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Journal articles on the topic 'Locomotion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Friedl, P., P. B. Noble, and K. S. Zänker. "T lymphocyte locomotion in a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Expression and function of cell adhesion molecules." Journal of Immunology 154, no. 10 (1995): 4973–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.4973.

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Abstract T cell locomotion within the extracellular matrix may be mediated by cell adhesion molecules. We investigated the expression and function of beta 1- and beta 2-integrins and CD44 on human peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes locomoting in a 3-D type I collagen matrix. Paths of randomly selected T cells were digitized from time-lapse videorecordings and were quantitatively analyzed. After the blocking of CD49b with mAb Gi9, the locomotion of a defined locomotor subset (50% of spontaneously locomoting cells) was inhibited. Anti-CD49d mAb HP2/1 and an activating anti-CD44 mAb (J173), res

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Brudzynski, Stefan M., Michael Wu, and Gordon J. Mogenson. "Decreases in rat locomotor activity as a result of changes in synaptic transmission to neurons within the mesencephalic locomotor region." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 5-6 (1993): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-060.

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The mesencephalic locomotor region is defined as a functional region sending signals to the spinal cord generators of rhythmical limb movements for locomotion. It has been shown that the mesencephalic locomotor region plays a critical role in locomotion initiated from the nucleus accumbens or from the subpallidal region. However, there are conflicting data on whether synaptic input from the nucleus accumbens – subpallidal region to the mesencephalic locomotor region mediates locomotion. The purpose of the study was to determine the role of synaptic input to different subregions of the mesencep

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Dai, X., B. R. Noga, J. R. Douglas, and L. M. Jordan. "Localization of Spinal Neurons Activated During Locomotion Using the c-fos Immunohistochemical Method." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (2005): 3442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00578.2004.

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The c-fos immunohistochemical method of activity-dependent labeling was used to localize locomotor-activated neurons in the adult cat spinal cord. In decerebrate cats, treadmill locomotion was evoked by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). Spontaneous or MLR-evoked fictive locomotion was produced in decerebrate animals paralyzed with a neuromuscular blocking agent. After bouts of locomotion during a 7- to 9-h time period, the animals were perfused and the L3–S1 spinal cord segments removed for immunohistochemistry. Control animals were subjected to the same surgi

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Romaniuk, Jarosław, Stefan Kasicki, Oleg Kazennikov, and Viktor Selionov. "Respiratory responses to stimulation of spinal or medullary locomotor structures in decerebrate cats." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 54, no. 1 (1994): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-1994-997.

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Respiratory and locomotor EMG activity was recorded in cats after a precollicular post-mamillary decerebration. Locomotion was induced by stimulating either the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) in the cervical spinal cord or the medullary locomotor strip (MLS). At the onset of locomotion, both ventilation and blood pressure were enhanced. During locomotion, the activity of external intercostal muscles decreased but that of the internal intercostal muscles increased. The respiratory pattern changed with the onset of stimulation. The locomotor movements were evoked after a delay. The inspiratory-inh

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Rossignol, S., E. Brustein, L. Bouyer, D. Barthélemy, C. Langlet, and H. Leblond. "Adaptive changes of locomotion after central and peripheral lesions." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 8-9 (2004): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-068.

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This paper reviews findings on the adaptive changes of locomotion in cats after spinal cord or peripheral nerve lesions. From the results obtained after lesions of the ventral/ventrolateral pathways or the dorsal/dorsolateral pathways, we conclude that with extensive but partial spinal lesions, cats can regain voluntary quadrupedal locomotion on a treadmill. Although tract-specific deficits remain after such lesions, intact descending tracts can compensate for the lesioned tracts and access the spinal network to generate voluntary locomotion. Such neuroplasticity of locomotor control mechanism

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Langlet, C., H. Leblond, and S. Rossignol. "Mid-Lumbar Segments Are Needed for the Expression of Locomotion in Chronic Spinal Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 5 (2005): 2474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00909.2004.

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In acute experiments performed in decerebrated and spinalized (T13) cats, an intraspinal injection of clonidine, a noradrenergic agonist, restricted to mid-lumbar segments L3–L4, can induce hindlimb locomotion, whereas yohimbine, a noradrenergic antagonist, can block spinal locomotion, and a second spinal lesion at L4 can abolish all locomotor activity. In the present study, we investigated whether the abolition of locomotion after this second spinal lesion was due to an acute spinal shock or to the functional disconnection of the rostral and caudal lumbar segments. In seven cats, first spinal

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Oldenborg, Per-Arne, and Janove Sehlin. "The Glucose Concentration Modulates N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe)-Stimulated Chemokinesis in Normal Human Neutrophils." Bioscience Reports 19, no. 6 (1999): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020286010551.

