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Journal articles on the topic 'Location on merchantable bole'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Barszcz, Anna, Anna Sandak, and Jakub Sandak. "Size and localisation of knots in timber from mountain spruce stands in the Dolomites." Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A - Forestry 52(1) (September 8, 2015): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.30608.

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The aim of the study was evaluation of knots in wood of 150-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in stands situated at the altitude of 1450– 1740 m above sea level in the Dolomites in Italian section of the Alps. In selected stands, spruce trees were cut down and their length, stem thickness, height to the crown base and stem diameters at every 1 m along the length of merchantable bole were measured. The diameter of knots was measured and they were classified according to their healthiness and the degree of their tightness with the surrounding wood. The relative knot diameter

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2

Hotvedt, James E., Quang V. Cao, and Bernard R. Parresol. "Tree-Volume and Stem-Profile Functions for Baldcypress." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 4 (1985): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.4.227.

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Abstract No volume tables are available for cypress in the South. A volume and stem-profile prediction system for baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) is presented in this paper. Equations for estimating total and merchantable inside- and outside-bark cubic foot volumes are discussed, as well as a stem-profile equation for estimating diameter at any point on the tree bole. These equations are based on diameters measured at 10 feet above the ground. The prediction system was developed from 157 sample trees measured on 26 locations scattered throughout the south Delta region of Louisiana. Normal dia

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3

Gregoire, Timothy G., Harry T. Valentine, and George M. Furnival. "Estimation of bole volume by importance sampling." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (1986): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-096.

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A sampling methodology to provide an unbiased estimate of bole volume is introduced, with specific regard to its incorporation as an alternative to detailed dendrometry in a 3P sampling framework. In a demonstration of the technique to estimate merchantable volume in a 91-tree population, the average relative sampling error was 7.4%. A two-tool implementation of 3P sampling is proposed and discussed.

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Barszcz, Anna, Anna Sandak, and Jakub Sandak. "Knottiness of spruce stems from the Dolomites as the basis for distinguishing quality zones in roundwood." Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A - Forestry 52(2) (July 1, 2010): 89–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.30610.

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The study was conducted on 9 sample of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] trees, aged 150 years, from three upper subalpine stands in the region of the Dolomites. The knots were classified into three categories of healthiness and three categories of intergrowth with the surrounding wood. Differences in diameters and relative diameters of knots classified into three categories of healthiness and three categories of intergrowth with the surrounding wood was shown on a merchantable bole divided into 10 equal sections. The frequency of occurrence of knots under the analysed categories was the

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5

Gilmore, Daniel W., Russell D. Briggs, and Robert S. Seymour. "Stem Volume and Site Index Equations for European Larch in Maine." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 2 (1993): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/10.2.70.

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Abstract Stem analysis data collected from 101 sample trees located in 12 plantations established between 1930 and 1982 throughout central Maine were used to develop total and merchantable stem volume prediction equations, and site index prediction equations for plantation-grown European larch. The inside bark merchantable volume equation (4 in. top dob and 12 ft minimum merchantable bole) using a weighted combined variable was very similar to one for Japanese larch in Pennsylvania. Site index curves from this study were identical to those developed in southern New York and New England below a

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6

Bullock, Bronson P., and Harold E. Burkhart. "Equations for Predicting Green Weight of Loblolly Pine Trees in the South." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 3 (2003): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.3.153.

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Abstract Equations are needed to estimate the green weight of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees across the commercial range in the South. Thus, a study was conducted to derive models for predicting green weight of total and merchantable bole portions. Equations were fitted to sectional tree stem observations where a serial correlation was discerned among the data, indicating an intratree relationship. Linear equations utilizing a correction for serial correlation did not outperform an uncorrected nonlinear equation form. Three data sets were combined, and regionwide prediction models for to

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7

Purwanto, Ris Hadi, and Dian Asih Kurniasari. "Potensi Kayu Perkakas dan Kayu Bakar Jenis Jati (Tectona grandis) di Hutan Rakyat Desa Natah, Gunung Kidul." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 3, no. 2 (2009): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.1510.

