Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lockup agreements

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Lockup agreements'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lockup agreements"

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Gao, Fei, and Mazhar A. Siddiqi. "The Rationale for IPO Lockup Agreements: Agency or Signaling?" Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 15, no. 03 (2012): 1250013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091512500130.

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Most Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) feature share lockup agreements, which prohibit insiders and other pre-IPO shareholders from selling their shares for a specified period of time following IPO. We explore possible reasons why some IPO firms voluntarily agree to have a much longer lockup period than other firms. We find evidence that lockup agreements are used to control agency costs. Longer lockups are significantly related to inferior long-run returns and this relationship is stronger for firms that have less reputable underwriters. We find no evidence that lockup agreements are used to signal firm quality and we are unable to relate firm quality, as measured by long-run returns, to information asymmetry variables.
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Cline, Brandon N., Xudong Fu, and Tian Tang. "Do investors value SEO lockup agreements?" Journal of Business Research 68, no. 2 (2015): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.07.002.

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Ahmad, Wasim, and Ranko Jelic. "Lockup Agreements and Survival of UK IPOs." Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 41, no. 5-6 (2014): 717–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12068.

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Goergen, Marc, Luc Renneboog, and Arif Khurshed. "Explaining the diversity in shareholder lockup agreements." Journal of Financial Intermediation 15, no. 2 (2006): 254–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2005.10.001.

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Hoque, Hafiz. "The Choice and Role of Lockups in IPOs: Evidence from Heterogeneous Lockup Agreements." Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments 20, no. 5 (2011): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0416.2011.00169.x.

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Karpoff, Jonathan M., Gemma Lee, and Ronald W. Masulis. "Contracting under asymmetric information: Evidence from lockup agreements in seasoned equity offerings." Journal of Financial Economics 110, no. 3 (2013): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.08.015.

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R. Sadler, Thomas, and Shane Sanders. "The 2011-2021 NBA collective bargaining agreement." Managerial Finance 42, no. 9 (2016): 891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-02-2016-0048.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the 2011 National Basketball Association (NBA) lockout and collective bargaining agreement (CBA). Design/methodology/approach Using a bargaining game model, the authors show that asymmetric information via owner revenue shifting and financial non-disclosure caused the conflict between owners and players (growth of player salaries) to result in a lockout. Findings The bargaining game also demonstrates the lockout to be a rational response to asymmetric information: by restricting the growth of player salaries, owners improved their competitive position. Other factors motivating the lockout include the indirect benefit to the median owner of repressing player salaries (i.e. greater expected competitive balance) and a principal agency problem within the players’ union. The lockout concluded with a ten-year CBA, a mutual opt-out in 2017, and revenue sharing between 49 and 51 percent of basketball-related income. The league salvaged a shortened 2011-2012 season, but created an economic framework more favorable to owners. Originality/value This paper is novel in its analysis of the bargaining aspects of the current NBA collective bargaining agreement.
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BROOKE, PENNY SIMPSON. "Locked in to an agreement." Nursing 34, no. 1 (2004): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200401000-00056.

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Hirschberg, Eric. "The Four Agreements of Terms and Conditions: Lockups and Transparency." Journal of Alternative Investments 14, no. 2 (2011): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jai.2011.14.2.100.

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Brau, James C., Val E. Lambson, and Grant McQueen. "Lockups Revisited." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 40, no. 3 (2005): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002210900000185x.

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AbstractLockups are agreements made by insiders of stock-issuing firms to abstain from selling shares for a specified period of time after the issue. Brav and Gompers (2003) suggest that lockups are a bonding solution to a moral hazard problem and not a signaling solution to an adverse selection problem. We challenge this conclusion theoretically and empirically. In our model, insiders of good firms signal by putting and keeping (locking up) their money where their mouths are. Our model yields two comparative statics: lockups should be shorter when a firm is i) more transparent and/or ii) more risky. Using a sample of 4,013 initial public offerings and 3,279 seasoned equity offerings between 1988 and 1999, we find empirical support for our theoretical predictions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lockup agreements"

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Gao, Fei. "The Reasons for the Divergence of IPO Lockup Agreements." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30456/.

