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Journal articles on the topic 'Locomotion – Informatique'
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Synek, Alexander, Szu-Ching Lu, Sandra Nauwelaerts, Dieter H. Pahr, and Tracy L. Kivell. "Metacarpophalangeal joint loads during bonobo locomotion: model predictions versus proxies." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 164 (March 2020): 20200032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0032.
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The analysis of internal trabecular and cortical bone has been an informative tool for drawing inferences about behaviour in extant and fossil primate taxa. Within the hand, metacarpal bone architecture has been shown to correlate well with primate locomotion; however, the extent of morphological differences across taxa is unexpectedly small given the variability in hand use. One explanation for this observation is that the activity-related differences in the joint loads acting on the bone are simply smaller than estimated based on commonly used proxies (i.e. external loading and joint posture), which neglect the influence of muscle forces. In this study, experimental data and a musculoskeletal finger model are used to test this hypothesis by comparing differences between climbing and knuckle-walking locomotion of captive bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) based on (i) joint load magnitude and direction predicted by the models and (ii) proxy estimations. The results showed that the activity-related differences in predicted joint loads are indeed much smaller than the proxies would suggest, with joint load magnitudes being almost identical between the two locomotor modes. Differences in joint load directions were smaller but still evident, indicating that joint load directions might be a more robust indicator of variation in hand use than joint load magnitudes. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of including muscular forces in the interpretation of skeletal remains and promotes the use of musculoskeletal models for correct functional interpretations.
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Pop, Cristian, Amir Khajepour, Jan P. Huissoon, and Aftab E. Patla. "Experimental/Analytical Analysis of Human Locomotion Using Bondgraphs." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 125, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1590356.
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A new vectorial bondgraph approach for modeling and simulation of human locomotion is introduced. The vectorial bondgraph is applied to an eight-segment gait model to derive the equations of motion for studying ground reaction forces (GRFs) and centers of pressure (COPs) in single and double support phases of ground and treadmill walking. A phase detection technique and accompanying transition equation is proposed with which the GRFs and COPs may be calculated for the transitions from double-to-single and single-to-double support phases. Good agreement is found between model predictions and experimental data obtained from force plate measurements. The bondgraph modeling approach is shown to be both informative and adaptable, in the sense that the model resembles the human body structure, and that modeled body segments can be easily added or removed.
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Torkamanzehi, Adam, Patricia Boksa, Mouhssine Ayoubi, Marie-Ève Fortier, N. M. K. Ng Ying Kin, Emile Skamene, Guy Rouleau, and Ridha Joober. "Identification of Informative Strains and Provisional QTL Mapping of Amphetamine (AMPH)-Induced Locomotion in Recombinant Congenic Strains (RCS) of Mice." Behavior Genetics 36, no. 6 (May 19, 2006): 903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-006-9078-3.
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McGibbon, Chris A., and David E. Krebs. "Discriminating age and disability effects in locomotion: neuromuscular adaptations in musculoskeletal pathology." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 1 (January 2004): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00422.2003.
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We identified biomechanical variables indicative of lower extremity dysfunction, distinct from age-related gait adaptations, and examined interrelationships among these variables to better understand the neuromuscular adaptations in gait. Sagittal plane ankle, knee, and hip peak angles, moments, and powers and spatiotemporal parameters were acquired during preferred-speed gait in 120 subjects: 45 healthy young, 37 healthy elders, and 38 elders with functional limitations due to lower extremity musculoskeletal pathology, primarily arthritis. Multiple analysis of covariance with discriminate analysis, adjusted for gait speed, was used to identify the variables discriminating groups. Correlation analysis was used to explore interrelationships among these variables within each group. Healthy elders were discriminated (sensitivity 76%, specificity 82%) from young adults via decreased late-stance ankle plantar flexion angle, increased late-stance knee power absorption, and early-stance hip extensor power generation. Disabled elders were discriminated (sensitivity 74%, specificity 73%) from healthy elders via decreased late-stance ankle plantar flexor moment and power generation, increased early-stance ankle dorsiflexor moment, and late-stance hip flexor moment and power absorption. Relationships among variables showed a higher degree of coupling for the disabled elders compared with the healthy groups, suggesting a reduced ability to alter motor strategies. Our data suggest that, beyond age-related changes, elders with lower extremity dysfunction rely excessively on passive action of hip flexors to provide propulsion in late stance and contralateral ankle dorsiflexors to enhance stability. These findings support a growing body of evidence that gait changes with age and disablement have a neuromuscular basis, which may be informative in a motor control framework for physical therapy interventions.
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Tsubouchi, Takashi, and Keiji Nagatani. "Special Issue on Modern Trends in Mobile Robotics." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 14, no. 4 (August 20, 2002): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2002.p0323.
