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Journal articles on the topic 'Locally produced raw materials'
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1
Matalkah, Faris, Harsha Bharadwaj, Anagi Balachandra, and Parviz Soroushian. "Aerated Concrete Produced Using Locally Available Raw Materials." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 4 (2017): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000087.
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Aerated concrete materials were developed with abundant natural materials. Aerated concrete can provide insulating qualities complemented with secondary structural attributes when used as core in sandwich composites for building construction. A hybrid binder that comprised lime and gypsum was used. Different foaming agents were considered for production of aerated concrete, including saponin that is found abundantly in different plants. Different formulations were considered, and the stability of the foam structure as well as the density and early-age compressive strength of the resulting aerated concrete were evaluated. One formulation comprising lime-gypsum binder with saponin foaming agent, with a density of 0.53 g/cm3, was further characterized through performance of thermal conductivity, split tension, flexure, elastic and shear modulus and sorptivity tests. The results pointed at the satisfactory balance of qualities provided by the aerated concrete when compared with alternative aerated concrete materials.
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Макаров, Александр Семёнович. "The improvement of raw materials of locally produced sparkling wines." Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 4(114) (December 22, 2020): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.96.35.012.
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Систематизированы современные литературные данные о совершенствовании сырьевых ресурсов для производства игристых вин. Даны рекомендации о перспективности использования различных сортов винограда в производстве игристых вин: интродуцированных (Мальбек, Сира и др.), селекционных (Рислинг Магарача, Рислинг мускатный, Рислинг красный, Алиготе мускатное, Цитронный Магарача и др.), аборигенных (Кокур белый, Кокур белый 46-10-3, Сых дане, Сары пандас, Кефесия и др.). Выделены факторы, влияющие на основные и дополнительные показатели в системе «виноград-виноматериал-игристое вино», среди которых важными являются степень зрелости винограда, его технологический потенциал, почвенно-климатические условия произрастания винограда. Сделан вывод, что всесторонний подход к подбору сырья с учетом факторов, влияющих на его основные и дополнительные показатели, позволит сформировать сырьевые зоны для производства игристых вин высокого качества. Modern literary sources on the improvement of raw materials for production of sparklings were systematized. Recommendations on the prospects of using various grape varieties in production of sparkling wines are given. They include introduced (‘Malbec’, ‘Syrah’, etc.), selection (‘Riesling Magaracha’, ‘Riesling Muscatny’, ‘Riesling Krasny’, ‘Aligote Muscatnoye’, ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’, etc.) and native (‘Kokur Belyi’, ‘Kokur Belyi 46-10-3’, ‘Sykh Dane’, ‘Sary Pandas’, ‘Kefesiya’, etc.) grape varieties. Factors influencing the main and additional indicators in the system "grapes - base wine - sparkling wine" are highlighted. The most important factors are the degree of grape ripeness, its technological potential, soil and climatic conditions of grape growing. It is concluded that a comprehensive approach to the selection of raw materials, taking into account the factors affecting its main and additional indicators, will allow the formation of zones of raw materials for the production of high quality sparkling wines.
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Dagde, Kenneth K., Godbless Nwosa, and Chukwuemeka Ukpaka. "Formulation of White Board Marker Ink Using Locally Sourced Raw Materials." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1108.
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This research work was conducted to demonstrate the mechanism of white board marker ink production using locally sourced raw materials such as charcoal and used lube oil. In the production of the ink, the charcoal served as a pigment, used lube oil served as the primary binder or resin, ethanol served as solvent and gum Arabic served as an additive. The charcoal was obtained from processing of Mango, Oil bean (Ugba) and rubber trees, which were further crushed to their finest particles respectively and the used lube oil was obtained from mechanical engineering servicing unit of automobile engines. The crushed charcoal samples were characterized to determine the physio-chemical properties of some mineral elements such as Ca, Cu, P, K, C, S, N. however the mineral component that controlled the production of this ink was the Carbon content. The different ink samples were formulated in terms of odour, colour, hazardous reaction, pH, density and viscosity and compared with that of international standards. Results obtained showed a good match, indicating the reliability and the quality of the produced white board marker ink. The pH results for Ugba ink = 5.43, Rubber ink = 6.79, and Mango = 7.41. Empirical models were used to predict concentration with that of experimental values, a plot of concentration against time in terms of production yield revealed that the order of magnitude was rubber>Ugba>Mango whereas in terms of penetration and writing ability Ugba>rubber>mango. Furthermore, the research demonstrates the significance of the characteristics of the charcoal and the used lube oil in the quality of the end product. Finally, the research revealed that ink produced from the oil bean (ugba) charcoal and lube oil was best in terms of write-ability and quality in the production of white board marker ink.
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Adekunle, Oyawale Festus, Odior Andrew Oyakhobo, and Ibhadode Akii. "Development of a Manual Metal Arc Welding Flux from Local Raw Materials in Nigeria." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.78.
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It is generally believed that raw materials for the manufacture of welding electrodes are not available in Nigeria. As a result, completely manufactured electrodes are imported and where they are produced locally, all the components are imported from the home countries of the technical partners. The aim of this research therefore is to produce a welding flux formulation from local materials. Various minerals were beneficiated, pulverized and mixed in various ratios using sodium silicate as binder. The welding flux developed yielded results comparable with ISO2560: E432R11
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Olejnik, E., Ł. Szymański, P. Kurtyka, et al. "Locally Reinforcement TiC-Fe Type Produced in Situ in Castings." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 3 (2016): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0054.
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Abstract Refinement is one of the most energy consuming technological process, aimed at obtaining mineral raw materials of the proper grain size. Cast structural elements such as jaws or hammers in crushing machines operate under conditions of an intensive wear. The data indicate that 80 % of failures of machines and devices is caused by wearing of rubbing surfaces. This problem became the subject of several scientific and industrial investigations carried out in the whole world in order to produce materials ultra- wear resistant. Methods allowing to obtain wear resistant composite castings are discussed in the hereby paper. Within the performed research microstructures of the produced composite zones were presented and the comparative analysis with regard to mechanical and functional properties of local composite reinforcements in relation to the commercial alloys of increased wear resistance was performed. The results show almost twenty five times increase in wear resistance compared to manganese cast steel containing 18 % Mn.
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Bozhko, Nataliia, Vasyl Tischenko, Vasil Pasichnyi, Manyefa Polumbryk, and Oleksandra Haschuk. "Development of meat-containing minced semi-finished products based on the locally produced raw materials." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 11 (94) (2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.140052.
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Gurchumelia, Lali, Murman Tsarakhov, Salome Tkemaladze, Feliks Bejanov, and Lasha Tkemaladze. "Production and Performance Evaluation of Noble Fire Extinguishing Foam Suspensions Using Locally Available and Environmentally Friendly Natural Mineral Raw Materials." Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21, no. 1 (2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cerb.v21i1.47372.
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The main goal of this research is the fabrication of halogen free, environmentally friendly fire-extinguishing powders using local mineral raw materials and the development of technological processes for producing highly efficient fire-extinguishing foam-suspensions on the basis of the produced powders. Fire-extinguishing powders are made by mechanical treatment and mixing of raw materials: zeolite, clay shale, perlite and ammophos. The process does not need introduction of expensive, halogen-containing, hydrophobizators and ensures the cost-effective production of fire-extinguishing powders. The obtained fire-extinguishing powders are characterized by high performance properties, high fire-extinguishing capacity and coefficient of atomic oxygen recombination. Thus, they are characterized both by homogeneous and heterogeneous inhibition of combustion processes. The efficiency of the produced powders is not inferior to that of standard powders of common production. In addition, in contrast to their traditional analogs they are halogen free, environmentally friendly and cheaper (1.2-2 times cheaper). The obtained powders, unlike the ones of conventional production, have good compatibility with water and foam. Our foam-suspensions are prepared just by mechanical mixing of fire-extinguishing powders with water and surface-active substances – foamers. The process does not require chemical treatment of materials. Thus, the developed technology is simple and cost-effective. The foam-suspensions produced on the basis of the obtained powders have higher heat capacity, permeability, wetting effect like water and foam and unlike them, they allow for homogeneous as well as heterogeneous inhibition of the burning process. Thus, the so produced foam-suspensions will have higher extinguishing effect than water, foams or powders, taken separately. Based on the above, it can be suggested that the produced powders can be used for extinguishing all types of fires, including large-scale ones in a combination with water and foams.
 Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 58-64
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Khan, Kaffayatullah, Shaukat Ali Khan, Muhammad Umair Saleem, and Muhammad Ashraf. "Improvement of Locally Available Raw Bentonite for Use as Drilling Mud." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010274.
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Background: Bentonite clays are widely used in a drilling operation and play a vital role as a drilling fluid. Bentonite clay mud performs several functions during the drilling operation and facilitates the drilling process. Objective: In this study, the locally available raw bentonite clays were investigated to evaluate its potential use as a mud for borehole drilling operation after its improvement with the additives. Method: Rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength were evaluated by using a viscometer and filtrate loss test was performed by using filter press on both locally available raw bentonite clays and the commercial bentonite named as Mill gel. Results: From the test results obtained for the up gradation of clays with the different beneficiating materials, the drastic increase in the plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength has been observed. It shows that Xanthum gum produced better results for the improvement of rheological properties of such clays. Carboxymethyl cellulose and starch were used as additives and it has been observed that carboxymethyl cellulose has improved both viscosity and filtrate loss control, whereas starch muds have the best filtration control properties. Conclusion: Improved bentonite clays have rheological and filtration characteristics that have satisfied American Petroleum Institute specification at optimum conditions of clay. It was concluded that improved clays are the suitable material for the drilling operations and suitable to substitute commercial bentonite.
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Kaliyanikumar, M., та A. Chellappa. "வாதிரியார் இனத்தின் சமூக பொருளாதார வாழ்க்கை முறை". Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, № 1 (2020): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i1.3412.
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Folk handicrafts are also created for the purpose of utilization. The techniques for these are traditionally and often caste-based. Artisans engaged in the industry use minimal tools to produce handicrafts using locally available raw materials.
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Sultana, Fauzia, Tanjila Alam, and AKMA Quader. "Bench-Scale Preparation and Qualitative Analysis of Calcium Chloride from Locally Available Raw Materials." Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 1 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18101.
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Calcium chloride has diverse industrial applications. In spite of its demand and availability of raw materials locally, there are no chemical industries in Bangladesh that produce calcium chloride as a major product. This work was undertaken to assess the feasibility of production of calcium chloride on bench-scale by limestone-hydrochloric acid process and the quality of the product. Different amounts of limestone and 35.5% hydrochloric acid (by weight) were reacted in a PVC reactor to produce calcium chloride. Solubility at different temperature, pH, and calcium content were among the parameters measured to assess the product quality. FTIR Spectroscopy was also conducted to determine the quality of the product. Solubility values of the product ranged between 96-155g/100g water for temperatures between 30-100°C; calcium content of the product was found to be 25%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18101 Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 1, December 2013: 1-3
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Prapitpongwanich, Pattamaporn. "Research and Development Project on the Domestic Raw Materials of Enamel for Jewelry Production." Key Engineering Materials 702 (July 2016): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.702.150.
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The project aims to produce quality enamel colors from locally available materials in order to reduce costs. In the course of the research, information is collected on imported enamel colors and a study is carried out on chemical compositions and quality of the colors. At the same time, there is a study on local materials which can potentially be used to produce enamel colors, starting from basic colors such as red, blue and green. The study has found that the imported enamel colors qualify as lead glass because it contains 23-28% of lead. The study has also found that red enamel (transparent) blue enamel (transparent), blue enamel (opaque), green enamel (transparent), and green enamel (opaque) have similar level of density and hardness. Red enamel (opaque) has lower level of density and hardness due to its porosity which can be observed with naked eyes. The COE level is similar for all of the tested colors because their chemical compositions are similar. The study produces quality blue and green enamel at much lower cost. Colors of the enamel are achieved by adding different metal oxide. The color blue (translucent and opaque) is from adding cobalt (Co). Chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt and copper (Cu) together produces translucent dark green, while chromium and copper (without cobalt) produces opaque as lighter green. However, it has not been able to produce red enamel yet but has requested for samples from another research project “Developing New Technology to Produce Jewelry from Synthesized Red Crystal” for further study.Keywords: Enamel; Jewelry; Glass; Local Raw Materials
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Tangüler, Hasan. "Traditional Turkish Fermented Cereal Based Products: Tarhana, Boza and Chickpea Bread." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 2, no. 3 (2014): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v2i3.144-149.111.
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Fermented products are one of the important foodstuffs in many countries of the world. People have gradually recognized the nutritional, functional and therapeutic value of these products and this has made them even more popular. Today, almost all consumers have a significant portion of their nutritional requirements fulfilled through these products. Scientific and technological knowledge is quite well developed for some fermented products such as wine, beer, cheese, and bread. These products are produced universally. However, scientific knowledge for some traditional foods produced locally in Turkey is still poor and not thorough. Numerous traditional, cereal-based fermented foods are produced in Turkey. The aim of this paper is to provide knowledge regarding the characterization, raw materials used for production, production methods, fermentation conditions and microorganisms which are effective in the fermentation of traditional foods. The study will focus on Boza, Tarhana, and Chickpea bread which are foods widely produced in Turkey.
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Halbiniak, Jacek, Jacek Katzer, Maciej Major, and Izabela Major. "A Proposition of an In Situ Production of a Blended Cement." Materials 13, no. 10 (2020): 2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102289.
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Many byproducts and waste materials with pozzolanic properties can substitute natural raw materials in cement production. Some of these waste materials like fly ash and blast furnace slag are commonly harnessed by cement industry. Others are of seldom use due to limitations of the very centralized cement production systems currently in use. In the authors opinion, it is necessary to change this system to enable efficient utilization of various waste materials that are available locally (e.g., white and red ceramics). In this study, a new partially centralized system of cement production is proposed. The adoption of a new system would significantly reduce the volume of long-distance transportation and enable utilization of numerous locally available waste materials that are currently dismissed. The last stage of production of the ready-to-use cement would take place in situ. The cement would be produced on demand and be immediately used for concrete production on-site. The research program was conducted considering the importance of the quality of cements obtained in the new way, substituting up to 12% of its mass by white ceramics. The research program was proof of concept of the proposed cement production system. It was shown that the quality of “in situ cement” does not differ from standard cements.
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Alaka, Funke T., Abiodun V. Ikujenlola, and Oluwaseun P. Bamidele. "Nutritional composition of formulated complementary food produced from blends of malted and unmalted yellow maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) flour." Croatian journal of food science and technology 12, no. 2 (2020): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2020.12.2.14.
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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies among infants and children in developing countries have been a major concern of the World Health Organization. Formulation of complementary food from local sources of raw materials can be of great help in solving the problems of protein energy malnutrition. This study determined the nutritional composition of four formulated complementary foods from malted yellow maize, pre-gelatinized yellow maize, soybean, and tiger nut flour. The results showed an increase in protein content (17.6, 16.9, 20.4 & 19.7 %), crude fat (14.9, 12.9, 13.0 & 12.9 %) and energy (433.1, 419.4, 421.5 & 426.6 %) when compared with the control sample. The functional properties also competed favourably with the control sample, with the formulated samples having water absorption capacity (171.9, 169.0, 184.1 & 167.4 %), swelling power (27.9, 25.2, 29.8 and 28.1 %), and bulk density at the same level for all the formulated samples (0.5 g/ml). The formulated samples contained a higher amount of iron and magnesium, and the anti-nutritional factors fell below the hazard level. In conclusion, formulated complementary food made from locally sourced raw materials has enough nutritional composition to be able to combat PEM and micronutrient deficiencies among infants and children.
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Alaka, Funke T., Abiodun V. Ikujenlola, and Oluwaseun P. Bamidele. "Nutritional composition of formulated complementary food produced from blends of malted and unmalted yellow maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) flour." Croatian journal of food science and technology 12, no. 2 (2020): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2020.12.2.14.