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Most initial public offerings (IPOs) feature share lockup agreements, which prohibit insiders from selling their shares for a specified period of time following the IPO. However, some IPO firms agree to have a much longer lockup period than other IPO firms, and some are willing to lockup a much larger proportion of shares. Thus, the primary research question for this study is: "What are the reasons for the divergence of the lockup agreements?" The two main hypotheses that this dissertation investigates are the signaling hypothesis based on information asymmetry, and the commitment hypothesis based on agency theory. This study uses methods that have not been applied by previous studies in the literature relating to IPO lockups. First, I directly use IPO firms operating performance as a proxy for firm quality. The results show neither a negative nor a strong positive relationship between lockup length and firm operating performance. Thus, based on operating performance, the evidence does not support the agency hypothesis while showing weak support for the signaling hypothesis. I then examine the long-run returns for IPO firms with different lockup lengths. I find that firms with short lockup lengths have much better long-run returns than firms with long lockup lengths. Therefore, the results reject the signaling hypothesis while supporting the agency hypothesis. This dissertation further contributes to the IPO long-run underperformance literature by showing that firms with a high agency problem have much worse long-run returns than those with a low agency problem. Finally, I investigate the short-term stock returns around lockup expiry. Generally, I find that firms with short lockup periods experience better stock returns around lockup expiry than firms with long lockup periods, though the returns are not significantly different from one another. Overall, I conclude that the results reject the signaling hypothesis while partially supporting the agency hypothesis. In addition, I show that firms with high agency problems have much worse stock returns than those with low agency problems around lockup expiry, even though the agency variable is not significant in the regression analysis.
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Heffernan, Grant B. "Effect of Lockup Agreements on Buyout Backed Initial Public Offerings." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/183.

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Using a sample of 279 buyout backed firms, I examined the effect of lockup agreements on the firm’s stock returns. I found there to be a negative .8 percent cumulative abnormal return for the three-day period surrounding lockup expiration. Consistent with my hypothesis the CAR for the three-day period surrounding lockup expiration was less negative for buyout backed IPOs compared to venture capital backed IPOs. In addition, I found there to be an abnormal 24.24 percent increase in trading volume for the three days surrounding lockup expiration.
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Hallowell, Nina. "An analysis of semantic agreement : the case for studying folk-linguistic descriptions of talk." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240196.

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Koffka, Lorenz M. [Verfasser]. "Die Verletzung von Lock-up Agreements. : Zur Herleitung eines Haftungskonzepts »extra legem, intra ius«. / Lorenz M. Koffka." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1238486347/34.

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Sabel, Jimmy, and Xinrong Wu. "The Role of Lockups in Venture Capital Backed IPOs : An empirical study on the London Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2012." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-91036.

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There are plenty of things said about the financial industry, an always ongoing debate, to say the least. We have identified a complex situation with three dimensions: Initial public offerings, Venture capital, and Lockup agreements. IPOs are generally difficult to put a price on because the market is not united yet, which creates uncertainties. Venture capital firms invest into startups, often with the incentive of bringing them to an IPO and then make a fast cash out exit. Lockup agreements are contracts that prevent insiders from dumping their shares during a set period in the beginning of the IPO. Additionally, based on the market efficiency theory, a market should always be efficient. But does it play out when these characteristics are affecting each other? The purpose of this research was to investigate whether there are abnormal returns in the financial performance for publicly listed companies on the London Stock Exchange at the end of their lockup period. We sorted on venture capital backed companies and sought to explore differences between VC backed, Non-VC backed firms, and the entire market. The research question for this study is: ‘Does The theoretical aspects of this research’s ontological and epistemological views were set in positivism and objectivism with a deductive approach. The financial performance was key in this research, and it was essential to get ample and appropriate data, therefore a quantitative research method was used with an archival research strategy and explanatory research design. We explored a big research gap in this area after the financial crisis 2008, which made us look at IPOs from 2009 to 2012 with an event window as our time horizon. To answer the research question and fulfill our purpose, four hypotheses were developed with focus on VC backed firms, Non-VC backed firms, the entire market, and one shorter event window. Our results prove that the market efficiency theory does not hold. To answer the research question, we found negative abnormal returns after the lockup expiration date for both Non- VC backed firms and the entire market. However, we were unable to provide a statistically significant result for VC backed firms. There was an extra clear trend during the middle 20 days, and we suggest and encourage to further research with a longer time horizon than [- 20, +20] days.
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Ducros, Éric. "Les engagements contractuels des actionnaires de référence lors de l'introduction en bourse." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00491909.

