various parameters, thickness irregularities and coating defects due to pores occur locally. Therefore, many studies have recently been performed to solve the local defect of the slot die coating. In order to improve the coating uniformity, this study applied the vacuum pressure condition to the slot die nozzle rear end and numerical study on the coating uniformity according to the vacuum pressure was carried out. The numerical analysis proceeded to 2-D, unsteady condition and the VOF method. A commercial numerical simulation software (STAR-CCM+ V.12.06) was used. It was simulated that the coating liquid was supplied onto the moving plate surface. The moving plate speed was fixed 0.01m/s. The nozzle geometry simulates a slot die nozzle. And the coating raw material supply flow rate was considered for two conditions (0.005, 0.006m/s). Two vacuum pressure conditions (−3, −300Pa) were applied to the rear end of the nozzle. The viscosity of the viscous material was fixed at 2 Pa.s. The analysis results were analyzed through the uniformity of the material supplied to the surface. As a result of analysis, uniformity of coating was lowered regardless of the velocity when the vacuum pressure condition was −3.0 Pa, and uniformity was lowered as the velocity increased. However, it was confirmed that uniformity of the coating was increased at all velocity condition when the vacuum pressure condition was −300 Pa. This is because as the flat plate moves, the reverse pressure is applied to the downstream of the coating solution, thereby improving the uniformity of the coating liquid flowing through the flat plate and preventing the inflow of air or the like. Through this study, it was confirmed that the coating uniformity can be improved by controlling the vacuum pressure at the rear end of the nozzle.
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Saha, Upoma, Md Afzal Hossain, and Fahmida Gulshan. "Making Non-fired Brick Using Locally Produced Induction Furnace Steel Slag." In 2019 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Chemical, Materials and Electronic Engineering (IC4ME2). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic4me247184.2019.9036557.

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Martišius, Mindaugas, and Henrikas Sivilevičius. "ANALYSIS OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF HOT RECYCLING ASPHALT MIXTURE AT BATCH ASPHALT MIXING PLANTS." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.632.

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European Union members seek to establish the principles of a circular economy, which is based on the efficient use of raw materials and resources. This requirement will have an impact on business and in particular on the road construction sector. Hence the need to improve the asphalt mixing plant (AMP) mixing technology utilizing as much as possible reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to produce asphalt mixtures (AM) for road construction. The resources used to produce new AM in the world are endless and becoming more expensive in a time scale. The multi-cycle reuse of RAP producing AM is a priority, when thinking about of economical recycling materials usage and the saving of resources. The design and development of RAP hot recycling in-plant technologies has been in progress for approximately half a century. In high-level-economy countries, AM production currently processes on average approx. 80% of the amount of RAP using innovative techniques on AMPs. Design of various AMP, their assessment on the flexible application of innovative techniques depending on the RAP processing method, are described in this paper. In this paper different recycling technologies in AMP and their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed. The research result indicates technical possibilities hot recycling in-plant in Baltic countries. Local authorities, research institutes, road construction and road design companies could use these results in the future.
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Sulaiman, A. D. I., S. Abdulsalam, and A. O. Francis. "Formulation of Demulsifiers from Locally Sourced Raw Materials for Treatment of a Typical Nigerian Crude Oil Emulsion." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/178377-ms.

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Ludwik WICKI, Ludwik WICKI. "DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFUELS PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL RAW MATERIALS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.192.