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Potentials of Merchantable Timber and Firewod of Teak (Tectona grandis) in Natah Village Community Forest , GunungkidulThe potential of merchantable timber and firewod of teak (Tectona grandis) in Desa Natah community forest was estimated by developing allometric equations method. To establish the allometric equation 350 sample trees were measured to determine the relationships between tree height (H) and diameter breast height (D). Thirty trees of various sizes were cut to measure the merchantable timber and firewood volume. The raw merchantable timber volume of teak in the community forest w

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8

Valentine, Harry T., Catherine Bealle, and Timothy G. Gregoire. "Comparing Vertical and Horizontal Modes of Importance and Control-Variate Sampling for Bole Volume." Forest Science 38, no. 1 (1992): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/38.1.160.

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Abstract Vertical and horizontal modes of both importance and control-variate sampling for estimating merchantable and total volumes of boles are described and compared. In the horizontal mode, heights are selected at random, and cross-sectional areas are measured. In the vertical mode, cross-sectional areas are selected at random and heights are measured. Estimates obtained by horizontal and vertical control-variate sampling (also known as the critical height method) were equally precise in tests using a proxy taper equation that was linear in cross-sectional area versus height. Both methods

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9

Czaplewski, Raymond L., and David Bruce. "Retransformation bias in a stem profile model." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 10 (1990): 1623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-215.

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An unbiased profile model, fit to diameter divided by diameter at breast height, overestimated volume of 5.3-m log sections by 0.5 to 3.5%. Another unbiased profile model, fit to squared diameter divided by squared diameter at breast height, underestimated bole diameters by 0.2 to 2.1%. These biases are caused by retransformation of the predicted dependent variable; the degree of retransformation bias depends upon choice of dependent variable in the regression model, variance of its prediction errors, and the bole position of the desired prediction. Retransformation biases were greatest near t

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10

Sharma, Mahadev. "Total and Merchantable Volume Equations for 25 Commercial Tree Species Grown in Canada and the Northeastern United States." Forests 12, no. 9 (2021): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091270.

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Accurate estimates of tree bole volume are fundamental to sustainable forest management. Total inside and outside bark and merchantable volume equations were developed for 25 major commercial tree species grown in natural stands in eastern and central Canada and the northeastern United States. Data used to develop these equations was collected from 9647 trees sampled from natural stands across the study area. The number of trees sampled varied among species. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) had the most observations (1648 trees) and American basswood (Tilia americana) and red oak (Quercus rub

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11

Bueno-López, S., and E. Bevilacqua. "Nonlinear mixed model approaches to estimating merchantable bole volume for Pinus occidentalis." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 5, no. 1 (2012): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor0630-005.

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12

Oderwald, Richard G., and Sorin Popescu. "A Simplified Method of Predicting Percent Volume in Log Portions." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 3 (2003): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.3.149.

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Abstract Effective multi-product inventory requires methods that can estimate the percent of total tree merchantable volume in any one piece regardless of length or position. The usual equations for predicting percent volume by piece are confined to specific log lengths and length units. A simple method of predicting percent board foot volume in any piece of a bole or log in any length units is presented. It is widely applicable but not as accurate as other more specific methods. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2): 149–152.

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13

Clatterbuck, Wayne K., and John D. Hodges. "Development of cherrybark oak and sweet gum in mixed, even-aged bottomland stands in central Mississippi, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 1 (1988): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-003.

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Development of even-aged mixed cherrybark oak (Quercusfalcata var. pagodifolia Ell.) and sweet gum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) stands was examined over a range of stand densities and ages in minor river bottoms of central Mississippi, U.S.A. Two stand development patterns were documented based on average spacing between dominant and codominant trees during the pole stage of development: a "restricted" pattern and an "unrestricted" pattern. The restricted pattern occurred at average spacings of less than 5.5 m. Here cherrybark oak was initially shorter than sweet gum but was able to outgrow and

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14

MacFarlane, David W. "Allometric Scaling of Large Branch Volume in Hardwood Trees in Michigan, USA: Implications for Aboveground Forest Carbon Stock Inventories." Forest Science 57, no. 6 (2011): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/57.6.451.

