Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Locus à caractère quantitatif (QTL)'
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Demars, Julie. "Clonage positionnel du QTL localisé sur le chromosome 7 porcin influençant l'adiposité des animaux." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30339.
Full textBen, Jemaa Slim. "Cartographie fine de QTL ed fertilité femelle chez les bovins laitiers français." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.paristech.org/5162/01/these_BEN_JEMAA_slim.pdf.
Full textBurgio, Gaëtan. "Etude [i. E. , Ettude] des QTL (quantitative trait loci) affectant la variation de la forme du crâne à l'aide des lignées recombinantes congéniques interspécifiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0003.
Full textSince the work of James Cheverud and colleagues on the morphological integration of primate and mouse skull, studies on genetic basis of modular effect of the QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) has been emphasized the last decade. We describe a new tool based on the cross of a distant mice species Mus spretus and the laboratory mouse C57BL/6 called Interspecific Recombinant Congenic Strains (IRCS). Each strain has inherited 1. 3% of its genome from SEG/Pas under the form of few, small-sized, chromosomal segments. Global skull shape separate in a dorsal and ventral side, was analyzed on 18 strains with Procustes superimposition method. Additive effect on SEG allele on the dorsal side was found with strong modification for the strain 49A and 120C. Canonical Variate Analysis for the dorsal and ventral side of some strain reveals strong dorsal modification for 120C, 49A and 122C and ventral modification for 49A and 66H. Covariation study based on the Two-Blocks Partial Least Squares procedure shows a strong morphological integration between the two sides of the skull suggesting compensatory effect on skull shape variation. Analysis of allometry shows first a radiation in the allometric trajectories with C57BL/6 as the starting point and strong modifications for shape for most strains corresponding to a fundamental mechanism of compensatory effect of SEG segment into strains for shape variation. Covariation analysis with removing allometry thus reveals modular organisation on the genetic control of some strains, 120C and 66H for the dorsal side and 137F and 119H for the ventral side. It also reveals modular effect for allometry of the strains 120C, 137G, 103E and 157F. This study demonstrates a strong morphological integration for shape of the majority of IRCS strains with allometry as a compensatory effect. It also demonstrates a modular organisation for shape changes and allometry of a minority of IRCS strains. IRCS is a powerful and appropriate tool for studying genetic basis on shape evolution and morphological integration
Sauvage, Christopher. "Développement de marqueurs moléculaires liés à la résistance à la mortalité estivale chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas - approche QTL." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS229.
Full textThe Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is the main aquatic species produced in the world (4. 2 million tons / 3. 5 billion dollars, FAO, 2005). However, for over 15 years, farms suffer episodes of summer mortality (30% -60%), which may ultimately jeopardize the competitiveness of European aquaculture shellfish. Apart from the economic importance of C. Gigas, which justifies a research effort, oysters are a model for studying the genetic and physiological bases of complex characters (ie growth, reproduction and survival) strongly correlated with the response of the oysters to different environmental conditions. One option being considered is the selection of individuals more resistant to death. Given the constraints associated with the introduction of such schemes selection, the development of genetic markers, allowing assisted selection by the same markers, emerged as an interesting avenue of research. Produced as part of the European project "Aquafirst (FP6), the subject of this PhD aims to develop a map to detect relationships genotype - phenotype by a QTL approach (Quantitative Trait Locus). The phenotype trait is considered mortality summer. To achieve this, new molecular markers of type SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) have been developed to establish a genetic map with all the markers available (SNP and microsatellite). This work was conducted on individuals from families of consanguineous oysters presenting contrasted performances in terms of survival during summer achieved in the program MOREST
Casu, Sara. "Recherche de QTL contrôlant la cinétique de l'émission du lait et la morphologie de la mamelle chez les brebis laitières." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INAP0024.
Full textMarullo, Philippe. "Génétique quantitative des levures de vinification : cartographie de QTL et applications à la sélection des souches industrielles." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21219.
Full textThe technological parameters of wine yeast (S. Cerevisiae) are continuously and quantitatively distributed. Among yeast strains, these phenotypes are controlled by many loci presenting numerous alleles. These loci are called QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) and can be identified by a mapping approach widely used in plants and animals genetics. Following this methodology, two divergent parental strains were crossed to obtain an hybrid heterozygous for many genes. About 100 progenies derived from such hybrid were characterized for eleven enological parameters. Using DNA micro array (Affymetrix c we constructed a genetic map of 2200 markers for 51 selected progenies. A statistical correlation between some markers and phenotypic values of genotyped progenies leads us to identify three loci controlling four technological parameters. A single nucleotide polymorphism in ASP1 was shown to control volatile acidity production. The physiological impact of nitrogen uptake and yeast growth on acetate production was also demonstrated studding this loci. Finally, effectiveness of breeding methods for wine yeast improvement was also shown in particular markers selection based
Ma, Junwu. "Genome-wide QTL mapping for complex traits in pigs and focusing analysis on fatness QTL on porcine chromosome X." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/584/.
Full textThe aims of this thesis are to gain knowledge on genetic architecture of complex traits and on fine-scale structure of recombination rate variation in pigs. The first part of this thesis presents a genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a cross between White Duroc boars and Erhualian sows that was developed at Jiangxi Agricultural University (JXAU) in China. The mapping population comprised 750-1030 F2 individuals that were evaluated for a total of 80 traits related to carcass composition (17 traits), meat quality (58 traits) and ear traits (5 traits). In total, we identified 253 QTL for these traits, of which about half reached genome-wide significance level. Numerous QTL for these traits have been found on porcine chromosomes 4, 7, 8 and X. The greatest significance levels were found for a QTL affecting carcass length, head weight and ear weight on SSC7 in an interval of 3 cM (SW1856-S0666), which explained up to 50% of the phenotypic variance. White Duroc alleles at a majority of QTL detected were favorable for carcass composition, while favorable QTL alleles for meat quality originated from both White Duroc and Erhualian. INRA performed a genome scan to reveal QTL in a Large White × Meishan cross 8 years ago. Coincidently, both INRA and JXAU mapped strong QTL for fatness and muscling traits in a similar region of the porcine chromosome X (SSCX). Thus, both sides wished to collaborate to fine map the QTL. .
L'Hôte, David. "Exploitation d’un modèle de souris interspécifiques, recombinantes et congéniques pour la cartographie de QTL de la fertilité mâle et pour l’étude de la régulation génique testiculaire dans le contexte d’un génome mosaïque." Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/c71350b1-b2e7-41de-aa2f-64f46883036c/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4014.pdf.
Full textIn order to map new QTL regulating male fertility parameter, we analysed a set of Interspecific Recombinant Congenic strain. We mapped 8 QTL implicated in testis, development, prostate growth, sperm vitality and morphology. We performed fine mapping analysis of a QTL of reduced testis weight associated with teratozoospermia, localised on MMU11. We proposed a candidate locus encompassing four testis expressed gene. Moreover, in order to understand gene expression regulation in interspecific mosaic genome, we analysed testis transcriptome of three IRC strains compared with parental strains testis transcriptome. In this study, we describe how spretus genes are regulated when introgressed in musculus background. This study gives some insight concerning gene flow tolerance across the specie barrier during emergence of mosaic genome
Amin, Ali Rada. "BCR de classe IgA : signalisation de la cellule B normale et dans un contexte de lymphoprolifération." Limoges, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIMO4069.
Full textIn order to map new QTL regulating male fertility parameter, we analysed a set of Interspecific Recombinant Congenic strain. We mapped 8 QTL implicated in testis, development, prostate growth, sperm vitality and morphology. We performed fine mapping analysis of a QTL of reduced testis weight associated with teratozoospermia, localised on MMU11. We proposed a candidate locus encompassing four testis expressed gene. Moreover, in order to understand gene expression regulation in interspecific mosaic genome, we analysed testis transcriptome of three IRC strains compared with parental strains testis transcriptome. In this study, we describe how spretus genes are regulated when introgressed in musculus background. This study gives some insight concerning gene flow tolerance across the specie barrier during emergence of mosaic genome
Bourdon, Céline. "Recherche d’associations entre microARNs, variants génétiques et QTL laitiers chez les bovins, caprins et ovins RumimiR: a detailed microRNA database focused on ruminant species In silicowhole genome SNP dataset analyses identify variations in microRNAs with a potential impact on dairy traits in bovine, caprine and ovine species." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL020.