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Since the dawning of the Robotics age, mobile robots have been important objectives of research and development. Working from such aspects as locomotion mechanisms, path and motion planning algorithms, navigation, map building and localization, and system architecture, researchers are working long and hard. Despite the fact that mobile robotics has a shorter history than conventional mechanical engineering, it has already accumulated a major, innovative, and rich body of R&D work. Rapid progress in modern scientific technology had advanced to where down-sized low-cost electronic devices, especially highperformance computers, can now be built into such mobile robots. Recent trends in ever higher performance and increased downsizing have enabled those working in the field of mobile robotics to make their models increasingly intelligent, versatile, and dexterous. The down-sized computer systems implemented in mobile robots must provide high-speed calculation for complicated motion planning, real-time image processing in image recognition, and sufficient memory for storing the huge amounts of data required for environment mapping. Given the swift progress in electronic devices, new trends are now emerging in mobile robotics. This special issue on ""Modern Trends in Mobile Robotics"" provides a diverse collection of distinguished papers on modern mobile robotics research. In the area of locomotion mechanisms, Huang et al. provide an informative paper on control of a 6-legged walking robot and Fujiwara et al. contribute progressive work on the development of a practical omnidirectional cart. Given the importance of vision systems enabling robots to survey their environments, Doi et al., Tang et al., and Shimizu present papers on cutting-edge vision-based navigation. On the crucial subject of how to equip robots with intelligence, Hashimoto et al. present the latest on sensor fault detection in dead-reckoning, Miura et al. detail the probabilistic modeling of obstacle motion during mobile robot navigation, Hada et al. treat long-term mobile robot activity, and Lee et al. explore mobile robot control in intelligent space. As guest editors, we are sure readers will find these articles both informative and interesting concerning current issues and new perspectives in modern trends in mobile robotics.
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Słowiak, Justyna, Victor S. Tereshchenko, and Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik. "Appendicular skeleton of Protoceratops andrewsi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia): comparative morphology, ontogenetic changes, and the implications for non-ceratopsid ceratopsian locomotion." PeerJ 7 (July 22, 2019): e7324. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7324.
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Protoceratops andrewsi is a well-known ceratopsian dinosaur from the Djadokhta Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia). Since the 1920s, numerous skeletons of different ontogenetic stages from hatchlings to adults, including fully articulated specimens, have been discovered, but the postcranial anatomy of Protoceratops has not been studied in detail. A new, mostly articulated subadult individual provides an excellent opportunity for us to comprehensively describe the anatomy of the limb skeleton, to compare to other ceratopsian dinosaurs, and to study the ontogenetic and intraspecific variation in this species. New data provided by the specimen shed light on the lifestyle of P. andrewsi. The young subadult individuals present an array of morphological characters intermediate between the bipedal Psittacosaurus and fully quadrupedal adult P. andrewsi. We compare these observations with a broad range of non-ceratopsid Neoceratopsia (of various locomotor adaptations) and Psittacosauridae (obligate bipeds), which gives us insight into the evolution of the skeletal characters informative for the postural change in ceratopsian dinosaurs.
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Carslake, Charles, Jorge A. Vázquez-Diosdado, and Jasmeet Kaler. "Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify and Quantify Multiple Behaviours in Dairy Calves Using a Sensor: Moving beyond Classification in Precision Livestock." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010088.
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Previous research has shown that sensors monitoring lying behaviours and feeding can detect early signs of ill health in calves. There is evidence to suggest that monitoring change in a single behaviour might not be enough for disease prediction. In calves, multiple behaviours such as locomotor play, self-grooming, feeding and activity whilst lying are likely to be informative. However, these behaviours can occur rarely in the real world, which means simply counting behaviours based on the prediction of a classifier can lead to overestimation. Here, we equipped thirteen pre-weaned dairy calves with collar-mounted sensors and monitored their behaviour with video cameras. Behavioural observations were recorded and merged with sensor signals. Features were calculated for 1–10-s windows and an AdaBoost ensemble learning algorithm implemented to classify behaviours. Finally, we developed an adjusted count quantification algorithm to predict the prevalence of locomotor play behaviour on a test dataset with low true prevalence (0.27%). Our algorithm identified locomotor play (99.73% accuracy), self-grooming (98.18% accuracy), ruminating (94.47% accuracy), non-nutritive suckling (94.96% accuracy), nutritive suckling (96.44% accuracy), active lying (90.38% accuracy) and non-active lying (90.38% accuracy). Our results detail recommended sampling frequencies, feature selection and window size. The quantification estimates of locomotor play behaviour were highly correlated with the true prevalence (0.97; p < 0.001) with a total overestimation of 18.97%. This study is the first to implement machine learning approaches for multi-class behaviour identification as well as behaviour quantification in calves. This has potential to contribute towards new insights to evaluate the health and welfare in calves by use of wearable sensors.
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Warren, William H. "Information Is Where You Find It: Perception as an Ecologically Well-Posed Problem." i-Perception 12, no. 2 (March 2021): 204166952110003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211000366.