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Abstract Allometric scaling of large branch volume (branches to a ≥9-cm top diameter outside of bark) was examined using data from hundreds of hardwood trees of 11 hardwood tree species across a range of sites in Michigan. The amount of large branch volume in hardwoods generally increased with tree size with most of it in first-order branches (off of the main stem), but there were trees as small as 35 cm that had third-order large branches in their crowns. To explore how branch volumes scaled with bole volume, large branch volume expansion factors (VEFs) were calculated and correlated with sev

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15

Adamec, Zdeněk, Radim Adolt, Karel Drápela, and Jiří Závodský. "Evaluation of Different Calibration Approaches for Merchantable Volume Predictions of Norway Spruce Using Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model." Forests 10, no. 12 (2019): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121104.

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Research Highlights: Determination of merchantable wood volume is one of the key preconditions for sustainable forest management. This study explores accuracy of calibrated predictions of merchantable wood volume of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) using stem taper curves (STC) in a form of a mixed model. Background and Objectives: The study is devoted to the determination of merchantable wood volume (over bark) of individual standing stems based on the integration of an STC model calibrated using upper diameter measurements. Various options of upper diameter measurement were tested

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16

Newberry, James D., and Thomas E. Burk. "An integrated approach to individual tree volume distribution and stem profile modeling." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 3 (1985): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-091.

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Individual tree merchantable volume – total volume ratios with respect to stem diameters and heights on the tree stem were described with the SB distribution. Different volume ratio estimates were obtained from these models for a given location on the tree stem depending on whether the location is indexed by a diameter or height. This problem is common with many volume ratio systems. To overcome this problem, the merchantable volume – total volume ratios with respect to joint stem diameters and heights were described with the SBB bivariate distribution. Error analyses showed that the bivariate

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17

Westfall, James A., and Paul L. Patterson. "Measurement variability error for estimates of volume change." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 11 (2007): 2201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-082.

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Using quality assurance data, measurement variability distributions were developed for attributes that affect tree volume prediction. Random deviations from the measurement variability distributions were applied to 19 381 remeasured sample trees in Maine. The additional error due to measurement variation and measurement bias was estimated via a simulation study for various components of volume change. In comparison with sampling error, the error due to measurement variation was relatively small. When biases in measurements had contradictory effects on the calculation of individual tree volume,

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18

Haastrup, N. O., O. W. Bolaji, T. A. Narudeen, et al. "Description and Composition of Tree Species in a Tertiary Institution Agricultural Faculty Arboretum, Ibadan, South-West Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 6 (2022): 1163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i6.25.

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The Arboretum of the Agricultural Faculty of a tertiary institution in Ibadan is known for its rich diversity of trees. Therefore, the study investigates the tree growth variables in the arboretum such as diameter at breast height (dbh), diameter at the base, middle and top of the bole, total height, merchantable height and crown diameter. The basal area and volume were then calculated per species and per family. Several models were fitted for the height – diameter relationship and crown diameter – diameter relationship and crown diameter – dbh relationship. Positive linear relationships were

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19

Fang, Zixing, Bruce E. Borders, and Robert L. Bailey. "Compatible Volume-Taper Models for Loblolly and Slash Pine Based on a System with Segmented-Stem Form Factors." Forest Science 46, no. 1 (2000): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/46.1.1.

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Abstract By integrating a variable-form differential equation for taper, a segmented-stem system of models involving a taper equation, merchantable volume equation, and total stem volume equation results. Through the constraints imposed on the coefficients of integration, the taper model is continuous at the inflection points, and all components in the system are compatible with each other. Models are derived for a bole with two inflection points, but the constant form factor model (no inflection point) and one inflection point segmented model can be obtained as special cases by substituting a

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20

Domke, Grant M., Christopher M. Oswalt, Christopher W. Woodall, and Jeffery A. Turner. "Estimation of Merchantable Bole Volume and Biomass above Sawlog Top in the National Forest Inventory of the United States." Journal of Forestry 111, no. 6 (2013): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.13-042.

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21

Boucher, Jonathan, Christian Hébert, and Eric Bauce. "A flexible approach for predicting and mapping postfire wood borer attacks in black spruce and jack pine forests using the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 9 (2020): 880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0334.