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The effects of glucose concentration on the chemokinetic effects of the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe) was evaluated for normal human neutrophils using a direct microscopic assay. fMet-Leu-Phe increased the rate of locomotion in the absence of glucose, but the chemokinetic effect of fMet-Leu-Phe was most potent at 5mM glucose and not further changed at 15 mM glucose. The chemokinetic effects of fMet-Leu-Phe and glucose were essentially the same in blood clot-isolated and gradient-isolated neutrophils. However, in gradient-isolated neutrophils, the ra

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Frigon, Alain, Turgay Akay, and Boris I. Prilutsky. "Control of Mammalian Locomotion by Somatosensory Feedback." Comprehensive Physiology 12, no. 1 (2022): 2877–947. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2022.tb00203.x.

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AbstractWhen animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in muscles, joints, and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal networks controlling locomotion in the spinal cord and brain. The dynamic interactions between the control systems at different levels of the neuraxis ensure that locomotion adjusts to its environment and meets task demands. In this article, we describe and discuss the essential contribution of somatosensory feedback to locomotion. We start with a discussion of how biomechanical properties of the body affect somatose

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Yokoyama, Hikaru, Tetsuya Ogawa, Masahiro Shinya, Noritaka Kawashima та Kimitaka Nakazawa. "Speed dependency in α-motoneuron activity and locomotor modules in human locomotion: indirect evidence for phylogenetically conserved spinal circuits". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, № 1851 (2017): 20170290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0290.

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Coordinated locomotor muscle activity is generated by the spinal central pattern generators (CPGs). Vertebrate studies have demonstrated the following two characteristics of the speed control mechanisms of the spinal CPGs: (i) rostral segment activation is indispensable for achieving high-speed locomotion; and (ii) specific combinations between spinal interneuronal modules and motoneuron (MN) pools are sequentially activated with increasing speed. Here, to investigate whether similar control mechanisms exist in humans, we examined spinal neural activity during varied-speed locomotion by mappin

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Domenici, P., D. González-Calderón, and R. S. Ferrari. "Locomotor performance in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 2 (2003): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007094h.

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The locomotor performance of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was investigated under laboratory conditions. Individuals were placed singly in the centre of a glass surface positioned either horizontally or vertically in tanks with seawater, and their locomotor activity was recorded. For locomotion on a horizontal surface, speed increased with both sea urchin diameter and their straightness of path. Speeds on a vertical surface were size-independent and not related to the straightness of path, although they were affected by vertical path orientation, with the highest speeds oc

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Barthélemy, D., H. Leblond, and S. Rossignol. "Characteristics and Mechanisms of Locomotion Induced by Intraspinal Microstimulation and Dorsal Root Stimulation in Spinal Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 3 (2007): 1986–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00818.2006.

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Intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) through a single microelectrode can induce locomotion in cats spinalized at T13 1 wk before (untrained) or after 3–5 wk of treadmill training. Here we study the optimal parameters of ISMS and the characteristics of locomotion evoked. ISMS was applied in the dorsal region of segments L3–S1 at different lateralities (midline to 2.5 mm) and after an intravenous injection of clonidine (noradrenergic agonist). Kinematics and electromyographic recordings were used to characterize locomotion. ISMS could induce a bilateral locomotor pattern similar to that obtained

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Liu, Jun, and Larry M. Jordan. "Stimulation of the Parapyramidal Region of the Neonatal Rat Brain Stem Produces Locomotor-Like Activity Involving Spinal 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A Receptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 2 (2005): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00136.2005.

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Locomotion can be induced in rodents by direct application 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) onto the spinal cord. Previous studies suggest important roles for 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A receptors in the locomotor effects of 5-HT. Here we show for the first time that activation of a discrete population of 5-HT neurons in the rodent brain stem produces locomotion and that the evoked locomotion requires 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A receptors. Cells localized in the parapyramidal region (PPR) of the mid-medulla produced locomotor-like activity as a result of either electrical or chemical stimulation, and PPR-evoked locomotor

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Arber, Silvia, Ferreira Pinto Manuel Neves, Ludwig Ruder, and Paolo Capelli. "Connecting Circuits for Supraspinal Control of Locomotion." Neuron 100, no. 2 (2020): 361–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.015.