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Texts on visual perception typically begin with the following premise: Vision is an ill-posed problem, and perception is underdetermined by the available information. If this were really the case, however, it is hard to see how vision could ever get off the ground. James Gibson’s signal contribution was his hypothesis that for every perceivable property of the environment, however subtle, there must be a higher order variable of information, however complex, that specifies it—if only we are clever enough to find them. Such variables are informative about behaviorally relevant properties within the physical and ecological constraints of a species’ niche. Sensory ecology is replete with instructive examples, including weakly electric fish, the narwal’s tusk, and insect flight control. In particular, I elaborate the case of passing through gaps. Optic flow is sufficient to control locomotion around obstacles and through openings. The affordances of the environment, such as gap passability, are specified by action-scaled information. Logically ill-posed problems may thus, on closer inspection, be ecologically well-posed.
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Panchenko, Maksim, Vladimir Grachev, Alexander Grishchenko, and Fedor Bazilevskiy. "Application of linear classifier for technical state identification of the diesel engine." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2019-1-31-40.
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Objective: To analyze application possibilities of a linear classifier for identification of a diesel’s technical state by the crankshaft instantaneous speed signal. Methods: SVM linear classifier is used for identification of the current diesel technical state class by means of a pulse rate-of-turntransducer stress scanning image autocorrelation matrix of the diesel crankshaft. In order to provide the possibility of a visual display of results matrix dimensions were reduced to 22, informative parameters selection as well as classification quality control were carried out by means of 5-fold cross check (cross-validation). Results: 16ChN26/26 (1-8DG) diesel locomotive engine is the object of research. The former is operating in modes 350, 770 and 845 r/min both with all cylinder barrels functioning and with dead 5-m and 8-m right cylinder barrels. It was established that the application of a linear classifier synthesized by means of the support vector machine, makes it possible to detect single failures within the accuracy up to 100 % and multiple failures within the accuracy of 75–100 %. Practical importance: The described method for determination of the diesel locomotive engine technical state can be applied for diesel-powered locomotives in use to reduce the expenses on diesel engine repair.
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Audira, Gilbert, Bonifasius Sampurna, Stevhen Juniardi, Sung-Tzu Liang, Yu-Heng Lai, and Chung-Der Hsiao. "A Versatile Setup for Measuring Multiple Behavior Endpoints in Zebrafish." Inventions 3, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3040075.
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The measurement of multiple behavior endpoints in zebrafish can provide informative clues within neurobehavioral field. However, multiple behavior evaluations usually require complicated and costly instrumental settings. Here, we reported a versatile setting that applied ten acrylic tanks arranging into five vertical layers and two horizontal columns to perform multiple behavior assays simultaneously, such as the novel tank diving test, mirror-biting test, social interaction, shoaling, and predator escape assay. In total, ten behavioral performance were collected in a single video, and the XY coordination of fish locomotion can be tracked by using open source software of idTracker and ImageJ. We validated our setting by examining zebrafish behavioral changes after exposure to low dose ethanol (EtOH) for 96 h. Fish were observed staying longer time at bottom of the tank, less mirror biting interest, higher freezing time, less fear in predator test, and tight shoaling behaviors which indicated the anxiogenic effect was induced by low dosage exposure of EtOH in zebrafish. In conclusion, the setting in this study provided a simple, versatile and cost-effective way to assess multiple behavioral endpoints in zebrafish with high reliability and reproducibility for the first time.
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Heikkinen, Taneli, Timo Bragge, Niina Bhattarai, Teija Parkkari, Jukka Puoliväli, Outi Kontkanen, Patrick Sweeney, Larry C. Park, and Ignacio Munoz-Sanjuan. "Rapid and robust patterns of spontaneous locomotor deficits in mouse models of Huntington’s disease." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0243052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243052.
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Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe disruption of cognitive and motor functions, including changes in posture and gait. A number of HD mouse models have been engineered that display behavioral and neuropathological features of the disease, but gait alterations in these models are poorly characterized. Sensitive high-throughput tests of fine motor function and gait in mice might be informative in evaluating disease-modifying interventions. Here, we describe a hypothesis-free workflow that determines progressively changing locomotor patterns across 79 parameters in the R6/2 and Q175 mouse models of HD. R6/2 mice (120 CAG repeats) showed motor disturbances as early as at 4 weeks of age. Similar disturbances were observed in homozygous and heterozygous Q175 KI mice at 3 and 6 months of age, respectively. Interestingly, only the R6/2 mice developed forelimb ataxia. The principal components of the behavioral phenotypes produced two phenotypic scores of progressive postural instability based on kinematic parameters and trajectory waveform data, which were shared by both HD models. This approach adds to the available HD mouse model research toolbox and has a potential to facilitate the development of therapeutics for HD and other debilitating movement disorders with high unmet medical need.
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Abid, Mariem, Neila Mezghani, and Amar Mitiche. "Knee Joint Biomechanical Gait Data Classification for Knee Pathology Assessment: A Literature Review." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (May 14, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7472039.