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Postfire salvage logging is used to reduce economic losses; however, burned trees are rapidly colonized by wood-boring insects, which reduce the merchantable value of the wood. This study aims to predict wood borer (Monochamus Megerle in Dejean, 1821) attacks after wildfire as a function of rapidly available variables such as tree basal area, stem diameter, and burn severity using the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR). In 2011, we sampled 60 black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) or jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plots in five burns from 2010 in the Haute

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22

Zhang, Shu-Yin, Ruben Eyono Owoundi, Gérard Nepveu, Frédéric Mothe, and Jean-François Dhôte. "Modelling wood density in European oak (Quercuspetraea and Quercusrobur) and simulating the silvicultural influence." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 12 (1993): 2587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-320.

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Wood density in relation to cambial age and ring width was studied in 23 trees of European oak (Quercuspetraea (Matt) Liebl. and Quercusrobur L.) from northeast France, and based on these relationships, a model predicting intratree wood density through cambial age and ring width was developed. Wood density is closely correlated with both cambial age and ring width, but its relationships with cambial age and ring width, to some extent, vary from tree to tree. The variation, however, does not show an appreciable pattern with tree height. The model developed is able to predict satisfactorily the

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23

Stone, Douglas M., and Richard Kabzems. "Aspen development on similar soils in Minnesota and British Columbia after compaction and forest floor removal." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 6 (2002): 886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78886-6.

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Forest management practices that decrease soil porosity and remove organic matter can reduce site productivity. We evaluated effects of four treatmentsmerchantable bole harvest (MBH) with three levels of soil compaction (none, light, or heavy), and total woody vegetation harvest plus forest floor removal (FFR)on fifth-year regeneration and growth of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) growing on soils with similar textures (2040 cm silt loam over clay loam till) in northern Minnesota (MN) and northeastern British Columbia (BC). Overall mean sucker density was significantly greater in BC than

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Kenefic, Laura S., Paul E. Sendak, and John C. Brissette. "Comparison of Fixed Diameter-Limit and Selection Cutting in Northern Conifers." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 2 (2005): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.2.77.

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Abstract Diameter-limit cutting is a common type of harvest in which all merchantable trees above specific size thresholds are removed. Despite a long history of application, controlled experiments of these harvests are rare and the cumulative effects of repeated diameter-limit cuts are largely unknown. The Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine is the location of a long-term USDA Forest Service experiment in which both fixed diameter-limit and selection cutting have been applied at 20-year intervals since the early 1950s. After three entries, present value of gross harvest revenue was greater

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Dumm, Gabriel, Lauren Fins, Russell T. Graham, and Theresa B. Jain. "Distribution of Fine Roots of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir in a Central Idaho Forest." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 4 (2008): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/23.4.202.

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Abstract This study describes soil horizon depth and fine root distribution in cores collected at two distances from the boles of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine trees at a study site in a central Idaho forest. Concentration and content of fine roots extracted from soil cores were compared among species, soil horizons, tree size, and distance from bole. Approximately 80% of litter and humus samples contained no fine roots. The highest fine root content and concentrations of fine roots occurred in deep mineral soil for both species (1.24 g and 2.82 g/l for Douglas-fir and 0.98g and 2.24 g/l for

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Stanosz, Glen R., and Gary Laudermilch. "Variation in Frequency of Sugar Maple Bole Damage From Tree-Marking Materials." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 4 (1992): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.4.136.

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Abstract Six blue tree-marking materials, commonly used to mark residual trees and those along boundaries, were evaluated for their potential to damage sugar maple boles. Materials were applied as 3-in. diameter spots in both spring and fall to trees of two bark textures in stands at four different locations. Damage was evaluated three growing seasons later. Cracks were the most frequent form of defect, but swelling, callus, and open cankers also occurred. Damage was observed in 192 of 1056 spots, and there was wide variation in the frequency of damage caused by different materials. There also

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Susilowati, A., A. G. Ahmad, H. Siburian, et al. "The damage profile of kerai payung (Filicium desipiens) in University of Sumatera Utara green space based on Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 918, no. 1 (2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012019.