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Locomotion is regulated by distributed circuits and achieved by the concerted activation of body musculature. While the basic properties of executive circuits in the spinal cord are fairly well understood, the precise mechanisms by which the brain impacts locomotion are much less clear. This Review discusses recent work unraveling the cellular identity, connectivity, and function of supraspinal circuits. We focus on their involvement in the regulation of the different phases of locomotion and their interaction with spinal circuits. Dedicated neuronal populations in the brainstem carry locomoto

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Farrell, Jordan S., Matthew Lovett-Barron, Peter M. Klein, et al. "Supramammillary regulation of locomotion and hippocampal activity." Science 374, no. 6574 (2021): 1492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abh4272.

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Locomotion-related signals in the brain To calculate where we are in space, continuous knowledge of one’ s speed is necessary. How does the brain know how fast the body is traveling during locomotion? Using in vivo calcium imaging, electrophysiology, optogenetics, cell tracing, and histology, Farrell et al . identified neurons in the rodent supramammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus that encode future locomotor speed and potently drive locomotion when stimulated. Because these locomotor neurons have extensive axons in brain areas that support spatial navigation, this cell type distributes thi

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Pham, Quang-Cuong, and Halim Hicheur. "On the Open-Loop and Feedback Processes That Underlie the Formation of Trajectories During Visual and Nonvisual Locomotion in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 5 (2009): 2800–2815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00284.2009.

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We investigated the nature of the control mechanisms at work during goal-oriented locomotion. In particular, we tested the effects of vision, locomotor speed, and the presence of via points on the geometric and kinematic properties of locomotor trajectories. We first observed that the average trajectories recorded in visual and nonvisual locomotion were highly comparable, suggesting the existence of vision-independent processes underlying the formation of locomotor trajectories. Then by analyzing and comparing the variability around the average trajectories across different experimental condit

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Tresch, Matthew C., and Ole Kiehn. "Population Reconstruction of the Locomotor Cycle From Interneuron Activity in the Mammalian Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 4 (2000): 1972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.1972.

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Lesion studies have shown that neuronal networks in the ventromedial regions of the neonatal rat spinal cord are critical for the production of locomotion. We examined whether the locomotor cycle could be accurately predicted based on the activity recorded in a population of spinal interneurons located in these regions during pharmacologically induced locomotion. We used a Bayesian probabilistic reconstruction procedure to predict the most likely phase of locomotion given the observed activity in the neuronal population. The population reconstruction was able to predict the correct locomotor p

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Schwartz, Eric J., Tatyana Gerachshenko, and Simon Alford. "5-HT Prolongs Ventral Root Bursting Via Presynaptic Inhibition of Synaptic Activity During Fictive Locomotion in Lamprey." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 2 (2005): 980–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00669.2004.

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Locomotor pattern generation is maintained by integration of the intrinsic properties of spinal central pattern generator (CPG) neurons in conjunction with synaptic activity of the neural network. In the lamprey, the spinal locomotor CPG is modulated by 5-HT. On a cellular level, 5-HT presynaptically inhibits synaptic transmission and postsynaptically inhibits a Ca2+-activated K+ current responsible for the slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) that follows action potentials in ventral horn neurons. To understand the contribution of these cellular mechanisms to the modulation of the spinal CPG, w

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Yurube, Takashi, Masaaki Ito, Toru Takeoka, et al. "Possible Improvement of the Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment and Balance through “Locomotion Training” Exercises in Patients with “Locomotive Syndrome”: A Literature Review." Advances in Orthopedics 2019 (April 8, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6496901.

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On the basis of rapid population aging, in 2007, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) proposed a new disease concept “locomotive syndrome” as a degenerative condition of reduced mobility due to the impairment of the musculoskeletal system. Worsened locomotive components, which consist of bones, joints, and intervertebral discs, and muscles and nerves, can lead to symptoms such as pain, limited range of motion, malalignment, impaired balance, and difficulty in walking, ultimately resulting in the requirement of nursing care. “Locomotive syndrome” has gained increased interest in Japan but

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Premate, Ester, Teja Volk, Denis Copilaş-Ciocianu, et al. "Locomotion of Niphargus amphipods from cave lakes and streams." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 1 (October 9, 2018): e30389. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.1.e30389.