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Background. The purpose of this study is to review the current literature on knee joint biomechanical gait data analysis for knee pathology classification. The review is prefaced by a presentation of the prerequisite knee joint biomechanics background and a description of biomechanical gait pattern recognition as a diagnostic tool. It is postfaced by discussions that highlight the current research findings and future directions. Methods. The review is based on a literature search in PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, and Google Scholar on April 2019. Inclusion criteria admitted articles, written in either English or French, on knee joint biomechanical gait data classification in general. We recorded the relevant information pertaining to the investigated knee joint pathologies, the participants’ attributes, data acquisition, feature extraction, and selection used to represent the data, as well as the classification algorithms and validation of the results. Results. Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria for review. Conclusions. The review reveals that the importance of medical applications of knee joint biomechanical gait data classification and recent progress in data acquisition technology are fostering intense interest in the subject and giving a strong impetus to research. The review also reveals that biomechanical data during locomotion carry essential information on knee joint conditions to infer an early diagnosis. This survey paper can serve as a useful informative reference for research on the subject.
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Russell, Anthony P., and Tony Gamble. "Evolution of the Gekkotan Adhesive System: Does Digit Anatomy Point to One or More Origins?" Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz006.
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Abstract Recently-developed, molecularly-based phylogenies of geckos have provided the basis for reassessing the number of times adhesive toe-pads have arisen within the Gekkota. At present both a single origin and multiple origin hypotheses prevail, each of which has consequences that relate to explanations about digit form and evolutionary transitions underlying the enormous variation in adhesive toe pad structure among extant, limbed geckos (pygopods lack pertinent features). These competing hypotheses result from mapping the distribution of toe pads onto a phylogenetic framework employing the simple binary expedient of whether such toe pads are present or absent. It is evident, however, that adhesive toe pads are functional complexes that consist of a suite of integrated structural components that interact to bring about adhesive contact with the substratum and release from it. We evaluated the competing hypotheses about toe pad origins using 34 features associated with digit structure (drawn from the overall form of the digits; the presence and form of adhesive scansors; the proportions and structure of the phalanges; aspects of digital muscular and tendon morphology; presence and form of paraphalangeal elements; and the presence and form of substrate compliance-enhancing structures). We mapped these onto a well-supported phylogeny to reconstruct their evolution. Nineteen of these characters proved to be informative for all extant, limbed geckos, allowing us to assess which of them exhibit co-occurrence and/or clade-specificity. We found the absence of adhesive toe pads to be the ancestral state for the extant Gekkota as a whole, and our data to be consistent with independent origins of adhesive toe pads in the Diplodactylidae, Sphaerodactylidae, Phyllodactylidae, and Gekkonidae, with a strong likelihood of multiple origins in the latter three families. These findings are consistent with recently-published evidence of the presence of adhesively-competent digits in geckos generally regarded as lacking toe pads. Based upon morphology we identify other taxa at various locations within the gekkotan tree that are promising candidates for the expression of the early phases of adhesively-assisted locomotion. Investigation of functionally transitional forms will be valuable for enhancing our understanding of what is necessary and sufficient for the transition to adhesively-assisted locomotion, and for those whose objectives are to develop simulacra of the gekkotan adhesive system for biotechnological applications.
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Noritsugu, Toshiro. "Special Issue on Robotics for Innovative Industry and Society." International Journal of Automation Technology 8, no. 2 (March 5, 2014): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2014.p0139.
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Robotics has become one of the most important automation technologies for industry and society. Robot components such as actuators and sensors, together with mechanisms and control systems, are being more and more combined with intelligent sensors in innovative industry design and fabrication. Robot technology is being applied in such fields as welfare, education, agriculture, and energy. Robot technology for welfare and nursing is being promoted by the government to increase lifestyle creativity as society ages. This special issue focuses on robotics in fields from manufacturing industries to societal needs. Papers ranging from robotics theory to robot application have been invited. Among the topics covered are robot mechanisms, robot components, actuators, sensors, and controllers, robot control theory, robotic systems, energy saving, industrial applications, automation, vehicles, entertainment, medicine, welfare and nursing applications, and robotics education. The 15 papers presented in this issue include actuators such as rubber artificial muscles or phase-change actuators, pneumatics, power assist devices such as assist glove and upper-limb assist devices, robotic suits, sensor fusion, omnidirectional locomotion, underwater robots, force display apparatuses, meal assistant robots, manufacturing applications of parallel-link mechanisms, surface polishing, and agricultural applications. These papers bring readers the latest state-of-the-art robot technologies useful in everything from analysis and design to control and applications in innovative industries. We thank the authors for their invaluable contributions and the reviewers for their advice – all of which have made this special issue both informative and entertaining.
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Dakin, R., P. S. Segre, and D. L. Altshuler. "Individual variation and the biomechanics of maneuvering flight in hummingbirds." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): jeb161828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161828.