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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies among infants and children in developing countries have been a major concern of the World Health Organization. Formulation of complementary food from local sources of raw materials can be of great help in solving the problems of protein energy malnutrition. This study determined the nutritional composition of four formulated complementary foods from malted yellow maize, pre-gelatinized yellow maize, soybean, and tiger nut flour. The results showed an increase in protein content (17.6, 16.9, 20.4 & 19.7 %), crude fat (14.9, 12.9, 13.0 & 12.9 %) and energy (433.1, 419.4, 421.5 & 426.6 %) when compared with the control sample. The functional properties also competed favourably with the control sample, with the formulated samples having water absorption capacity (171.9, 169.0, 184.1 & 167.4 %), swelling power (27.9, 25.2, 29.8 and 28.1 %), and bulk density at the same level for all the formulated samples (0.5 g/ml). The formulated samples contained a higher amount of iron and magnesium, and the anti-nutritional factors fell below the hazard level. In conclusion, formulated complementary food made from locally sourced raw materials has enough nutritional composition to be able to combat PEM and micronutrient deficiencies among infants and children.
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Gundersen, James N., and Joseph A. Tiffany. "Nature and Provenance of Red Pipestone from the Wittrock Site (130B4), Northwest Iowa." North American Archaeologist 7, no. 1 (1986): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fcdx-c4l7-cfw3-eb7g.
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Five pipestone specimens from the Wittrock Mill Creek culture site were evaluated by x-ray powder diffraction analysis. While their mineral compositions were very similar to one another, they are not among the varieties of “catlinite” pipestone types occurring at Pipestone National Monument, a commonly assumed source of all pipestone. Pipestone types like the Wittrock specimens were found in outcrop and cores from south central Minnesota. Because several pipestone samples from abandoned river-terrace gravel quarries and gravel bars immediately adjacent to the site produced the same kaolinite-rich quartzose variety of pipestone materials recovered archaeologically, the conclusion is that the Wittrock Village inhabitants obtained pipestone raw materials locally. These results are discussed with respect to resolution of archaeological problems not the least being when prehistoric groups abandoned the use of local source materials in favor of “catlinite” materials now exposed at Pipestone National Monument.
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Majumder, Arnas, Laura Canale, Costantino Carlo Mastino, Antonio Pacitto, Andrea Frattolillo, and Marco Dell’Isola. "Thermal Characterization of Recycled Materials for Building Insulation." Energies 14, no. 12 (2021): 3564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123564.
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The building sector is known to have a significant environmental impact, considering that it is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions of around 36% and is also responsible for about 40% of global energy consumption. Of this, about 50% takes place during the building operational phase, while around 10–20% is consumed in materials manufacturing, transport and building construction, maintenance, and demolition. Increasing the necessity of reducing the environmental impact of buildings has led to enhancing not only the thermal performances of building materials, but also the environmental sustainability of their production chains and waste prevention. As a consequence, novel thermo-insulating building materials or products have been developed by using both locally produced natural and waste/recycled materials that are able to provide good thermal performances while also having a lower environmental impact. In this context, the aim of this work is to provide a detailed analysis for the thermal characterization of recycled materials for building insulation. To this end, the thermal behavior of different materials representing industrial residual or wastes collected or recycled using Sardinian zero-km locally available raw materials was investigated, namely: (1) plasters with recycled materials; (2) plasters with natural fibers; and (3) building insulation materials with natural fibers. Results indicate that the investigated materials were able to improve not only the energy performances but also the environmental comfort in both new and in existing buildings. In particular, plasters and mortars with recycled materials and with natural fibers showed, respectively, values of thermal conductivity (at 20 °C) lower than 0.475 and 0.272 W/(m⋅K), while that of building materials with natural fibers was always lower than 0.162 W/(m⋅K) with lower values for compounds with recycled materials (0.107 W/(m⋅K)). Further developments are underway to analyze the mechanical properties of these materials.
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Naqi, Ali, and Jeong Jang. "Recent Progress in Green Cement Technology Utilizing Low-Carbon Emission Fuels and Raw Materials: A Review." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (2019): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020537.
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The cement industry is facing numerous challenges in the 21st century due to depleting natural fuel resources, shortage of raw materials, exponentially increasing cement demand and climate linked environmental concerns. Every tonne of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) produced releases an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In this regard, cement manufactured from locally available minerals and industrial wastes that can be blended with OPC as substitute, or full replacement with novel clinkers to reduce the energy requirements is strongly desirable. Reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions during cement manufacturing can be achieved by introducing alternative cements. The potential of alternative cements as a replacement of conventional OPC can only be fully realized through detailed investigation of binder properties with modern technologies. Seven prominent alternative cement types are considered in this study and their current position compared to OPC has been discussed. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of options for future cements, and an up-to-date summary of the different alternative fuels and binders that can be used in cement production to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the practicalities and benefits of producing the low-cost materials to meet the increasing cement demand are discussed.
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Islam, Md Shafiqul, Md Rakibul Hasan, Fariba Mohammadi, Antara Majumdar, and Ali Ahmad. "MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES OF LOW-COST SI-BASED CRYSTALLINE TYPE SOLAR CELL IN BANGLADESH." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 42, no. 1 (2013): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v42i1.15934.
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In todays world with the increasing population, the world's energy needs are growing steadily andthe crisis for power is also increasing. All the conventional sources of energy like gas, coal, oil etc are limited.In this situation, the need for establishing a renewable energy source as an alternative energy generation systemhas become very important for sustainable energy security of the country. Among various renewable energysources, solar energy comprises a large portion. The solar energy captivated by Earths atmosphere, oceansand land is about 385000 EJ[1]. But only less than 1% of useful energy comes from solar power [2]. Thisstatistics shows that, the sun shine produces 35000 times more power on earth than the daily power productionusing solar energy. Thus the earth receives more energy from the sun in just one hour than the world uses in awhole year.[3] The conversion of sunlight into electricity using solar cells system (10-14%) is worthwhile way ofproducing this alternative energy. Bangladesh receives strong sunshine throughout the whole year (3.8-6.42Kw-hr/m2) and it has been found that the average sunshine hours are 6.69, 6.16 and 4.81in winter, summer andmonsoon, respectively.[4] Bangladesh is also adopting means to use solar energy day by day. Many privateCompanies in Bangladesh import solar panels from abroad and sell them into the country. The approximatecost for importing readymade panels varies from 90-98 BDT per Wp. There are some companies which importsolar cells from foreign countries and assemble them into panels. The average cost for importing cells isapproximately 41-57 BDT per Wp. The cost of assembled panels from imported cells is approximately 78-84BDT per Wp. From the analysis it is found that, the cost of a locally produced PV panel is 10 percent lower thanimported ones [5] because of 60% cost incurs for producing cells from raw materials. Although solar panels arebeing produced in Bangladesh, till now solar cells have not been fabricated yet. In Bangladesh for the first timeBangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) is going to set up a laboratory to fabricate crystalline solarcells. It is anticipated that producing cells from raw materials locally and then assembling them into PV panelswill reduce the cost almost 30%. This paper explores how fabricating crystalline solar cells locally isanticipated to reduce cost of solar panels. If the cost effective technology could be made familiar in Bangladeshthen it would help in solving our power crisis in a great deal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v42i1.15934
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Lathamaheswari, R., R. BalaKeerthana, K. Nandhini, B. Parkavi, and A. Nivedha. "Study on GFRP Reinforced Beams under Flexure." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 7 (2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i7.205.
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Acute shortage of raw materials and deterioration of reinforced concrete structural elements lead to implementation of new substitute materials and innovative technologies. Reinforced Cement Concrete structures are usually reinforced with steel bars which are subjected to corrosion at critical temperature and atmospheric conditions. The structures can also be reinforced with other materials like Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP). In this line Fibre Reinforced Polymer based reinforcement replacing conventional steel rod for a precast element of a prefabricated structure is considered. The precast member cast out of M25 grade concrete reinforced exclusively with locally produced Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars including GFRP stirrups is designed, cast. Flexural behaviour of rectangular concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars and stirrups is examined with two specimens one with conventional sand as fine aggregate and another with quarry dust as fine aggregate. The load at cracking and ultimate, type of failure and crack patterns are observed and compared with those of conventional cement concrete.