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Ce travail vise à déterminer dans le cadre des sociétés s'introduisant en bourse les facteurs explicatifs de la présence d'engagements contractuels par les principaux actionnaires d'une part et leur impact sur la valeur de la firme d'autre part. Le terme " engagement contractuel " fait référence à deux mécanismes mis en place au moment de l'introduction en bourse : les engagements de conservation d'actions par les dirigeants et les pactes d'actionnaires. Notre étude porte sur un échantillon de 292 entreprises introduites en bourse entre 1996 et 2000 sur le nouveau marché et le second marché de la bourse de Paris. Nos résultats montrent que la présence et la durée des engagements de conservation d'actions des dirigeants servent à signaler la valeur de la firme lorsque l'asymétrie d'information est grande mais aussi à compenser certaines inefficiences du système de gouvernance de l'entreprise. Nous observons également un impact négatif sur la valeur de la firme des engagements de conservation des dirigeants alors que ceux concernant les sociétés de capital risque l'influence positivement. Concernant les pactes d'actionnaires, nos travaux montrent que leur mise en place est d'autant plus probable que les dirigeants anticipent une cession future de l'entreprise. Ils ont par ailleurs une influence positive sur la valeur de la firme tant qu'ils ne protègent pas les signataires d'une prise de contrôle hostile ; dans ce dernier cas l'effet sur la valeur de la firme est négatif. Finalement, nous montrons qu'il existe une réaction négative du cours de bourse autour du jour de l'expiration des engagements de conservation.
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Hlůšek, Vítězslav. "Právo na stávku a výluku." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-341960.

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THE RIGHT TO STRIKE AND LOCK-OUT ABSTRACT The content of this thesis is to outline the issue of strikes and lock-outs in the Czech republic, both in terms of current legislation, as well as in future ones. On previous pages I try to describe strike actions from the historical and economic points of view, but I also try to compare their individual characters within the EU countries and to accent their specific features and patterns, which are typical for the state or region. I spent an essentional part of my work by studying strikes not modified by acts and the questions of their legality. I gradually evolved into a full knowledge of complete state of freedom of association in our country because of Judicial decisions I didn't know before. I drew my conclusions primarily from literature, articles from distinguished academics and renowned experts and of course from court cases. The importace of legislative was relative because the lawmaker did not fully explore this area. I describe strikes and lockouts as a general phenomenon, whose presence is desirable in every developed community. But I also realized the individual typological aspects of employment law entities. I tried to create work that consistently includes the full scope of relationships and contained all eventualities that come with the right to...
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Hilmy, Hanny. "Sovereignty, Peacekeeping, and the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), Suez 1956-1967: Insiders’ Perspectives." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5888.