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Locomotion is a complex trait directly linked to different fitness components such as foraging, mate-finding, and escaping from predators. In a food-limited subterranean environment a strong selection for an energetically optimal strategy of locomotion is expected and should lead to different strategies among closely related species adapted to different microhabitats. Due to its taxonomic and ecological diversity, the amphipod genus <em>Niphargus</em> is an ideal model system for studying locomotion strategies of species affiliated with different subterranean aquatic microhabitats. Such specie

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Huang, A., B. R. Noga, P. A. Carr, B. Fedirchuk, and L. M. Jordan. "Spinal Cholinergic Neurons Activated During Locomotion: Localization and Electrophysiological Characterization." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 6 (2000): 3537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3537.

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The objective of the present study was to determine the location of the cholinergic neurons activated in the spinal cord of decerebrate cats during fictive locomotion. Locomotion was induced by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). After bouts of locomotion during a 7–9 h period, the animals were perfused and the L3–S1 spinal cord segments removed. Cats in the control group were subjected to the same surgical procedures but no locomotor task. The tissues were sectioned and then stained by immunohistochemical methods for detection of the c-fos protein and choline acetyltransf

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Rossignol, Serge, Réjean Dubuc, and Jean-Pierre Gossard. "Dynamic Sensorimotor Interactions in Locomotion." Physiological Reviews 86, no. 1 (2006): 89–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00028.2005.

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Locomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program and feedback mechanisms. The central program relies fundamentally on a genetically determined spinal circuitry (central pattern generator) capable of generating the basic locomotor pattern and on various descending pathways that can trigger, stop, and steer locomotion. The feedback originates from muscles and skin afferents as well as from special senses (vision, audition, vestibular) and dynamically adapts the locomotor pattern to the requirements of the environment. The dynamic interactions are ensured by modula

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Delivet-Mongrain, Hugo, Hugues Leblond, and Serge Rossignol. "Effects of Localized Intraspinal Injections of a Noradrenergic Blocker on Locomotion of High Decerebrate Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 2 (2008): 907–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90454.2008.

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Previous studies demonstrated that neuronal networks located in midlumbar segments (L3–L4) are critical for the expression of locomotion in cats following complete spinalization. In the present study the importance of several thoracolumbar segments (T8–L7) for the generation of spontaneous hindlimb locomotion in decerebrate cats was evaluated. Experiments were performed in high decerebrate cats ( n = 18) walking spontaneously. Yohimbine, an alpha2-noradrenergic antagonist, was microinjected intraspinally in various thoracolumbar segments. Locomotor performance was evaluated with kinematics and

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Prayogo, Michael, Rwahita Satyawati, Dyah Intania Sari, et al. "Locomotion training addition to regular aerobic exercise improves walking speed and two-step test of the institutionalized older adult with Locomotive Syndrome stage 1: a randomized controlled trial." Bali Medical Journal 12, no. 1 (2023): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i1.4085.

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Background: Most nursing homes in Indonesia use only aerobic exercise as regular exercise for their resident. Locomotion Training is a combination of lower extremity strengthening and balance exercises. This study aims to determine the effects of the addition of locomotion training to regular aerobic exercise on Walking Speed (WS) and Two Step Test (TST) of institutionalized older adults with the locomotive syndrome (LS) stage 1. Methods: 24 older adults with locomotive syndrome stage 1 (mean age, 73.85 years) participated in the study and were randomly allocated to the Locomotion Training add

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Brownstone, Robert M., Sherry Krawitz, and Larry M. Jordan. "Reversal of the late phase of spike frequency adaptation in cat spinal motoneurons during fictive locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 3 (2011): 1045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00411.2010.

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In spinal motoneurons, late spike frequency adaptation (SFA) is defined as the slowing of the firing rate over tens of seconds and can be seen during sustained or intermittent current injection. Although the function of late SFA is not known, it may result in a decrease in force production over time, or muscle fatigue. Because locomotion can persist for long periods of time without fatigue, late SFA was studied using intracellular recordings from adult cat motoneurons during fictive locomotion. Of eight lumbar motoneurons studied, all showed late adaptation during control conditions, but none

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Kawashima, Noritaka, Daichi Nozaki, Masaki O. Abe, and Kimitaka Nakazawa. "Shaping Appropriate Locomotive Motor Output Through Interlimb Neural Pathway Within Spinal Cord in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 6 (2008): 2946–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00020.2008.

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Direct evidence supporting the contribution of upper limb motion on the generation of locomotive motor output in humans is still limited. Here, we aimed to examine the effect of upper limb motion on locomotor-like muscle activities in the lower limb in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). By imposing passive locomotion-like leg movements, all cervical incomplete ( n = 7) and thoracic complete SCI subjects ( n = 5) exhibited locomotor-like muscle activity in their paralyzed soleus muscles. Upper limb movements in thoracic complete SCI subjects did not affect the electromyographic (EMG) patter

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Gerasimenko, Yury, Chet Preston, Hui Zhong, Roland R. Roy, V. Reggie Edgerton, and Prithvi K. Shah. "Rostral lumbar segments are the key controllers of hindlimb locomotor rhythmicity in the adult spinal rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 2 (2019): 585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00810.2018.