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Malins, K., V. Kampars, R. Kampare, and T. Rusakova. "RAPE SEED OIL TETRAHYDROFURFURYLESTERS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 3, 2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol1.1105.
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The transesterification of vegetable oil using various kinds of alcohols is a simple and efficient renewable fuel synthesis technique. Products obtained by modifying natural triglycerides in transesterification reaction substitute fossil fuels and mineral oils. Currently the most significant is the biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, which is obtained in a reaction with methanol, which in turn is obtained from fossil raw materials. In biodiesel production it would be more appropriate to use alcohols which can be obtained from renewable local raw materials. Ethanol rouses interest as a possible reagent, however, its production locally is based on the use of grain and therefore competes with food production so it would implicitly cause increase in food prices. Another raw material option is alcohols that can be obtained from furfurole. Furfurole is obtained in dehydration process from pentose sugars which can be extracted from crop straw, husk and other residues of agricultural production. From furfurole the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), a raw material for biodiesel, can be produced. By transesterifying rapeseed oil with THFA it would be possible to obtain completely renewable biodiesel with properties very close to diesel [2-4]. With the purpose of developing the synthesis of such fuel, in this work a three-stage synthesis of rapeseed oil tetrahydrofurfurylesters (ROTHFE) in sulphuric acid presence has been performed, achieving product with purity over 98%. The most important qualitative factors of ROTHFE have been determined - cold filter plugging point, cetane number, water content, Iodine value, phosphorus content, density, viscosity and oxidative stability.
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Key, Alastair, Tomos Proffitt, and Ignacio de la Torre. "Raw material optimization and stone tool engineering in the Early Stone Age of Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 162 (2020): 20190377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0377.
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For more than 1.8 million years hominins at Olduvai Gorge were faced with a choice: whether to use lavas, quartzite or chert to produce stone tools. All are available locally and all are suitable for stone tool production. Using controlled cutting tests and fracture mechanics theory we examine raw material selection decisions throughout Olduvai's Early Stone Age. We quantify the force, work and material deformation required by each stone type when cutting, before using these data to compare edge sharpness and durability. Significant differences are identified, confirming performance to depend on raw material choice. When combined with artefact data, we demonstrate that Early Stone Age hominins optimized raw material choices based on functional performance characteristics. Doing so flexibly: choosing raw materials dependent on their sharpness and durability, alongside a tool's loading potential and anticipated use-life. In this way, we demonstrate that early lithic artefacts at Olduvai Gorge were engineered to be functionally optimized cutting tools.
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Sergeeva, Irina, Olga Golub, Maria Sevostyanova, and Valentina Kalegova. "Qualitative Characteristics Research of New Fruit Sauces." Food Industry 5, no. 2 (2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29141/2500-1922-2020-5-2-1.
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The article presents the study results of the thickeners influence on the quality (organoleptic) characteristics of sauces made from locally grown raw material such as black currant berries and plum fruits. The researchers used standard methods of testing and data processing and developed the following recipe composition of fruit sauces based on preliminary tests: flavoring ingredients like berries / black currant fruits / plums of local origin, sugar, citric acid and ground red pepper; refined deodorized sunflower oil of the highest grade for the better polyphenol compounds extraction; xanthan and gellan gum (E415 and E418) as thickeners; and food (bamboo and citrus) fibers. To produce fruit sauces with the best quality characteristics, authors recommended to use fruit raw materials in the puree form obtained by the classical method. All materials met the requirements of the current regulatory documentation. The technology of fruit sauces includes the following stages: preparatory – part-time processing of raw materials; the main – mixing fruit puree with other recipe components, bringing the mass to a boil and boiling to a dry matter content of at least 21.0 %; the final – packaging / decorating; brokerage; storage. Xanthan gum of 0.5 and 0.7 % is the best thickener for sauces made from black currant berries and locally grown plum fruits. It is not practical to use gellan gum, bamboo and citrus fibers in the development of new products, because they do not let to get sauces with the desired texture characteristics. The researchers determined organoleptic, physical and chemical quality indicators of new fruit sauces using xanthan gum as a thickener. Sauces made from black currant berries and plum fruits are to update the range of local producers of fruit and vegetable products.
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Roper, Donna C., Richard L. Josephs, and Margaret E. Beck. "Determining Provenance of Shell-Tempered Pottery from the Central Plains Using Petrography and Oxidation Analysis." American Antiquity 75, no. 1 (2010): 134–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.1.134.
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Late prehistoric sites on the Central Plains contain both grit/grog- (mineral-) tempered pottery and shell-tempered pottery. This appearance of shell-tempered pottery around cal A.D. 1000 has traditionally been explained as a colonization from the Mississippi River valley with further dispersal via trade. As a result, very little is known about the role of this material in the region. We report the results of a provenance analysis of shell-tempered pottery from seven sites extending from the Missouri River valley to north-central Kansas. We use petrography and oxidation analysis to compare the shell-tempered pottery across these localities and the shell-tempered to the mineral-tempered pottery from each locality, and we compare mineral inclusions and clay characteristics in all pottery with published geological and pedological information for each locality. The results demonstrate that shell-tempered pottery was locally produced throughout at least a portion of the Central Plains. Differences in firing technology are apparent across the study area and may play a role in the distribution of shell-tempered pottery. Two other results are the identification of composite temper in a notable proportion of the sherds studied, and indications of from where on the landscape Central Plains potters were procuring their raw materials.
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Solvang, Wei Deng, and Chao Ying Zhang. "Benefit Analysis of the Energy Saving Reconstruction of the Office Building in Chagan Hada." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 4976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4976.
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The project of the office building of the People’s Government of Chagan Hada was initiated by the Norwegian government for helping with energy saving reconstruction in undeveloped areas of developing countries. By reconstructing the office building’s external walls, doors, windows, roofs and heating system, the coal consumption of the office building has decreased from 50kg/m2 to 23.8kg/m2, saving raw coal by about 26t each year. After the reconstruction, the temperatures of various zones in the office building have risen by 13°C to 15°C respectively. The project fully adopts existing building energy saving technologies and locally produced building energy saving materials. What’s more, it introduces building energy saving ideas of Norway and has reached three achievements: First, both strict working attitude and skillful operations were ensured in construction; second, demonstration effect was emphasized; third, importance was attached to ability development.
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Panoutsou, Calliope, and Efthymia Alexopoulou. "Costs and Profitability of Crops for Bioeconomy in the EU." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051222.
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The bioeconomy is the cornerstone of the EU’s policy for shifting economic and societal trends towards circularity and low carbon arrangements. Europe has several crops that can be used as raw materials for this purpose, however pressure on land which might displace other activities and industrial competition for cost efficient raw materials remains a challenge. Hence, ensuring good yielding capacity and examining the likelihood to produce more by exploiting low quality, unused land can present significant opportunities to increase sustainable, locally sourced supply and at the same time offer profitable solutions to both industry and the farmers. This paper estimates the production costs of fourteen crops (oil, sugar, starch and lignocellulosic) and analyses how their profitability can be influenced by yield increases and cultivation in low quality land. Results show that there are profitable options for all crops under current market prices and land types except for cases in countries where crop productivity is rather low to sustain farm incomes. The analysis confirms that Europe has plenty crop options as raw materials for bioeconomy. Decision makers however must ensure future research and policy support are oriented towards sustainable yield increases and accelerate rehabilitation of land that is unused and of low quality.
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Žibrat Gašparič, Andreja, Manca Vinazza, and Matija Črešnar. "Characteristics of Early Iron Age pottery from northeastern Slovenia through the prism of ceramic technology and petrography." Documenta Praehistorica 45 (January 3, 2019): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.45-14.