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This research is concerned with the complex and contested relationship between the sovereign prerogatives of states and the international imperative of defusing world conflicts. Due to its historical setting following World War Two, the national vs. international staking of claims was framed within the escalating imperial-nationalist confrontation and the impending “end of empire”, both of which were significantly influenced by the role Israel played in this saga. The research looks at the issue of “decolonization” and the anti-colonial struggle waged under the leadership of Egypt’s President Nasser. The Suez War is analyzed as the historical event that signaled the beginning of the final chapter in the domination of the European empires in the Middle East (sub-Saharan decolonization followed beginning in the early 1960s), and the emergence of the United States as the new major Western power in the Middle East. The Suez experience highlighted a stubborn contest between the defenders of the concept of “sovereign consent” and the advocates of “International intervention”. Both the deployment of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) and its termination were surrounded by controversy and legal-political wrangling. The role of UNEF and UN peacekeeping operations in general framed the development of a new concept for an emerging international human rights law and crisis management. The UNEF experience, moreover, brought into sharp relief the need for a conflict resolution component for any peace operation. International conflict management, and human rights protection are both subject to an increasing interventionist international legal regime. Consequently, the traditional concept of “sovereignty” is facing increasing challenge. By its very nature, the subject matter of this multi-dimensional research involves historical, political and international legal aspects shaping the research’s content and conclusions. The research utilizes the experience and contributions of several key participants in this pioneering peacekeeping experience. In the last chapter, recommendations are made –based on all the elements covered in the research- to suggest contributions to the evolving UN ground rules for international crisis intervention and management.<br>Graduate<br>hilmyh@uvic.ca
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Books on the topic "Lockup agreements"

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Höhn, Wolfgang. Ausgewählte Probleme bei Lock-up-Agreements. P. Lang, 2004.

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Forging a common bond: Labor and environmental activism during the BASF lockout. University Press of Florida, 2003.

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Schiffers, Gregor. Haftung von Altaktionären bei Verstoss gegen Marktschutzvereinbarungen (IPO-lock-up-agreements) im deutschen und US-amerikanischen Recht. Peter Lang, 2006.

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M, Mitrović Dragan, ed. Autonomno pravo s posebnim osvrtom na kolektivne pregovore, pravo na štrajk i lock-out u uporednom i našem pravu. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta U Beogradu--Centar za publikacije, 1996.

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Dilts, David A. Labor relations law in state and local government. Quorum Books, 1992.

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Capstick, James. An Examination of the Returns Performance Around the Lock-in Expiry Date of Initial Public Offerings(IPOs) on the London Stock Exchange(LSE) Over between 1993 and 2000 & An Investigation into the Reasons for the Existence of Lock-in Agreements in Five Case Study Firms Going Public Between 1994 & 1998 and Related Event Study. 2003., 2003.

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Ausgewahlte Probleme Bei Lock-up Agreements. Peter Lang Pub Inc, 2004.

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Legate, Julie Anne. The Locus of Ergative Case. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.6.

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This chapter demonstrates that for a diverse range of languages the assignment of ergative case is determined by a cluster of factors, which vary between the languages. While ergative assignment thus resists a simple, uniform analysis, the relevant factors are consistently based low in the clausal structure, centered around vP. The low factors identified include the theta-position and theta-role of the subject, the presence of a complement, the presence of a DP object, the case of the object, the presence of object agreement, and the Aspect selecting vP. Illustrative languages examined are Tsova-Tush (East Caucasian), Nez Perce (Sahaptin), Warlpiri (South-West Pama-Nyungan), Tshangla (Tibeto-Burman), and Hindi/Urdu (Indo-Aryan). Kurmanji Kurdish (Iranian) and Yukulta (Tangic) are also considered: here, the governing factors of ergative case assignment are prima facie high in the clause, based in TP/CP. These languages are revealed to instead fall under the low ergative pattern.
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Minchin, Timothy J. Forging a Common Bond: Labor and Environmental Activism During the Basf Lockout (New Perspectives on the History of the South). University Press of Florida, 2002.

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Hardt, Heidi. A Reactive Culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 explains why NATO’s institutional memory continues to develop in the way that it does – despite formal learning processes being underutilized. Findings in this chapter draw on the author’s survey-based interviews with 120 NATO elites. The chapter begins by arguing that NATO’s organizational culture locks-in elites’ preference for relying on informal processes and avoiding formal processes. Key characteristics of NATO’s culture posed challenges for identifying and reporting strategic errors. The organization’s norm of consensus made formal agreements on past strategic errors difficult. Moreover, NATO’s focus on reaction over retrospection and a broader culture of blame aversion provided elites with little incentive to break the tradition of reliance on informal processes for memory development. Elites described feeling continuous pressure to react to the crisis at hand and treat past crises as unique – leaving little reason to invest in learning from past failures.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lockup agreements"