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Abstract The University of Sumatera Utara (USU) campus in Medan is a green space area with numerous social and environmental benefits. In the USU campus, trees were planted for providing inhabitant needs such as fresh air, pollutant absorber, medicine, wood, fuel, fiber, aesthetic, and food. One of the medicine, wood, and aesthetic species that grows on the USU campus is kerai payung (Filicium decipiens). Along with fallen trees and broken branches incidents, detection of kerai payung trees damage in the campus USU was needed to prevent undesirable incidents and provide recommendations for mai

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Meadows, James S., and E. C. Burkhardt. "Epicormic Branches Affect Lumber Grade and Value in Willow Oak." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 3 (2001): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/25.3.136.

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Abstract A case study was conducted in a 50-yr-old bottomland oak stand in central Alabama to investigate the relationship between epicormic branches and lumber grade and value in willow oak (Quercus phellos L.). The stand had been thinned from below 7–10 yr earlier, resulting in a wide variety of epicormic branch conditions on the residual trees. A sample of 41 willow oak trees was selected before the stand was clearcut in late 1991. All merchantable logs in each tree were graded prior to felling. Average dbh of sampled trees was 19.1 in. Each tree averaged 9.5 epicormic branches on the sawlo

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Johnstone, Wayne D. "The Effects of Initial Spacing and Rectangularity on the Early Growth of Hybrid Poplar." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 4 (2008): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/23.4.189.

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Abstract Hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray × Populus deltoides Marsh.) plantations, at two locations in southern British Columbia, were examined 9 years after planting, to determine the effects of plantation spacing on individual-tree and per-hectare growth and development. At both locations, spacing had a direct, significant effect on virtually all of the individual-tree characteristics examined. For a given amount of growing space per tree, rectangularity (within-row/between-row spacing ratios) had no significant effect on individual-tree diameter, height, or total bole volum

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Froese, Karl, and Han-Sup Han. "Residual Stand Damage from Cut-to-Length Thinning of a Mixed Conifer Stand in Northern Idaho." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 3 (2006): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/21.3.142.

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Abstract We collected residual stand-damage data from a mixed conifer stand in northern Idaho that had been commercially thinned with a cut-to-length harvesting system. The stand composition after harvesting was 76% grand fir (Abies grandis); 14% Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca); 5% western redcedar (Thuja plicata); and 5% lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). For all crop trees, damage to the bole, roots, and crown was assessed using systematic sampling with a random start and fixed area plots. Wounding occu

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Morrison, D. J., K. W. Pellow, A. FL Nemec, D. J. Norris, and P. Semenoff. "Effects of selective cutting on the epidemiology of armillaria root disease in the southern interior of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 1 (2001): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-144.

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In selectively cut and undisturbed parts of four mature stands, five 0.04-ha plots were established, and trees were measured, mapped, and examined for aboveground symptoms of armillaria root disease. Trees were felled, and stumps and their root systems were removed by an excavator and were measured and examined for Armillaria lesions. Isolates from root lesions, rhizomorphs associated with lesions, and basidiomes collected in or adjacent to plots were of Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink. All trees were assigned to one of five tree condition classes based on the location of lesions and host

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Doruska, Paul F., and Harold E. Burkhart. "Modeling the diameter and locational distribution of branches within the crowns of loblolly pine trees in unthinned plantations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 12 (1994): 2362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-305.

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Crown structure for 9- to 30-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) trees in unthinned plantations was quantified via analysis of branch diameters and location, both along and around the bole, using data from 68 trees. The trees ranged in size from 11.1 to 31.6 cm in diameter at breast height and from 8.30 to 25.67 m in total height, and were growing in Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain stands. Three equations were used to describe the diameter distribution of branches. Circular statistics were used to examine branching patterns around the bole. A system of two equations was developed to pre

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Dean, T. J., and J. N. Long. "Variation in Sapwood Area-Leaf Area Relations Within Two Stands of Lodgepole Pine." Forest Science 32, no. 3 (1986): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/32.3.749.

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Abstract Within-stand variation of the ratio between sapwood cross-sectional area and leaf area was investigated for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in northern Utah. For both a mature and a sapling stand, we analyzed the changes in sapwood-leaf area ratio with respect to canopy position and location along the bole, both within and below the live crown. Excluding suppressed trees, sapwood area at the base of the live crown (BLC) was linearly related to leaf area; however, the slope of the regression for the saplings was 40% greater than the slope for the mature trees. This difference wa

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Purwanto, Ris Hadi, and Nius Abdi Ginting. "Potensi Produksi Arang dari Hutan Rakyat Desa Bangunjiwo, Kecamatan Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 5, no. 2 (2011): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.1856.