Full textGenomic selection, based on the prediction of the genetic value of candidate animals based on the information provided by a large number of genetic markers using neutral markers, is a relevant and perennial lever. The search for causal mutations and their integration into genomic evaluations would allow a significant gain in precision. It is therefore essential to better characterize the causal mutations responsible for the variability of quantitative traits related to production efficiency and the quality of products such as milk. The objective of this project has been to search for genetic variants of microRNAs expressed in the mammary gland or present in milk and located in genomic regions having an effect on dairy and mastitis quantitative traits (QTL), in three ruminant species. The detection of 59,124 microRNA variants expressed in the mammary gland or present in milk in cattle, 13,427 variants in goats and 4,761 in sheep has been allowed through the development of a bioinformatics script. In cattle, 4,679 genetic variants of interest have been located in dairy and mastitis QTLs and 127 in goats, none in sheep. Three detected bovine variants have been validated through GWAS studies. The biological effects of the validated variants have been studied, with different strategies depending on the location and thus the putative effect of the mutation. In the case of the mutation located in the "seed" region of bta-let-7e, the expression level of targeted mRNAs has been tested. Inconsistent results were obtained between the qRT-PCR and RNAseq techniques used. In the case of mutations located in the flanking regions of bta-miR-92b and bta-miR-486, the presence of these microRNAs has been measured in bovine milk. These analyses did not reveal any significant difference in the expression of microRNAs between genotypes. This project therefore has allowed a global analysis of microRNA variants, from their detections to their potential effects
Marti, Raga Maria. "Environmental and genetic factors affecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae performance during second fermentation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0185/document.
Full textThe traditional method used to produce sparkling wines (such as cava and champagne) is characterized by a second fermentation that takes place inside the bottle. This second fermentation has very specific characteristics such as a high ethanol content, increasing CO2 pressure, low temperature and low nutrient availability. In this thesis, we have firstly analyzed the effect of environmental factors on fermentation kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the second fermentation, by monitoring the second fermentation development using aphrometers. Secondly, we analyzed what is the effect of common practices such as adding nutrients to the base wine on the final composition of the sparkling wine by HPLC analysis of content of amino acids and polysaccharides and its foaming capacity (mosalux) of the sparkling wine. Finally we aimed to identify the genetic basis of the second fermentation using Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping and validation approach. The results obtained enabled us to identify the temperature, the base wine used, the yeast strain and source of nitrogen used in the acclimatization of yeast as the factors that have the highest impact in the second fermentation kinetics. Secondly, with respect to the final composition of sparkling wine, we have found that the addition of nitrogen to the wine base favors the release of amino acids. While the addition of inactive dry yeast, promotes the release of polysaccharides and favors the foaming properties of the sparkling wine. Finally, could identify four genes whose allelic variation explains the phenotypic variation observed among strains
Laissue, Paul. "Approches gène candidat et QTL dans la recherche de facteurs génétiques étiologiques de l'insuffisance ovarienne prématurée et les avortements spontanés à répétition : implication des gènes BMP15, GDF9 et FOXD1." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077023.
Full textThis PhD thesis is focused on the research of etiological genetic factors related to two frequent human pathologies: premature ovarian failure (POF) and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). In order to study each of these topics I used two distinct experimental approaches. Concerning POF, when I started my PhD course a mutation in the BMP15 gene had been recently related to POF etiology. In order to establish whether BMP15, as well as GDF9 (a close related paralog gene), mutations are a frequent cause of POF we analysed their open reading frames in POF patients panels. Concerning RSA, we started from the analysis of a mouse model of Interespecific Recombinant Congenic Strains. We used an in vivo approach (high frequency ultrasonography) in order to localise QTL of embryonic resorption. After the localisation of murine QTL, we determined a causative mutation of de Foxd1 gene. These results were finally transposed to human. We established that human FOXD1 mutations are associated to RSA
Talouarn, Estelle. "Utilisation des données de séquence pour la cartographie fine et l'évaluation génomique des caractères d'intérêt des caprins laitiers français." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0067.
Full textFrench dairy goats recently integrated genomics with the development of a DNA chip in the 2010s and the first QTL detections and genomic evaluations. The availability of sequence data for farm animals opens up new opportunities. The VarGoats project is an international 1,000 genomes resequencing program designed to provide sequence information of the Capra hircus species. The study of imputation quality to sequence level is a necessary first step before using imputed sequences in association analysis and genomic evaluations. The main objective of this work was to study the possible integration of sequence data in the French dairy goats breeding programs. The set up of a quality check represented a sizable part of this thesis. It was based on bibliographic research and the comparison between available 50k genotypes and sequence data. Out of the initial 97,889,899 SNPs and 12,304,043 indels, we eventually retained 23,338,436 variants including 40,491 SNPs of the Illumina GoatSNP50 BeadChip. A preliminary study of imputation from 50k genotypes to sequence was then performed with the aim of getting a sufficient number of sequenced animals of good quality. Several softwares and methods were considered (family or population imputation) using the 829 sequenced animals available. Within-breed imputation led to genotype and allele concordance of 0.74 and 0.86 in Saanen and 0.76 and 0.87 in Alpine respectively. Correlations were then of 0.26 and 0.24 in Alpine and Saanen respectively. Imputed sequence of males confirmed signals previously identified using 50k genotypes and allowed the detection of new regions of interest. The density of sequence data represented an unprecedented opportunity to deepen our understanding of QTL region of chromosome 19 in the Saanen breed. This region is associated to production, type and udder health traits as well as semen production traits. Our analysis did not point out any candidate mutation. However, we offer a simple way to identify genomic and phenotypic profiles in the Saanen breed using 50k genotypes. This method could be of use for early prediction in France but also worldwide. Finally, using all previous results, we studied the impact of the integrating imputed sequence data of chromosome 19 on the accuracy of evaluations in French Saanen. Several evaluation models were compared : single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) and weighted single-step GBLUP (WssGBLUP) using different panels of imputed variants. Best results were obtained using ssGBLUP with 50k genotypes and all variants on the QTL region of chromosome 19 (between 24.72 and 28.38Mb): +6.2% accuracy on average for all evaluated traits. The 50k chip update to which I participated represents a opportunity to improve genomic evaluations. Indeed, it significantly improved accuracy of predictions (between 3.1 and 6.4% on average depending on the scenario) while limiting computation time associated to imputation. This work confirms the benefits of using sequence data in the French dairy goats breeding programs and opens up the perspective of integrating them in the routine genomic evaluations
Galvez, Lopez Didiana. "Etude des déterminants structuraux et génétiques de la texture de la pomme." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2036.
Full textTexture is a major criterion of apple quality. It depends of cellular (cell wall and turgor pressure) and histological factors at different scales, which are under genetic control. The objective of this thesis was to identify new genetic markers related to fruit texture traits. A progeny of 150 individuals was phenotyped over two years at three different storage dates for sensory and mechanical traits, for histological parameters and cell wall biochemistry. Significant correlations were found between texture and histological traits, but no correlations were established with cell wall structures. The heritability values for all the traits varied from 0. 16 to 0. 94. The QTL mapping was focused on the 31 most heritable variables. A total of 127 QTL were located on 36 regions within the 17 apple linkage groups : 25 map for instrumental and sensory parameters, seven for histological and 27 for biochemical cell wall structures. 19 regions showed co-localization between sensory and/or instrumental characters with histological and/or biochemistry, revealing for the first time links between the genetic control of apple texture traits with those of structural cell wall determinants. Three regions co- localized with candidate genes related to fruit development and ripening identified in previous studies. These original results open new perspectives for improving the quality of apple by molecular marker-assisted breeding. They also provide a basis for deciphering new genes controlling structural determinants of texture
Ytournel, Florence. "Déséquilibre de liaison et cartographie de QTL en population sélectionnée." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003789.