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Naidoo, André. "4. Certainty and the Intention to Enter a Legal Relationship." In Complete Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198749868.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the basic law on the certainty and intention requirements in the creation of an agreement. To be legally enforceable as a contract, the agreement must be sufficiently certain and show an intention to enter a legal relationship. Agreements can be uncertain because they are vague, or because they are incomplete. This can indicate there was no intention to enter a legal relationship. The courts must not rewrite the agreement; they must simply interpret it. If an agreement is incomplete, the courts may decide that the missing terms are implied, and this is more likely if there has been performance. A gap in an incomplete agreement can be filled if the parties have provided a mechanism for doing so, or if the terms can be construed so as to do so. The chapter then differentiates between an agreement to negotiate (a lock-in agreement) and agreements not to negotiate with other parties (lock-out agreements). Agreements between businesses are presumed to be made with the intention to be legally binding, but the facts, the interpretation of the terms, or the surrounding circumstances could mean there was no such intention.
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Warikandwa, Tapiwa V. "International Trade Agreements and the Trade-Labour Linkage Debate:." In Grid-locked African Economic Sovereignty. Langaa RPCIG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh9vx7n.20.

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Warikandwa, Tapiwa V. "International Trade Agreements and the Trade-Labour Linkage Debate:." In Grid-locked African Economic Sovereignty. Langaa RPCIG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh9vx7n.22.

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Neumann, Tracy. "The Postindustrial City." In The President and American Capitalism Since 1945. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056524.003.0013.

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In the post-World War II decades, federal initiatives originating in the White House abetted the decline of postindustrial cities. Policies fostering population flight from manufacturing cities, international trade agreements that crippled domestic industries, and reduced social welfare spending all contributed to inner-city decline. The federal government helped by defining cities as both entertainment zones and the locus of service, real estate, and finance occupations.
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Koganzon, Rita. "Rousseau’s Authoritarian Education." In Liberal States, Authoritarian Families. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568804.003.0007.

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Rousseau’s account of authority over children in Emile brings to light his quarrel but also his agreement with Locke on the question of private authority. The education of Emile is a direct objection to Locke’s characterization of the will and the nature of adolescence. However, while Emile has mainly been read by scholars as a rejoinder to Locke’s Education, this chapter uncovers the extent to which Rousseau’s account of Sophie’s education is actually Lockean, and it demonstrates that even Emile’s education culminates in Lockean conclusions about the use of the private, inward-oriented family as an antidote to the predations of fashion and opinion. It explores why Rousseau presents both anti- and pro-Lockean arguments about the role of authority in education and concludes by emphasizing the previously unnoticed agreement between Rousseau and Locke on these questions in the context of modern, liberal societies.
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Dicker, Georges. "Knowledge in general." In Locke on Knowledge and Reality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662196.003.0012.

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This chapter explains: (1) Locke’s definition of knowledge as idea-agreement; (2) his four species of knowledge— identity/diversity, relation, co-existence/necessary connection, real existence; (3) his three degrees of knowledge—intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; (4) his view of the extent of knowledge for each species; and (5) his view about the reality of knowledge. It notes that the first three species of knowledge cover mostly generalizations, whereas the last species covers existence claims. It discusses the extent of knowledge in each of the first three species. It explains why Locke thinks that knowledge of co-existence (which is knowledge of substances’ properties) is “very small,” leaving sensitive knowledge for the last two chapters. It argues that although Locke’s discussion of the reality of knowledge accommodates mathematical and possibly moral generalizations well enough, it does not fit laws of science, and misleadingly invites us to think of them as a priori truths rather than empirical truths.
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Alqassas, Ahmad. "Summary and conclusions." In A Multi-locus Analysis of Arabic Negation. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433143.003.0007.