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The precise location and functional organization of the spinal neuronal locomotor-related networks in adult mammals remain unclear. Our recent neurophysiological findings provided empirical evidence that the rostral lumbar spinal cord segments play a critical role in the initiation and generation of the rhythmic activation patterns necessary for hindlimb locomotion in adult spinal rats. Since added epidural stimulation at the S1 segments significantly enhanced the motor output generated by L2 stimulation, these data also suggested that the sacral spinal cord provides a strong facilitory influe

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Liu, Jun, Turgay Akay, Peter B. Hedlund, Keir G. Pearson, and Larry M. Jordan. "Spinal 5-HT7 Receptors Are Critical for Alternating Activity During Locomotion: In Vitro Neonatal and In Vivo Adult Studies Using 5-HT7 Receptor Knockout Mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (2009): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91239.2008.

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5-HT7 receptors have been implicated in the control of locomotion. Here we use 5-HT7 receptor knockout mice to rigorously test whether 5-HT acts at the 5-HT7 receptor to control locomotor-like activity in the neonatal mouse spinal cord in vitro and voluntary locomotion in adult mice. We found that 5-HT applied onto in vitro spinal cords of 5-HT7+/+ mice produced locomotor-like activity that was disrupted and subsequently blocked by the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970. In spinal cords isolated from 5-HT7−/− mice, 5-HT produced either uncoordinated rhythmic activity or resulted in synchronou

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Studholme, Keith M., Heinrich S. Gompf, and Lawrence P. Morin. "Brief light stimulation during the mouse nocturnal activity phase simultaneously induces a decline in core temperature and locomotor activity followed by EEG-determined sleep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 304, no. 6 (2013): R459—R471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00460.2012.

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Light exerts a variety of effects on mammals. Unexpectedly, one of these effects is the cessation of nocturnal locomotion and the induction of behavioral sleep (photosomnolence). Here, we extend the initial observations in several ways, including the fundamental demonstration that core body temperature (Tc) drops substantially (about 1.5°C) in response to the light stimulation at CT15 or CT18 in a manner suggesting that the change is a direct response to light rather than simply a result of the locomotor suppression. The results show that 1) the decline of locomotion and Tc begin soon after no

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Ren, Lin, Ling Yuan, Qingyu Gao, Rui Teng, Jing Wang, and Irving R. Epstein. "Chemomechanical origin of directed locomotion driven by internal chemical signals." Science Advances 6, no. 18 (2020): eaaz9125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz9125.

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Asymmetry in the interaction between an individual and its environment is generally considered essential for the directional properties of active matter, but can directional locomotions and their transitions be generated only from intrinsic chemical dynamics and its modulation? Here, we examine this question by simulating the locomotion of a bioinspired active gel in a homogeneous environment. We find that autonomous directional locomotion emerges in the absence of asymmetric interaction with the environment and that a transition between modes of gel locomotion can be induced by adjusting the

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Niu, Xuelei, and Jianxin Xu. "Modeling, Control and Locomotion Planning of an Anguilliform Robotic Fish." Unmanned Systems 02, no. 04 (2014): 295–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s230138501440007x.

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In this paper, mathematical model, control law design, different locomotion patterns, and locomotion planning are presented for an Anguilliform robotic fish. The robotic fish, consisted of links and joints, are driven by torques applied to the joints. Considering kinematic constraints, Lagrangian formulation is used to obtain the mathematical model of the robotic fish. The model reveals the relation between motion of the fish and external forces. Computed torque control method is first applied, which can provide satisfactory tracking performance for reference joint angles. To deal with paramet

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Fouad, K., M. M. Rank, R. Vavrek, K. C. Murray, L. Sanelli, and D. J. Bennett. "Locomotion After Spinal Cord Injury Depends on Constitutive Activity in Serotonin Receptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (2010): 2975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00499.2010.