Full textBillotte, Norbert. "Recherche et étude des locus contrôlant les caractères à déterminisme génétique complexe (QTL) du palmier a huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. ), par cartographie génétique multiparentale." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0023.
Full textThe goal of this work was to search and to study the loci of characters under complex genetic control (QTL) in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. ), by multi-parent genetic mapping. Results are given step by step from the production of molecular markers to the identification of agronomic QTL, in view to marker-assisted breeding of oil palm. A total number of 390 microsatellite markers (SSR) were developed in the E. Guineensis species. The SSR polymorphism was characterised in the E. Guineensis and in the closely related species E. Oleifera, in which an optimal utility of the SSR markers was observed, as well as on a subset of 16 other palm species. Twenty-six phenotypic quantitative characters were studied using a 2 x 2 complete factorial mating design involving 4 heterozygous parents issued from 3 genetic backgrounds Deli, La Mé and Yangambi. A reference linkage map was constructed in the control cross LM2T x DA10D of the factorial design, using 944 locus (255 SR, 688 AFLP, locus Sh) distributed on 16 linkage groups representing the 16 chromosome pairs of the oil palm. This linkage map of 1735 cM allowed to sample 253 SSR loci distributed along the genome and which were used to construct a consensus map of the factorial design. Also, two markers were located at 7 cM and at 11 cM on each side of the Sh locus controlling the variety type of the fruit in oil palm, using bulk segregant analysis and linkage mapping methods. A set of 71 QTL of vegetative and production characters were identified thanks to the factorial design, using a CIM method with 3 types of additive linear models for the QTL search, under a new MCQTL Outbred software perfected by INRA (France): cross by cross model, disconnected multi-parent model and connected multi-parent model. A validation of the identified QTL and an integration of the multi-parent approach are proposed in the frame of a general marker-assisted breeding scheme of oil palm within the context of its Elaeis genus
Anzala, Fabiola Johana. "Contrôle de la vitesse de germination chez le maïs (Zea mays) : étude de la voie de biosynthèse des acides aminés issus de l'aspartate et recherche de QTLs." Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0043.
Full textThe aspartate pathway was studied through the expression of the genes ask1, ask2 akh1 and akh2 coding for aspartate kinase by qt-RT-PCR, the amino acids content by HPLC and the degradation of asp-15N in the derived amino acids followed by labelling of 15N. It appears that the aspartate pathway differs between two (slow and fast) genotypes of maize: slow germination would be associated with an inhibiting effect of the accumulation of lysine or to limited contents of threonine and methionine. The study of the inhibitory effect of lysine by QTLs (T50) in the presence of amino acids highlights a QTL specific to germination in the presence of lysine, which coincides with a QTL specific to germination in condition of "cold" stress. The results indicate that lysine content would be partly responsible for the speed of germination
Albert, Elise. "Déterminants génétiques et génomiques de la réponse au déficit hydrique chez la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) et impact sur la qualité des fruits." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0688/document.
Full textWater scarcity will constitute a crucial constraint for agricultural productivity in a nearfuture. High throughput approaches in model species have identified hundreds of genespotentially involved in survival under drought conditions, but very few having beneficialeffects on quality and yield in crops plants. Nonetheless, controlled water deficits mayimprove fleshy fruit quality through weaker dilution and/or accumulation of nutritionalcompounds. In this context, the first part of the PhD was aimed at deciphering the geneticdeterminants of the phenotypic response to water deficit in tomato by exploring thegenotype by watering regime (G x W) and QTL by watering regime (QTL x W) interactions intwo populations. The first population consisted in recombinant inbreed lines (RIL) from across between two cultivated accessions and the second was composed of diverse small fruittomato accessions mostly native from South America. Plants were phenotyped for majorplant and fruit quality traits and genotyped for thousands of SNP. Data were analyzed withinthe linkage and association mapping frameworks allowing the identification of QTLs andputative candidate genes for response to water deficit in tomato. The second part of the PhDhad the objective to explore gene regulation in green fruit and leaves of tomato plantsstressed by water deficit. For this purpose, RNA-Seq data were collected on the two parentalgenotypes of the RIL population and their F1 hybrid. Data were analyzed to identifydifferentially expressed genes and allele specific expression (ASE). Then, the expression of200 genes was measured in leaves and fruits of the whole RIL population by high throughputmicrofluidic qPCR. eQTLs and eQTL by watering regime interactions were mapped for thosegenes using linkage mapping. Colocalisations with the phenotypic QTLs were analyzed. Theknowledge produced during this PhD will contribute to a better understanding of the tomatoplant interaction with their environment and provide bases for improvement of fruit qualityunder limited water supply
Mukhaimar, Maisara. "Sources naturelles de la résistance contre les nématodes à galles Meloidogyne javanica chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112033/document.
Full textPlant-parasitic nematodes are a serious threat for global food production. They are responsible for 14% of global yield loss, equivalent to an economic value of more than 100 billion US$ per year. Pest management is challenging, in particular since the most efficient nematicide has been banned due to its devastating effect on the environment. Hence, novel sources for nematode management are urgently required. This work investigates whether the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana could serve as a natural source for resistance genes against plant-parasitic nematodes. It finds natural genetic variation among Arabidopsis accessions for resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, identifies several QTL for nematode resistance, and fine-maps one of these resistance QTL
Rachid, Alchaarani Ghias. "Variabilité génétique et identification des QTLs liés à la qualité des semences chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT002A.
Full textCaron, Thibault. "Étude de la domestication de la moisissure Penicillium roqueforti pour la fabrication des fromages à pâte persillée Strong effect of Penicillium roqueforti populations on volatile and metabolic compounds responsible for aromas, flavour and texture in blue cheeses." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS098.
Full textDomestication is an excellent framework for studying adaptation because it involves strong and recent selection for known traits. Easily tractable and long used in fermentation, microorganisms are good models for studying domestication. Penicillium roqueforti is the mould used in the production of all blue cheeses and displays four genetically and phenotypically differentiated populations, one of which is used in the production of Roquefort cheeses, another in the production of all other blue cheeses. In this PhD work, Roquefort-type cheeses have been made with all four P. roqueforti populations. Cheese populations produced cheeses with more blue surface area on slice and higher amounts of positive volatile compounds than other populations. The Roquefort population, in particular, produced higher amounts of positive aromatic compounds in cheeses, associated with more efficient proteolysis and lipolysis. In this thesis, a QTL study on a F1 progeny from a cross between a Roquefort strain and a non-Roquefort strain revealed a genetic region potentially controlling lipolysis efficiency. These results provide a better understanding of the influence of the P. roqueforti population on various important aspects of cheeses, as well as the genetic determinants of important traits, and those contribute to our understanding of domestication and adaptation processes
Teyssèdre, Simon. "Dissection génétique des caractères par analyse de liaison et d'association : aspects méthodologiques et application à la sensibilité à l'ostéochondrose chez les Trotteurs Français." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0082/document.
Full textOsteochondral lesions are commonly observed in young horses and may be responsible for reduced performances in racing. The purpose of the PhD thesis was to identify genome regions, called quantitative trait loci (QTL), associated with various traits measuring osteochondrosis (OC) and recorded in the GENEQUIN program in a population of French Trotters horses. Genotyping was performed using the EquineSNP50 Illumina high density chip, which allows to exploit the linkage disequilibrium with genome-wide association studies. These analyses are subject to several problems in presence of family structure. We hence first proposed a comparison of power and robustness of a limited choice of models for this type of analysis. The originality of this work lies in the algebraic derivation of the distribution moments of the test statistics compared, making the outcome of this comparison more general and allowing a better understanding of differences. The results can be used to establish an experimental design. The second part was devoted to the QTL fine mapping of traits that measure OC in different joint sites. This study highlighted several significant QTL with low and medium effects but none of them were highly significant. We showed that OC is a polygenic trait and we were not able to identify QTL affecting both OC on the hock and the fetlock, rejecting the hypothesis of a single genetic determinism of susceptibility to this desease accross anatomical sites. Further studies will now focus on the identification of candidate genes and screening for mutation in an attempt to clarify the molecular physiopathology of OC and develop efficient strategies for risk assessment. Meanwhile, markers could be used in a marker-assisted selection context to improve horse health and welfare
Michenet, Alexis. "Détection de QTL et sélection génomique des qualités maternelles des vaches allaitantes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA008.