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ABSTRACTAn animal's maneuverability will determine the outcome of many of its most important interactions. A common approach to studying maneuverability is to force the animal to perform a specific maneuver or to try to elicit maximal performance. Recently, the availability of wider-field tracking technology has allowed for high-throughput measurements of voluntary behavior, an approach that produces large volumes of data. Here, we show how these data allow for measures of inter-individual variation that are necessary to evaluate how performance depends on other traits, both within and among species. We use simulated data to illustrate best practices when sampling a large number of voluntary maneuvers. Our results show how the sample average can be the best measure of inter-individual variation, whereas the sample maximum is neither repeatable nor a useful metric of the true variation among individuals. Our studies with flying hummingbirds reveal that their maneuvers fall into three major categories: simple translations, simple rotations and complex turns. Simple maneuvers are largely governed by distinct morphological and/or physiological traits. Complex turns involve both translations and rotations, and are more subject to inter-individual differences that are not explained by morphology. This three-part framework suggests that different wingbeat kinematics can be used to maximize specific aspects of maneuverability. Thus, a broad explanatory framework has emerged for interpreting hummingbird maneuverability. This framework is general enough to be applied to other types of locomotion, and informative enough to explain mechanisms of maneuverability that could be applied to both animals and bio-inspired robots.
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Rodríguez-Ruiz, Gonzalo, Pilar López, and José Martín. "Dietary vitamin D in female rock lizards induces condition-transfer effects in their offspring." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa008.
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Abstract One way that maternal effects may benefit the offspring is by informing them about the characteristics of the environment. Through gestation, environmentally induced maternal effects might promote in the offspring-specific behavioral responses like dispersal or residence according to their new habitat characteristics. Females of the Carpetan rock lizard (Iberolacerta cyreni) seem to choose their home ranges using the smell of provitamin D3 in scent marks produced by males. Here, we supplemented gravid females of I. cyreni with dietary provitamin D3 or vitamin D3 to examine whether these food resources, also associated with the scent of males, affect the motivation to disperse and the locomotor performance of their offspring. Our results suggest that the supplementary availability of the resource (vitamin D3) to mothers may provoke condition-transfer maternal effects that motivate the residence or the dispersal of the offspring in their postnatal habitat. Thus, hatchlings of supplemented females had a lower dispersal trend in spite of having a greater climbing ability than hatchlings from nonsupplemented females. This suggests that the levels of provitamin D3 and vitamin D3 inside the body of the mother could act as an informative compound of the habitat quality for the offspring.
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She, Qingshan, Haitao Gan, Yuliang Ma, Zhizeng Luo, Tom Potter, and Yingchun Zhang. "Scale-Dependent Signal Identification in Low-Dimensional Subspace: Motor Imagery Task Classification." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7431012.
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Motor imagery electroencephalography (EEG) has been successfully used in locomotor rehabilitation programs. While the noise-assisted multivariate empirical mode decomposition (NA-MEMD) algorithm has been utilized to extract task-specific frequency bands from all channels in the same scale as the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), identifying and extracting the specific IMFs that contain significant information remain difficult. In this paper, a novel method has been developed to identify the information-bearing components in a low-dimensional subspace without prior knowledge. Our method trains a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) of the composite data, which is comprised of the IMFs from both the original signal and noise, by employing kernel spectral regression to reduce the dimension of the composite data. The informative IMFs are then discriminated using a GMM clustering algorithm, the common spatial pattern (CSP) approach is exploited to extract the task-related features from the reconstructed signals, and a support vector machine (SVM) is applied to the extracted features to recognize the classes of EEG signals during different motor imagery tasks. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by both computer simulations and motor imagery EEG datasets.
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Pesenhofer, R., G. Landl, I. Sommerfeld-Stur, C. Peham, and J. Kofler. "Langzeitkontrolle der Klauengesundheit von Milchkühen in 15 Herden mithilfe des Klauenmanagers und digitaler Kennzahlen." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere / Nutztiere 41, no. 01 (2013): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1623146.