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Following spinal cord injury (SCI) neurons caudal to the injury are capable of rhythmic locomotor-related activity that can form the basis for substantial functional recovery of stepping despite the loss of crucial brain stem-derived neuromodulators like serotonin (5-HT). Here we investigated the contribution of constitutive 5-HT2 receptor activity (activity in the absence of 5-HT) to locomotion after SCI. We used a staggered hemisection injury model in rats to study this because these rats showed a robust recovery of locomotor function and yet a loss of most descending axons. Immunolabeling f

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Mori, Shigemi, Toshihiro Matsui, Bunya Kuze, Mitsuru Asanome, Katsumi Nakajima, and Kiyoji Matsuyama. "Stimulation of a Restricted Region in the Midline Cerebellar White Matter Evokes Coordinated Quadrupedal Locomotion in the Decerebrate Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 1 (1999): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.290.

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In the reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat, we have previously shown that pulse train microstimulation of the hook bundle of Russel in the midline of the cerebellar white matter, through which crossed fastigiofugal fibers decussate, augments the postural tone of neck, trunk, fore-, and hindlimb extensor muscles. In the present study we examined the possible role of such stimulation in evoking locomotion as the animal is supported by a rubber hammock with its feet contacting the moving surface of a treadmill. We were able to provoke well-coordinated, bilaterally symmetrical, fore- and hi

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Verneuil, Jérémy, Cécile Brocard, Virginie Trouplin, Laurent Villard, Julie Peyronnet-Roux, and Frédéric Brocard. "The M-current works in tandem with the persistent sodium current to set the speed of locomotion." PLOS Biology 18, no. 11 (2020): e3000738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000738.

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The central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion is a set of pacemaker neurons endowed with inherent bursting driven by the persistent sodium current (INaP). How they proceed to regulate the locomotor rhythm remained unknown. Here, in neonatal rodents, we identified a persistent potassium current critical in regulating pacemakers and locomotion speed. This current recapitulates features of the M-current (IM): a subthreshold noninactivating outward current blocked by 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone dihydrochloride (XE991) and enhanced by N-(2-chloro-5-pyrimidinyl)-3,4-difluor

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Wolff, Jonas O. "Locomotion and kinematics of arachnids." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 207, no. 2 (2021): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01478-2.

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AbstractA basic feature of animals is the capability to move and disperse. Arachnids are one of the oldest lineages of terrestrial animals and characterized by an octopodal locomotor apparatus with hydraulic limb extension. Their locomotion repertoire includes running, climbing, jumping, but also swimming, diving, abseiling, rolling, gliding and -passively- even flying. Studying the unique locomotor functions and movement ecology of arachnids is important for an integrative understanding of the ecology and evolution of this diverse and ubiquitous animal group. Beyond biology, arachnid locomoti

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Wu, Michael, Stefan M. Brudzynski, and Gordon J. Mogenson. "Functional interaction of dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens in the regulation of locomotion." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 5-6 (1993): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-061.

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The interaction of dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens in the regulation of locomotion was investigated. Microinjection of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA, a glutamatergic NMDA receptor agonist) or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA, a quisqualic receptor agonist which is a glutamatergic non-NMDA receptor agonist) into the nucleus accumbens caused a substantial increase in locomotor activity. This increase in locomotor activity was significantly reduced by prior administration of the dopamine D2 agonist quinpirole, but not the D1 agonist, SKF 38393, into the same

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Bury, Stanisław, Bartosz Borczyk, and Tomasz Skawiński. "Ventral scale width in snakes depends on habitat but not hunting strategy." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 4 (2019): 987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz116.

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Abstract Environment and lifestyle induce substantial variation in the mechanisms of locomotion in vertebrates. A spectrum of adaptations related to locomotion is also present in limbless taxa, especially snakes, which have radiated successfully into a wide range of habitats. The majority of studies concerning habitat-driven variation in locomotor mechanisms of snakes have focused on the musculoskeletal system. Far less recognized is the variation in the morphology of ventral scales, which are another pivotal component of the locomotor system in snakes. Here, we investigated patterns of inters

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Le Ray, Didier, Sandrine S. Bertrand, and Réjean Dubuc. "Cholinergic Modulation of Locomotor Circuits in Vertebrates." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (2022): 10738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810738.

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Locomotion is a basic motor act essential for survival. Amongst other things, it allows animals to move in their environment to seek food, escape predators, or seek mates for reproduction. The neural mechanisms involved in the control of locomotion have been examined in many vertebrate species and a clearer picture is progressively emerging. The basic muscle synergies responsible for propulsion are generated by neural networks located in the spinal cord. In turn, descending supraspinal inputs are responsible for starting, maintaining, and stopping locomotion as well as for steering and control

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Glasheen, J. W., and T. A. McMahon. "Arms are different from legs: mechanics and energetics of human hand-running." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 4 (1995): 1280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1280.