Full textReproduction, calving and milking performance of beef cows are included in maternal performance which are of major economic importance for beef cattle breeding. Beef cattle selection schemes use the progeny station tool to measure these phenotypes for the selection of the best insemination bulls. This coupled with the rapid ease of access to beef cattle genomic information, creates new opportunities for a more efficient selection of maternal performance. In this study, near 2 000 females with individual maternal performance were genotyped with low density chip (7 660 SNP) in two beef breeds, Blonde d'Aquitaine and Limousine. The genotypes were imputed in high density (more than 700 000 SNP). QTL detection was performed within breed with a Bayesian approach to test the association of the imputed genotypes and the performance. Among the QTL regions identified, a total of 41 candidate genes were proposed for sexual precocity (6), calving (11), milk performance (21) and maternal behavior (3). Several genomic selection methods were compared for maternal performance traits in Blonde d'Aquitaine breed. Minor differences of accuracy were found between single-trait evaluation methods. The "Single Step Genomic BLUP" multi-trait combining records from station and farm gave the more accurate genetic values for sorting bulls. Several genomic values accuracy improvements were proposed. The conditions of use of these indexes and the evolution of the selection scheme of maternal traits and the related tools are discussed
Avia, Komlan. "Colocalisation de gènes candidats positionnels avec des QTL de la tolérance au gel chez Medicago truncatula." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1763.
Full textPlants from temperate regions can increase freezing tolerance after an exposure to low non-freezing temperatures, a process known as cold acclimation. Cold acclimation induces several physiological, biochemical and molecular alterations. For a better understanding of its genetic determinism in legumes such as pea in order to improve their freezing tolerance, we used the model species Medicago truncatula. The objective of this thesis was to identify the genetic factors involved in the freezing response of Medicago truncatula. Particularly we worked to highlight the main metabolisms involved and to find associated genetic factors through candidate genes approach. Detection of QTL for freezing damage score on a 182-maers genetic map, showed interest regions mainly on linkage groups 1, 4 and 6. Some ecophysiologioel parameters which reflect the ability of the plant to maintain its development under low temperatures were used to detect additional QTL that colocalized with QTL for freezing damage score on the same linkage groups. To identify the genes involved in the cold acclimation process in Medicago truncatula, a transcriptomic analysis was performed. The results showed 400 genes that were differentially expressed between the freezing tolerant and susceptible parents. An in silico analysis was used to detect the genes that located in the QTL intervals
Bouffier, Bruno. "Genetic and ecophysiological dissection of tolerance to drought and heat stress in bread wheat : from environmental characterization to QTL detection." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22532/document.
Full textA stagnation of wheat yield was reported in France and other countries worldwide since the 1990’s, which incriminated mainly drought and heat stress. Improving the European wheat tolerance to them is of first importance. This study aimed to investigate the genetic determinism of the tolerance to such stresses. Three CIMMYT bread wheat populations combining complementary heat and drought adaptive habits were grown in Northern Mexico under irrigated, drought and heat-irrigated treatments from 2011 to 2013. The trial network comprised 15 trials and both physiological and agronomic traits were scored. First, an environmental characterization methodology was developed and resulted in the identification of six main environmental scenarios in the network. A representative environmental covariate was extracted from each of them. Then, a factorial regression model leaded to the dissection of the genotype-by-environment interaction and highlighted differential stress sensitivity of the germplasm. Finally, a multi-environmental QTL detection resulted in the discovery of genomic regions involved in the control of both physiological and agronomic traits and the study of their sensitivity to the environment. From the environmental characterization to the QTL detection, this study resulted in the development of a tool for breeders which may enable the evaluation of the potential of any genotypes in front of a range of environment, but also the identification of genomic regions involved in the control of the tolerance to drought and heat stress in bread wheat. This may help in improving the tolerance of the European bread wheat germplasm to drought and heat stress
Clabaut, Aline. "Analyse génétique de l'embryogenèse somatique chez la chicorée (Cichorium intybus L.) : cartographie des QTL et gènes candidats." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10039/document.
Full textSomatic embryogenesis (SE) Is an asexual re-production pathway in which somatic cells form embryos in a process that resembles zygotic embryogenesis. ln chicory a genetic variability in the capacity of somatic embryo formation was found, and two contrasting genotypes were selected K59, embryogenic. and K28, hardly embryogenic were selected for obtain a F1' progeny. Vanabllity for somatic embryo formation was exploited to identify chromosomal regions (QTL) and candidate genes implicated in ES. After 7 days of culture of root explants under SE-inducing conditions and 30 days of development the number of plantlets (PL) and shoot-like structures (SH) obtained were counted. The traits PL and SH showed continuous and normal distributions after log10 transformation, and heritabilities superior to 63%. A genetic map for the K28*K59 progenies was built for a QTL analysis related to ES. Six QTL were detected for both PL and SH that together explained more than 23% and 44% of the phenotypic variation for these traits. respectively. Amongst the 63 mapped candidate genes, 16 co-Iocalised with QTL for PL and SH. ln view of their implication in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of the stem ceIls in shoot apical meristems. the co-localisation of genes homologous to SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and ARGONAUTE (AGO) in Arabidopsis wlth QTL6 and QTL2. respectively. is a particular interesting result. With the detection of QTL for SE. the results of this study have for the first time revealed elements in the genetic control of SE in chicory
Julio, Émilie. "Développement d'une carte génétique de Nicotiana tabacum et identification de QTLs liés à des caractères agronomiques et à la composition de la fumée." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000266/.
Full textBahri, Meriem. "Analyse génétique du métabolisme de l’acide caftarique, chlorogénique et chicorique chez Cichorium intybus L. : cartographie des QTL et gènes candidats." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10107/document.
Full textSecondary metabolism corresponds to a class of compounds allowing plants to survive in their environment. Among these molecules, polyphenols display widely studied antioxidant properties. The aim of this work was to study the genetic control of biosynthesis of polyphenols detected in chicory leaf tissue, using a QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) analysis approach based on a F1’ progeny. First, a high-throughput protocol was set up and permit us to identify caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid and chicoric acid. In this context, 201 individuals from the F1’ progeny were phenotyped for caftaric, chlorogenic and chicoric acid amounts (respectively ACAFT, ACHLO, ACHIC), the total amount for these three molecules (ATOT), the radical scavenging ability (AAR), the ratio between the caftaric acid or chlorogenic acid and the entire phenolic acids detected (PCAFT and PCHLO, respectively). A specific genetic map was established from a previous map already published. Using SSR, AFLP, SSCP, HRM polymorphism, 142 markers covered the nine linkage groups of this map and among them, 16 candidate genes. Altogether, 20 QTLs were then detected: 1 for ACAFT (R² = 16,4%), 3 for ACHLO (R² = 50%), 2 for ACHIC (R² = 13,9%), 4 for AAR (R² = 31%) et 5 for PACFT (R² = 44%) and PCHLO (R² = 61%). Eight QTLs co-localised with 7 encoding-enzymes genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. This study is the first step toward understanding the genetic control of the main phenolic acids in chicory leaves, particularly caftaric and chicoric acid, only synthesised in few species
Mokrani, Loubna. "Cartographie du tournesol, détection de QTLs de quelques Caractères d'intérêt et sélection assistée par marqueurs : exemple de l'acide oléïque." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT014A.