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Asam jawa (Tamarindus indica) dan mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) yang banyak tumbuh di hutan rakyat Desa Bangunjiwo merupakan calon ideal yang patut diajukan sebagai bahan baku arang karena keduanya termasuk golongan kayu keras yang memiliki kualitas arang baik dan harga jual dari kedua jenis arang tersebut mempunyai daya tarik untuk menambah penghasilan. Informasi tentang produksi arang dari jenis-jenis tanaman berkayu yang tumbuh di hutan rakyat diestimasi melalui penyusunan persamaan allometrik yang bisa dipakai untuk tegakan pohon yang masih berdiri. Untuk menyusun persamaan allometrik, 30

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Grenier, Yvon, Louis Blais, and Éric Lavoie. "Aire minimum d'échantillonnage ou nombre de points de prisme nécessaires pour établir la structure d'un peuplement inéquienne." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 11 (1991): 1632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-226.

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A complete forest survey was conducted on an 18-ha maple stand mixed with yellow birch and American beech. Diameter at breast height of all merchantable stems was recorded. The location of all those stems was reported on a grid system to allow subsequent simulation of sampling by varying the size of rectangular sample plots. Prism sampling was also carried out in the same area. Statistical testing (χ2) were used to verify if randomized sampling gave the same diameter distribution as the original stand. Both sampling methods were adequate. Rectangular sample plots, 2 m wide by 5000 m long, repr

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Goelz, J. C. G., J. S. Meadows, and T. C. Fristoe. "Development of Water Tupelo Coppice Stands on the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta for Five Years After Precommercial Thinning and Cleaning." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 4 (2001): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/25.4.165.

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Abstract Three 4-yr-old stands (or locations) were selected for treatment. Treatment consisted of two components: (1) thinning water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) stump sprouts and (2) cutting all stems of Carolina ash (Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.) and black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.) (cleaning). Contrary to results in other areas, survival of water tupelo coppice was very high and was not affected by the treatments. Cleaning had little or no positive effect on the individual tree or stand-level variables we measured. Thinning sprout clumps significantly increased diameter growth of water tupelo;

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Carter, Mason C., Thomas J. Dean, Ziyin Wang, and Ray A. Newbold. "Impacts of harvesting and postharvest treatments on soil bulk density, soil strength, and early growth of Pinus taeda in the Gulf Coastal Plain: a Long-Term Soil Productivity affiliated study." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (2006): 601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-248.

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At four sites in the Gulf Coastal Plain, mechanical whole-tree harvesting (MWT) removed more biomass and nutrients than hand-fell bole-only harvesting (HFBO). Soil compaction and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) regeneration growth varied among sites. At one location, MWT increased soil bulk density by 0.1 Mg·m3, from 1.14 to 1.24 Mg·m3, with no effect on tree growth. At a second location, where bulk density increased by 0.1 Mg·m3, from 1.41 to 1.51 Mg·m3, pine growth was reduced significantly. Soil strength at 1520 cm depth increased by 0.30.5 MPa at both locations. However, where MWT red

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Turgeon, Jean J., John Pedlar, Peter de Groot, et al. "Density and location of simulated signs of injury affect efficacy of ground surveys for Asian longhorned beetle." Canadian Entomologist 142, no. 1 (2010): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n09-049.

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AbstractSurveys for signs of attack by Asian long-horned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), currently rely upon visual examination of trees to discover signs of attack. By embedding simulated A. glabripennis oviposition pits and exit holes on open-grown Norway maples, Acer platanoides L. (Aceraceae), we evaluated the effect of sign density, height (below or above 2.5m), and position (bole or branch) when foliage was present or absent on inspector ability to distinguish trees with or without signs. From this, we quantified detectability, or the proportio

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Miller, James H., Bruce R. Zutter, Shepard M. Zedaker, M. Boyd Edwards, and Ray A. Newbold. "Growth and Yield Relative to Competition for Loblolly Pine Plantations to Midrotation—A Southeastern United States Regional Study." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 4 (2003): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.4.237.