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This chapter summarizes the central points argued for in the analyses chapters. The multi-locus analysis goes beyond the limitations of the parametric approach and can explain the rich variation and change in the syntax of negation. This multi-locus approach explains variation (and change) by looking into the interface between syntax on the one hand, and morphology and semantics on the other hand. This approach also provides a solid ground for investigating other syntactic categories such as the syntax of adverbs, subjects, tense and the left periphery. The ability to explain the syntactic behaviour of these categories (their co-occurrence restrictions, semantic ambiguities and subtle interpretational contrasts) leads to better understanding of key issues related to the syntax of subjects, the movement of adverbs and head movement of verbal and non-verbal predicates. Moreover, the multi-locus analysis of negation gives us insights into the syntactic licensing of a vital category of Negative Sensitive Items (NSIs) in Arabic. The syntactic licensing of these categories in Arabic bears on key theoretical issues in the cross-linguistic studies of negation and NSIs. Such issues include the syntactic licensing configurations for these items, their feature structure and availability of syntactic agreement with negation.
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Kučerová, Ivona. "The double life of gender and its structural consequences." In Gender and Noun Classification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828105.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 investigates variation in the domain of gender in Italian. The Standard Italian nominal system morphologically marks two distinct genders, three distinct nominal classes (idiosyncratic nominal endings), and two numbers, a combination which lends itself to a theoretical investigation of complex gender interactions. Crucially, Italian nominal inflection also distinguishes between grammatical, i.e. idiosyncratic, and natural, i.e. context-dependent, gender. The chapter argues that while some nouns come with gender determined from the lexicon, others may get their gender valued only via the context. Such a contextual valuation may arise only at the phase level, with D being the locus of such a valuation. Evidence comes from agreement and derivational morphology.
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Wise, Carol. "Making Openness Work: Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru." In Dragonomics. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300224092.003.0005.

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This chapter details the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) that China has negotiated in Latin America, with a specific focus on its bilateral FTAs with Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica. The author’s argument is twofold: first, these FTAs are part of China’s internationalized development strategy because they lock in essential raw material exports and represent the most institutionalized version of this internationalized development strategy in the Western Hemisphere. Second, these FTAs departed from neoliberal notions concerning the benefits of free trade based on general-equilibrium models and comparative advantage. Instead, these FTAs allowed Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica rapid access to the Chinese market, the granting of industrial sector exceptions, and China’s readiness to lend for infrastructure and other productive projects.
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Ikenberry, G. John. "After The Cold War." In After Victory. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691169217.003.0007.

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This chapter studies the institutional logic of Western order after the Cold War. American foreign policy after the Cold War is largely consistent with the institutional model of order building. As a rising post-Cold War power, the United States had incentives to use institutions to lock in favorable policy orientations in other states. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) expansion, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) all contain elements of this thinking. American officials calculated that bringing newly reforming countries into these organizations would help reinforce domestic institutions and political coalitions in these countries that were committed to political and market liberalization. In return, the United States accepted some additional obligations to these countries in the form of security commitments or institutionalized access to American markets.
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Conference papers on the topic "Lockup agreements"

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Sapmaz, H., C. X. Lin, M. A. Ebadian, and C. Ghenai. "Soot Particle Measurements in Steady and Unsteady Laminar Diffusion Flames Using Laser-Induced Incandescence." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47239.

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Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) is used in this study to measure the soot volume fraction for steady and unsteady laminar ethylene diffusion flames. For the steady flame the soot profiles obtained in this study using LII showed good agreement with those obtained previously using scattering/extinction technique. For the unsteady or flickering flames, we generated very repeatable time-varying diffusion flames by forcing the fuel flow at frequencies between 1–10 Hz. Phase lock images of the soot volume fractions were obtained for different phases between 0° and 360°. The sequential images showed the dynamics of the interactions between the generated vortices in the fuel and the flame. The phase-locked soot images revealed the entire motion process of the soot field during each pulsation period. The results obtained in the course of this study show that the soot emission decreased by lowering the oscillation frequency of the flame.
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2

Qian, Zhongling, Christof Brillert, and Christian Burmer. "Mixed Frequency Detection of Thermal Laser Stimulation (MF-TLS) and Its Application in Failure Analysis." In ISTFA 2008. ASM International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2008p0193.