Full textSeye, Adama Innocent. "Prédiction assistée par marqueurs de la performance hybride dans un schéma de sélection réciproque : simulations et évaluation expérimentale pour le maïs ensilage." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS078.
Full textMaize (Zea mays L.) is the most cultivated crop in the world. To exploit the strong heterosis for traits related to biomass, the genetic diversity of maize is structured into heterotic groups and cultivated varieties are mainly F1 hybrids obtained by crossing lines from complementary groups. The hybrid value can be decomposed as the sum of the General Combining Ability (GCA) of each parental line and the Specific Combining Ability (ASC) of the cross. In northern Europe, maize is often used as silage for animal feed and the breeding objective is to improve productivity while ensuring a good energetic value and digestibility of the silage. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) to estimate the importance of GCA and SCA in hybrid genetic variance for silage quality traits, (ii) to identify loci (QTL) involved in these traits and to study their colocalization with QTL for productivity traits, (iii) to evaluate the interest of genomic selection for the prediction of hybrid performances and (iv) to compare the prediction accuracies of two calibration designs either based on a factorial or on the conventional use of testers from the complementary group. As part of the SAM-MCR project, 6 biparental connected families were created in the "flint" and "dent" groups from 4 founder lines. In a first phase, 822 flint and 802 dent lines were genotyped for 20k SNPs and crossed according to an incomplete factorial to produce 951 hybrids which were phenotyped for quality traits and for productivity traits (studied by H. Giraud during her phD). Quality trait analysis showed a predominance of GCA over SCA and a negative correlation between digestibility traits and silage yield. Several multi-allelic QTLs were detected, most of them being specific to one group. Several colocalizations were found with yield QTL. Using cross-validation, we observed that the predictive ability of models based on detected QTLs was lower than that obtained by genomic predictions. Considering the SCA did not improve model predictive abilities for most of the traits. In a second phase, 90 lines were chosen per group: 30 were selected based on their genomic predictions for productivity and the energetic value and 60 were randomly sampled from the 6 families. These lines were crossed according to an incomplete factorial to produce 360 new hybrids: 120 from selected lines and 240 from randomly chosen lines. The 90 lines of each group were also crossed to two lines of the complementary group (testers). Hybrids from the selected lines were more productive but had a lower silage quality. We confirmed the good accuracy of the genomic predictions obtained in the initial factorial on the new hybrids evaluated in other environments and after selection. We also observed good correlations between GCA estimated in the factorial and in the testcross design. Different factorial and testcross designs were simulated by varying the proportion of dominance/SCA, the number of hybrids and the contribution of each line to the calibration set. Considering the same number of hybrids in the calibration set, the factorial was more efficient in terms of predictive ability and cumulative genetic gain (up to + 50%) than the testcross design for traits showing SCA and was similar for purely additive traits. The results of this thesis open new perspectives to revisit hybrid breeding schemes by replacing the evaluation of candidate lines, classically made on testcross, by the direct evaluation of hybrids resulting from an incomplete factorial. The implementation of such designs will require reorganizing the logistics of selection programs
Cassan, Laurent. "Etude de l'interaction génotype x azote chez l'endive (Cichorium intybus L. Var foliosum) : caractérisation physiologique et génétique (QTLs) de la NUE en relation avec la qualité du chicon." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066016.
Full textRaboin, Louis. "Génétique de la résistance au charbon de la canne à sucre causé par Ustilago scitaminea : caractérisation de la diversité génétique du pathogène, cartographie de QTL dans un croisement bi-parental et étude d'associations dans une population de cultivars modernes." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0014.
Full textSugarcane smut, caused by Ustilago scitaminea Syd. , is present in aIl sugarcane growing areas with the exception of Papua New Guinea, Fiji and the eastem side of Australia. Breeding for smut resistance is efficient because this trait is fairly heritable but it requires complicated screenings. Moreover, the genetic control of smut resistance is still unknown. With the objective to identify the mendelian factors involved in sugarcane resistance to sm ut, two strategies have been implemented (1) QTL mapping in a bi-parental progeny derived from a cross between a resistant cultivar 'R 570' and a highly susceptible clone 'MQ 76/53', evaluated in Reunion island for resistance to smut (2) Association study in a population of cultivars, evaluated in Burkina Faso for resistance to smut. First, the worldwide genetic structure of U. Scitaminea was investigated. A total of 142 singleteliospore isolates from 15 countries worldwide were analysed using 17 polymorphic microsateIlite loci. Ail isolates but one were homozygous for aIl loci, indicating that selfing is the highly preferential reproductive mode of U. Scitaminea. Ln America and Africa, genetic diversity was found to be extremely low and aIl isolates belonged to a single inbred lineage. This inbred lineage was also found in sorne parts of the Asian continent where most U. Scitaminea genetic diversity was detected. These observations support the hypothesis that the fungus originated in Asia. Thus, the bi-parental population and the population of cultivars used to study the genetic determinism of smut resistance have been evaluated towards isolates from the worldwide lineage. The genetic maps of the two parents of the bi-parental progeny, 'R 570' and 'MQ 76/53', were constructed using a population of 198 progeny. A total of 1666 polymorphic markers were produced using 37 AFLP primer pairs combinations, 46 SSRs and 9 RFLP probes. Linkage analysis aIlowed the construction of 86 cosegregation groups for 'R 570' and 105 cosegregation groups for 'MQ 76/53' encompassing 424 and 536 single dose markers respectively. The cumulative length of 'R 570' map was 3144 cM. The cumulative length of'MQ 76/53' map was 4329 cM. On 'MQ 76/53' map, a gene controlling the red colour of the stalks was identified at 6. 5 cM of an AFLP marker and a new brown rust resistance gene was identified at 23. 1 cM of an AFLP marker. The structure of linkage disequilibrium in the population of cultivars was investigated using 1626 AFLP markers, among which 408 have known positions on 'R 570' genetic map. Thus, it was possible to study the relationship between genetic distances and statistical associations between markers in the population of cultivars, calculated using the Fisher exact test. This analysis confirmed that linkage disequilibrium in sugarcane extends over distances of tenth of centiMorgans but drops sharply for distances over 5 cM. This order of magnitude indicates that genome-wide association studies are achievable in sugarcane. Field trials and greenhouse trials using different inoculation methods were conducted in order to characterize the resistance of the 198 progeny clones from the bi-parental population. The distribution of disease scores observed in aIl those trials were highly unbalanced toward the resistant parent indicating the segregation of multiple dominant resistance factors. A QTL detection was performed using the 1666 available markers aIlowing the identification of a few genomic zones with smaIl effects. Besides, the association study performed in the population of cultivars (constituted of two subpopulation, one highly susceptible to smut and the other highly resistant to smut) revealed interesting haplotypes associated with resistance. Two QTLs have been detected through both approaches. The progress obtained toward a better understanding of the genetic determinism of sugarcane resistance to smut are modest. The potential of association studies in sugarcane appeared interesting although much more markers would have to be used to make the most of it
Allais, Sophie. "Détection et validation de marqueurs génétiques impliqués dans la qualité de la viande bovine." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00589871.
Full textCoyral-Castel, Stéphanie. "Etude de la fertilité et du métabolisme des vaches laitières sélectionnées pour l'haplotype "fertil+" ou "fertil-" à un QTL de fertilité situé sur le chromosome 3." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4016.
Full textIn recent decades, the dairy cow fertility has declined, in parallel with an increase in milk production. Some regions of the genome, named QTL, affect female fertility. The purpose of this thesis is to study fertility and some zootechnical parameters in Prim'Hosltein cows in first lactation chosen for their favorable haplotype "fertil+" or unfavorable haplotype "fertil-" for one fertility QTL on chromosome 3. This phenotyping showed better fertility and energy balance in the first week of lactation for "fertil+" than for "fertil-" cows. In addition, "fertil-" cows had a higher eating rate. At the peak of mobilization, the QTL genes are differentially expressed in adipose tissue of "fertil+" and "fertil-" cows. In granulosa cells, one of these genes, named Kirrel, is higher expressed in "fertil+" cows and its recombinant protein inhibits the secretion of progesterone in vitro. Our work has contributed to refine interactions genotype-phenotype linked to one fertility QTL and highlighted one of the possible roles of a gene which belongs to this QTL in the reproductive function in dairy cows
Giraud, Héloïse. "Genetic analysis of hybrid value for silage maize in multiparental designs : QTL detection and genomic selection." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS013/document.