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Pottery technology in the Early Iron Age remains understudied in Slovenian archaeology, especially in the combined use of description on a macroscopic level with the addition of petrographic thin sections analysis. In this study we focused on pottery technology of vessels from two Early Iron Age sites in north-eastern Slovenia, Poštela near Maribor and Novine above Šentilj (NE Slovenia). We analysed the clay pastes, inclusions in the clay, as well as surface treatment, firing properties, vessels shape, and decoration techniques using macroscopic description and ceramic petrography. Within the sites we looked at the different contexts, comparing pottery from settlements, i.e. hillforts, to pottery found within the adjacent cemeteries. The results show that potters from the two contemporaneous sites produced similarly shaped vessels using different pottery recipes from locally available raw materials. The use of grog as a possible chronological marker in the Early Iron Age is also discussed.
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Žibrat Gašparič, Andreja, Manca Vinazza, and Matija Črešnar. "Characteristics of Early Iron Age pottery from northeastern Slovenia through the prism of ceramic technology and petrography." Documenta Praehistorica 45 (December 29, 2018): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.45.14.
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Pottery technology in the Early Iron Age remains understudied in Slovenian archaeology, especially in the combined use of description on a macroscopic level with the addition of petrographic thin sections analysis. In this study we focused on pottery technology of vessels from two Early Iron Age sites in north-eastern Slovenia, Poštela near Maribor and Novine above Šentilj (NE Slovenia). We analysed the clay pastes, inclusions in the clay, as well as surface treatment, firing properties, vessels shape, and decoration techniques using macroscopic description and ceramic petrography. Within the sites we looked at the different contexts, comparing pottery from settlements, i.e. hillforts, to pottery found within the adjacent cemeteries. The results show that potters from the two contemporaneous sites produced similarly shaped vessels using different pottery recipes from locally available raw materials. The use of grog as a possible chronological marker in the Early Iron Age is also discussed.
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Simonis, J. J., and A. K. Basson. "Manufacture of a low-cost ceramic microporous filter for the elimination of microorganisms causing common diseases." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 1 (2013): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.110.
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Africa is one of the most water-scarce continents on earth and the lack of potable water is responsible for the death of approximately 4,900 children every day. An effective way of making sure that water is of good quality is by decontaminating it by means of a household ceramic water filter. The low-cost water filters suitable for the removal of suspended solids, pathogenic bacteria and other toxins from drinking water were developed using the traditional slip casting process. The locally produced filter has the advantage of low cost due to the usage of locally available raw materials, labour and expertise. Furthermore, the project provides opportunities for local financing and innovation. The product was tested using water contaminated with high concentrations of selected bacterial cultures as well as with water from local polluted streams. The ceramic filter was found to be highly effective in removing the bacteria and suspended solids from the contaminated water. With correct cleaning and basic maintenance, this filter can effectively provide clean drinking water for rural families affected by polluted surface water sources. This could provide a low-cost solution for the more than 250 million people without access to clean drinking water in Africa.
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Madougou, Amadou Morou, Caroline Douny, Nassim Moula, et al. "Survey on the presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk samples from six sites of the dairy pool of Niamey, Niger." December-2019 12, no. 12 (2019): 1970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1970-1974.
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Background and Aim: Antibiotics are widely used in animal production for treating the diseases and for preventing or increasing animal growth. The presence of antibiotic residues in milk is a public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess the use of antibiotic residues in raw milk from the dairy pool of Niamey in three farms (Toukounous, Kirkissoye, and Niamey) and three collection centers (Hamdallaye, Kollo, and Say). Materials and Methods: A direct interview (questionnaire) was used to collect data regarding the mode of use of antibiotics, the level of knowledge of farmers according to the withdrawal period, and a cross-sectional study was conducted on 192 samples of raw milk. The Delvotest® T was used to monitor antibiotic residues in milk. The data were analyzed using SAS and R software. Results: The most commonly used antibiotics were those from the family of tetracycline (86.7%) and from the family of beta-lactams (13.3%). Regarding the statements of farmers, the reasons why the farmers use antibiotics were the following: About 47% in case of prevention and treatment, 29% for treatment, 12% for prevention, and 12% for increase dairy production. Moreover, the farmers lacked the necessary information about withdrawal period. Screening of antibiotic residues was performed using a standardized biological test kit, the Delvotest®. In total, from 192 samples of raw milk, 19 (9.9%) were positive including ten from collection centers and nine from farms. This could lead to a risk of exposure when a consumer drinks locally produced raw milk. Conclusion: Raw milk supplied from the area of the study has a level of antibiotic residues, and the breeders have a low level of knowledge about the withdrawal period.
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Hotessa, Niguse, and Jedala Robe. "Ethiopian Indigenous Traditional Fermented Beverage: The Role of the Microorganisms toward Nutritional and Safety Value of Fermented Beverage." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (December 12, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8891259.
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Ethiopia is one of the countries where a wide variety of traditional fermented beverages are produced and consumed for a long time. Traditional fermented beverages are those which are indigenous to a particular area and have been developed by the people using age-old techniques from locally available raw materials. Some of Ethiopian indigenous traditional fermented beverages products are Cheka, Keribo, Borde, Areki, Tella, Shamita, Booka, and Korefe, in which fermentation is natural and involves mixed cultures of microbes. The most common fermenting microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria and yeast, are used as probiotics, for improvement of organoleptic properties, for provision of nutritional quality and biopreservative. The nature of beverage preparation in Ethiopia, traditional household processing, associated microorganisms with a fermented beverage, and their contribution toward improving the nutritional value and safety, the extent, and its prospect in supporting the livelihood of people in Ethiopia need concern. Therefore, in the future, to improve its quality, it is important to standardize the methods of beverage fermentation processes.
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Dhungel, Dimpesh, Bunty Maskey, Geeta Bhattarai, and Nabindra Kumar Shrestha. "Hygienic Quality of Raw Cows’ Milk at Farm level in Dharan, Nepal." Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal 11 (December 31, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v11i0.29686.
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The study was aimed to assess the quality of raw milk and hygienic status of dairy farms at household level in Dharan due to the fact that milk produced in Nepal by the informal sector is not regulated by any agency and such milk may pose a health hazard due to contamination with pathogens. This study was conducted between February and March, 2019 and accomplished in three phases viz. field survey, physicochemical analysis with clot-on-boiling (COB), alcohol and acidity tests as well as microbial examinations with aerobic mesophilic bacterial count (AMBC) and coliform count (CC). The survey findings revealed that majority of the dairy farms still practiced traditional methods as a result of which earthen floor with no bedding materials were seen on majority of the barns. Although 80% farmers cleaned their barn on daily basis but 54% calves were not in a good hygienic condition. Also, 90% farmers allow their calf to suck the teats; 60% supplemented their cows with locally available feed and 87% had municipal tap water facility. The overall mean of AMBC and CC were 7.5×104 and 4.5×104 cfu/ml respectively (p> 0.05) which were much higher than standard set by Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (US). The overall mean of % lactic acid was 0.20% and predicted probabilities of COB and alcohol positive tests were 13% and 33% respectively. The results obtained from the study indicated that the current situation is critical and needs hygienic milking and handling practices.
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W. A, Akinfiresoye, Olukunle O. J, Oyerinde A. S, Olutayo L. A, and Edun B. M. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITE EXTRUDER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 3 (2018): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i3.2018.1528.
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This study involves the design and fabrication of a Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) extruding machine that recycle wood and plastic wastes; sawdust (SD) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into useful products for interior and exterior building applications. The machine was designed using locally sourced raw materials making it affordable, user friendly and can easily be maintained. The major components of the machine include; the melting and mixing chamber, extruding unit, heaters, control panel and discharged unit. PET chips were melted and mixed with SD at temperature 190 0C inside the melting chamber before feeding the extruding unit for thorough kneading. The extrudate is collected into a shaped mould, hot compressed and allowed to cool down before removal. A 4hp 3-phase electric motor was the prime mover. Analysis of performance test carried out on the extruder using three screw speed of 222 rpm, 277 rpm and 370 rpm shows that the best WPC was produced at speed 277 rpm with machine recycling efficiency of 89 %. It took 13 minutes to recycle a batch of the waste materials with a throughput of 0.8 kg/hr and specific mechanical energy of 145 kJ/kg. This machine gives effective waste management by turning it to wealth.