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Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Monitoring der Klauengesundheit über einen definierten Zeitraum mit dem Dokumentations- und Analyseprogramm Klauenmanager. Material und Methoden: Mittels Klauenmanager erfolgte eine Evaluierung der Klauendaten von 679 Kühen, die bei zwei bzw. drei Klauenpflegebesuchen in 15 Herden dokumentiert worden waren. Die Daten wurden anhand der Parameter Prävalenz der Klauenerkrankungen, ihrer Schweregrade, der Lahmheiten sowie Kuh-Klauen-Score (CCS), Farm-Klauen-Score (FCS) und Farm-Zonen-Score (FZS) analysiert und ihre zeitliche Entwicklung dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Im Mittel waren bei Besuch 1 71,9% (max. 95,0%, min. 21,1%), bei Besuch 2 72,9% (max. 100,0%, min. 12,6%) aller Kühe lahmheitsfrei. Bei den mittleren Prävalenzen der Klauenläsionen aller Betriebe standen Ballenhornfäule (BF) mit 61,8%, Weiße-Linie-Defekte (WLD) mit 37,2%, Sohlenblutungen (SB) mit 27,5%, Dermatitis digitalis (DD) mit 19,7% und chronische Reheklauen mit 10,9% im Vordergrund. In den einzelnen Herden fanden sich BF (n = 15), WLD (n = 11), SB (n = 10), akute DD (n = 4) und chronische Reheklauen (n = 3) jeweils unter den drei häufigsten Erkrankungen. Statistisch zeigte sich eine signifikante Verbesserung der Schweregrade der Klauenläsionen aller Kühe aller Herden von Besuch 1 auf Besuch 2. Der kleinste CCS (CCSmin) lag bei 0, der höchste (CCSmax) bei 276, der kleinste FCS war 6, der höchste 72. Die Längen des oberen Quartils und der oberen Antenne in der Boxplot-Graphik der CCS-Werte der Herden differierten an den jeweiligen Besuchen deutlich. In 10 Herden war die Verbesserung der CCS-Werte vom 1. zum 2. Besuch statistisch signifikant. Die Korrelationen zwischen den Locomotion-Scores und CCS-Werten erwiesen sich bei 28 (von 33) Besuchen als signifikant. Schlussfolgerung: Die Parameter FCS, Länge des oberen Quartils, Länge der oberen Antenne und FZSmax erwiesen sich neben der Prävalenz der Lahmheiten, Klauenläsionen und ihrer Schweregrade als informative Kennzahlen zum detaillierten Vergleich der Klauendaten einer Herde zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten.
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Шаталова, Ольга Владимировна, Дмитрий Андреевич Медников, and Зейнаб Усама Протасова. "MULTI-AGENT INTELLIGENT SYSTEM FOR PREDICTION OF RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS WITH SYNERGY CHANNELS." СИСТЕМНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ В БИОМЕДИЦИНСКИХ СИСТЕМАХ, no. 3() (September 30, 2020): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.19.3.023.
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Цель исследования заключается в повышении качества прогнозирования ишемической болезни сердца путем учета синергетического эффекта наличия сопутствующих заболеваний и факторов профессиональной среды посредством многоагентных интеллектуальных систем. Методы исследования. Для прогнозирования ишемической болезни сердца предложена базовая структура многоагентной интеллектуальной системы, содержащая «сильные» и «слабые» классификаторы. При этом «слабые» классификаторы разделены на четыре группы, первая из которых осуществляет анализ данных, полученных на основе традиционных факторов риска ишемической болезни сердца, вторая - на основе анализа электрокардиологических исследований, третья группа «слабых» классификаторов предназначена для диагностики сопутствующих заболеваний и синдромов по предикторам, используемых первыми двумя группами агентов, а четвертая - анализирует факторы риска окружающей среды. Мультиагентная система позволяет управлять процессом принятия решений посредством сочетания экспертных оценок, статистических данных и текущей информации. Результаты. Проведены экспериментальные исследования различных модификаций предложенной модели классификатора, заключающихся в последовательном исключении из агрегатора решений «слабых» классификаторов на различных иерархических уровнях. В ходе экспериментального оценивания и в результате математического моделирования было показано, что при использовании всех информативных признаков уверенность в правильном прогнозе по риску ишемической болезни сердца превышает величину 0,8. Показатели качества прогнозирования выше, чем у известной системы прогнозирования ишемической болезни сердца - превышает SCORE, в среднем, на 14%. Выводы. Анализ показателей качества классификации в экспериментальной группе обследуемых с различным показателем ишемического риска и в контрольной группе, составленной из машинистов электролокомотивов, для которых релевантными показателями ишемических рисков являются вибрационная болезнь и пребывание в электромагнитных полях, показал, что учет влияния этих факторов риска в контрольной группе повышает диагностическую эффективность на семь процентов по сравнению с экспериментальной группой, выступающей как фоновая The aim of the study is to improve the quality of predicting coronary heart disease by taking into account the synergistic effect of the presence of concomitant diseases and occupational factors through multi-agent intelligent systems. Research methods. To predict coronary heart disease, a basic structure of a multi-agent intelligent system is proposed, which contains “strong” and “weak” classifiers. At the same time, the "weak" classifiers are divided into four groups, the first of which analyzes data obtained on the basis of traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease, the second - based on the analysis of electrocardiological studies, the third group of "weak" classifiers is intended for the diagnosis of concomitant diseases and syndromes based on predictors used by the first two groups of agents, and the fourth analyzes environmental risk factors. The mobile system allows you to manage the decision-making process through a combination of expert assessments, statistical data and current information. Results. Experimental studies of various modifications of the proposed model of the classifier, consisting in the sequential exclusion from the aggregator of decisions of "weak" classifiers at various hierarchical levels, have been carried out. In the course of experimental evaluation and as a result of mathematical modeling, it was shown that when using all informative signs, the confidence in the correct forecast for the risk of coronary heart disease exceeds 0.8. The indicators of the quality of prediction are higher than those of the known predictive system for coronary heart disease - they exceed SCORE, on average, by 14%. Conclusions. Analysis of the classification quality indicators in the experimental group of subjects with different ischemic risk indicators and in the control group made up of electric locomotive drivers, for whom vibration sickness and exposure to electromagnetic fields are relevant indicators of ischemic risks, showed that taking into account the influence of these risk factors in the control group increases diagnostic efficiency by seven percent compared with the experimental group serving as background
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Hallinen, Kelsey M., Ross Dempsey, Monika Scholz, Xinwei Yu, Ashley Linder, Francesco Randi, Anuj K. Sharma, Joshua W. Shaevitz, and Andrew M. Leifer. "Decoding locomotion from population neural activity in moving C. elegans." eLife 10 (July 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.66135.