Full textGenomic selection opens new prospects in plant breeding for the selection of complex traits. The proposed study aims to evaluate its efficiency in the context of a reciprocal selection schemes for the hybrid value between two complementary maize groups. The work will rely on an original experimental design including 900 hybrids produced from a factorial between two multiparental connected designs. The selection objective is to increase the hybrids silage yield as well as their digestibility. Several models for the hybrid value prediction will be proposed and tested on the experimental data and by simulations. This study, carried out in close connection with seven plant breeding companies (members of PROMAÏS) will contribute to the improvement of breeding designs and will produce new interesting hybrids. It falls within the general context of the selection for hybrid value which is common to numerous plant allogamous species and animal species
François, Yoannah Coralie Stéphanie. "Détection de QTL d’expression de protéines de foie gras de canard mulard." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3021/document.
Full textThe aim of this project was to understand how the genome expression influences liver quality traits such as liver weight, melting rate, lipid and protein rates, and to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying it. First, we studied the differential expression of proteins according to liver quality traits of mule ducks. Then we carried out detections of uni-trait and multi-traits phenotypic QTL and protein QTL using a new genetic map containing SNP and microsatellite markers. In preamble to the study, the optimization of the experimental disposal was necessary: 98 backcross dams and their 294 mule sons, composing 3 F1 families were selected because of their contribution to the likelihood of existing QTL related to foie gras quality. The first study showed that livers presented different protein and metabolic profiles according to their phenotypes. Indeed, light livers, with low melting rate, low lipid rate and high protein rate show an over-expression of proteins involved in lipid, glucid or in synthesis metabolism, suggesting an anabolism process. On the contrary, heavy livers, with high melting rate, high lipid rate and low protein rate show cytoprotection and response to stress mechanisms. The second study highlighted 30 QTL related to liver quality traits and 50 pQTL related to different proteins. In particular, 7 chromosomes segregated several QTL and pQTL, permitting to assess hypothesis on the functions of the genes underlying these QTL regions. As an example, the APL15 locus seems linked to glycolysis and the APL18 one seems linked to cell survival ones. All these results helped in identifying metabolic pathways implicated in liver quality as well as establishing a link between traits, proteins and the QTL loci, suggesting a genetic determinism of these pathways. These relationships need to be further studied in order to bring precision to the process and to determine more precisely the genes implicated in the foie gras quality traits
Recoquillay, Julien. "Architecture génétique du comportement chez la caille japonaise et relations avec des caractères de production." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4024/document.
Full textOur study focused on the genetic control of social and fear behaviors and their relationships with production traits in a second generation crossing between two lines of quail divergently selected for their social reinstatement behavior. The results warn us about a possible deleterious effect of the selection for higher productivity on the animal’s sociability and emotional reactivity. At the same time, they also indicate possible synergies between a stronger social motivation and a precocious laying onset, or a lower emotional reactivity toward a novel object and a higher egg production. The study allowed us to construct the first genetic map of medium density using SNP markers in the quail. Linkage analyses reveal a total of 45 QTLs with 23 linked to behavioral traits and 22 to the production traits. Most of the behavioral QTLs were linked to the social motivation (15). Also, some regions control both emotional reactivity and weight or sociability and the age at first egg. At this stage of the study, several candidate genes related to sociability were suggested
Lagraulet, Hélène. "Plasticité phénotypique et architecture génétique de la croissance et de la densité du bois du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0085/document.
Full textEvaluating the impact of climate change on current plantations supposes the evaluation of their phenotypic plasticity and their genotypic diversity within the species, under abiotic pressure. Maritime pine is a perennial species of major economical interest in the french Aquitaine region. Wildly studied genetically and ecophysiologically, maritime pine is a very good biological model to see that type of study to the end. In this thesis, we intend to study various traits related to maritime pine growth under a biotic constraints, according to the following approaches: (1) evalutation of the phenotypic variability and (2)dissection of the genetic architecture of the traits (number, location and effects of QTLs). The comparisonbetween envrionmental and phenotypic data will allow us to appreciate the phenotypic pasticity of individuals. Afterwards, studying the genetic architecture of these traits and its variability according to the genetic background of individuals and environmental conditions will allow us to assess the stability ofdetected QTLs.We used 4 progenies of maritime pines: 3 controlled crosses of parents originated from contrasted ecotypes (Corsica, Landes and Morocco) and 1 controlled cross from a second generation of self-pollination (F2). Micro-cores were extracted from the individuals of the F2 population andmicrodensity profiles were established trough 7 consecutive years. Total height and diameter of eachindividual were measured once a year on the 3 others crosses, from 2010 to 2014. Dynamics of apical budburst was also followed on the same individuals in 2012 and 2013. Finally, dynamics of radial growth were monitored on a sub-sample of 239 individuals (spread in 2 of the 3 controlled crosses) during 3 yearsthanks to a unique device of microdendrometers.At the same time, all individuals (form the 4 crosses) were genotyped with several DNA bioarraysof molecular markers, allowing the building of genetic maps. The confrontation of phenotypic and genotypic data enabled to identify genome are as involved in the genetic architecture behind the traitsand to study their stability according to environmental conditions and the genetic background of individuals.This study showed that bud burst varies from year to year, depending on the conditions oftemperature and of the genetic background of individuals. Same way as growth, bud burst is controlled bymany QTLs of moderate effect, varying according to climatic conditions and the genetic background of individuals. The monitoring of seasonal dynamics of wood formation also showed a QTL x environment interaction revealing that wood density is regulated by different genes or the same set of genes,differentially regulated in response to the climate. The last part of the study puts forwards, for the firsttime, the variability of radius daily fluctuations within a full-sib family and its interaction with environmental variables. [...]
Labbé, Jessy. "Contribution à l'étude de la structure et du polymorphisme du génome du basidiomycète ectomycorhizien "Laccaria bicolor" (Maire) Orton et identification de QTLs de mycorhization chez les peupliers, "Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. et "Populus deltoides (Bartr.) Marsh." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10079/document.
Full textThe mycorrhizal symbioses between fungi and roots concern 95 % of the plant species. Social trees of boreal and temperate forests form a particular type of root association with fungi: the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Ectomycorrhizas play a major role in tree hydromineral nutrition, nutrient cycles and primary production. However, their complexity have so far prevented from deciphering their precise function and role. The recent availability of the genome of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor and that of the host-tree Populus trichocarpa provides an unprecedented opportunity to decipher the key components of development and functioning of this symbiosis. The aims of this study were to participate to the characterization and deciphering of the genome of L. bicolor, and to determine the genes involved in the formation of ectomycorrhizas in both partners. Firstly, in order to facilitate the assembly of the genomic sequence of L. bicolor, we have identified the repeated sequences and generated a genetic map. On the 60 Mb of this genome, 8 % are microsatellite sequences and 24 % transposable elements. A genetic map was built from 111 monokaryons issued from L. bicolor S238N. This map includes 326 markers (8 RAPD, 243 AFLP, 59 SSR and 14 SNP) distributed on 10 linkage groups anchored onto the genomic sequence of L. bicolor. Secondly, we have identified the genes involved in the establishment of ectomycorrhizas in poplar by combining QTL detection and DNA microarrays. We targeted 81 genes which can be involved in the establishment and/or the functioning of the symbiosis
Quenouille-Lederer, Julie. "Bases génétiques et fonctionnelles de la durabilité des résistances polygéniques au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez le piment (Capsicum annuum)." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0650/document.