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To determine whether nonlocomotor limbs (arms) differ from locomotor limbs (legs), we trained human subjects to run on their hands while supporting a fraction of their body weight. We wanted to know whether the low cost of force production and the speed-independent limb stiffness of locomotor limbs were characteristics associated with locomotion or were inherent properties of all limbs. We found that the limb stiffness of the human arm increases by 135% over less than a fourfold range in peak vertical force. In contrast, human legs and a variety of other mammalian locomotor limbs maintain a co

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Rossignol, Serge, Connie Chau, Edna Brustein, Marc Bélanger, Hughes Barbeau, and Trevor Drew. "Locomotor capacities after complete and partial lesions of the spinal cord." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 56, no. 1 (1996): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-1996-1148.

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This paper first reviews some of the observations made on the locomotor capabilities of several animal species with a special emphasis on cats and including primates and man after complete spinal lesions. We show that animals can perform well-coordinated walking movements of the hindlimbs when they are placed on a treadmill belt and that this locomotion is also adaptable to speed and perturbations. Cats with partial spinal lesions of the ventral and ventrolateral parts of the cord can perform voluntary quadrupedal locomotion overground or on the treadmill albeit with deficits in weight support

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Giroux, Nathalie, Connie Chau, Hugues Barbeau, Tomás A. Reader, and Serge Rossignol. "Effects of Intrathecal Glutamatergic Drugs on Locomotion. II. NMDA and AP-5 in Intact and Late Spinal Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 2 (2003): 1027–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00758.2002.

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In a previous article, we have shown that, in cats, intrathecal injections of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) in the first few days after spinalization at T13 do not induce locomotion as in many other spinal preparations. This is in contrast to alpha-2 noradrenergic receptor stimulation, which can trigger locomotion at this early stage. However, it is known that spinal cats do recover spontaneous locomotion in the absence of descending noradrenergic pathways and that the spinal pattern generator must then depend on other neurotransmitters still present in the cord such as excitatory amino acids. I

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Stewart, J. E., H. Barbeau, and S. Gauthier. "Modulation of Locomotor Patterns and Spasticity with Clonidine in Spinal Cord Injured Patients." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 18, no. 3 (1991): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100031887.

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ABSTRACT:This double blind cross-over study, involving 9 chronic spinal cord injured (SCI) patients (6 paraplegic and 3 paretic), was a first attempt to investigate the effects of the noradrenergic agonist, clonidine, on the modulation of the locomotor pattern and spasticity in patients with spinal cord lesions. Electromyographic (EMG), footswitch and video recordings were made as the patients walked on a treadmill with the support of an overhead harness if needed. Overground locomotion was also assessed in the paretic patients. All 3 spastic paretic patients had kinematic deviations and abnor

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Giuliodori, Mauricio J., Heidi L. Lujan, Whitney S. Briggs, and Stephen E. DiCarlo. "A model of locomotor-respiratory coupling in quadrupeds." Advances in Physiology Education 33, no. 4 (2009): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00057.2009.

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Locomotion and respiration are not independent phenomena in running mammals because locomotion and respiration both rely on cyclic movements of the ribs, sternum, and associated musculature. Thus, constraints are imposed on locomotor and respiratory function by virtue of their linkage. Specifically, locomotion imposes mechanical constraints on breathing that require the respiratory cycle to be synchronized with gait. Thus, many mammals, including humans, synchronize respiration with the movement of the limbs during locomotion. For example, quadrupeds synchronize locomotor and respiratory cycle

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Cheron, G., M. Duvinage, C. De Saedeleer, et al. "From Spinal Central Pattern Generators to Cortical Network: Integrated BCI for Walking Rehabilitation." Neural Plasticity 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/375148.

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Success in locomotor rehabilitation programs can be improved with the use of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Although a wealth of research has demonstrated that locomotion is largely controlled by spinal mechanisms, the brain is of utmost importance in monitoring locomotor patterns and therefore contains information regarding central pattern generation functioning. In addition, there is also a tight coordination between the upper and lower limbs, which can also be useful in controlling locomotion. The current paper critically investigates different approaches that are applicable to this fiel

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Campos, Joseph J., Bennett I. Bertenthal, and Rosanne Kermoian. "Early Experience and Emotional Development: The Emergence of Wariness of Heights." Psychological Science 3, no. 1 (1992): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00259.x.