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Abstract A new localization method called MF-TLS is introduced and applied in failure analysis praxis. The method combines local periodic thermal stimulation technique with periodic excitation of the electrical fails. The mixed frequency signal is detected by a lockin amplifier. MF-TLS was demonstrated on fabricated opens in a metal line and shown to be in semi-quantitative agreement with a capacitance modulation model. The technique was also applied to a scan shift problem and produced a higher sensitivity compared with other dynamic TLS methods. Limits and prospects of this new methodology are described.
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3

Sobera, M. P., C. R. Kleijn, P. Brasser, and H. E. A. van den Akker. "Hydrodynamics of the Flow Around a Circular Cylinder Sheathed by a Porous Layer." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56548.

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A detailed study of the turbulent flow at Re = 3900 around a circular cylinder, sheathed at some small distance by a porous layer, has been performed by means of Direct Numerical Simulation with a commercial unstructured finite volume based Computational Fluid Dynamics solver. First, to benchmark the performance of this code and the validity of the applied local grid refinement, simulations of the flow around a bare circular cylinder at the same Re were performed. Results were compared to that of an academic CFD solver and to numerical and experimental data from literature and good agreement was found. Subsequently, a detailed study of the flow around a porous layer sheathed cylinder at the same Re, was performed. The flow in the space between the outer porous and the inner solid cylinder was found to be laminar and periodic, with a frequency locked to that of the vortex shedding in the wake behind the cylinder. A good agreement was found to experimental data from literature.
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4

Bar-Cohen, Avram, Ilai Sher, and Emil Rahim. "On the Application of Macro-Pipe Two-Phase Heat Transfer Correlations and Flow Regime Maps to Mini-Channels." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96249.

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The present study is aimed at evaluating the ability of conventional “macro-pipe” correlations and regime transitions to predict the two-phase thermofluid characteristics of mini-channel cold plates. Use is made of the Taitel-Dukler flow regime maps, seven classical heat transfer coefficient correlations and two dryout predictions. The vast majority of the mini-channel two-phase heat-transfer data, taken from the literature, is predicted to fall in the annular regime, in agreement with the reported observations. A characteristic heat transfer coefficient locus has been identified, with a positive slope following the transition from Intermittent to Annular flow and a negative slope following the onset of partial dryout at higher qualities. While the classical two-phase heat transfer correlations are generally capable of providing good agreement with the low-quality annular flow data the quality at which partial dryout occurs and the ensuing heat transfer rates are not predictable by the available macro-pipe correlations.
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5

Mizuki, Shimpei, and Hoshio Tsujita. "Numerical Calculation of Flow for Cascade With Tip Clearance." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-361.

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Three-dimensional incompressible turbulent flow within a linear turbine cascade with tip clearance is analyzed numerically. The governing equations involving the standard k-ε model are solved in the physical component tensor form with a boundary-fitted coordinate system. In the analysis, the blade tip geometry is treated accurately in order to predict the flow through the tip clearance in detail when the blades have large thicknesses. Although the number of grids employed in the present study is not enough because of the limitation of computer storage memory, the computed results show good agreements with the experimental results. Moreover, the results clearly exhibit the locus of minimum pressure on the rear part of the pressure surface at the blade tip.
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6

Al Khaled, M. A., and I. Barsoum. "Ring Specimen Geometry for Determining the Ductility of Tubulars." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66092.

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Pressure vessels designed in accordance with the ASME BPVC code are protected against local ductile failure. Recent work has shown that local ductile failure highly depends on the stress state characterized by both stress triaxiality (T) and the Lode parameter (L). In this paper, the effect of stress state on the ductility of a tubular steel is studied. Two ring specimen configurations were optimized to allow the determination of the ductile failure locus of both tensile and plane strain loadings. The geometry of both ring specimen configurations was optimized to achieve a plane strain (L = 0) condition and a generalized tension (L = −1) condition. Notches with different radii were machined on both types to achieve a wide range of stress triaxiality. Specimens were manufactured from SA-106 carbon tubular steel and were tested to determine the ductile failure loci as a function of T and L. Failure locus of SA-106 steel was constructed based on the failure instants and was found to be independent of the variation in the Lode parameter. The ASME-BPVC local failure criterion showed close agreement with experimental results.
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7

Al Khaled, M. A., and I. Barsoum. "An Experimental Setup for Determining the Failure Locus of ASME Tubular Pressure Vessel Steel Grades." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65111.