Full textGenetic resistances provide an efficient control of crop diseases but are limited by pathogen adaptation.In pepper, the durability of the pvr23 allele, conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), was demonstrated todepend on the plant genetic background. The aim of my PhD thesis was to characterize the host genetic factorsaffecting the durability of the major resistance gene pvr23 and to answer to the following question s: (i) What istheir action on the evolution of the viral population? (ii) Is there identity between the QTLs (quantitative traitloci) controlling the partial resistance and the QTLs affecting the durability of pvr23? (iii) Are these genetic factorswidespread among the genetic resources of pepper? Various experiments including resistance testing,experimental evolution and competition between various PVY variants, enabled to show that the genetic factorsaffecting the durability of pvr23 acted in: (i) decreasing the viral accumulation, (ii) decreasing the probability ofacquisition of resistance breaking (RB) mutations by PVY and (iii) slowing down the selection of RB variants. QTLdetection and mapping of genetic factors affecting the frequency of pvr23 RB showed that four loci actingadditively and in epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency.Comparative mapping between these QTLs and QTLs affecting partial resistance showed that three of the fourQTLs controlling the frequency of pvr23 RB are also involved in quantitative resistance, suggesting that QTLs forquantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. Analysis of acollection of 20 pepper accessions, carrying pvr23 or pvr24 (allele closely related to pvr23) in various geneticbackgrounds, showed that genetic backgrounds favorable to the durability of the pvr2-mediated resistance arewidespread in the genetic resources of pepper. These results highlight that the durability of a major resistancegene can be strongly increased when associated with genetic factors decreasing the pathogen multiplication.Moreover, the frequency of a major gene RB is a highly heritable trait and QTLs detection for this trait isachievable. The direct selection for such QTLs opens new prospects to preserve the durability of major resistancegenes used by breeders
Gaston, Amelia. "Etude et compréhension du déterminisme génétique et moléculaire de la remontée florale chez le fraisier." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14206/document.
Full textThe floral transition is a key event in plant life. In strawberry, understanding the genetic mechanisms of floral transition is a major issue for better control of fruit production. This transition is studied through the continuous flowering, which is the ability to flower throughout the growing season. Both, the octoploid cultivated strawberry, F. x ananassa, as the woody diploid strawberry, F. vesca, displayed continuous flowering genotypes. The objective of this work is to decipher the genetic and molecular mechanism of the continuous flowering in Fragaria.This work has shown that in diploid and octoploid strawberry the continuous flowering is controlled by two different genetic 'keys' located at non-orthologous position. In diploid strawberry, the gene FvKSN responsible of continuous flowering was identified and encodes a homologous to the TFL1 floral repressor. In the continuous flowering genotypes, this gene has a deletion in the coding region leading to a nonfunctional protein unable to repress flowering. In the octoploid strawberry, the major QTL controlling both the recurrent flowering and the runner production was identified. These traits were antagonist, which suggests competition between vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction in this region. This genomic region contains several interesting candidate genes whose FT, an activator of flowering.A hypothesis could be proposed. In strawberry, the switch between vegetative and reproductive phase is linked to balance between two genes, FvKSN, homologous to TFL1 and FvFT homologous to FT. Continuous flowering would be the consequence of balance modification between this two genes to the benefit of floral development
Zimmer, Adrien. "Etude du déterminisme génétique de la phase de latence chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae en conditions œnologiques. Impact des mécanismes de résistance au SO2." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22131/document.
Full textQTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) are chromosomics regions including one or more genes controlling the expression of a phenotypic parameter. The detection of these QTL in the wine industry allows the selection of more efficient yeast strains. In this study, the dissection of a QTL linked to lag phase variation during wine alcoholic fermentation was carried out. Our findings put in light a new translocation involving the SSU1 gene conferring a shorter lag phase. The intensive use of SO2 in oenology allows the selection of this translocation in industrials strains. Genetic markers were developed for introducing this translocation in various genetic backgrounds during selection programs. The study of translocations impact on the wine organoleptic properties was initiated, showing an unexplained role of VIII-XVI translocation on the volatile acidity production. These preliminary results need to be continued, in laboratory and cellar conditions
Tran, Thanh-Son. "Etudes génomiques chez la poule : applications à la résistance au portage de salmonelles et la digestibilité." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4013/document.
Full textThe QTL detection protocols vary depending on the model studied, because they depend on many parameters. This thesis has focused on how to adapt these protocols through two examples of QTL detection in Chicken, using two different statistical methods: maximum likelihood (ML) and linear regression (LR), which results were compared on two examples. Initially, QTLs controlling resistance to Salmonella carrier-state have been identified, of small effects and whose positions vary according to the method. In a second step, QTLs controlling digestibility and anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract were identified with similar results for both methods. Many QTLs of small to moderate effects were identified. The results of this thesis show that the comparison of the two methods is always helpful as under certain conditions the results may vary with the method
Tayeh, Nadim. "Mise en évidence de la synténie de QTL de tolérance au gel sur les groupes de liaison VI chez Pisum sativum (WFD 6.1) et Medicago truncatula (Mt-FTQTL6) et cartographie fine de Mt-FTQTL6." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10020/document.
Full textUnraveling the molecular bases of freezing tolerance is of great importance both at the fundamental and applied levels. Medicago truncatula is a model legume for studies concerning cool-season species. A major freezing tolerance QTL after cold acclimation (Mt-FTQTL6), accounting for 40% of the phenotypic variation, has been identified on chromosome 6 of this species. Interestingly, a QTL for the same trait has been mapped on the corresponding linkage group in Pisum sativum (WFD 6.1/FD164.c). The present thesis aimed to confirm synteny between Mt-FTQTL6 and WFD 6.1/FD164.c harboring regions and to subsequently identify positional candidate genes for Mt-FTQTL6. Using BAC-derived markers, Mt-FTQTL6 has been first located in a 3.7-cM interval, coinciding with an assembly physical gap. Mt-FTQTL6 co-orthologous blocks in Glycine max were identified and exploited to develop additional markers. Five common gene-based markers were obtained between Mt-FTQTL6 and WFD 6.1/FD164.c chromosomal regions. Positive BAC clones for 15 different markers (probes) were assembled in 6 BAC contigs linked to Mt-FTQTL6. Homozygous F7 or F8 recombinant lines at Mt-FTQTL6 were identified and evaluated for freezing tolerance under controlled conditions. The QTL confidence interval was subsequently delimited to a 0.4 cM-region that contains 20 protein-coding genes including 12 tandemly-arrayed CBF/DREB1 genes. Isolation of 11 out of the 12 CBF/DREB1 genes from both parents of the mapping population was successfully achieved. Efforts will be next needed for functional validation in Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum
Maamouri, Amel. "Variabilité génétique de la luzerne cultivée en association avec une graminée fourragère." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2268/document.
Full textAlfalfa is a perennial forage legume that has many agronomic and environmental benefits. The performance of alfalfa - grass mixtures depends on biomass production and protein content of each species and its survival. The effect of genetic variation on alfalfa yield components in mixtures is little described. In this context, this thesis has two objectives: i) to characterize the genetic diversity for traits related to alfalfa production and quality in mixture ii) to analyze the genetic control of these traits. Two designs that included three treatments (alfalfa - fescue mixture, monoculture and spaced plants) were established. The first design comprised 46 contrasting alfalfa genotypes which were phenotyped over two years for architecture, biomass and protein concentration. The second design comprised an F1 population of 198 individuals being phenotyped over one year. The F1 population was genotyped with SSR and DArT markers to construct a genetic map. A wide genetic variation among alfalfa genotypes was shown. This variation affected the height and protein content of associated fescue. It was observed that the measured traits of spaced plants or in monoculture are relatively predictive of the same traits in the mixture, but genotype evaluation in mixture is required. QTL detection shows that some QTL were common to different treatments. Each QTL explained 6-23 % of the variation for height and biomass. Some methodologies for selection are proposed
Tran, Dinh Minh. "Le test toxinique : une méthode de phénotypage pour l’étude de l’interaction Hevea brasiliensis x Corynespora cassiicola et l'identification des facteurs génétiques de sensibilité." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT178/document.