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Harlina, Harlina, Hadijah Hadijah, Kamaruddin Kamaruddin, and Ernaningsih Ernaningsih. "Inovasi Teknologi Pembuatan Pakan Udang dengan Penambahan Tepung Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L.) di Desa Tamangapa Kecamatan Ma’rang Kab. Pangkep." JATI EMAS (Jurnal Aplikasi Teknik dan Pengabdian Masyarakat) 3, no. 2 (2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.36339/je.v3i2.234.
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Tamangapa village, Ma’rang district is part of the community development program conducted by Universitas Muslim Indonesia in Pangkajene Kepulauan regency. The local shrimp farmers of Tamangapa village have been facing major issue due to expensive artificial feed and high mortality rate. In order to solve the needs of feed and high mortality rate for farmed fish or shrimp, the source of the natural ingredients using kopasanda leaves Chromolaena odorata L is required. The use of a natural ingredient is also used to prevent the vibriosis using simple technology such as the utilization of local raw materials which is affordable and locally available. The present community service aimed to provide the proper knowledge and skills to members of the fish/shrimp farmer’s group through counseling, training and mentoring. This community service program encouraged the local farmers to be able to utilize the local raw materials as a source of shrimp feed, use the feed pellet machine, and packaging leading to independent feed production. The participatory training method, lectures, forum group discussions, and practices of making shrimp feed and packaging were applied. The Implementation of the Community Partnership Program of Shrimp and Fish Cultivation Groups is independently able to produce organic fish or shrimp feed for farmer’s group leading to higher productivity of aquaculture.
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Williams, Patrick Ryan, Donna J. Nash, Joshua M. Henkin, and Ruth Ann Armitage. "Archaeometric Approaches to Defining Sustainable Governance: Wari Brewing Traditions and the Building of Political Relationships in Ancient Peru." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (2019): 2333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082333.
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Utilizing archaeometric methods, we evaluate the nature of production of feasting events in the ancient Wari state (600–1000 CE). Specifically, we focus on the fabrication of ceramic serving and brewing wares for the alcoholic beverage chicha de molle. We examine the source materials used in the creation of these vessels with elemental analysis techniques (INAA and LA-ICP-MS). We then assess the chemical traces of the residues present in the ceramic pores of the vessels to detect compounds indicative of the plants used in chicha production (DART-MS).While previous research has identified circumstantial evidence for the use of Schinus molle in the production process, this research presents direct evidence of its existence in the pores of the ceramic vessels. We also assess what this material evidence suggests about the sustainability of the feasting events as a mode of political interaction in the Wari sphere. Our evaluation indicates that regional resource use in the production of the ceramic vessels promoted locally sustainable raw material procurement for the making of the festivities. Likewise, drought resistant crops became the key ingredients in the beverages produced and provided a resilient harvest for chicha production that was adopted by successor groups.
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POTT, S., M. KOETHE, B. BANGOURA, et al. "Effects of pH, Sodium Chloride, and Curing Salt on the Infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii Tissue Cysts." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 6 (2013): 1056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-519.
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Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common zoonotic parasites in the world. The parasite causes no or mild symptoms in immunocompetent humans. However, a high potential hazard exists for seronegative pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. The consumption of meat containing tissue cysts or oocyst-contaminated vegetables and fruits or the handling of cat feces poses a high risk of infection with T. gondii. It is known that raw minced meat, raw fresh sausages, and locally produced raw meat products are possible causes of T. gondii infection. The infectivity of T. gondii tissue cysts in meat products depends, among other factors, on the pH and the salt concentration. Therefore, the impact of these two factors on the tissue cysts was examined. For this purpose, dissected musculature and brain from experimentally infected mice (donor mice) were placed in a cell culture medium (RPMI 1640). The medium was adjusted to different pH values (pH 5, 6, and 7) with lactic acid and to different salt concentrations (2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%) with sodium chloride (NaCl) or nitrite-enriched curing salt (NCS) for the various tests. After storage at 4°C for different time periods, the materials were fed to bioassay mice. Later, the brains were examined for presence of T. gondii to assess the infectivity. The data show that T. gondii tissue cysts have a high pH tolerance. Cysts were infectious in the muscle for up to 26 days (pH 5). In contrast to their tolerance to pH, cysts were very sensitive to salt. Muscle cysts survived at an NaCl concentration of up to 2.0%only, and for no longer than 8 days. At NaCl concentrations of 2.5 and 3.0%, the cysts lost their infectivity after 1 day. When NCS instead of NaCl was used under the same conditions, T. gondii muscle cysts retained infectivity for only 4 days at 2.0%. Consequently, NCS (NaCl plus 0.5% nitrite) has a stronger effect on T. gondii cysts than does common table salt. Sausages produced with low NaCl concentration and short contact times pose a potential risk for susceptible individuals.
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Rupa, AZ, I. Hussain, and O. Goni. "Production of potato breads." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 48, no. 3 (2013): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17332.
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This study conduct to produce nutritious bread using locally abundant and available raw materials such as wheat, potato, soybean flour & oil. Potato ranks third in Bangladesh behind rice and wheat, in terms of total production. Potato is commonly used as a vegetable in Bangladesh, but in many other areas potato is treated as a staple food. Policy makers and administrators realize that, to meet the country's growing food requirements, the dependence on cereals must be reduced. A bounty production of potatoes in Bangladesh should channelize to product diversification to legitimize the price of Potatoes will help the potato farmers. It is relatively labor-intensive and land-intensive and would combine well with other crops in cropping systems to use land that would otherwise be idle. A sharp revenue earning will be enjoyed for the Government provided potato diversified use occurs here in Bangladesh. This study was dedicated to very high share use of potatoes in various frequently used foods like bread. Trying to use upto 50% of potato to make various products like bread, cakes & potato flakes. The proximate analysis test or laboratory test shows containing protein 2.26% comparing with market breads 1%. The taste of bread produced in our laboratory was compared with other five company wheat breads, available in market. The product showed extraordinary softness & flavor relative to other market available breads. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17332 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 201-204, 2013
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Aslam, Muhammad, Payam Shafigh, and Mohd Zamin Jumaat. "Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete by Incorporating Solid Wastes as Coarse Lightweight Aggregate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 749 (April 2015): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.749.337.
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Structural lightweight aggregate concrete offers several benefits as compared to the normal weight concrete. Most common methods of producing structural lightweight concrete is by using artificial lightweight aggregates. However, the cost of the production of artificial lightweight aggregates is high due to energy and raw materials consumption. The use of waste and by-product materials as lightweight aggregate in concrete can provide a better solution to reducing the negative impact of the concrete industry. This paper reports an investigation to produce structural lightweight aggregate concrete by utilizing the locally available solid waste materials, namely oil palm shell (OPS) and oil-palm-boiler clinkers (OPBC) as coarse lightweight aggregates. Two different mix proportions were studied. In the first concrete mix, just OPS was used as coarse aggregate. However, 40% of OPS (by volume) of the first mix was replaced with OPBC in the second mix. The test results showed that by replacing OPS with OPBC, it directly affects the characteristics of the lightweight concrete. The 28-days compressive strength of the blended coarse lightweight aggregate concrete was significantly increased compared to OPS concrete.
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Zaripov, Gulmurot Tokhirovich. "EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF ALKALINE SOLUTIONS IN PRODUCTION OF PAPER SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS FROM LOCAL RA OCAL RAW MATERIALS." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 3, no. 2 (2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2019/3/2/2.
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This article details the production of viscous mass from crushed to a certain size cotton stalks, cereals and reeds related to local types of raw materials, as well as the determination of the hydromodule of the chemical process of formation of a viscous mass. Along with this, the article deeply studied the effect of the state and concentration of chemical compounds leading to swelling on cellulosic raw materials, gives clear facts determining the degree of viscosity of viscous compounds depending on the proportion of interaction of local raw materials and compounds leading to swelling.