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Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations were studied across 13 southeastern sites grown for 15 yr with near-complete control of woody, herbaceous, and woody plus herbaceous components during the first 3–5 yr. This multiple objective experiment (the COMProject) documents stand dynamics at the extreme corners of the response surface that encompasses most competition conditions common to pine plantations. This is the second of two companion reports. Merchantable pine volume after 15 yr with early, near complete competition control reached 2,350–4,415 ft3/ac by site compared to 1,132–2

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JÜRIADO, Inga, Jaan LIIRA, and Jaanus PAAL. "Diversity of epiphytic lichens in boreo-nemoral forests on the North-Estonian limestone escarpment: the effect of tree level factors and local environmental conditions." Lichenologist 41, no. 1 (2009): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282909007889.

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AbstractThe species richness and composition of lichens was quantified for four temperate broad-leaved tree species (Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordataandUlmus glabra) in boreo-nemoral forests on the talus slope of the North-Estonian limestone escarpment (North-Estonian Klint). Thirteen study sites were distributed along the klint on a west to east gradient. The effects of tree and stand characteristics and geographical location of a stand on composition and diversity of epiphytic lichens were evaluated by multivariate analyses (DCA, CCA, pCCA) and by general linear mixed mode

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Heitzman, Eric, and Adrian G. Grell. "Residual Tree Damage Along Forwarder Trails from Cut-to-Length Thinning in Maine Spruce Stands." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 4 (2002): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/19.4.161.

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Abstract In Maine and adjacent eastern Canadian provinces, cut-to-length harvesting has emerged as an ecologically attractive method of thinning conifer plantations and natural stands. Yet regional information on the extent of residual stand damage associated with this system is lacking. Eight naturally regenerated red spruce (Picea rubens) stands in northern Maine were studied; all stands were thinned in 1997–1998 with a processor and forwarder combination. Field methods consisted of examining individual trees near forwarder trails for bole damage and measuring the size and aboveground height

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Sattler, Derek F., James W. Goudie, and Richard W. Reich. "A module to simulate the impact of western gall rust (Cronartium harknessii) on merchantable volume and lumber yields for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 11 (2019): 1379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0052.

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Western gall rust (Cronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) E. Meinecke) is a pathogen that affects lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) and has the potential to reduce lumber product yields derived from stands managed for the commercial production of timber. A dataset containing repeated measurements from 7775 trees located within the province of British Columbia, Canada, was used to develop equations that predict annual rates of stem infection, post-infection mortality, and the location of large stem galls. Results showed that annual rates of infect

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Campbell, Gene E., and Jeffrey O. Dawson. "Growth, Yield, and Value Projections for Black Walnut Interplantings with Black Alder and Autumn Olive." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 6, no. 3 (1989): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/6.3.129.

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Abstract Silvicultural practices to reduce managerial inputs, increase yields, and decrease rotation age for eastern black walnut contribute substantially toward making this species more attractive as a forestry investment. Height and diameter measurements of black walnut interplanted with European black alder or autumn olive were taken at ages 14 and 18 in fifth-acre plots at a location in southern Illinois. Black walnut had been planted by USDA Forest Service scientists at a 12 x 32-ft spacing. For the interplanted plots, three black alder or autumn olive were planted within the rows between

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Lynch, S. C., A. Eskalen, P. Zambino, and T. Scott. "First Report of Bot Canker Caused by Diplodia corticola on Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) in California." Plant Disease 94, no. 12 (2010): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-10-0266.

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Sharp decline and mortality of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) has been observed in San Diego County, CA since 2002. Much of this decline has been attributed to a new pest in California, the goldspotted oak borer (GSOB, Agrilus coxalis) (1). Symptoms include crown thinning, bark cracking and/or peeling, patches of stain (1 to 10 cm in diameter), bleeding on the bole, and tree death and are most often observed on trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) >30 cm. In 2008, a Botryosphaeria sp. was recovered from necrotic tissue of bleeding bole cankers from GSOB-affected trees in Jamul,

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Bleiker, K. P., M. R. O'Brien, G. D. Smith, and A. L. Carroll. "Characterisation of attacks made by the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during its endemic population phase." Canadian Entomologist 146, no. 3 (2014): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.71.