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The aim of the article is to assess the dynamics of the development of biofuels production from agricultural raw materials and the share of biofuels in the consumption of the most important agricultural raw materials with particular regard to the situation in Poland. Data used in the study are derived from OECD statistics as well as CSO statistics. The analysis covered the period from 2005 to 2016. The biofuel production on a global scale is increasingly competing with food production. Between 2002 and 2004, about 2% of harvested cereals were allocated to biofuels, and in 2016 it was almost 8%. For oil plants, this level reached 15%. Following a dynamic growth in biofuel production between 2005 and 2010, the growth slowed down considerably - to the level of 7% annually for biodiesel and 4.6% annually for bioethanol production. For the years 2017-2025, a growth rate of about 1% per year is anticipated. The slowdown in production growth is due to the reduction of political support for the development of the production of biofuels from first generation raw materials. Their production leads to competition for land resources with food production, but it has also been found to be characterized by relatively low environmental performance, including a low impact on the reduction of CO2 emissions. It is necessary to develop the production of second generation biofuels which now account for only about 7% of the production of liquid biofuels. Biofuels in Poland are produced from cereals and rapeseed oil. The production of biofuels in Poland increased from 180 million litres in 2005 to 1.2 billion litres in 2015. 1.3% of arable land was used for bioethanol production and 3.5% for biodiesel production. Total production of raw materials for biofuels was conducted on 5% of arable land in Poland. 2% of cereals and 60% of the rape crop were consumed for the production of biofuels. Under Polish agriculture conditions, biofuels production does not compete with food production yet.
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Niskovskaya, M. Yu, V. V. Kholod, and E. S. Shevtsova. "Synthesis of alcohols by direct syngas conversion, produced by reprocessing of vegetable-and-oil raw materials." In Scientific achievements of the third millennium. LJournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/scienceconf-05-2019-10.

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Tamura, N., B. C. Valek, A. A. MacDowell, et al. "Scanning X-Ray Microdiffraction for Materials Science at the Advanced Light Source." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62456.

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With the advent of high brilliance synchrotron sources and outstanding progress made in X-ray focusing optics, intense sub-micron X-ray beams are now routinely produced at several synchrotron facilities around the world. At the Advances Light Source, a dedicated Scanning X-ray Microdiffraction beamline using either white or monochromatic X-ray focused beam has been developed and is used for mapping grain orientation, strain/stress or crystalline species distribution in various samples with micron to submicron spatial resolution. It also allows for the study of local plasticity as well as for the characterization or identification of new crystalline structures. The facility and its capabilities are described through the study of the electromigration phenomenon in Al(Cu) and Cu interconnect test structures.
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Vityaz, P., V. Ivashko, and A. Ilyuschenko. "Laser Processing of Sprayed Powder and Compact Materials." In ITSC 1997, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1997p0507.

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Abstract Forming technology of protective properties using concentrated energy flows is based on the possibility of laser radiation firstly to provide high heat flow densities which are necessary for intensive heating on a small part of surface. When effecting metal surface laser radiation reflects from it partially and the rest flow penetrates on small depth. As far as the energy is practically absorbed fully in the surface layer, width 10-6 to 10-7 m, the heat source may be considered as surface one [1]. To harden steel products it is necessary to heat the surface till the temperature of phase transformations. The surface cooling takes place mainly due to heat transfer to a less heated member part. Mathematical modeling thermal processes occuring when local surface parts processing is one of effective means to study this method of materials hardering. However till now the predominant number of works of temperature fields investigation when local processing was done supposing that the ray effects semi-infinite space or the process is considered in a moving coordinates system, connected with the centre of a light spot, that enables to consider a stationary task. Such assumption are true when processing massive parts but give a considerable error when processing small parts [2]. The offered models with the aid of which there is studied the heating process for a sample of parallepiped and cylinder shape come to solving the equation of thermal conductivity with considerably nonlinear coefficients. When surface processing with continuity laser, the ray is focused perpendicularly to the sample surface. The period of light spot contact with the surface is estimated from the speed of its travel on the scanned surface. Before the test the product is subjected to special processing reducing the energy loss due to reflection.
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Reports on the topic "Locally produced raw materials"

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From Informal Sideline to National Business in Tunisia. Oxfam IBIS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7949.

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Mohammed Yahya is an entrepreneur engaged in the production and sale of essential oils. Getting his enterprise established was not easy. However, things improved when he started receiving support from Youth Participation and Employment (YPE) programme partner the Local Initiative and Development Forum (FIDEL). FIDEL was instrumental in facilitating business grants and business development support. With this more focused approach, Mohammed managed to register his business, participated in national fairs, and opened new market segments. He successfully graduated from the informal labour market to the self-employed category. The training he received from FIDEL helped him to increase the sale of his products. In the future, he hopes to explore the international market and reduce his imports of raw materials by growing ingredients locally.
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