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Miranti, Dewi Indah, Hideaki Ichiura, and Yoshito Ohtani. "The Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Food Products of Rhizophora stylosa Fruit (Coffee and Tea Mangrove)." International Journal of Forestry Research 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2315329.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of coffee and tea mangrove (locally known in Indonesia) produced from the fruit of Rhizophora stylosa. Furthermore, three raw materials of coffee mangrove were also investigated to clarify their potencies. The crude extracts of five samples were subjected to antioxidant assay using DPPH. The results show that the extract of tea mangrove has the strongest activity; then, it was successfully fractionated using different polarity of solvents and yielded acetone and methanol fractions that had high antioxidant activity. The acetone fraction was purified and gave fractions A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6, but only A2 and A3 indicated antioxidant activity and, therefore, they were subjected to further purification. Fractions A3 (caffeine) and A2 gave AS1 (N,N-dimethyl-L-alanine), AS2 (quercetin-3-O-galactopyranoside), AS3 (dodecanoic acid), and AS4 that had the similar 1H-NMR spectrometric results with AS2, while the methanol fraction did not exhibit clear peaks on the chromatogram by HPLC. Therefore, the precipitation method was conducted to purify this fraction, and the precipitate was analyzed by NMR spectra. The results from 1H and 13C NMR indicate that this fraction is a typical polymer of condensed tannins, containing procyanidin and prodelphinidin units.
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Treadwell, Danielle D., George J. Hochmuth, Robert C. Hochmuth, et al. "Nutrient Management in Organic Greenhouse Herb Production: Where Are We Now?" HortTechnology 17, no. 4 (2007): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.4.461.
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Consumer demand for fresh market organic produce combined with the increasing market share of ready-to-eat products indicates the potential for expansion of an organic culinary herb market. Barriers to organic herb greenhouse production are high as a result of lack of available technical information and the low number of producers experienced in this area. There is a critical need for information and technologies to improve the management of organic soil and fertilizer amendments to optimize crop yields and quality, manage production costs, and minimize the risk from groundwater nitrogen (N) contamination. Because of limited information specific to organic culinary herb production, literature on organic vegetable transplants and conventional basil (Ocimum basilicum) production was also considered in this review. Managing N for organic crops is problematic as a result of the challenge of synchronizing mineralization from organic fertilizer sources with crop N demand. A combination of materials, including locally formulated composts, supplemented with standardized commercially formulated fertilizer products is one method to ensure crops have access to mineral N throughout their development. In experimental greenhouse systems, local raw materials are frequently used as media amendments to satisfy partial or complete crop fertility requirements. This makes comparisons among experiments difficult as a result of the wide variety of raw materials used and the frequent interactions of fertilizer source and planting media on nutrient availability. Nitrogen mineralization rates are also influenced by additional factors such as the environmental conditions in the greenhouse and physical and chemical properties of the media and fertilizer. Despite the variability within and among experimental trials, yields and quality of organically grown crops are frequently similar to, and occasionally better than, conventionally grown crops.
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Chen, Bo, Yongming Zhang, Qing Chen, et al. "Effect of Mineral Composition and w/c Ratios to the Growth of AFt during Cement Hydration by In-Situ Powder X-ray Diffraction Analysis." Materials 13, no. 21 (2020): 4963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214963.
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AFt is one of the major products at the early stage of cement hydration. It is an important product that influences the performance of the fresh and hardened cement pastes such as the setting time. However, there is a lack of detailed investigation on the growth of AFt in the cement pastes with a long-time scale. In this work, we reported a detailed analysis by using in-situ powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the growth of AFt in the cement pastes during hydration. Samples of the hydrated ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and another locally produced Portland cement with very high tricalcium silicate (C3S) content with different water–cement (w/c) ratios were investigated continually till they were hydrated for about 270 days by powder XRD. The work shows that during Portland cement hydration, the AFt reaches its maximum content with very high speed within about 24 h, which is influenced by the content of C3S in the raw cement samples and the w/c ratios of the cement pastes. Once the maximum content of AFt was reached, it decreases very fast within the following couple of days, and then decreases slowly and finally reaches a stable level at the late stage of hydration. The results also present that a lower w/c ratio is beneficial to the formation of AFt and the conversion of AFt to AFm as well. While higher w/c ratios are favorable for the AFt to remain stable in the hardened cement pastes.
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Miralimova, Aziza Isamutdinovna, Pulatxo’ja Tursunxodjaev, and Ulug’bek Narbayevich Baltabayev. "Development Of Compound Feed Recipes In The Composition Local Raw Materials." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 03, no. 01 (2021): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume03issue01-05.
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The object of research is the development of compound feed recipes from local oilseeds grown in Uzbekistan. The purpose of this study is to correctly compile a feed recipe, determine the quality and protein content of feed and digestibility use rich protein nutritional value in feeding farm animals for fattened cattle to produce a batch of feed. The conditions for obtaining high-quality feed food for wide use in industrial feed production are defined.
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Md Ariff, Farah Fazwa, Norhayati Saffie, Syafiqah Nabilah Samsul Bahari, Mohamad Zaki Abdullah, and Mohd Asri Lias. "Ensuring Sustainability of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia Pumila) Through Ex-Situ Conservation." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (2014): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.687.
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Labisia pumila or locally known as Kacip Fatimah of the family Myrsinaceae is one of the popular herbal species in Malaysia. The leaves or the whole plant are being traditionally used to treat women internal problem and health. Other medicinal uses of the plant are as a treatment for dysentery, flatulence, dysmenorrhoea and gonorrhoea. The increasing demand of the plants for those usages has lead to the over-exploitation in the wild and might endanger the species if no conservation activities are being carried out. Beside the danger of extinction, the species also experience severe genetic loss and shortage of raw materials. Realizing to this, Plant Improvement Programme of Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) has taken an initiative to ex-situ conserve the species through the establishment of germplasm and development of breeding strategy. The purpose is to avoid extinction of the species and to produce high quality planting materials for commercial production. This paper discusses the collection, selection, propagation and establishment of clonal bank/germplasm of the species. It is anticipated that with the initiative, the sustainability of the species can be ensured to support the industries demand in the future.
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Gustafson, James M. "HOUSEHOLD NETWORKS AND RURAL INTEGRATION IN QAJAR KIRMAN." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 1 (2014): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743813001281.
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AbstractThe governorships of Muhammad Ismaʿil Khan Vakil al-Mulk (1859–68) and Murtaza Quli Khan Vakil al-Mulk II (1868–78) in Qajar Kirman were highlighted by an extensive building campaign which initiated a period of significant social and economic change in the province. This article explores the activities of local elites in managing their family estates in the context of this project through a careful analysis of provincial geographical and historical writings, Persian-language travelogues, and commentary by European administrators and travelers. Kirmani elites began investing in land and commercial agriculture on an unprecedented scale, accelerating Kirman's absorption into global economic patterns as a producer of raw materials like cotton, wool, and opium. An integrated political economy developed regionally through the expanding networks of elite households and their estates, reinforced by families combining landownership with administrative functions in rural areas. This process demonstrates the extent to which Iranians were active participants in transforming their communities in the context of the advance of global capitalism, with longstanding patterns of elite household competition playing an important role in mediating social and political change locally.
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Prasad, V. S., and Malay Chaudhuri. "Development of Filtration/Adsorption Media for Removal of Bacteria and Turbidity from Water." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (1989): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0080.