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AbstractMountain pine beetle (MPB) Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacks and overwhelms the defences of vigorous trees during outbreaks by attacking en masse. Low or endemic populations are regulated by host resistance and restricted to colonising weakened trees, where there is a potential trade off between tree defences and habitat quality. Mountain pine beetle populations are typically in the endemic population phase, but MPB attack behaviour and brood productivity in this phase are poorly understood. We located attacks made by beetles from endemic populations i

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Benjamin, Jeffrey G., John A. Kershaw, Jr., Aaron R. Weiskittel, Ying Hei Chui, and S. Y. Zhang. "External knot size and frequency in black spruce trees from an initial spacing trial in Thunder Bay, Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 4 (2009): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85618-4.

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As growing space available for a given tree increases, crown size increases and branch size (and thus knot size) is generally greater. Increased tree spacing may also result in a higher knot frequency. Using a combination of nonlinear, multilevel mixed effects and generalized nonlinear modeling techniques, a series of equations were developed to predict size and number of knots with respect to vertical location in black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) trees from one of the oldest initial spacing trial in Thunder Bay, Ontario. The models developed in this paper focus only on live whorls and

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Sparks, Aaron M., Mark V. Corrao, Robert F. Keefe, Ryan Armstrong, and Alistair M. S. Smith. "Comparison of Field Sampling- and Airborne Laser Scanning-Derived Stand-Level Inventories in a Mixed Conifer Forest and Volume Validation Using Log Scaling Data." Forests 16, no. 5 (2025): 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050784.

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Forest managers need stand-level forest inventories to make operational decisions and model growth and yield to inform long-term planning. However, few studies have quantified errors in field sampling- and airborne laser scanning (ALS)-derived inventories at the stand level, particularly in species-diverse and structurally diverse mixed conifer forests. In this study, we compared stand-level metrics derived from field cruise measurements of a forest-wide stratified sample of variable-radius plots, an ALS-derived area-based approach (ABA) trained and tested using an independent sample of fixed-

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Stängle, Stefan M., Aaron R. Weiskittel, Carsten F. Dormann, and Franka Brüchert. "Measurement and prediction of bark thickness in Picea abies: assessment of accuracy, precision, and sample size requirements." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 1 (2016): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0263.

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Tree and log diameters are usually measured outside bark, but inside-bark diameters are of greater economic interest and are often derived with local or regional bark thickness equations. To date, the influence of measurement method, sampling design, and sample size on bark thickness equation accuracy and precision has received limited attention. The objectives of this study were to use an extensive regional bark thickness dataset for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) in southwestern Germany to (1) quantify the accuracy and precision of bark thickness measurements with a Swedish bark gaug

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Ukalski, Krzysztof, and Szymon Bijak. "Non-Linear Regression with Repeated Data—A New Approach to Bark Thickness Modelling." Forests 16, no. 7 (2025): 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071160.

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Broader use of multioperational machines in forestry requires efficient methods for determining various timber parameters. Here, we present a novel approach to model the bark thickness (BT) as a function of stem diameter. Stem diameter (D) is any diameter measured along the bole, not a specific one. The following four regression models were tested: marginal model (MM; reference), classical nonlinear regression with independent residuals (M1), nonlinear regression with residuals correlated within a single tree (M2), and nonlinear regression with the correlation of residuals and random component

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Williams, Michael S., Kenneth L. Cormier, Ronald G. Briggs, and Donald L. Martinez. "Evaluation of the Barr & Stroud FP15 and Criterion 400 Laser Dendrometers for Measuring Upper Stem Diameters and Heights." Forest Science 45, no. 1 (1999): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/45.1.53.

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Abstract Calibrated Barr & Stroud FP15 and Criterion 400 laser dendrometers were tested for reliability in measuring upper stem diameters and heights under typical field conditions. Data were collected in the Black Hills National Forest, which covers parts of South Dakota and Wyoming in the United States. Mixed effects models were employed to account for differences between users of the dendrometers and to test for significant differences between the heights and diameters measured indirectly (by dendrometer) and directly (by caliper and linear tape). The location at which measurements were

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