Full textHevea brasiliensis is the only commercial source of natural rubber. The CLF (Corynespora Leaf Fall) disease caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola is an important foliar pathology of the rubber tree in Asia and Africa. The disease progression is related with the development of new highly sensitive clonal varieties. A phenotyping method based on the measurement of electrolyte leakage in response to C. cassiicola exudates (culture filtrates or purified toxin) was developed and characterized. This test, without direct contact with the fungus itself, can be implemented without risk for plantations. After application of exudate samples on detached leaflets, conductivity is measured before (C1) and after (C2) autoclaving, and the percentage of electrolyte leakage %FE=100*C1/C2 is calculated. The influence of different factors such as leaf stage or the duration of incubation has been clarified. A positive correlation was found between the responses to the toxin test and to conidial inoculation. The pertinence of C1 correction by C2 was analyzed.Two toxin test studies have been carried out for a set of rubber clones, in France, with potted plants in greenhouse, and also in Ivory Coast, under the conditions normally considered for this test, with leaflets from budwood gardens. Repeatability between these two experiments was not perfect but nevertheless satisfying. The %FE character was found more sensitive and accurate than surface necrosis (SN) measurement. A significant variability in clone susceptibility and treatment virulence was observed, with clone x treatment interactions. The genetic determinism of sensitivity to C. cassiicola exudates was analyzed using the toxin test, by QTL detection on two populations of the biparental rubber family PB260 x RRIM600, in two field trials in Ivory Coast. A genetic map was previously built, using 308 SSR markers. Phenotyping of the two progeny populations revealed a polygenic determinism, without major monolocus effect. Over all the fungal exudates, 13 QTL distributed over 10 different linkage groups were identified, with percentages of explanation R2 varying from 10 to 20 %. On both sites, two QTL have been identified jointly for both the culture filtrate CCP and the toxin Cas1 purified from CCP. Positive correlations have been observed between some of the filtrates, with similar response profiles and common QTL.The toxin test could usefully replace the conidial inoculation method. However, the value of the test for predicting rubber clones susceptibility to the CLF disease in field conditions remains to be better characterized. Better understanding of the epidemiology of the H. brasiliensis x C. cassiicola pathosystem would contribute to the breeding objective, and more broadly to the design of control or avoidance methods
Montoya, Jaramillo Carmenza. "Etude du déterminisme génétique de la composition en acides gras de l’huile de palme du genre Elaeis (E. guineensis et E. oleifera) par cartographie génétique et analyse différentielle de gènes candidats." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20007.
Full textAn Elaeis interspecific pseudo-backcross of first generation (E. oleifera x E. guineensis) x E. guineensis allowed tracing segregating alleles from both Elaeis genomes. Nineteen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated to palm oil fatty acid proportions compared to 16 QTLs of same traits in an intra-specific oil palm cross evidenced common or specific QTLs in E. guineensis and E. oleifera. No correlation was found in oil palm between mesocarp fatty acid proportions and yieldtraits. The genetic determinism of main fatty acid proportions was confirmed. Genes related to palm oil fatty acids were investigated using full-length cDNA libraries and mRNA extracts from the mesocarp of developing fruits in each Elaeis species represented by four genetic pools. Expression of 113 key Elaeis genes or putative regulation factors of de novo fatty acid and triacylglycerol pathways were characterized at species level by in silico transcript profiling and Real Time RT-qPCR analysis. Genes were mapped on the pseudo-backcross using 180 intra-gene SNP markers. Forty-eight genes were differentially expressed between Elaeis species, with 94% over expressed in E. guineensis. The EgAP2-2 (WRI1-like) transcription factor might influence the start of the de novo fatty acid pathway by main action only on the MAT and KAS III genes, as independent in expression from other genes and not differential between species. Between species variations in C16:0 and C18:0 can be deciphered by relative expression levels and enzyme activities of the isoforms in the genome of FATB (2), KAS II (1) and SAD (3). An oil palm producing more oleic acid in proportion than pure E. oleifera is feasible
Song, Jialin. "Architecture génétique des traits de croissance et de ramification du chêne." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0010.
Full textEpicormics may seriously impair the wood quality of oaks which are the most important hardwoods in French forestry. Successive projects have been carried out to understand the ontogenic and silviculture effects on sequential and epicormic branching. Effects of environment and genetics have been reported in the literature, but the knowledge about the genetic architecture of branching on oak and on epicormics in general is still limited. This last project quantifies this genetic architecture on growth, branching and especially epicormics traits. It takes advantage of observations from computed tomography (CT) or externally recorded, the genetic map of oak being built and a full-sib progeny installed in two experimental designs. The aim was to analyze and localize the Quantitative Trait Locus (QTLs) of the growth and branching traits on the genetic map of pedunculate oak, in order to contribute to characterize the genetic architecture of the sequential and epicormic branching on oak. A full-sibs offspring from an interspecific crossing of Quercus robur was planted at two sites in north-eastern France (CH) and south-western France (BR) with quite different environments and silvicultural intervention. In a first study, 1m-long logs from BR were scanned by CT; wood quality and branching traits were deduced on which a QTL analysis was performed. In a second study, QTL analysis was performed with traits deduced from external observation made on standing trees at the two sites. The QTL stability in two sites was evaluated. Finally, we questioned the impact of the tree growth on the branching through the QTLs detected. The QTL analysis revealed a moderate genetic control for latent bud production mainly. The interaction between the QTLs and the sites was highlighted especially concerning the development of epicormic branches. An independent genetic control was assumed for the sequential branches. Several “hot-spots” were identified on the genetic map of oak for the epicormic and growth traits. We suggest that some genetic controls of these regions are related to the axillary meristem initiation and that some genetic controls of the epicormic branching are probably involved also in the control of the tree growth. These results showed that the genetic control of epicormic branching is moderate and that the environment effect is likely involved more in the fate of these latent buds in interaction with the genetic effect. Since the oak genome was recently sequenced, a bioinformatics analysis is being performed on these regions for testing whether the candidate genes involved in plant hormones could explain the genetic mechanisms underlying these genomic regions related to the epicormic branching traits of the oak
Tamisier, Lucie. "Adaptation des populations virales aux résistances variétales et exploitation des ressources génétiques des plantes pour contrôler cette adaptation." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0696/document.
Full textPlants carrying major resistance genes have been widely used to fight against diseases. However, the pathogensability to overcome the resistance after a few years of usage requires the search for efficient and durable resistances.The objectives of this thesis were (i) to identify plant genomic regions limiting pathogen evolution by inducinggenetic drift effects and (ii) to study the impact of the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant on the pathogenability to adapt to resistance, the goal being to further use these forces to limit pathogen evolution. The pepper(Capsicum annuum) – PVY (Potato virus Y) pathosystem has been mainly used to conduct these researches.Regarding the first objective, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped on a biparental pepper population andthrough genome-wide association on a pepper core-collection. These approaches have allowed the detection ofgenomic regions on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12 controlling viral effective population size during the inoculationstep. Some of these QTLs were common to PVY and CMV (Cucumber mosaic virus) while other were virusspecific.Moreover, the QTL detected on chromosome 6 colocalizes with a previously identified QTL controllingPVY accumulation and interacting with a QTL affecting the breakdown frequency of a major resistance gene.Regarding the second objective, a correlation analysis between the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant andan experimental estimation of the durability of a major resistance gene has been done. Experimental evolution ofPVY populations on plants contrasted for the levels of genetic drift, selection and virus accumulation they imposedhas also been performed. Both studies demonstrated that a plant inducing a strong genetic drift combined to areduction in virus accumulation limits virus evolution and could even lead to the extinction of the virus population.These results open new perspectives to deploy plant genetic factors directly controlling pathogen evolutionarypotential and could help to preserve the durability of major resistance genes
Guillaume, François. "Intégration de l'information moléculaire dans l'évaluation génétique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00574562.
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