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A downflow column test (5 cm bed depth and 5 min bed contact time), employing tap water spiked with Escherichia coli (ca. 50 CFU/mL) and with or without natural turbidity (50 NTU), was used to screen filtration/adsorption media, prepared from locally available materials (bituminous coal, lignite,manqanese ore and iron ore, both raw as well as pretreated/impregnated with alum,ferric hydroxide, lime or manganese dioxide), in terms of their capacity to remove bacteria and turbidity from water. Based on bacteria removal and turbidity data, ferric hydroxide impregnated lignite (Fe-1ignite) and alum pretreated or lime impregnated manganese ore (alum-Mn ore or lime-Mn ore) ranked top among the twenty media tested, showing 100% removal of Escherichia coli with effluent turbidity not exceeding 5 NTU. In terms of chemical characteristics that may affect the aesthetic quality of drinking water, both Fe-lignite and lime-Mn ore were acceptable; however, Fe-lignite showed the least change in the filtered water quality. Effects of pH (5 – 10), ionic strength (0.005–0.0125) and temperature (20 – 35°C) on Escherichia coli sorption by Fe-lignite were investigated in batch sorption tests. In column tests using canal water with 3 min contact time, Fe-lignite produced filtered water with 0–4 CFU/mL coliforms and turbidity not exceeding 5 NTU. Fe-lignite was found to be a potentially useful media for domestic water filters in rural areas of the developing countries.
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Tomás-Almenar, Cristina, Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís, Ana M. Larrán, et al. "Effects and Safe Inclusion of Narbonne Vetch (Vicia narbonensis) in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diets: Towards a More Sustainable Aquaculture." Animals 10, no. 11 (2020): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112175.
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Aquaculture’s sustainability deeply relies on the identification and inclusion of alternative raw materials. Although meals from insects and/or byproducts from different industries are being recently tested, the meal from terrestrial vegetable species is still the main substitution candidate for fish meal. Here the effects of 0% (Control), 10% (A10) and 30% (A30) inclusion of Narbonne vetch (Vicia narbonensis; ZV-156 strain) meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets was assessed in a 63-day feeding trial by means of growth performance, histopathological, nutritional value of the fish fillet and blood biochemistry analyses. A dose-response trial was conducted in triplicate with 25 rainbow trout juveniles (20 g average body weight) per 500 L tank. Narbonne vetch meal decreased total intestine protease activity in vitro (from 26.81% to 48% inhibition), although high temperature partially inhibited the action of antinutritional factors (ANFs). No differences in fish growth performance and no severe histopathological alterations on the proximal intestine were observed between 10% Narbonne vetch inclusion and Control groups. In contrast, high inclusion (30%) of Narbonne vetch led to poor growth performance (30% reduction on final growth) and severe histopathological alterations (e.g., loss of brush border integrity, high number of villi fusion, reduced goblet cells density as well as reduced width of submucosa, muscular and serosa layers). Furthermore, while the A30 diet decreased docosahexaenoic fatty acid (FA) content in fish fillets, the A10 diet improved monounsaturated FA content when compared to that of the Control group. No altered levels of cholesterol, glucose or triglycerides in blood plasma and/or histopathological effects on the liver were observed among fish fed the different experimental diets. Although further research efforts (e.g., identifying potential enzymatic treatments to decrease the action of ANFs from Narbonne vetch meal) might be required, present results show that a low inclusion (10%) of Narbonne vetch in rainbow trout diets is possible. The inclusion of locally produced legumes such a Narbonne vetch might be an interesting approach to reduce carbon footprint in European aquaculture and the dependency on other alternative raw materials such as soybean (Glycine max) imported from third countries.
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Cammayo, Eva U., and Nilo E. Padilla. "Adoption and Commercialization of Green Corn, Green Corn –Based Silage, Haylage and Ummb Production for Dairy Cattle in Cagayan Valley, Philippines." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Review Vol.4 (4) October-December. 2019 4, no. 4 (2019): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjetr.2019.4.4(2).
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This research aimed to improve dairy production and increase the income of dairy farmers using locally available feed resources. Small-scale milk producers rely heavily on available feed resources in the locality which are either indigenous in the area or introduced species for feed and nutrition of their dairy cattle and buffalos. Their milk output depends mainly on seasonal fluctuations in the quality and quantity of natural forage. Crop residues such as corn stover and rice straw which are high in fiber but low in nutrients serve as a feed supplement and filler to the daily diets of dairy cattle and buffalos. Cagayan Valley is an ear of top corn and rice-producing region. The potential of crop residues as feed supplements or raw materials of dairy cattle/buffalo feed mix is great. But dairy farmers still face the scarcity problem of quality feed resources for dairy animals especially during the dry season. The supply of forage is very low during the dry spell. Inadequate feed mix and low nutritive value of feed mix result in low or no milk production. Producing green corn and ensiling it to produce green corn silage preserves and prolong the storage life of forages. In this way, a stable supply of feed mix for dairy animals is assured year-round. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: adoption and commercialization, dairy industry, financial viability, green-corn silage production, indigenous grasses, smallholder farmers.
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Mekonnen, Eshetu, Ameha Kebede, Tekle Tafesse, and Mesfin Tafesse. "Application of Microbial Bioenzymes in Soil Stabilization." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (July 30, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1725482.
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Soil stabilization is a mechanical or chemical alteration of one or more soil properties to create an improved soil material possessing the desired engineering properties. The aim of this article was to review bioenzyme-based soil stabilization techniques with an emphasis on bioenzymes production, mechanism of soil stabilization and future challenges, and opportunities of the sector. Soils are stabilized to increase strength and durability or to prevent erosion and dust generation. Cost-effective soil stabilization technology has been a fundamental part of any construction and is very important for economic growth in any country. In some cases, construction has been challenged due to the high cost of soil stabilization processes. Besides, methods of stabilizations using common stabilizing agents are getting costly. Currently, there is a growing interest to identify new and green technology to improve construction techniques and to expand the road network. Therefore, the search for new materials and improved techniques to process the local materials has received an increased focus. For developing countries, bioenzymes are now creating an opportunity to improve soil stability with tremendous effectiveness in the overall process of soil stabilization. In the world, bioenzymes have been used in different projects for several years and are generally proprietary products, often of patented formulation that needs intensive field tests. Currently, the use and production of bioenzymes is becoming the most promising key for the advancement of a country by saving time, energy, and finance. It also reduces environmental pollution due to carbon emission by the conventional stabilizers. Thus, a better understanding of this emerging technology is of utmost importance to exploit any improvement it can offer to soil stability. With little research and practice, it is possible to produce soil stabilizing bioenzymes using local raw materials. Due to this, production of low cost, easily and widely applicable, and environmentally friendly enzymatic formulations from locally available raw materials should be the interest of research and academic institutes of any country.
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Munguti, Jonathan M., James G. Kirimi, Kevin O. Obiero, et al. "Critical Aspects of Aquafeed Value Chain in the Kenyan Aquaculture Sector- A Review." Sustainable Agriculture Research 10, no. 2 (2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v10n2p87.
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This article reviews critical aspects of the aquafeed value chain in the Kenyan aquaculture sector. Aquaculture production in Kenya has grown steadily in recent years, to more than 18,000 tons in 2019. Due to the growing demand for fish and fish products, there has been a gradual shift from extensive to semi-intensive to moderately intensive aquaculture systems, leading to an increased demand for high quality commercial fish feeds. The current annual demand for fish feed in Kenya is estimated at 34,000 tons. It is the lack of sufficient and high-quality local fish feed production that has created a market for fish feed importers, which is currently estimated at 7,000 tons annually. However, the imported fish feed is expensive for most fish farmers, leading to low production. Local fish feed production through home-based formulation should be driven by fish farmers to contain the rising cost of feeds. Most cottage feed manufacturers produce mash, crumbles or sinking pellets because they lack extruder for making floating pellets, hence the need for quality control in the aqua-feed sector. Fish feed producers are weakly covered by financial services providers, hence the inability to compete effectively with other value chains. The paper outlines five key actors in the aqua-feed value chain from production to marketing. These include; raw material (ingredients) suppliers, feed manufacturers (feed formulators), distributors/wholesalers, retailers, and customers who are fish farmers. We recommend intensification of local aqua-feed production using locally available materials to reduce the importation. This will ensure the long term economic and ecological sustainability of the aquaculture sector. There is a need for favourable policies to lower importation rates for raw materials as a way of boosting the availability of additional feed resources and inputs.