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Pressure vessels designed in accordance with the ASME BPVC code are protected against local ductile failure. Recent work has shown that local ductile failure highly depends on the stress state characterized by both stress triaxiality (T) and the Lode parameter (L). In this paper, the effect of stress state on the ductility of a tubular steel is studied. Two ring specimen configurations were optimized to allow the determination of the ductile failure locus of both tensile and plane strain loadings. The geometry of both ring specimen configurations was optimized to achieve a plane strain (L = 0) condition and a generalized tension (L = −1) condition. Notches with different radii were machined on both types to achieve a wide range of stress triaxiality levels. Specimens were manufactured from SA-106 carbon tubular steel and were tested to determine the ductile failure loci as a function of T and L. Failure locus of SA-106 steel was constructed based on the failure instants and was found to be independent of the variation in the Lode parameter. The ASME-BPVC local failure criterion showed close agreement with experimental results.
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8

Sato, Norikazu, Mitsuyoshi Kawakami, and Masahide Inagaki. "LES Analysis of Flows Around a Forced-Oscillating Circular Cylinder." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37151.

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Large eddy simulation (LES) of flows around a forcedoscillating circular cylinder is carried out using the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method and a central difference scheme for the convection terms, which is a newly proposed discretization scheme that improves the conservation properties of the mass, momentum, and especially kinetic energy. The results are compared with the measurements that are also carried out by authors, in terms of lock-in phenomenon. It is shown that the numerically predicted pressure and velocity distributions are in good agreement with the experimental data, both in the lower and the upper lock-in region, and the phase difference between the cylinder displacement and the vortex shedding is consistent with previous findings. In addition, it is clarified that the frequency range of the lock-in in LES is almost the same in width as that of the experiment, while it becomes wider in the comparative analysis, in which the QUICK scheme is employed for the convection terms. Such discrepancies between two calculations are prominent, especially in the stationary and the lower frequency region.
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9

McGuire, J. T., and J. P. Gostelow. "Experimental Determination of Centrifugal Impeller Discharge Flow and Slip Factor." In ASME 1985 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-gt-77.

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The use of a miniature pressure transducer to measure the flow field at the discharge of an industrial centrifugal pump impeller is described. Periodic signals were elucidated using a phase lock averaging program. A new technique was used in which, with one easily calibrated transducer, total and static pressures and flow angle were measured. Axial traversing enabled the discharge flow to be surveyed and the slip factor to be deduced directly. The measured slip factor was in good agreement with design correlations.
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10

Zhu, Xiaocheng, Wanlai Lin, and Zhaohui Du. "Experimental Investigation of the Tip Clearance Flow for an Axial Flow Fan Rotor Using a PIV System." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56646.

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The flow field in the tip region of an axial ventilation fan is investigated with a PIV (Particle Image Velocimeter) system at the design condition. Characteristics of a ventilation fan are an extreme low-pressure difference and a large tip clearance with a low rotating speed. Flow fields with three different tip clearances are surveyed on three different circumferential planes, respectively. The phase-locked average method is used to investigate the generation and the development of a tip leakage vortex. The result from PIV system is compared with that from a PDA (Particle Dynamics Anemometer) system. Both data are in good agreement. The structure of the tip leakage vortex for the rotor is illustrated. The characteristic of a leakage vortex is described in both velocity vectors and vortical contours. It is found that the tip leakage flow for a low speed and a low pressure ventilation fan also has a chance to roll up into a discrete vortex at three different tip clearances, which is similar to high speed and high-pressure compressors and turbines. When the tip clearance increases, the scope and the location variation for the tip leakage vortex increase. Finally, the trajectories of the tip leakage vortex by the experimental measurement are compared with predictions from the existing models for high speed and high-pressure compressors and turbines. A good agreement is obtained.
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