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Because of its biological adaptive value, wariness of heights is widely believed to be innate or under maturational control. In this report, we present evidence contrary to this hypothesis, and show the importance of locomotor experience for emotional development. Four studies bearing on this conclusion have shown that (1) when age is held constant, locomotor experience accounts for wariness of heights; (2) “artificial” experience locomoting in a walker generates evidence of wariness of heights; (3) an orthopedically handicapped infant tested longitudinally did not show wariness of heights so

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Park, Sung Ho, and Dong Pyo Hong. "Optimal Locomotive Control Parameters of Biologically Inspired Four-Legged Walking Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (July 2014): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.397.

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Mechanical models have been more on technical rather than on biological concepts, which yield unstable locomotion with low speed. Structural and locomotive characteristics of living creatures are copied and modeled with 13 links, 12 joints and body, from the mechanical engineering viewpoint. Quadruped models are simulated as a time variable for the one cycle. Torques at joints are calculated and finally converted to total consumed energy. Variables, specifying structure and locomotion, are applied to the simulation as a time function, and the optimal variables which minimize energy expenditure

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Park, Sung Ho, and Dong Pyo Hong. "Optimal Locomotive Parameters of Four-Legged Bio-Robot by Minimizing Energy Consumption." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 1435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.1435.

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Four-Legged walking robot is mechanically modeled by copying mammals, which have 13 links and 12 joints. But mechanical models are more on technical rather than on biological concepts, which yield unstable locomotion with low speed. Advanced biological locomotive phenomena and their structural characteristics are applied to the mechanical model and simulated for the one cycle. Torques at joints are calculated and finally converted to total consumed energy. Variables, specifying structure and locomotion, are applied to the simulation as a time function, and the optimal variables which minimize

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Brustein, Edna, and Serge Rossignol. "Recovery of Locomotion After Ventral and Ventrolateral Spinal Lesions in the Cat. II. Effects of Noradrenergic and Serotoninergic Drugs." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 4 (1999): 1513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1513.

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Recovery of locomotion after ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesions in the cat. II. Effects of noradrenergic and serotoninergic drugs. The effects of serotoninergic and noradrenergic drugs (applied intrathecally) on treadmill locomotion were evaluated in two adult cats subjected to a ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesion (T13). Despite the extensive spinal lesion, severely damaging important descending pathways such as the reticulo- and vestibulospinal tracts, both cats recovered quadrupedal voluntary locomotion. As detailed in a previous paper, the locomotor recovery occurred in three sta

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Chen, Yi, Lu Chen, Rongliang Liu, Yu Wang, Xiang Yang Chen, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw. "Locomotor impact of beneficial or nonbeneficial H-reflex conditioning after spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 6 (2014): 1249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00756.2013.

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When new motor learning changes neurons and synapses in the spinal cord, it may affect previously learned behaviors that depend on the same spinal neurons and synapses. To explore these effects, we used operant conditioning to strengthen or weaken the right soleus H-reflex pathway in rats in which a right spinal cord contusion had impaired locomotion. When up-conditioning increased the H-reflex, locomotion improved. Steps became longer, and step-cycle asymmetry (i.e., limping) disappeared. In contrast, when down-conditioning decreased the H-reflex, locomotion did not worsen. Steps did not beco

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Noga, Brian R., Dawn M. G. Johnson, Mirta I. Riesgo, and Alberto Pinzon. "Locomotor-Activated Neurons of the Cat. I. Serotonergic Innervation and Co-Localization of 5-HT7, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT1A Receptors in the Thoraco-Lumbar Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 3 (2009): 1560–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91179.2008.

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Monoamines are strong modulators and/or activators of spinal locomotor networks. Thus monoaminergic fibers likely contact neurons involved in generating locomotion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the serotonergic innervation of locomotor-activated neurons within the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord following induction of hindlimb locomotion. This was determined by immunohistochemical co-localization of serotonin (5-HT) fibers or 5-HT7/5-HT2A/5-HT1A receptors with cells expressing the activity-dependent marker c-fos. Experiments were performed on paralyzed, decerebrate cats in which

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Shefchyk, S. J., and L. M. Jordan. "Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in alpha-motoneurons produced during fictive locomotion by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 6 (1985): 1345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.6.1345.

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We tested the hypothesis that stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) activates polysynaptic pathways that project to lumbar spinal motoneurons and are involved in the initiation of locomotion. Fictive locomotion was produced by MLR stimulation, and intracellular records of evoked postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in alpha-motoneurons were computer analyzed. Stimulation of sites in the MLR that were maximally effective for the initiation of locomotion produced excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) in all the motoneurons examined. The amplitudes of the

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