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We investigated the neural representation of locomotion in the nematode C. elegans by recording population calcium activity during movement. We report that population activity more accurately decodes locomotion than any single neuron. Relevant signals are distributed across neurons with diverse tunings to locomotion. Two largely distinct subpopulations are informative for decoding velocity and curvature, and different neurons’ activities contribute features relevant for different aspects of a behavior or different instances of a behavioral motif. To validate our measurements, we labeled neurons AVAL and AVAR and found that their activity exhibited expected transients during backward locomotion. Finally, we compared population activity during movement and immobilization. Immobilization alters the correlation structure of neural activity and its dynamics. Some neurons positively correlated with AVA during movement become negatively correlated during immobilization and vice versa. This work provides needed experimental measurements that inform and constrain ongoing efforts to understand population dynamics underlying locomotion in C. elegans.
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Azarhov, O. Yu. "ІНФОЛОГІЧНА МОДЕЛЬ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЙНО-ВІДНОВЛЮВАНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ ХВОРИХ З ПАТОЛОГІЄЮ ОПОРНО-РУХОВОГО АПАРАТУ ТА ДІЮЧИМИ РИЗИКАМИ." Medical Informatics and Engineering, no. 1 (November 2, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/mie.1996-1960.2011.1.49.
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In the article the modern conception of process of rehabilitation-restoration cure of patients with violations of locomotive system is represented as a five-level informative-logical model taking into account the endogenous and exogenous risks, that allows optimizing functional and social patients’ readaptation.
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Suzuki, Shura, Takeshi Kano, Auke J. Ijspeert, and Akio Ishiguro. "Spontaneous Gait Transitions of Sprawling Quadruped Locomotion by Sensory-Driven Body–Limb Coordination Mechanisms." Frontiers in Neurorobotics 15 (July 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2021.645731.
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Deciphering how quadrupeds coordinate their legs and other body parts, such as the trunk, head, and tail (i.e., body–limb coordination), can provide informative insights to improve legged robot mobility. In this study, we focused on sprawling locomotion of the salamander and aimed to understand the body–limb coordination mechanisms through mathematical modeling and simulations. The salamander is an amphibian that moves on the ground by coordinating the four legs with lateral body bending. It uses standing and traveling waves of lateral bending that depend on the velocity and stepping gait. However, the body–limb coordination mechanisms responsible for this flexible gait transition remain elusive. This paper presents a central-pattern-generator-based model to reproduce spontaneous gait transitions, including changes in bending patterns. The proposed model implements four feedback rules (feedback from limb-to-limb, limb-to-body, body-to-limb, and body-to-body) without assuming any inter-oscillator coupling. The interplay of the feedback rules establishes a self-organized body–limb coordination that enables the reproduction of the speed-dependent gait transitions of salamanders, as well as various gait patterns observed in sprawling quadruped animals. This suggests that sensory feedback plays an essential role in flexible body–limb coordination during sprawling quadruped locomotion.
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Hérent, Coralie, Séverine Diem, Gilles Fortin, and Julien Bouvier. "Absent phasing of respiratory and locomotor rhythms in running mice." eLife 9 (December 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.61919.
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Examining whether and how the rhythms of limb and breathing movements interact is highly informative about the mechanistic origin of hyperpnoea during running exercise. However, studies have failed to reveal regularities. In particular, whether breathing frequency is inherently proportional to limb velocity and imposed by a synchronization of breaths to strides is still unclear. Here, we examined respiratory changes during running in the resourceful mouse model. We show that, for a wide range of trotting speeds on a treadmill, respiratory rate increases to a fixed and stable value irrespective of trotting velocities. Respiratory rate was yet further increased during escape-like running and most particularly at gallop. However, we found no temporal coordination of breaths to strides at any speed, intensity, or gait. Our work thus highlights that exercise hyperpnoea can operate, at least in mice and in the presently examined running regimes, without phasic constraints from limb movements.
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Beppi, Carolina, Dominik Straumann, and Stefan Yu Bögli. "A model-based quantification of startle reflex habituation in larval zebrafish." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79923-6.
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AbstractZebrafish is an established animal model for the reproduction and study of neurobiological pathogenesis of human neurological conditions. The ‘startle reflex’ in zebrafish larvae is an evolutionarily preserved defence response, manifesting as a quick body-bend in reaction to sudden sensory stimuli. Changes in startle reflex habituation characterise several neuropsychiatric disorders and hence represent an informative index of neurophysiological health. This study aimed at establishing a simple and reliable experimental protocol for the quantification of startle reflex response and habituation. The fish were stimulated with 20 repeated pulses of specific vibratory frequency, acoustic intensity/power, light-intensity and interstimulus-interval, in three separate studies. The cumulative distance travelled, namely the sum of the distance travelled (mm) during all 20 stimuli, was computed as a group-level description for all the experimental conditions in each study. Additionally, by the use of bootstrapping, the data was fitted to a model of habituation with a first-order exponential representing the decay of locomotor distance travelled over repeated stimulation. Our results suggest that startle habituation is a stereotypic first-order process with a decay constant ranging from 1 to 2 stimuli. Habituation memory lasts no more than 5 min, as manifested by the locomotor activity recovering to baseline levels. We further observed significant effects of vibratory frequency, acoustic intensity/power and interstimulus-interval on the amplitude, offset, decay constant and cumulative distance travelled. Instead, the intensity of the flashed light did not contribute to significant behavioural variations. The findings provide novel insights as to the influence of different stimuli parameters on the startle reflex habituation and constitute a helpful reference framework for further investigation.
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Abdala, Virginia, Luciana Cristobal, Mónica C. Solíz, and Daniel A. Dos Santos. "Geographical Information System Applied to a Biological System: Pelvic Girdle Ontogeny as a Morphoscape." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (April 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.642255.
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Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system that captures, stores, manipulates, analyzes, manages, and presents spatial or geographical data. As this technological environment has been created to deal with space problems, it is perfectly adaptable to solve these type of issues in the context of vertebrate comparative morphology. The pectoral and pelvic girdles are key structures that relate the axial skeleton with the limbs in tetrapods. Owed to their importance in locomotion, the morphology, development, and morphogenesis of these structures have been widely studied. The complexity of the structures and tissues implied in the development of the girdles make quantitative approaches extremely difficult. The use of GIS technology provides a visual interpretation of the histological data, a general quantitative assessment of the processes taking place during the ontogeny of any structure, and would allow collecting information about the changes in the surface occupied by the different tissues across the ontogenetic processes of any vertebrate taxa. GIS technology applied to map morphological structures would be a main contribution to the construction of the vertebrate ontologies, as it would facilitate the identification and location of the structures. GIS technology would allow also us to construct a shared database of histological quantitative changes across the ontogeny in any vertebrate. The main objective of this study is to use GIS technology for spatial analysis of histological samples such as these of the pelvic girdle using histological cuts of anurans and chicken, allowing thus to construct a morphoscape, analogous to a landscape. This is the first attempt to apply GIS tools to ontogenetic series to infer biological properties of the spatial analysis in the context of comparative biology. More frequent use of this technology would contribute to obtaining more profitable and biologically informative results.
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Al Mohamad, Zakriya Ali, Usama Hagag, Mohamed Gomaa Tawfiek, and Ayman El Nahas. "Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal dromedary camel tarsus." BMC Veterinary Research 17, no. 1 (March 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02811-2.
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Abstract Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most versatile and informative imaging modality for the diagnosis of locomotor injuries in many animal species; however, veterinary literature describing the MRI of the dromedary camel tarsus is lacking. Our purpose was to describe and compare the MRI images of twelve cadaveric tarsi, examined in a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, with their corresponding anatomical gross sections. Turbo spin-echo (TSE) T1-weighted (T1), T2-weighted (T2), proton density-weighted (PD), and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences were obtained in 3 planes. Tarsi were sectioned in sagittal, dorsal, and transverse planes. MRI images from different sequences and planes were described and compared with the anatomical sections. Results The soft and osseous tissues of the dromedary camel tarsus could be clearly defined on MRI images and corresponded extensively with the gross anatomic sections. The obtained MRI images enabled comprehensive assessment of the anatomic relationships among the osseous and soft tissues of the camel tarsus. Several structure were evaluated that cannot be imaged using radiography or ultrasonography, including the transverse inter-tarsal ligaments, the talocalcaneal ligament, the short dorsal ligament, branches of the short medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the tarsometatarsal ligaments. Specific anatomical features regarding the dromedary camel tarsus were identified, including the fused second and third tarsal bone, an additional bundle of the short medial collateral ligament connecting the talus and metatarsus and the medial and lateral limbs of the long plantar ligament. Conclusions MRI images provided a thorough evaluation of the normal dromedary camel tarsus. Information provided in the current study is expected to serve as a basis for interpretation in clinical situations.